TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES

021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui

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0345-3093759
XI – MATHEMATICS FORMULAE
De Morgan’s Laws:-
(a) (AUB)/ = A/ ∩ B/
(b) (A ∩ B)/ = A/ U B/
Note:- A/ = U – A, B/ = U – B.

System of Complex Number:-

(a , b) = a + ιb
For (a , b) , (c , d) CC We define

(1) Equality:-
(a , b) = (c , d) if and only if a = c , b = d

(2) Addition:-
(a , b) + (c , d) = (a + c , b + d) CC

(3) Multiplication:-
(a , b) . (c , d) = (ac + bd , ad + bc) CC
 The additive inverse of (a , b) CC is (−a , −b)
 The Multiplicative inverse of (a , b) CC is
 a b 
 2 , 2 
 a  b a  b2 
2

 The Complex Conjugate of z = a + ιb is z = a – ιb

 Let z = a + ιb then z  a 2  b 2

Quadratic Formula:-
 b  b2  4ac
x
2a
The Cube Roots of Unity:-
The cube roots of unity are:-
1, ω, ω2
where,
 1  3  1  3
 and 2  are the complex cube roots of unity.
2 2
Note:-
 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
 ω3 = 1
Nature of Roots :-
For the nature of roots, we have the following formula.
Discriminate: D = b2 – 4ac.
Note:-
 If D = 0, the roots are real equal
 If D > 0, the roots are real and unequal
 If D < 0, the roots are complex and unequal
 If D is a perfect square, the roots are rational and unequal; otherwise they are irrational.
Sum of Roots
b Coefficient of x
    
a Coefficient of x2
Product of Roots
c Cons tan t
  
a Coefficient of x2
 To form a quadratic equation whose roots are given, we have the following formula:
x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0

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 TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759

Determinant
For 2 × 2 order matrix
a a  a a
If A   11 12  , then A  11 12  a11a 22  a12a 21
a 21 a 22  a 21 a 22
For 3 × 3 order matrix
 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12 a13
 
If A  a 21 a 22 a 23  , then A  a 21 a 22
a
a 23 = a11 22
a 23 a a a a
 a12 21 23  a13 21 22
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a 33  a 31 a 32 a 33

The Adjoint Matrix

 a11 a12 a13 
Let A  a 21 a 22 a 23  then,
a 31 a 32 a 33 
 A11 A12 A13 
Adj A  A 21 A 22 A 23 
 A31 A32 A33 
The Inverse Matrix
Adj A
A 1  .
A
Note:- If A  0, then A1 does not exist.

Arithmetic Progression(A.P.):-
The standard form of an A.P is:
a , a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d , . . . , a + (n – 1)d

General Term of an A.P:-

Tn  a  n  1d
where,
a = 1st term, d = common difference, n = no. of terms
Sum of Arithmetic Series:-
Sn  2a  n  1d
n
2
where,
a = 1st term, d = common difference, n = no. of terms
Arithmetic Mean:-
ab
A.M. 
2
Note:- To find more than one A.M.’s we need to find the Common difference ‘d’ which is given by the
following formula:
ba
d
n 1
where,
a = 1st term, b = last term, n = no. of A.M’s
Geometric Progression(G.P.):-
The standard form of an G.P is:
a , ar , ar2 , ar3 , . . . , arn – 1

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 TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
General Term of G.P:-
Tn  ar n 1
where,
a = 1st term, r = common ratio, n = no. of terms

Sum of Geometric Series:-

Sn 

a 1  rn
,
 when r < 1
1 r

Sn 

a rn 1
,
 when r < 1
r 1
where,
a = 1st term, r = common ratio, n = no. of terms
Sum of Infinite Geometric Series:-
a
S 
1 r
Geometric Mean
G   ab
Note:- To find more than one G.M.’s we need to find the Common ratio ‘r’ which is given by the
following formula:
1
 b  n 1
r 
a
where,
a = 1st term, b = last term, n = no. of G.M’s

Harmonic Progression(H.P.):-
The standard form of an G.P is:
1 1 1 1
, , ,......,
a a  d a  2d a  (n  1)d
Harmonic Mean
2ab
a, H, b H
ab
where,
a = 1st term, b = last term

Permutation
n!
n
Pr 
( n  r )!
Combination
n!
n
Cr 
(n  r )! r!
Sum of First n Natural Numbers
n (n  1)
n 
2
Sum of Squares of First n Natural Numbers
n (n  1)(2n  1)
 n2 
6
Sum of Cubes of First n Natural Numbers
2
 n (n  1) 
 n3   
 2 

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 TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
Binomial Formula
a  bn  a n  na n 1b  n(n  1) a n 2b2  n(n  1)(n  2) a n 3b3  ...... n(n  1)...(n  r  1) a n r br  ...... bn
2! 3! r!
n (n  1) 2 n (n  1)...(n  r  1) r
1  x n  1  nx  x  ...... x  ......
2! r!

Relation Between Arc-Length, Radius And General Angle

s = rθ
Where,
s = arc length, r = radius, θ = central angle(in radians)

Signs of the Trigonometric Functions in the Four Quadrants

II I
sin, cosec +ve All +ve
all other –ve

tan, cot +ve cos, sec +ve

all other –ve all other −ve
III IV

Trigonometric Identities
 sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
 sin2θ = 1 − cos2θ
 cos2θ = 1 – sin2θ
 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

The Distance Formula

AB  x 2  x1 2  y 2  y1 2
Deductions From The Fundanmental Law
 cos(−β) = cosβ
 
 cos     sin 
2 
 sin(−β) = −sinβ
 tan(−β) = −tanβ
 cot(−β) = −cotβ
 
 sin      cos 
2 
 
 tan     cot 
2 
 
 cot     tan 
2 
Sum And Difference Formula
 cos(α − β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ
 cos(α + β) = cosα cosβ − sinα sinβ
 sin(α + β) = sinα sinβ + cosα cosβ
 sin(α − β) = sinα sinβ − cosα cosβ
tan   tan 
 tan   
1  tan  tan 

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 TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
tan   tan 
 tan   
1  tan  tan 
cot   cot   1
 cot   
cot   cot 
cot  cot   1
 cot   
cot   cot 
cot  cot   1
 cot   
cot   cot 

Double Angle Identity

1  tan 2 
 cos2θ = cos2θ – sin2θ = 2cos2θ – 1 = 1 – 2sin2θ =
1  tan 2 
2 tan 
 sin2θ = 2sinθcosθ =
1  tan 2 
2 tan 
 tan 2 
1  tan 2 
Half Angle Identity
 1  cos 
 sin  
2 2
 1  cos 
 cos 
2 2
 sin  1  cos
 tan  
2 1  cos sin 
Sum And Product Formulae For Trigonometric Functions
sin  cos  sin     sin   
1

2
cos  sin  sin     sin   
1

2
sin  sin   cos    cos  
1

2
cos  cos  cos    cos  
1

2
uv uv
 sin u  sin v  2 sin cos
2 2
uv uv
 sin u  sin v  2 cos sin
2 2
uv uv
 cos u  cos v  2 cos cos
2 2
uv uv
 sin u  cosv  2 sin sin
2 2
Periodic Function:-
A function y = f(x) is called a periodic function of periodic p if f(x + p) = f(x).
The Law of Sine
a b c
 
sin  sin  sin 
The Law of Cosine
 a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cosα
 b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cosβ
 c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cosγ

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 TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759
The Law of Tangents
 
tan
 2  ab
 a  b
tan
2

tan
 2  bc
 bc
tan
2

tan
 2  ca
 ca
tan
2

Half Angle Formulae in terms of Lengths of Sides

 (s  b)(s  c)
 sin 
2 bc
 (s  a )(s  c)
 sin 
2 ac
 (s  a )(s  b)
 sin 
2 ab
 s(s  a )
 cos 
2 bc
 s(s  b)
 cos 
2 ac
 s(s  c)
 cos 
2 ab
 (s  b)(s  c)
 tan 
2 s(s  a )
 (s  a )(s  c)
 tan 
2 s(s  b)
 (s  a )(s  b)
 tan 
2 s(s  c)
 s(s  a )
 cot 
2 (s  b)(s  c)
 s(s  b)
 cot 
2 (s  a )(s  c)
 s(s  c)
 cot 
2 (s  a )(s  b)
Area of Triangle
Case 1:- When measures of two sides and the measure of the included angle are given:
1
   ab sin 
2
1
   ac sin 
2
1
   bc sin 
2

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 TALHA SIDDIQUI’s ACADEMY OF COMMERCE & SCIENCES
021-35248855 Sir. Talha Siddiqui
0345-3093759

Case 2:- When measures of two angles and the measure of one side are known:
1 sin  sin 
   a2
2 sin 
1 2 sin  sin 
  b
2 sin 
1 sin  sin 
   c2
2 sin 
Case 3:- When measures of three sides are known:
abc
  ss  a s  bs  c where, s 
2
Case 4:- When measures of base and the measure of height is known
   base  height 
1
2

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