CE 16: Structural Timber Design

UNIT 3
DESIGN VALUES

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 CONTENTS

3. Design Values
I. Design Values
II. Modification of Design Values
III. Modification of Design Values Angle to the Grain
IV. ASD vs LRFD Modification Design Values

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
Definition
Design Values
These are the stresses values of wood that are based on laboratory testing result
which depend on the species (or species group), the size category, and the grade of
lumber.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
Classification

Types of Design Values

1. Base Design Values
2. Modified or Adjusted Values

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
I. Design Values
Base Design Values
These are the values that have been gathered based on the laboratory testing
results. The results are tabulated depend on the species (or species group), the size
category, and the grade of lumber.

This factor are multiplied by the adjustment factors (factor of safety) related to its
application requirements (usage) and consideration prior to design analysis
computation.

This values are found in the NSCP 2015.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
I. Design Values
Base Design Values

Capital Letter “F” indicates Allowable Design Value or Base Design

Value

𝐹𝑏 Small Letter (the subscript) indicates design value application. For

this example “b” refers for bending or flexure.

The allowable design value or the base value for a specific application.
For this example, 𝐹𝑏 refers for allowable design value for
bending/flexure.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
I. Design Values
Base Design Values
Denotation for base values application:
𝐹𝑏 (allowable stress for bending, parallel to grain)
𝐹𝑡 (allowable tensile stress parallel to grain)
𝐹𝑣 (allowable shear stress parallel to grain)
𝐹𝑐ꓕ (allowable compressive stress perpendicular to grain)
𝐹𝑐 (allowable compressive stress parallel to grain)
𝐸 (modulus of elasticity parallel to grain)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
I. Design Values

To Determine a Base Design Value, the Designer must:

1. Select the species (or species group) to be used.
2. Select the applicable table, according to size of the member. (It may be necessary
to estimate the size, then design, then correct the computations if the resulting size
selected is not the same as the estimated size.)
3. Observe footnotes, if any.
4. Select a grade.
5. Read the base design values needed.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Modification of Design Values
This is done in order to make the allowable design values appropriate for the
conditions under which the wood is used.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Modified Design Values
These are adjusted design values for wood members and connections in particular
end uses shall be appropriate for the conditions under which the wood is used, taking
into account the differences in wood strength properties with different moisture
contents, load durations, and types of treatments.

These values are the product of the base values and the adjustment factor in order to
make the allowable design values appropriate for the conditions under which the
wood is used.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Modified Design Values

Capital Letter 𝑭’ indicates Adjusted Allowable Design Value or

Modified Design Value

𝐹′𝑏 Small Letter (the subscript) indicates design value application. For
this example 𝒃 refers for bending or flexure.

The adjusted allowable design value or the modified value for a specific
application. For this example, 𝑭′𝒃 refers for modified allowable design
value for bending/flexure.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Modified Design Values

𝐹′𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝑥 𝐶𝑥
where:
𝑭′𝒃 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑭𝒃 − 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑪𝒙 − 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Adjustment Factors (C)
These are constants to be multiplied to base design values in order to make it
appropriate for the design requirements for application of wood as a structural
member or connection to carry the applied loads without exceeding the adjusted
allowable design values.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
A. Load Duration Factor (𝑪𝑫)
Wood can sustain greater maximum loads
for short-load durations than for long-
load durations. When the full maximum
load is applied either cumulatively or
continuously for periods fewer than 10
years, table design values as well as
mechanical fastenings are multiplied by
the load duration factor, 𝑪𝑫.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
B. Wet Service Factor (𝑪𝑴)
When the moisture content at installation
or in service is expected to exceed 19%
for sawn lumber and for glulam, table
design values are reduced by the wet
service factor, 𝑪𝑴.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
C. Temperature Factor (𝑪𝒕)
Table design values shall be multiplied by
the temperature factors, 𝑪𝒕 , for structural
members that will experience sustained
exposure to elevated temperatures up to
66°C

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
D. Beam Stability Factor (𝑪𝑳)
Table design values shall be multiplied
by the beam stability factors, 𝑪𝑳 , for
structural members as permitted by
616.3.3.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
D. Beam Stability Factor (𝑪𝑳)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
D. Beam Stability Factor (𝑪𝑳)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
E. Size Factor (𝑪𝑭)
Where the depth of a rectangular sawn
lumber bending members 125mm or
thicker exceeds 300mm, the reference
bending design values, 𝑭𝒃 , shall be
multiplied by the following size factor, 𝑪𝑭

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
F. Volume Factor (𝑪𝑽)
Tabulated design values shall be multiplied
by a volume factor, 𝑪𝑽 , when structural
glued laminated lumber is loaded about the
x- axis.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
G. Flat Use Factor (𝑪𝒇𝒖)
Tabulated design values shall be multiplied by a flat use factor, 𝑪𝒇𝒖 , when sawn
lumber is loaded about its narrowed face (i.e. flatwise.)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
H. Incising Factor (𝑪𝒊)
Tabulated design values shall be
multiplied by an incising factor, 𝑪𝒊 ,
when structural sawn lumber is incised
to increase penetration of preservatives.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
I. Repetitive Member Factor (𝑪𝒓)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
J. Curvature Factor (𝑪𝒄)
Tabulated design values shall be
multiplied by a curvature factor, 𝑪𝒄 , for
curve portions of bending members

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
K. Form Factor (𝑪𝒇)
These form factors insure that a circular or diamond shaped bending member has the
same moment capacity as a square bending member having the same cross-sectional
area.
For a round section, 𝑪𝒇 = 1.18
For a diamond section, 𝑪𝒇 = 1.414

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
L. Column Stability Factor (𝑪𝒑)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
L. Column Stability Factor (𝑪𝒑)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
M. Shear Stress Factor (𝑪𝑯) or
Shear Reduction Factor (𝑪𝒗𝒓)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
N. Buckling Stiffness Factor (𝑪𝑻)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
O. Bearing Area Factor (𝑪𝒃)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Adjustment Factors Applications for Sawn Lumber

Member Factor

Stiffness Factor
Stability Factor
Flat Use Factor
Beam Stability

Volume Factor

Incising Factor
Load Duration

Bearing Area
Temperature

Shear Stress
Form Factor
Wet Service

Size Factor

Repetitive

Curvature

Buckling
Design

Column
Factor

Factor

Factor

Factor

Factor

Factor

Factor
Values
𝐹′𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑓 - - - -
𝐹′𝑡 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 - 𝐶𝐹 - - 𝐶𝑖 - - - - - - -
𝐹′𝑣 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 - - - - 𝐶𝑖 - - - - 𝐶𝐻 - -
𝐹′𝑐⊥ = 𝐹𝑐⊥ - 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 - - - - 𝐶𝑖 - - - - - - 𝐶𝑏
𝐹′𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 - 𝐶𝐹 - - 𝐶𝑖 - - - 𝐶𝑝 - - -
𝐸′ = 𝐸 - 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 - - - - 𝐶𝑖 - - - - - 𝐶𝑇 -
Notes - - - a b a, c d - e f - - g h -

NSCP Table 617.3-1

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Adjustment Factors Applications Notes
a The beam stability factor, 𝐶𝐿 , shall not apply simultaneously with the volume factor,
𝐶V , for glued laminated timber bending members (NDS 5.3.2). Therefore the lesser
of these adjustment factors shall apply.
b The size factor, 𝐶𝐹 , shall apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members and to
round timber bending members (NDS 4.3.2).
c The volume factor, 𝐶𝑉 , shall apply only to glued laminated timber bending members
(NDS 5.3.2).

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Adjustment Factors Applications Notes
d The flat use factor, 𝐶𝑓𝑢 , shall apply only to dimension lumber bending members 2 in
to 4 in (nominal) thick (NDS 4.3.3) and to glued laminated timber bending members
(NDS 5.3.3)
e The repetitive member factor, 𝐶 , shall apply only to dimension lumber bending
𝑟
members 2 in to 4 in (nominal) thick (NDS 4.3.4).
f The curvature factor, 𝐶𝑐 , shall apply only to curve portion of glued laminated timber
bending members (NDS 5.3.4).

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
II. Modification of Design Values
Adjustment Factors Applications Notes
g Shear design values parallel to grain, 𝐹𝑣 , for sawn lumber members shall be
permitted to be multiplied by the shear stress factors, 𝐶𝐻 , specified in tables 4A, 4B,
4C and 4D.
h The buckling area factor/ stiffness factor, 𝐶𝑇 , shall apply only to 2 in x 4 in or smaller
sawn lumber truss compression chords subjected to combined flexure and axial
compression when 3/8 in or thicker plywood sheathing is nailed to the narrow face
(NDS 4.4.3)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
III. Modification of Design Values Angle to the Grain

Modification Design Values Angle to the Grain

Direction of Load

Angle between two directions

Direction of Grain

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
III. Modification of Design Values Angle to the Grain

Modification Design Values Angle to the Grain

𝐹′𝑐 𝐹′𝑐⊥
𝐹′𝜃 =
𝐹′𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝐹′𝑐⊥ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
wℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑭′𝜽 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑭′𝒄 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑭′𝒄⊥ − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝜽 − 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
IV. ASD vs LRFD

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
IV. ASD vs LRFD

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Method

This based on the requirement that the minimum resistance provided in a structural
member must either equal or exceed the force (or moment) due to factored loads
on the member. Expressed in equation form,
𝑹𝒖 ≤ 𝝀𝝓𝑹′
𝑅′ indicates the adjusted resistance (theoretical strength of a member, such as
adjusted bending resistance, 𝑀′, or adjusted shear resistance, 𝑉′. 𝑅𝑢 is the force or
moment due to factored loads and is replaced with 𝑀𝑢 for bending, or 𝑉𝑢 for shear.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
IV. ASD vs LRFD
Resistance Factors, LRFD (𝝓)
The resistance factors, 𝜙, of LRFD serve
as a factor of safety to lessen the
allowable design values.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
IV. ASD vs LRFD
Time Effect Factor (𝝀)
The time effect factors, 𝜆, of LRFD serve the
same purpose as the load duration factors of
ASD; however, having different bases, the
factors have different numerical values. The
value of the time effect factor depends on
which load combination controls.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
IV. ASD vs LRFD
Format Conversion (𝑲𝑭 )
The format conversion factors, 𝐾𝐹 , of LRFD
use to convert ASD reference design values
to LRFD method

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGN VALUES
IV. ASD vs LRFD

The general format, with bending as an example, requires the factored design value
(𝑀𝑢 ) not exceed the maximum adjusted capacity (𝑀′𝑛 ) which is determined from
determining the adjusted nominal strength (𝐹’𝑏𝑛 ): 𝑀𝑢 ≤ 𝑀′𝑛

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Thank You!

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE