Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Development
Sustainable Development
An Integrated View
P
The Three Transitions
A
O
B
O
CO
A
A Global Population
B % With High HDI
C Use of Sources/ Sinks Cumulative Impact
1.00
0.95
LOW
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
HDI
HIGH
0.70
0.65
0.60
MIDDLE
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
TPES (kWh/cap/day)
Stylized Facts of Development
• Several examples (Japan, Mediterranean and
Scandinavian, NICS, and BRICS)
• Industry (especially manufacturing) as Driver:
Potential for (1) high productivity growth, (2) high
sectoral growth, (3) Linkages, (4) Spillovers
• Trade as driver: (1) scale economies, (2) incentives,
(3) predictability, (4) investment
• Impacts on social (equity, jobs) or environmental
• Agricultural sector critical but rarely as driver, some
recent interest in services sector
China Growth Trends
Founex and Evolution of SD
Pollution
Limits
Pollution
Pollution “MDG”
“MDG”
“MDG”
5. GE as Destination
Practices universalized
2. GE as Good Practice Policies mainstreamed
3. GE as Good Policies
SCP, Integrated Incentive compatibility
Prices, taxes, subsidies,
Strategies, CSR, TBL, ensured
public investment,
disclosure Economic structure
education, R&D
supportive
Pre-History
• Blueprint: Framework (Internalize externalities;
non‐declining wealth) and Policy Tools (EIA,
valuation, discounting, etc) are central to current
proposals, including TEEB and GEI
• Origin: 1989 Report for UK Government (original
title, “Sustainable Development, Resource
Accounting, and Project Appraisal”)
• Definition: “Economic underpinnings of the idea
of sustainable development” to implement
Brundtland Commission findings
The TEEB Framework
Broad based Interest
• Earth Day (www.earthday.org)
• www.worldwatch.org/
• www.greeneconomics.net
• www.thegreeneconomy.com
• www.greenforall.org
• www.newgreeneconomy.com
• www.greeneconomynow.org
,www.greeneconomyinitiative.com
• www.greeneconomycoalition.org
Comments from Prep Com 1
• Different conceptions of a green economy
• Should be flexible to accommodate diverse
approaches, and not lead to: (1) privatization of
nature, (2) trade protection, (3) aid conditionality,
or (3) a straightjacket
• Request to DESA, UNEP and other relevant
organizations prepare a study to assess the
benefits, challenges, and risks associated with a
green economy transition.
Specific Prepcom Questions
• Macroeconomic policy implications of pursuing a
green economy transition;
• Potential loss of competitiveness of some
industries, sources of comparative advantage of
some countries;
• Risk of “green protectionism”, legitimization of
certain ‘green’ subsidies which could distort trade;
• Potential contribution of a green economy to
poverty eradication through the creation of
sustainable livelihoods.
One Way of Framing the Issue
Remember Knowledge Economy
• “To some, the • Some also refer to the
knowledge economy green economy as a
means a new economic new economic
paradigm, to others it paradigm, others as a
signifies a social vision for action, and
transformation of which others as a social
the economy is a part”. transformation of which
Lan Xue and Peter the economy is a part
Sheehan
China’s Development
Strategy
Similar Questions Are Asked
• Conceptual: Is KE an abstract • Conceptual: Is GE an abstract
concept or an implementable concept or an implementable
vision of development? What are vision of development? What are
its elements? How is it related to its elements? How is it related to
other concepts? Do its rules and other concepts? Do its rules and
principles differ from traditional principles differ from traditional
ones? ones?
• Relevance: Is it relevant to all • Relevance: Is it relevant to all
countries or only to some? Is it countries or only to some? Is it
just a new name for things that just a new name for things that
are desirable anyhow (but then, are desirable anyhow (but then,
why introduce a new term that why introduce a new term that
will confuse people)? will confuse people)?
• Action: How can it be • Action: How can it be
implemented? How can it guide implemented? How can it guide
our actions? Should it be our actions? Should it be
concentrated regionally? concentrated regionally?
Remember Knowledge Economy
• We use it neither as a theoretical • While GE can be a theoretical
concept nor as a vision of concept or a development vision,
development, but as a it is also a description of a central
description of a central reality: reality: The emergence of
The move from the industrial era activities that signal the shift to a
to a global knowledge economy. new calculus of profitability, and
• Nations need to respond to this thus a move from the industrial
emerging reality, and shape their era to a different type of global
development strategies with economy based on knowledge,
regard to this emerging reality. efficiency, and stewardship.
Xue and Sheehan • The leaders can benefit by
anticipating change, but all
nations, rich or poor, large or
small, leaders or late‐starters, will
need to shape their development
strategies.
Conclusion
The Centrality of Growth
Race of Growth and Catastrophe
• No country, howsoever rich, knows how to
live without growth
– The modern economic and financial system seems
to require growth to maintain full employment
and decent social services
– Growth is the only sure recipe we have discovered
for overcoming global inequality
• But: we will not live long if growth continues
on its existing pattern
• Is there a way? Actually, there are three
Three Strategies
• Accelerate development so • Question: Do the MDGs
as to win the race against have to be broadened and
time. Focus on the most made more ambitious? Is
Vulnerable (MDG Plus) there still time?
• Internalize Externalities: • How to universalize? What
Many successful examples is the development
exist today. strategy? What else is
needed? What are the risks,
challenges?
• Invest in an alternative • Is the GE a leading sector?
Growth Strategy. What kind of investment in
technology or infrastructure
are needed?
Three Strategies
Strategies Elements
• MDG Plus: Address the • Sustainable food and
most fundamental agriculture, public health,
development questions, gender empowerment,
and the win‐win solutions. water, sanitation, climate
change, international action
• Internalize Externalities: • Subsidies reform, Eco‐tax
reform, Valuation of
resources, Community
benefits, Create markets for
services/ pollutants, “GDP”
• Invest in an alternative • Renewable Energy
Growth Strategy. Revolution
The Investment Option
• The Modern Industrial Age was based on a Big
Push of Investment in Fossil Energy
• Sustainable Development may require a Big
Push on Renewable Energy:
– Bring about a rapid reduction in unit costs of RE
– Enable poor countries and poor households to
access modern energy services
– Deploy energy to relieve pressure on renewable
as well as non‐renewable natural resources
Only One Earth
Less Taste for Destruction
Poverty is the biggest pollutant It adds up
Spaceship Earth