DISEÑO DE LOSA ALIGERADA

3 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
DATOS:
f´c = 210 Kg/cm2

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
Fy = 4200 Kg/cm2

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
SOBRE CARGA S/C = 200 Kg/cm2 5.00m
P. Acabados = 100 Kg/cm2

𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷
P. Tabiqueria = 180 Kg/cm2

2 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
5.50m

𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷
1 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
6.00m
A B

1) CALCULO DE LA ALTURA DE LOSA MACIZA.

6.25m h = 0.25m
𝒉=𝑳/𝟐𝟓 = 0.25
25

2) METRADO DE CARGAS.
a) Carga muerta o permanente. b) Carga Viva.
Peso propio de la Losa: 0.43 tn/m
Peso de Acabado: tn/m
Peso de Tabiqueria: 0.88 tn/m c) Calculo de la Carga Ultima Ampificada.
TOTAL = WD = 1.31 Kg/m2 𝑾𝑼=𝟏.𝟒∗𝑾𝑫+𝟏.𝟕∗𝑾𝑳

d) Calculo de Carga Ultima por Vigueta.

𝑊𝑈
〖 𝑊𝑈𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑎
〗 _𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑎
b = 0.50 m
 WU = 0.342 Tn/m

40 cm 10 cm 40 cm 10 cm 40 cm

〖𝑾𝑼〗 _𝒗𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒆𝒕𝒂=𝑾𝑼∗𝒃 341.834 Kg/m2 * 0.50 m = 170.917 Kg/m WUvigueta = 0.171 Tn/m

3) CALCULO DE LOS MOMENTOS MAXIMOS USANDO METODO SIMPLIFICADO DE LOS COEFICIENTES.

WU = 0.171 Tn/m
𝟏
𝑴𝑨= 〖
𝑴𝑨=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗
𝟐𝟒
𝑽𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑻𝑨
𝑽𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑻𝑨
𝟏
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑡.
𝑒𝑥𝑡 . 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑡.
𝑖𝑛𝑡 . 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑡.
𝑒𝑥𝑡 . 𝑴𝑩= 〖
𝑴𝑩=𝟏/𝟗∗ ∗
𝟗
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝑇 𝐸𝑥𝑡.
𝑇. . 𝐸𝑥𝑡 . 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝑇 𝐸𝑥𝑡.
𝑇. . 𝐸𝑥𝑡 . 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝟏
𝑴𝑪= 〖
𝑴𝑪=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗
A B C 𝟐𝟒
6.00m 5.80m 𝟏
𝑴𝑨𝑩=
𝑴𝑨𝑩=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗
0.661 Tn.m 𝟏𝟒
0.256 Tn.m 0.240 Tn.m 𝟏
𝑴𝑩𝑪=
𝑴𝑩𝑪=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗
𝟏𝟒
−
− −
− −
− −
−
𝐷.𝑀 . 𝐹.=¿
𝐷.𝑀.𝐹.=
+
+
+¿ +¿
0.440 Tn.m 0.411 Tn.m

4) CALCULO DEL REFUERZO NECESARIO.

A B C
0.256 Tn.m 0.661 Tn.m 0.240 Tn.m
𝑀𝑈 =¿
𝑀𝑈=
0.440 Tn.m 0.411 Tn.m

0.029 0.076 0.027

𝑊 =¿
𝑊=
0.010 0.009 ∅=¿
∅= 0.90
ok ok ok
0.001 0.004 0.001
𝜌= ¿
𝜌=
 𝜌= ¿
𝜌=
0.000 0.000
ok ok
0.314 cm2 0.832 cm2 0.293 cm2
𝐴𝑠=¿
𝐴𝑠=
0.532 cm2 0.496 cm2

1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2

𝐴𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
〖 〗=¿_𝑚𝑖𝑛= 0.396 cm2 0.396 cm2

1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2

𝐴𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜
〖 =¿
〗 _𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜= 0.532 cm2 0.496 cm2

Ø 5/8"
Ø 5/8" ok Ø 5/8" ok Ø 5/8" ok
∅=¿
∅=
Ø 5/8" Ø 5/8"
ok ok

5) CALCULO DEL REFUERZO POR TEMPERATURA.

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
b = 100cm

h = 25cm

〖𝑨𝒔〗 _𝒎𝒊𝒏=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖∗𝒃∗𝑻 0.0018 * 100 * 5 = 0.90cm2

*Considerando siempre Ø 1/4"

#𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑠= 〖𝐴𝑠〗 _𝑚𝑖𝑛/ 〖𝐴𝑠0.90cm2

〗 _𝑏 = 3 Ø1/4
Ø 1/4"
𝑺_𝒎𝒂𝒙=𝑺∗𝑻
0.32cm2

𝑺_∅=𝒃/(#𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒔) 100 cm → usaremos:

= 33 cm
3

*DISPOSICION DE LA ARMADURA.

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆
 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙/5 𝑙/4 𝑙/4 𝑙/5
5 4 4 5

𝑽𝑷𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷𝑽𝑷
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙/6 𝑙/6 𝑙/6 𝑙/6
6 6 6 6

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆

Ø 5/8" Ø 5/ Ø 5/8" Ø 5/8"

1.20m ### 1.45m 1.16m

𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷
Ø 5/8" Ø 5/8"

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆

𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴
 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷

𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
1𝑚
1𝑚
2
𝑚^2
𝑚
𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷

𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
5.80m
B C
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴

WL = 200.00 Kg/m2

Carga Ultima Ampificada.

+𝟏.𝟕∗𝑾𝑳 WU = 342 Kg/m2
WU = 0.342 Tn/m2
 𝟏 𝟐 1
𝑴𝑨= 〖
𝑴𝑨=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗ ∗𝑾𝑼 ∗𝑳
𝑾𝑼〗𝑽 _𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 6.00^2 = 0.256 Tn.m
𝟐𝟒 24
𝟏 1
𝑴𝑩= 〖
𝑴𝑩=𝟏/𝟗∗ ∗𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼 ∗ 𝑳𝟐
〗𝑽_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 5.90^2 = 0.661 Tn.m
𝟗 9
𝟏 1
𝑴𝑪= 〖
𝑴𝑪=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗ ∗𝑾𝑼 ∗ 𝑳𝟐
𝑾𝑼〗𝑽_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 5.80^2 = 0.240 Tn.m
𝟐𝟒 24
𝟏 1
𝑴𝑨𝑩= ∗
𝑴𝑨𝑩=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗ 〖𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼〗𝑽∗ 𝑳𝟐
_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 6.00^2 = 0.440 Tn.m
𝟏𝟒 14
𝟏 1
𝑴𝑩𝑪= ∗
𝑴𝑩𝑪=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗ 〖𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼〗 𝑽∗ 𝑳𝟐
_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 5.80^2 = 0.411 Tn.m
𝟏𝟒 14

b = 50cm

𝒅=𝒉−𝟑

h = 25cm d = 25 - 3
d = 22cm

bw = 10cm
 Ø (Pulg.) As (cm2)
Ø 1/4" 0.32
Ø 3/8" 0.71
Ø 1/2" 1.29
Ø 5/8" 2
Ø 3/4" 2.84
Ø 1" 5.1
Ø 1 1/8" 6.45
Ø 1 1/4" 8.19
Ø 1 3/8" 10.07
0 2 2 2 0
2 0 2 0 2
2 2 4 2 2

T = 5cm

### 5 = 25 cm
0.71

Ø 1/4" @ 25cm
 Acero 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
Acero𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
Ø 1/4" @ 25cm

0.05m

0.20m

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸
𝐷𝐸
𝐿𝑂𝑆𝐴
N° BARRAS ø (PULG.) AREA As (cm2)
2 Ø 1/4" 0.32

3 Ø 3/8" 0.71
4 Ø 1/2" 1.29
5 Ø 5/8" 2
6 Ø 3/4" 2.84
7 Ø 1" 5.1
8 Ø 1 1/8" 6.45
9 Ø 1 1/4" 8.19
Peso propio de la viga =
D =

Sobrecarga =
 2.40 x 25.00 x 60.00
#REF!

#REF!
= 3600.00 tn/m
= #REF! tn/m
#REF! tn/m

= #REF! tn/m
#REF! tn/m
 DISEÑO DE LOSA ALIGERADA

3 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
DATOS:
f´c = 210 Kg/cm2

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
Fy = 4200 Kg/cm2

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
SOBRE CARGA S/C = 200 Kg/cm2 5.00m
P. Acabados = 100 Kg/cm2

𝑽𝑷
P. Tabiqueria = 180 Kg/cm2

2 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓

5.50m
𝑽𝑷

1 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
6.00m
A B

1) CALCULO DE LA ALTURA DE LOSA MACIZA.

6.25m h = 0.25m
𝒉=𝑳/𝟐𝟓 = 0.25
25

2) METRADO DE CARGAS.
a) Carga muerta o permanente. b) Carga Viva.
Peso propio de la Losa: 0.43 tn/m
Peso de Acabado: tn/m
 Peso de Tabiqueria: 0.88 tn/m c) Calculo de la Carga Ultima Ampificada.
TOTAL = WD = 1.31 Kg/m2 𝑾𝑼=𝟏.𝟒∗𝑾𝑫+𝟏.𝟕∗𝑾𝑳

d) Calculo de Carga Ultima por Vigueta.

𝑊𝑈
〖 𝑊𝑈𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑎
〗 _𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑎
b = 0.50 m
WU = 0.342 Tn/m

40 cm 10 cm 40 cm 10 cm 40 cm

〖𝑾𝑼〗 _𝒗𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒆𝒕𝒂=𝑾𝑼∗𝒃 ### * 0.50 m = 170.917 Kg/m WUvigueta = 0.171 Tn/m

3) CALCULO DE LOS MOMENTOS MAXIMOS USANDO METODO SIMPLIFICADO DE LOS COEFICIENTES.

WU = 0.171 Tn/m
𝟏
𝑴𝑨= ∗𝑾𝑼
𝑴𝑨=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗ 〖𝑾𝑼𝑽〗
𝟐𝟒
𝑽𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑻𝑨
𝑽𝑰𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑻𝑨
𝟏
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑡.
𝑒𝑥𝑡 . 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑡.
𝑖𝑛𝑡 . 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑡.
𝑒𝑥𝑡 . 𝑴𝑩= ∗〖𝑾𝑼
𝑴𝑩=𝟏/𝟗∗ 𝑾𝑼〗
𝑽
𝟗
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝑇 .𝐸𝑥𝑡.
𝑇. 𝐸𝑥𝑡 . 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝑇 .𝐸𝑥𝑡.
𝑇. 𝐸𝑥𝑡 . 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑃 𝟏
𝑴𝑪= ∗𝑾𝑼
𝑴𝑪=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗ 〖𝑾𝑼𝑽〗
A B C 𝟐𝟒
6.00m 5.80m 𝟏
𝑴𝑨𝑩= ∗〖
𝑴𝑨𝑩=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗ 𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼𝑽
0.661 Tn.m 𝟏𝟒
0.256 Tn.m 0.240 Tn.m 𝟏
𝑴𝑩𝑪= ∗〖
𝑴𝑩𝑪=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗ 𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼
𝟏𝟒
−
− −
− −
−
−
−
𝐷.𝑀 .𝐹.=¿
𝐷.𝑀.𝐹.=
+
+
+¿ +¿
0.440 Tn.m 0.411 Tn.m

4) CALCULO DEL REFUERZO NECESARIO.

A B C
 0.256 Tn.m 0.661 Tn.m 0.240 Tn.m
𝑀𝑈 =¿
𝑀𝑈=
0.440 Tn.m 0.411 Tn.m

0.029 0.076 0.027

𝑊 =¿
𝑊=
0.010 0.009 ∅=¿
∅= 0.90
ok ok ok
0.001 0.004 0.001
𝜌=¿
𝜌=
0.000 0.000
ok ok
0.314 cm2 0.832 cm2 0.293 cm2
𝐴𝑠=¿
𝐴𝑠=
0.532 cm2 0.496 cm2

1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2

𝐴𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛〗=¿
〖 _𝑚𝑖𝑛=
0.396 cm2 0.396 cm2

1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2 1.980 cm2

𝐴𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜
〖 =¿
〗 _𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜=
0.532 cm2 0.496 cm2

Ø 5/8"
Ø 5/8" no cumple Ø 5/8" no cumple Ø 5/8" no cumple
∅=¿
∅=
Ø 5/8" Ø 5/8"
no cumple no cumple

5) CALCULO DEL REFUERZO POR TEMPERATURA.

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
b = 100cm

h = 25cm

〖𝑨𝒔〗 _𝒎𝒊𝒏=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖∗𝒃∗𝑻 0.0018 * 100 * 5 = 0.90cm2

*Considerando siempre Ø 1/4"

#𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑠= 〖𝐴𝑠〗 _𝑚𝑖𝑛/0.90cm2

〖𝐴𝑠〗 _𝑏 = 3 Ø1/4 Ø 1/4" 𝑺_𝒎𝒂𝒙=𝑺∗𝑻
0.32cm2
#𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑠= 〖𝐴𝑠〗 _𝑚𝑖𝑛/ 〖𝐴𝑠〗 _𝑏

𝑺_∅=𝒃/(#𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒔) 100 cm → usaremos:

= 33 cm
3

*DISPOSICION DE LA ARMADURA.

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆

𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙/5 𝑙/4 𝑙/4 𝑙/5
5 4 4 5

𝑽𝑷𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷𝑽𝑷
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙/6 𝑙/6 𝑙/6 𝑙/6
6 6 6 6

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆

Ø 5/8" Ø Ø 5/8" Ø 5/8

1.20m ### 1.45m 1.16m
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷
Ø 5/8" Ø 5/8"

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝑆

𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴
 𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷

𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
1𝑚
1𝑚
2
𝑚^2
𝑚
𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓

𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓

𝑽𝑷𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟔𝟓
𝑽𝑷

𝑽𝑷

𝑉𝑆30𝑥50
𝑉𝑆 30 𝑥 50
5.80m
B C
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇𝐴

WL = 200.00 Kg/m2
 la Carga Ultima Ampificada.
𝑫+𝟏.𝟕∗𝑾𝑳 WU = 342 Kg/m2
WU = 0.342 Tn/m2

OS COEFICIENTES.

𝟏 𝟐 1
𝑴𝑨= ∗𝑾𝑼
𝑴𝑨=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗ 〖𝑾𝑼𝑽〗∗_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐
𝑳 * 0.171 * 6.00^2 = 0.256 Tn.m
𝟐𝟒 24
𝟏 1
𝑴𝑩= ∗〖𝑾𝑼
𝑴𝑩=𝟏/𝟗∗ 𝑽∗
𝑾𝑼〗 𝑳𝟐
_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 5.90^2 = 0.661 Tn.m
𝟗 9
𝟏 1
𝑴𝑪= ∗𝑾𝑼
𝑴𝑪=𝟏/𝟐𝟒∗ 𝑳𝟐
〖𝑾𝑼𝑽〗∗_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 5.80^2 = 0.240 Tn.m
𝟐𝟒 24
𝟏 𝟐 1
𝑴𝑨𝑩= ∗〖
𝑴𝑨𝑩=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗ 𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼𝑽∗
〗𝑳_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐 * 0.171 * 6.00^2 = 0.440 Tn.m
𝟏𝟒 14
𝟏 𝟐 1
𝑴𝑩𝑪= ∗〖
𝑴𝑩𝑪=𝟏/𝟏𝟒∗ 𝑾𝑼
𝑾𝑼 ∗ 𝑳_𝑽∗𝑳^𝟐
𝑽〗
* 0.171 * 5.80^2 = 0.411 Tn.m
𝟏𝟒 14

b = 50cm
 𝒅=𝒉−𝟑

h = 25cm d = 25 - 3
d = 22cm

bw = 10cm

Ø (Pulg.) As (cm2)
Ø 1/4" 0.32
Ø 3/8" 0.71
Ø 1/2" 1.29
Ø 5/8" 2
Ø 3/4" 2.84
Ø 1" 5.1
Ø 1 1/8" 6.45
Ø 1 1/4" 8.19
Ø 1 3/8" 10.07
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

T = 5cm

### 5 = 25 cm
0
 Ø 1/4" @ 25cm

Acero 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
Acero𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎
Ø 1/4" @ 25cm

0.05m

0.20m

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑜 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸
𝐷𝐸
𝐿𝑂𝑆𝐴