3

NEWS RELEASE
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
400 MARYLAND AVENUE, SW WASHINGTON 2', D C.
TrlEPHONES WORTH 2 4i5S' \\/ORTF 3 -1110

FOR RELEASE: SUNDAZ tM4's

July 8£,J.962
REiLEASE NO, 62-151

NASA-TELSTAR CONTRACT

During the coming week the Nati.onal Aeronautics and

Space Administration is scheduled to launch a 170-pound
Telstar experimental active repeater communication satellite
for the lamerican Telephone and Telegraph Company. A Delta
launch vehicle will boost the satellite into orbit, fromn
Cape Canaveral, Florida no earlier than July l.0th.

Telstar is a unique experiment in that it is the first

time that a private company has built a satellite and paid
for cost of launching with Its own funds, It also marks
the first international attempt to transmit cormmunicationos
by using an active repeater satellite.

The ProJect Tdlstar cooperative agreementt was signed

on July 27, 3.961 by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate
Administrator of NAA and Frederick R. Kappel, then
president and now chairman of the board of the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company. The agreement provided
for:

1. The Bell Telephone Laboratories to design and

build the Teltar satellites at its own expense, test them
according to NASA specificatiorxs and deliver them to the
launcth site at Cape Canaveral. Two launchings and two
optionsal backup launchings were included. in the agreement.

'. AT&T to reimburse NASA for the Delta launch vehicles,

'umuch and tracking services. Cost amounts to approximately
$3 mail~lion per launch.

3. Bell System engineers and scientists to conduct

the c')mmunications experiments -- television, voice and
high-sneed data -- using the company's ground stations at
Andover, Maine and Holmdel, N. J, Results will be reported
to NASA.

4. "ASA tou provide Bell Telephone Laboratories with

telemetry Pnd'spacecraft acouisition information, including
data from a rad1tation experiment aboard the satellite, received,
by its wor).wide Saeveilite Instrumentation Network. (These
 stations are located at Blossom Point, Md.; East Grand Forks,
Minn.; Ft. Myers, Fla.; College, Alaska; Mojave, Calif.;
St. Johns, Newfoundland; Woomera, Australia; Winrcfield,
England; Johannesburg, South Africa; Antofagasta and Santiago,
Chile; Lima, Peru; and Quito, Ecuador).
5. NASA and Bell Telephone Laboratories to analyze the
data and all results be made available by NASA to the
world scientific community.
Results of the Telstar experiment will be applied to the
overall NASA communication satellite research and development
program, the objective of which is tc provide the technology
necessary to establish an operational system of communication
satellites at the earliest possible date.

NASA's responsibilities in the Telstar project are under

the direction of the Office of Application, NASA Headquarters.
Management of these responsibilities is carried out by the
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., including track-
ing and aialyses of data acquired by the tracking network.

GROUND STATIONS FOR TESTING EXPERIMENTAL

COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

A cooperative program for testing experimental communi-

cation satellites is being undertaken by NASA and communica-
tions organizations in the United States, Europe and South
America. The American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Internation-
al Telephone & Telegraph Co., British General Post Office,
French National Center for Telecommunication Studies, West
German Post Office, Brazilian Depai-tment of Posts and Tele-
graphs, and Telespazio of Italy are providing ground
stations and will conduct communications experiments.
The organizations in England, France, Germany, Brazil
and Italy are participating on a voluntary basis. Technical
agreements werernegotiated with NASA and concurred in by
the respective governments. No exchange of funds is involved.
Orbital data necessary for conducting the communications
tests will be provided to the stations by the NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center's tracking network operations center.
The station at Andover, Maine and those in England,
France, and Italy will be employed for trans-Atlantic ex-
perimenzs with Telstar and Relay, NASA's active repeater
communication satellite, this year.
The British station, located at Goonhilly in southwestern
England, is equipped with a steerable parabolic antenna
approximately 85 feet in diameter and a "Maser" amplifier.
The station is also equipped to transmit and receive tele-
vision and still pictures using British, European and American
line standards as well as telephone and data communications.
The site was selected to obtain a maximum period of mutual
visibility to the United States via the satellites and because
it is remote from sources of radio interference..
-2-
 The French station, located at Pleumeur-Bodou on the
Brittany peninsula is almost identical to the AT&T facility
at Andover, Maine and is equipped to conduct television,
voice and data experiments.

Telespazio plans to construct a large facility at Fucino

(about 50 miles northeast of Rome). However, the organization
will participate with an interim station this year by receivine
voice signals from the satellites with a 30-foot parabolic
antenna.
The Deutsche Bundespost (Post Office of the7 Federal
Republic of Germany) has awarded contracts for construction of
a station near Raisting, about 30 miles south of Munich. The
wide-band antenna will be a 75-foot diameter parabolic dish
with a horn-reflector feed. The performance will besimilar
to the stations at Andover, Maine and Pleumeur-Bodou, France.
It is scheduled to be in operation late in 1963.
Voice and data transmissions via RELAY will be conducted
from the IT&T 40-foot dish at Nutley, New Jersey, and a 30-foot
dish near Rio de Janeiro, in 1962.
NASA has negotiated contractual agreements with the
American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and the International
Telephone and Telegraph Co. to conduct the RELAY communica-
tions tests at their facilities in the United States.
Technical requirements and plans for conducting the
experiments are coordinated by a Ground Station Committee. The
Chairman is Leonard- Jaffe, Director of Communication Systems,
NASA Headquarters. Daniel Mazur of the NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center is Alternate Chairman. Members area
Captain C. F. Booth, General Post Office, United Kingdom
.. Sueur, National Center for Telecommunications Studies,
France
Zrnst 0. Dietrich, West German Post Office
Lt. Col. G. Bandeira de Mello, Department of Posts and
Telegraph, Brazil
Dr. P. Fanti, Telespazio, Italy
:.. F. O'Neill, TELSTAR Project Manager, Bell Telephone
Laboratories
RI. E. Sageman, American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Louis Pollack, International Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Charles P. Smith, and Joseph Berliner, NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
-3-
 TELSTAR PROJECT OFFICIALS

N.A.S.A.

NASA Headquarters

Morton J. Stoller, Director, Office of Applications

Leonard Jaffe, Director of Communication Systems

Office of Applications

Vincent L. Johnson, Chief of Delta Program

Launch Vehicle & Propulsion Programs
Office of Space Sciences

Goddard Space Flight Center

Charles P. Smith, Telstar Project Manager for NASA

William Schindler, Delta Systems Manager

Robert Gray, Goddard Field Projects Branch at

Cape Canaveral

Roger V. Tetrick, NASH Tracking arid -iat.a Manage'.

forTetta

Solq-4-c!.
 .':n' r i*u) Telephone
'I'i f ?z Te legraph
1i3I-1 ( leapt.
I at i n{ Pmc
Ili') Pt')adway, 'ovw Vork, N.Y.

'ri*;, ;'i'; liTr '1 rl.: ;TA ? 2AT:I,[,TTh- 'iO DI14ONeHA'1'A ,

VO.TCE, DA.T, PACr,1lr`T`P; SU) TRjAN;;MIL;:.; Ie
TbPV

The Bell Systemfs 'Tolstar satellite is scheduled for an early

morninr2 haunch by NA2A;A at Cape Canaveral. The programmed orbit
i.;- apro:.lnmiately two hours and forty minutes.

Telstar is expected to be "visible" for a few/minutes to

the Andover, Maine, ground station about twelve hours after
launch. 'Ft is expected that this pass (fifth orbit) will be
used only to verify orbital information and acqu re more precise
trackinf and antenna pointing data. The satell ite will not be
within re)r e of the Iolnmei station on this fifth pass.

,D)omestlc demonstratlons are planned during the next four

orb!t;s (sixth through ninth - beginning about fifteen hours
after launch) using the Andover and Ilolmdel ground stations.
Visibillty periods for these four orbits range from about 20 to
5C minutes.

Plans for the initial domestic demonstrations include:

a live telephone call between people at two different locations,
a video tape, a facsimile transmission of a current news picture
and the sending of high-speed data between two points.

Signals will be sent from the giant horn antenna at Andover

up to Telstar. The satellite will receive the signals, amplify
them ten billion times and transmit them at a strength of 24
watts back to earth. The extremely weak signals will be picked
up by both the Andover and Holmdel ground stations. The quality
of the signals received at Holmdel is not expected to be as
good as the signals received in the larger horn at Andover.
The Andover horn has nine times greater antenna surface than
the Holmdel horn and consequently receives nine times more
signal strength. The Holmdel antenna will not be used to trans-
mit signals to the satellite because of interference problems
with other microwave users in that vicinity.

A transatlantic demonstration, produced by the U. S.

television networks, is planned after the domestic demonstrations
and overseas technical tests have been successfully conducted.
This overseas program will not occur until the satellite has
been in orbit for about a week. The television networks are
planning to transmit about 12 minutes of current news events
-5A,-
from a number of geographical locations in the United States.
This segment will also be shown to U.S. viewers as a part of
a longer program, expected to run from 30 minutes to one hour.
Other international demonstrations from the U.S. will include
telephone conversations, and photo and data transmission. The
voice demonstrations will include a hook-up between people in
20 cities in the United States and 20 cities in Europe. Ten
such conversations can be carried out simultaneously. The
United States Information Agency is making arrangements for
these voice demonstrations as a part of its sister city
affliation program.

- 6 -
 American Telephone & Telegraph
Public Relations Dept.
195 Broadway, New York, N.Y.

PROJECT TELSTAR
CHE SATELLITE ITSELF

The chief function of the first experimental Telstar

satellite is to receive a radio signal beamed at it from the
ground, amplify this signal -- ten billion times -- and re-
transmit the signal on another frequency. In addition, the
satellite will carry equipment to measure its performance and
it will carry a package to obtain needed scientific data on
the space environment itself. The Telstar orbit is expected
to range in altitude between 600 and 3500 miles, inclined 45
degrees to the equator, thus providing a wide sampling of the
space environment.
The i formation on satellite performance and environment
will be transmitted on a special 'telemetry" radio frequency.
Also, radio beacon signals will be transmitted to help ground
stations locate the satellite. The satellite is equipped to
receive spacilal "command" signals from the ground, which will
turn circuits on and off so that power will not be drained
away needlessly when the satellite is out of range of the
ground stations.
The satellite is roughly spherical in shape, with 72
flat faces, or facets. It is 34-1/2 inches in diameter and
weighs about 170 pounds. The metal framework is made of
magnesium, the shell of aluminum, coated with aluminum oxide
sprayed on by a plasma jet process. Solar cells are mounted
on 60 of the facets. On three facets are mirrors that will
r.flect sunlight to ground observers using optical tracking
equipment and thus provide information on the angle of the
satellite axis in space.
Two antennas, equator-like, girdle the satellite.
These are the receiving and transmitting antennas for the
basic communications function of the satellite; they also
transmit a precision tracking beacon signal. The antennas
transmit and receive with nearly equal efficiency in all
directions except in the direztivn of the "poles" of the
satellite. During launching, the satellite is given a spin
of 180 revoultions per minute about this "pole" axis. The
spin gives the satellite a gyroscopic stability so that the
poles tend to point to the same place in space although the
-7-
direction will change very gradually over weeks or months.
Direction of launch is so arranged that during the first few
months of satellite life the satellite axis -- and its dead
spots in the antenna transmitting pattern -- will not point
directly toward the earth when the satellite is over the
northern nemisphere.

Another antenna, a Wire helix, is located on top of the

satellite. This spiral antenna will serve telemetry, command
and beacon circuits.

The satellite contains some electron tube and 2528 semi-

conductor devices -- 1064 tranistois and 1l464 diodes.

Power Supply

Power will be supplied to electronic circuits in the

satellite directly by 19 rechargeable nickel-cadmium cells,
of the type used in rechargeable flashlights but specially
designed for the space environment. They will be charged by
3600 solar cells on the skin of' h> satellite. The solar
cell system will convert sunlight into electricity at the
initial rate of about 15 watts while the satellite is on the
sunny side of the earth and while the sun is perpendicular
to the satellite's equator. It is estimated that the output
of the cells will decrease to 11 watts at the end of a year
due to the effects of nuclear particles in the Van Allen belt
and micrometeoroid damage.

The solar cells ai'e mounted on a ceramic base in a

platinum frame, and protected from bombardment by energetic
electrons by coverings of clear, man-made sapphire. These
materials and their bondings were all chosen with an eye to
their endurance in space. The ceramic, platinum and sapphire,
for example, all expand and contract with changes in temper-
ature about the same as the solar cells themselves, a fact
wnich is expected to enable them to remain bonded together
for many years.

Electronic Chassis

Electronic equipment is sealed in a 20-inch aluminum

canister, which instead of being bolted or welded to the
framework will be suspended inside with nylon cord lacings.
This arrangement will help to absorb shock and high frequency
vibration.
Polyurethane, a pink plastic foam which becomes rigid
when it sets, was poured into and molded around each elec-
tronic subassembly. When these blocks were completely
assembled in the -anister, the canister was filled with
-8-
polyurethane to form a firm stnucture highly immune to the
effects of shock and vibration. T'ie Iorm plastic technique
was first developed by Bell Laboraories in missile-guidance
work. The sealed cask was partially evacuated of air and
filled with gas to a pressure somewhat below atmospheric. If
in the emptiness of space a micrometeoroid puncture should
develop, the loss of pressure is not expected to affect the
operation of the satellite. The high voltage of the traveling-
wave tube will be turned off if necessary as the pressure
corsses a critical point where electrical arcing or "corona"
occurs.

Temperature of the canister will be regulated by con-

trolling the amount of heat radiated. The top of the canister
is covered with a thermally controlled lid which will open
or close as required to control the internal canister temper-
ature.

Broadband Communications Circuit

Signals are sent up to the satellite on the frequency

of 6390 megacycles, or 6.39 billion cycles per second, and
down to the ground on a lower frequency, 4170 megacycles,
or 4.17 billion cycles per second.

The incoming 6390 me signal .as mixed with the output of

a quartz crystal-controlled beat oscillator to produce a
signal centered at an intenueuiate frequency of 90 megacycles.
This lower frequency is within the range of reliable, long-
life transistors. Fourteen germanium (diffused base) trans-
istors will be used to amplify the signal about one million
times during normal operation. Total amplification will be
held by an "automatic gain control" to set limits. Thus the
output of the satellite will be very nearly constant --
about 2-1/4 watts -- regardless of the strength of the signal
coming in from earth, and regardless of slight aging of
transistors or other small variations in the amplification
circuit.

The amplified 90 mc signal will then mix with another

crystal-controlled oscillator frequency so that the resulting
mixture is centered at the 4170 frequency for retransmission
from the satellite. But before transmission it will be
amplified once more by the only electron tube in the satellite.
The traveling-wave tube is a foot-long, pencil-thin glass
tube containing a spiral wire. For size and weight, a
traveling wave tube is the only device in the world capable
of such amplification (10,000 times) with such a broadband
signal. The Telstar satellite will not, however, give the
traveling-wave tube its first ride into space, Another but
- 9-
similar version has proved its ruggedness in the Bell Labora-
tories - Western Electric command guidance system aboard
missiles and will in fact be used again aboard the Delta rocket
to launch Telstar.

The traveling-wave tube amplifies also a 4080 me single

frequency signal along with the broadband communications
signal. This L;080 me signal will be transmitted at lower
power -- abouttwo-hundredths of a watt -- to serve as a beacon
for precision trackers on the ground.

Radiation and Solar Aspect Measurement

One of the principal purposes of the Telstar satellite

is to learn more about the nature of the space environment in
which communication satellites must operate, particularly
regarding radiation in space. Previous space research has
resulted in the discovery that a band of space around the
earth. -- the Van Allen Belt -- has a high density of energetic
particles. These particles can be damaging to communication
devices to an extent which varies markedly with the particle
energy. Therefore, to obtain the needed specific information,
Bell Laboratories has incorporated into the Telstar satellite
a radiation experiment to probe the inner part of the Van
Allen belt. The findings of this experiment will of course
be shared with the entire scientific world and should be
significant in advancing the use of space in other ways.

This experiment has two principal functions: to make

scientific measurements of radiation in space; and to
establish for communications technology the actual effect
on semiconductor devices of the radiation there.

The measurement of energetic particles will be

accomplished through the use of four special silicon diodes
produced in Bell Laboratories for the purpose, and through
associated circuitry designed with the assistance of the
Instrumentation Division of Brookhaven National Laboratories.
The electrical response of each of the four diodes is in
direct proportion to the amount of energy a particle loses
in striking or passing through the diode. They are located
at the skin of the satellite. Three of them are used to
count and measure the energy of protons; the other to count
and measure the energy of electrons.

(Technical note: Two are almost unshielded. One of

these at a fixed bias measures electron density and energy
from 1/4 to 1 Mev.' The other has a varying bias to measure
protons in each of five energy regions between 2 and 25 Mev.
- 10-
 nwo others have a thicker shieliing. One measures only pro-
tons above 25 Mev, while the other, with the thickest shield-
ing of all, measures protons above 40 Mev.)

The second function of the radiation experiment, to

measure actual damage to semiconductors, is performed by two
types of semiconductor devices: solar cells and transistors.
Three solar cells will be monitored to learn the decrease
in their short-circuit current output over a period of time.
Each is shielded a different amount.

Also, six silicon transistors, specially fabricated by

Bell Laboratories with a wide "base" region to make them
unusually sensitive to damage by radiation, are mounted at
the satellite skin in pairs, each pair shielded by a different
amount. Their output will be monitored and compared over a
period of time with the output of a seventh transitor similar
to the others except that it has been pre-radiated. That
completes the radiation experiment, but one other group of
measurements taken at the skin of the satellite is functionally
considered part of the 'radiation package".

Six special solar cells, pre-radiated, are dispersed

about the skin of the satellite as light detectors. A com-
.,parison of the amount of light falling on each one at any
particular instant can be used to determine which side of
the satellite at that instant is nearest the sun. The amount
of light each receives is telemetered back to earth. A set
of these measurements over a period of time can be analyzed
in a computer to determine the angle between the spin axis
of the satellite and the sun.

Another measurement of the attitude of the spin axis

will be provided by visual observation of mirrors mounted on
the satellite. When sun, satellite and ground observer are
at the right positions, the observer, using a telescopic
tracker, will see flashes of sunlight reflected to him for a
few seconds.

Telemetry

A large part of the Telstar satellite is given over to

the measurement of environmental conditions, the measurement
of circuit and device performance, and the transmission of
this information to the ground.

In all, 115 items are measured and reported. Included

are such items as density and energies of free protons and
electrons, temperature at the skin of the satellite and
inside the electronic chassis, pressure inside the chassis,
- 11 -
the amount of sunlight being received at several points on
the skin, and the currents and voltages of dozens of electronic
components.

The measurements are reported to ground stations over a

special radio transmitter at 136 megacycles, radiating a power
of a quarter watt. The transmitter radiates constantly, even
when information is not being transmitted, thus serving a
second purpose as a radio beacon to assist ground stations in
tracking the satellite.

When a radio command (over a separate command circuit)

is given the satellite from the ground, the satellite transmits
the measurements until a command is given to stop. Each item
is sent once every minute. This "telemetry" information is
sent in the form of coded pulses.

(Technical note: The pulses frequency-modulate a

3 kilocycle frequency, plus or minus 225 cycles. The result-
ing signal is then used to amplitude-modulate the 136 mega-
cycle carrier, thus producing a PCM-FM-AM signal. This
method is used in order to maintain radiation of the center
frequency -- the beacon -- at constant power and phase to
facilitate tracking.)

Command

When all electronic functions of the experimental

satellite operate simultaneously, they will drain more elec-
trical power from the battery than the average rate at which
power is replenished by solar cells (including the periods
when the satellite is in the earth's shadow). Therefore, to
conserve power for use when it is really needed -- when the
satellite is above the horizon from a ground station -- pro-
vision is made for turning off and on the principal communi-
cation function of the satellite and also the telemetry
information it sends back. The equipment for performing this
function in the satellite is called the "command" system.

The command system includes a pair of radio receivers

to receive pulse-coded commands from the ground on a frequency
of about 120 megacycles; a pair of decoders to translate the
received pulses into usable instructions; a switch control
net; and nine relays -- electrically operated switches --
which turn appropriate circuits off and on.

The receivers and decoders are installed in pairs to

insure that this important operation can be carried out even
though some device should fail. This is the only use of
'redundancy" in the satellite.
-12-
 Before any command car, be giv n the satellite, a special
enable" code, similar in eff cl- to the combination lock on
a safe, must be sent to the satelite. Other commands are
to turn on and off telemetry, elements of the traveling wave
tube, apparatus to measure radiation effects, and receivers
and encoders.

When the telemetry package is turned off, power will no

longer be consumed in the hundreds of semiconductors and
other devices that make up the package. The 136 megacycle
signal itself will continue to radiate as a constantbeacon
for tracking stations in the U.S. and around the world. After
a time lapse of two years, a timing device will irrevocably
cut off transmission from this beacon so that its frequency
can be used for other purposes without interference. The
principal frequency of 4170 me and its companion 4080 inc
precision tracking beacon can be cut off by command: and
should command fail, they will drain the batteries to the
point that transmission will be ended in a few hours.

The command and telemetry functions relate almost

entirely to the "experimental" nature of the satellite:
Telemetry, to send back information on environment and opera-
tion of devices and circuits in space; command to enable a
reasonably small satellite to provide the equivalent of "big
satellite" electrical power for the duration of communication
experiments. Command and telemetry account for a large
portion of the weight and complexity of the satellite: for
example, they use 2354 semiconductor devices, or 93 per cent
of the 2528 total.

Testing Regimen

Each component, each subassembly, and each completed

satellite was subjected to a rigorous test and retest pro-
cedure. For example, 58,800 transistors and diodes -- several
times the number that were eventually assembled into satel-
lites -- were subjected to several months of life tests. A
record was kept on each. These "pedigree papers" accompanied
the components as they were assembled into subassemblies in
a superclean atmosphere. These assemblies underwent elec-
trical and vibration tests and accumulated further records
each step along the way.

Completely assembled satellites were subjected to

balancing, vibration, magnetic drag, and electrical trans-
mission tests at the Hillside, N.J. laboratory, and then
further transmission checks at Murray Hill, N.J. Satellites
were transported in a sealed, nitrogen pressurized box
containing shock absorbers and mounted on other shock
absorbers in a special, air-conditioned "satellite vehicle"
- 13 -
truck. They were taken to the Whippany, N. J., laboratories
for several days' test in a "thermal-vacuum" chamber simulating
as nearly as possible the environment of space. This tank
was pumped out to a very high vacuum. Black walls, cooled to
0
about 300 F below zero, absorbed radiated heat, while sunlight
simulated by arc lamps streamed through a system of lenses
to heat the spinning satellite and to illuminate solar cells.
Temperature of the satellite and transmission of the satellite
were observed.

F5inally, at C;pe Canaveral, solar cells, antenna, satellite

transmission and telemetry are checked again in the days pre-
ceding launch. And even after the satellite is placed atop
the launching rocket, transmission and telemetry are checked
fro). antennas three miles away. Telem~etry will be received
and recorded during launch until the satellite vanishes over
the horizon.

Orbit

The expected orbit will be elliptical, with a perigee

(closest approach to earth) of about 600 miles and an apovee
furthest departure from earth) of 3500 miles. Its incli-
nation, or angle with the equator, will be about 45 degrees,
which means the satellite will loop to about 45 degrees
latitude north and south of the equator. The period of orbit
will be about two hours and forty minutes.

The apogee at first will occur near the equator on the

south-to-north crossing, while the perigee will occur near
the equator on the north-to-south crossing. Over a period
of months this ellipse is expected to "precess," or move
gradually, so tiat the apogee will occur in the northern
hemisphere, then continuing to precess until the apogee
crosses the equator into the southern hemisphere, and so on.
The satellite will be given a spin of about 180 rpm about
its own axis, so that while moving about the earth in its
elliptical orbit, the satellite axis will constantly point
in the same direction in space. Eventually this axis is
expected to precess too, but a means will be available to
control this precession: loops of wire, energized on com-
mand from the ground, will produce a megnetic field and
timed properly will cause the satellite to precess back into
position.
- 14 -
 American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
?ublic Rela'ions Dept.
I.,) 3roadway, New York, N.Y.

GR~r:;, ATZC>
The principal ground station for conducting experiments
with Telstar satellites is ir Andover, Maine, about 15 miles
north of the city of Tiumford.I

Another station that will receive transmission experi-

ments is a Bell Laboratories installation on Crawford Hill,
Holmdel, New Jersey, "the first telephone terminal to outer
space," built in 1959-1960 for the now historic experiments in
NASA's Project Echo.

(At the Atlantic Missile r-ange, Cape Canaveral, Florida,

satellites will be given final prelaunch check-outs and
satellite telemetry will be received during and after the
launch. This is adjacent to an Air Force facility used by
Bell Telephone laboratories for missile guidance at the Cape.)

Several foreign countries will participate in satellite

communications experiments. The British have built an 85-foot
dish antenna at Goonhilly near FaLmout, I':ngland. The French
are constructing a ground station at Pleumeur Bodou near Lannion
on the Brittany Peninsula. This station is the same as the
one
at Andover, Maine. Ground stations also are under construction
in italy and West Germany.

Andover, Maine

The principal station for carrying out experiments with the

Telstar communications satellite is on a 1,000 acre hilltop
bract owned by the Long Lines Department of A.T.&T. Co. in
Andover, Maine, about 15 miles north of the city of Rumford.
The site, informally named "Space Hill," is in a shallow bowl,
ringed by mountains which help protect the site from interference
by other raio transmissions.

The station will include means for tracking the satellite,

computing orbit, sending commands, receiving telemetry infor-
mation, and carrying out the principal purpose of the Telstar
ject, experiments in broadband transmission by way of the pro-
satellite.

The power of the broadband communications signal radiated

from the satellite is about 2-1/4 watts. This radiation spreads
out uniformly in almost all directions and by the time it reaches
the earth from 3,000 miles in space it is very weak indeed.
To
receive and amplify even a single voice channel bandwidth of
such a weak signal would have been very difficult a few years
ago. To receiveand amplify such a signal strength over a 25
megacycle oandwidth is diffult today; especially when the
transmitter is a 34-inch object moving through space about
16,000 miles per hour.

- 15 -
 To scoop up as much as pu.3slblbe of this very weak signal, it
is necessary to build a very large antenna. In addition, it
is desirable to screen the sensitive element of the antenna from
the radiation emitted by trees, earth and even people themselves.
To meet these two objectives, Bell Laboratories and McKiernan-
Terry Corp. engineers designed the largest horn antenna yet built.
The large opening -- about 3,600 square feet -- is expected to
scoop up about a billionth of a watt of the broadband signal;
and the sides of the horn will keep out unwanted ground radiation.
The steel and aluminum rotating structure weighs about 380 tons,
has an overall length of 177 feet, and carries two fair-sized
houses containing transmitter and receiver equipment.

The horn is patterned after a 50-foot-long Bell. laboratories

horn at Holmdel, N. J., which was used in Project Echo experi-
ments and which will be used to participate in the Telstar experi-
ment. Unlike t-e horn at Holmdel, the large horn at Andover will
be used both to transmit to the satellite and receive signals
from it.

The mammoth horn at Andover has imposed requirements more

exacting than any other structure of its size ever built, for it
must track its tiny target smoothly and continuously, to an
accuracy of better than a fiftieth of a degree. Design engineers
had to consider that the weight of the antenna itself would intro-
duce bending, and a different amount of bending for every position
it takes. It is, therefore, butlt as rigidly as possible and --
for it, size -- more accurately than a fine watch. A 70-foot
diameter rotating wheel, for example, is machined to a tolerance
of less than one thirty-second inch. To remove the factors of
wind stress, icing and rapid temperature changes, the entire
horn is covered with an inflated radome, 210 feet in diameter and
161 feet high.

The radome replaced a temporary inflated shelter of essentially

the same size that was put up in September, 1961, to provide
weather protection while the horn was being built. Fabricated
and inflated by Bird-Air Structures, they are the largest inflated
shelters ever built. The permanent radome is made of Dacron and
synthetic rubber, essentially transparent to radio energy. A
sixteenth of an inch thick and large enough to cover three acres
if laid out flat, it weighs 20 tons. But it is held rigidly in
place against Maine's strongest winter gales by air pressure of
less than one-tenth of a pound per square inch.

Large and sensitive as the horn is, the experiment would

not be possible without two other receiver elements pioneered in
Project Echo: a maser and a frequency-modulation feedback circuit.

The maser is an extremely sensitive amplifying device having

a man-made ruby crystal as a central element, cooled by liquid
helium to minus 456 degrees Fahrenheit.
- 16 -
 Although the mafer is new, .engineers have reached into the
past for the other impor,5ant ele.arint of the receiver -- the
frequency-modulatior. fee ,ura k ;j.r(Juit. It was invented at Bell
Laboratories in the i930's. In effect, it acts as a very rapid
automatic tuning device, tuning a narrow-band receiver to the
exact frequency being transmitted at any instant, although the
signal varies over a band 25 megacycles wide. Thus the receiver
picks up only the background noise in a rather narrow band
instead of the much greater noise that would be received by
broad-band receivers without this feature.
Both the maser and the f-m feedback circuitry'are housed
at the apex of the horn antenna, in the 28-foot-wide by
30-foot-long "~cab."
Also located in this laboratory is the transmitter equipmert.
The transmitter is a special unit of the newest Bell System
broadband type, called a "TH," plus the addition of greater am-
plification supplied by one of the largest traveling wave tubes
yet built -- a water-cooled device four feet, three inches long.
Power output on the 25 megacycle bandwidth transmitter is about
two kilowatts. While this power does not approach the power of
ordinary commercial radio and television transmitters, the Andover
transmitter is significant in combined characteristics of high
power, extreme bandwidth and continuous operation (rather than
intermittent pulsing as in a radar transmitter).
A larger house, with a width of 28 feet and a length of 63
feet, is lower on the structure. It contains antenna-control
and power-amplification equipment, and a separate transmitter
supplied by NASA for its Project Relay experimental communica-
tions satellite scheduled to be launched later this year.
Control Building -
A quarter mile from the horn antenna, Bell Laboratories
engineers carry out communications experiments, track the satellite
and transmit command signals from a one-story control building
covering about a third of an acre. The center of activity is in -
a console area, flanked by tracking equipment and computers.
Engineers observe television signals on a group of monitors
included in one console or on larger monitors mounted overhead.
Just outside the building are two Tracking antennas. One
is a quad-helix (spiral) command-tracker which picks up the
satellite's 136 me beacon and telemetry and transmits commands
to the satellite on about 120 me. Once the satellite has begun
to transmit its broadband communications signal and a 4080 me
precision tracking signal, the other antenna, an eight-foot
dish, tracks on this signal with much greater precision.

Information to correct for slight error in prediction and

error in calibration is provided by the horn antenna itself from
the 4080 me broadband signal. When the horn tracks just a
slight bit off the center of the satellite signal, the 4080 me
energy will be propagated in a different manner through the
-17-
-Ahat atLtwe'nes to the throat Of the horn. This change in
.mode'l of propagation is used as an error signal to correct
po)inting of the horn. The system is called the vernier auto-
track.

Errors in calibration of the horn are very small. The

amount of pointing error was determined by focussing the antenna
on radio energy emitted by stars and comparing dial readings Of
the horn's position with the known position of the stars. The
stars used for this purpose are not visible -- they radiate no
light, but do emit radio energy.

In a similar manner, engineers calibrated the precision

tracker on the center of the sun, which emits a large amount of
radio energy.

In conducting experiments with the satellite, engineers will

obtain a great deal of valuable information by transmitting up
to the satellite from Andover and receiving back the satellite's
signal there also -- a "back-to-back" operation. This can be
done while working witn another distant station, for the satellite's
transmitted signal can be received at any number of locations
that have adequate receiving equipment. The Holmdel, N.J.,
station will also receive the satellite signals and then may
send them by way of the telephone network to Andover. There,
engineers will display the signals on monitors and directly com-
pare TV signals transmitted from Andover with those received
at Andover.

Holmdel Ground Station -

"The First Telephone Terminal to Outer Space," a Bell

Telephone Laboratories station on Crawford Hill in Holmdel, N.J.,
famous for its now-historic experiments with NASA's Echo satellite,
has been're-wired" and expanded to participate in Project Telstar.
It will receive transmissions from the Telstar satellite. But
the Holmdel station will not transmit to the satellite as it did
during Project Echo. Reason: frequencies allotted by the Federal
Communications Commission for experiments in satellite communica-
tions are in the "common carrier band" -- that is, in the band of
frequencies already allotted for the microwave relay of telephone
type traffic. In the populous "corridor" of New Jersey,
transmission to the satellite with the high power necessary
would interfere with this normal traffic. It appears that the
particular common-carrier frequency used from satellite to
ground, however, will be free enough from interference enough of
the time to conduct some experiments.

Holmdel's receiving equipment has been modified to pick up

the Telstar frequency, and to receive a broad-band signal, con-
siderably broader than the Echo signal. To accomplish this, a
second maser has been added to Holmdel's horn antenna. It is
hoped that a home-quality television signal may be received at
Holmdel, although of course it is not expected to be as good
as the signal received in the larger horn at Andover, which has
nine times greater antenna surface and, therefore, receives nine
times more signal strength.
-18-
 In order to improve the pointing and tracking accuracy of
the Holmdel horn, the 960 mc radar receiver used on the Echo I
satellite has been modified to angle-track the satellite beacon
at 4080 mc.
In the control room on Crawford Hill an operator monitoring
the radar screen will see Telstar in relation to a set of cross
hairs that will indicate how closely the horn is tracking the
satellite and will make appropriate corrections in pointing.
Another modification is the installation of equipment to
receive and display TV pictures received from the satellite,
and to send the pictures back to Maine over regular ground
circuits, so that engineers there can observe results.
AlsL installed at Holmdel is optical tracking equipment to
detect flashes of sunlight reflected by three mirrors on the
satellite. Pinpointing the time and location of the satellite
when reflection occurs will give one measure of the angle of the
satellite's axis in space.

- 19-
 American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Public Relations Dept.
195 Broadway, New York, N.Y.
PROJECT TELSTAR
FACT SHEET

PROJECT TELSTAR: A Bell System experimental communications

satellite system.
SPONSOR: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, with technical
direction by Bell Telephone Laboratories. (In cooperation
with National Aeronautics and Space Administration.) Over
800 Bell Telephone Laboratories' subcontractors.
FACILITIES INVOLVED: Bell System Ground Stations at Andover,
Maine, and Holmdel, N.J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and
Worldwide Tracking Stations. Atlantic Missile Range at
Cape Canaveral, Florida. British Ground Station at Goonhilly
near Falmouth, England. Frenct Ground Station at Pleumeur
Bcdou in Brittany. Other ground stations are under way in
Italy and West Germany.
PURPOSE: Test broadband microwave communications in space; study
radiation and micrometeoroid effects; test satellite tracking
techniques.
FIRST TESTS: Transmit and receive Andover to Andover. Receive
at Holmdel with land relay back to Andover. (Telephone,
data, TV and facsimile transmission).
LATER TESTS: Between Andover and Britain and France. West Germany
and Italy plans under development.
FIRST LAUNCH DATE: Summer 1962 with 2 month backup.
FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS: AT&T will pay about $3 million to NASA
for cost of each launch and services.
SECOND POSSIBLE LAUNCH DATE: Fall 1962 with about 2 month backup.
LAUNCH VEHICLE: Delta built by Douglas Aircraft Company for NASA.
GUIDANCE: Command guidance system developed by Bell Telephone
Laboratories and manufactured by Western Electric Company.
ORBIT: Elliptical, inclined 450 to Equator. 3500 mi. apogee,
600 mi. perigee.
ORBIT PT 'IOD: .bout 160 minutes.
-20-
TELSTAR SATELLITE:

DIAMETER: 341- WEIGHT: 170 lbs.

FRAMEWORK: Magnesium SHELL: Aluminum, coated with

aluminum oxide.

NO. OF SOLAR CELLS: 3,600. Ceramic base, platinum frame,

sapphire covering.

NO. OF SEMICONDUCTORS: 2,528 total; 1,064 transistors; 1,464 diodes.

STORAGE BATTERY: 19 nickel-cadmium cells, rechargeable.

SOIAR BATTERY OUTPUT: 15 watts initially; estimated 11 watts

a year later, due to effects of Van Allen radiation and
micrometeoroid damage.

CIRCUITS:

COMMUNICATIONS: Broadband channel; capable of providing

600 one-way voice channels or one TV channel or
equivalent in data, teletype, facsimile, etc.
(While not primarily designed for two-way telephony,
system could provide for 60 simultaneous two-way
telephone conversations. Tests will be made to
confirm this but grcund station will have "multi-
plexing" equipment sufficient to carry only 12
( two-way conversations at any one time.)
Total Ampliflication: 10 billion

Transmit Freq.: 4170 mc - 24 watt output through

traveling wave tube (TWT).
Transmit Power Drain: 30 watts

Receiving Freq.: 6390 mc. IF Freq.: 90 mc.

TELEMETRY: Narrow band PCM-FM-AM

Transmit Freq.: 136 mc at 350 mw

Type Transmission: Pulsed EM at 3 kc i 225 cps to be
used with 136 mc AM.

COMMAND RECEIVERS (2): (Either one may function independently)

Freq.: 120 mc (Receive coded pulses.)
Function: To control the communications transmitter
and the telemetry functions.

BEACONS:
Precision: 4080 mc at 25 mw thru broadband TWT.
Coarse: 136 mc at 250 mw of telemetry transmitter
which operates constantly.
- 21 -
ANTENNAS: 2 microwave broadband girdle center, one to tralsuit
and one to receive; 1 UHF (120-136mc) helical for telemetry
and command.

VISUAL SPOTTING AID: Mirrors

FUNCTIONAL LIFE: Planned two years. 136 mc Beacon to be

irrevocably shut off.

BELL SYSTEM ANDOVER, MAINE GROUND STATION (Space Hill)

LAND AREA: 1,000 acres.

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES: Horn antenna with radome and control

building.

FUNCTION OF STATION: Transmit and receive broadband communication

signals. Tracking, computing updated orbital information,
sending commands, receiving telemetry information.

PERMANENT RADOME: World's largest. (Would cover 3 acres if flat."

DIAMETER: 210 ft. HEIGHT: 161 ft. WEIGHT: 20 tons

MATERIAL: Dacron and synthetic rubber, 1/16 inch thick.

SUPPORT: Held up by air pressure about 1/10 psi.

;ONTRACTOR: Bird-Air Structures.

HORN ANTENNA STRUCTURE: (Horn with two cab structures)

OVER-ALL LENGTH: 177 ft. HEIGHT: 94 ft. WEIGHT: 380 tons

HORN OPENING AREA: 3,600 sq. ft.

ROTATING STRUCURE: Steel and aluminum

SIZE OF ELEVATION GEAR: 70 ft. diameter

REASON FOR HORN STRUCURE: Sides keep out ground radiation.

POINTING ACCURACY: 0.020

UPPER CAB SIZE: 28 ft. width x 30 ft. length. Transmitting

and receiving equipment.

LOWER CAB SIZE: 28 ft. width x 68 ft. length. Control and

power equipment.

CONTRACTOR: McKiernan-Terry Corp.

HORN RECEIVER:

RECEIVING FREQ.: 4170 mc Broadband

RECEIVING INPUT; Maser ( crystal) cooled to -456 0 F

- co
 INPUT IGNAL: Varies from 1 billionth to 1/10 of a billionth
--
of-a wa~tt.
RECEIVER BEAMWIDTH: 0.20
HORN TRANSMITTER:
TRANSMIT FREQ.: 6390 me
TRANSMIT POWER: 2 kw, using TWT output
TRANSMITTER BEAMWIJDTH: 0.160
EqUIPMYNT: Modified Bell System TH microwave with additions.
CONTROL BUILDING: (1/4 mile away from Radome)
FUNO'ION: Telemetry, tracking and command, with standard
telephone and TV terminal equipment for radio entrance
link.
MAIN EQUIPMENT:
a) 136 mc Beacon and Telemetry Receiver
b) 120 me Command Transmitter
c j2j' General Purpose IBM 1620 Computers
d 1 Helical Tracking Antenna (136 me receive,
120 me transmit)
(e) (1) 8-ft. Cassegrainian Antenna (precision tracking
of 4080 me beacon)
(f) Radio Link to Portland, Maine, Relay Terminal
Equipment (Bell System TJ)
BELL SYSTEM HOIMDEL. N.J.. GROUND STATION (Crawford Hill-Echo I
Station)
FUNCTION: Receive broadband signal, Angle track on 4080 me.
(Will not transmit)
EQUIPMENT: Will use original Echo horn receiver similar to
but smaller than Andover, modified to work with Telstar.
ATLANTIC MISSILE RANGE LAUNCH AND TEST FACILITIES:
LAUNCH PAD: Operated by Douglas Aircraft Co. for NASA.
GUIDANCE FACILITY: Command Guidance Facility operated by
Bell Telephone Laboratories for NASA.
TELSTAR TEST FACILITIES:
(a) 3 trailers to house, test and track
b( "Quad-helix" tracking antenna
(2)
Q broadband test antennas
d) Misc. test equipment at launch and guidance
facilities.
- 23
SUMMARY OF TELSTAR TELEMETRY SYSTEM:

DEFINITION OF TELEMETRY: A technique of transmitting infor-

mation Irom remote measuring instruments. In the
Telstar satellite, the system will connect to various
measuring devices and transmit their readings to ground
station recorders.

TELEMET..RY FREQ,: 136 me

NUMBER OF MEASUREMENTS: 3.15 items to be measured and

telermeteri each minute,

TYPICAL MEASUREMENTS:

(a) Density and energy of electrons and protons in

Van Allen belt
b 'emperature of satellite skin
c Temperature of interior electronic circuits
d Pressure inside electronic chassis
e Radiation effects on semiconductor devices
f Sunlight measurements to indicate angle of spin axis
g Condition of electronic circuits in satellite
h Condition of battery

SEMICONDUCTORS USED IN MEASUREMIEN*TS:

(a) RADIATION MEASUREMENTS* (4 silicon diodes to be used

with c rcui cideveloped in conjunction with Brookhaven
National .Laboratories)

(1) Almost no shielding, with fixed bias, will measure

electrons 1/4 to 1 MEV (Million Electron Volts.)

(1) Almost no tshielding, with varying bias, will measure

protons in 5 energy regions between 2 to 25 MEV.

(1) Thicker shielding, will measure protons above 25 MEV.

(1) Thicker shielding, will measure protons above 40 MEV.

(b) RADIATION DAMAGE: (10 semiconductors)

(3) solar cells, each shielded a different amount, are

monitored for damage.

(6) unradiated silicon transistors, in pairs, on skin of

satellite are compared with

(1) preradiated silicon transistor

(c) LIGHT DETECTORS:

(6) special preradiated solar cells
-24-
 SUMMARY OF TELSTAR COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM:

FUNCTION: Turn on and turn off equipment in satellite.

COMMND FREQUENCEY: 120 me band

COMMAND MODULATION: Pulse code.

COMMAND TRACK BEAM: 200

SUMMARY OF ACQUISITION AND TRACKING OF SATELLITE:

PRELIMINARY INFORMATION ON LAUNCH: NASA Goddard Space Flight

center.

ORBIT INFORMATION ON EARLY PASSES: NASA Worldwide Tracking

Stations.

METHOD OF FEEDING ORBITAL INFORMATION TO ANDOVER TRACKERS:

Magnetic tape.

COMPIYERS PROCESSING ORBITAL INFORMATION: (2) General purpose

IBM 1b20 Computers at Andover, Maine, working in parallel.

TRACKING SIGNALS: 136 mc Beacon and 4080 me (Precision).

BEAM WIDTH OF COMMAND TRACKER: 200 - Should pick up target

( even if tapes are inerror.

MAGNETIC TAPE POINTING INFORMATION: (Complete information

every 4 seconds)

1. Exact times identified with:

2. Azimuth and elevation.

3. Azimuth and elevation velocities.

4. Range to satellite (used to adjust transmitter power

on ground).

5. Compensation for known errors in pointing of horn

for that particular azimuth and elevation.

ANTENNA CONTROL GROUP: (Lower building of horn)

FUNCTION: Get pointing information from trackers to its

special purpose digital computer and
1. Check validity of new information.
2. Synchronizes timing with station clock.
3. Interpolates 128 times per second between 4-second data
points.
4. Compares pointing directions with actual positions of
horn through servo system.
5. Adds calibration correction and error signal from "vernier
auto track." (Precision Tracker)
- 25 -
 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Office of Public Information
Washington 25, D.C.
Telephone: Area Code 202 WO 2-4155
'.0 3-6925

DELTA LAUNCH VEHICLE

Tineo beloa lencle, developed for NASA by the Douglas
Air' raptk Co., has the follows ng chiaracteristics:
90 feet
:,ax. Diame te r: 8 feet

Lift-off Weight: A little less than 112,000 pounds

First Stage (Mlodified Douglas Thor):

Fuel: Liquid (LOX and Kerosene)

Thrust: About 150,000 pounds

Burning Time: 160 seconds

Second Stage (Aerojet General propulsion system):

Fuel: Liquid

Thrust: About 7,500 pounds

Burning Time: 109 seconds

Third Stage (Allegany Ballistics Laboratory X-248 solid motor):

Fuel: Solid

Thrust: About 3,000 pounds

Burning Time: 40 seconds (After 6 minute coast)

Guidance System (Bell Telephone Laboratories)

Firing Sequence:
The first stage falls away on burnout. The second stage
ignite@ ImmeQae4ly, The nose fairing which covers third stage
and payload iJ jQtti8Qned durinr, second stage burning, The
asoond and third otaga 0Qa0at for six min4too after a.oon;d
- 26 -
 stage burnout. Then, the third stage is spin stabilized,
and the second stage falls away, and the third stage is
ignited. The third stage reaches an orbital velocity of
almost 17,000 miles per hour.

The Delta vehicle has scored nine successful satellite

launches for NASA. They are:

Echo I - August 12, 1960

Tiros IT - November 23, 1960

Explorer X - March 25, 1961

Tiros III - July 12, 1961

Explorer XII - August 16, 19061

Tiros TV - February 8, 1962

Orbiting Solar Observatory - March 7, 1962

Ariel (NASA-United Kingdom cooperative experiment) -

Aprll 26, 1962

Tiros V - June 19, 1962

(h During the first Delta launch, May 1960, the third

stage did not ignite which failed to orbit an Echo passive
communication satellite.

27
 American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Public Relations Dept.
195 Broadway, New York, N.Y.

PROJECT TELSTAR

BACKGROUND TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

RADIO, CABLES, MICROWAVE

Spanning the Oceans

The first voice went overseas in 1915.

In that year, the Bell Telephone System, in cooperation with

the United States Navy, demonstrated a voice-radio hookup between
Honolulu, Washington, D.C., and Paris.

In 1921, the Bell System extended telephone cables to Cuba

from Key West, Florida.

Commercial transatlantic telephone service -- by radio --

was offered by the Bell System in 1).7. About 11,000 overseas
calls were made that year.

Voices Travel Undersea

During the years that followed, Bell System scientists looked
again toward the bottom of the sea as a pathway for the human voice.
The big problem was to devise small repeaters that could be
submerged as part of the cable to amplify voice signals many times
on their long journey across the oceans. Without that frequent
reinforcement, the voice signals would become so weak they would
be lost in the transmission noise that is always present. To
be economically practical, the cables had to be designed to
give uninterrupted service for 20 years or longer.
By 1956, required facilities had been developed, and the first
transoceanic submarine telephone cable linked this continent with
Great Britain.
The improved quality of service, plus the additional circuits,
greatly increased the number of calls to Great Britain within a
year -- to over a quarter million in 1957.

Other cables were laid in quick succession.

To Alaska in 1956 ... to Hawaii in 1957 ... to continental
Europe in 1959 ... to Puerto Rico in 1960 ... to Bermuda in 1962.

By 1961 the yearly volume of overseas calls had soared to

over 4,300,000.
Future Needs ... World-Wide

The volume of overseas communications is rapidly increasing.

- 28-
 Also, the demand for overseas television channels is building
up. and television requires channels of great frequency band
width. A single program requires an electrical path wide enough
to carry 600 separate telephone conversations.
Today, computers and other business machines are "talking"
to each other in constantly growing numbers, As foreign
economies expand, it is certain that great volumes of data will
be sent between machines from one side of the world to the other.
High-speed data transmission, also requires wide band.

And there is an increasing demand, of course,"for special

overseas communications services for defense and security.
The Bell System currently operates more than 6oo telephone-
grade circuits for overseas comnunications.
By 1965, it Is estimated -- conservatively -- that twice
that many will be needed.

By 1970, this figure will be more than doubled again -- to

3,000 circuits -- and there will be a need for overseas television
channels.

By 1980, about 10,000 circuits will be needed for telephone

use alone. An additional 2,000 circuits will be needed for various
specialized communications; and, of course, television require-
ments will have jumped also.
More Cables on the Wa.
To meet current needs, additional undersea cable systems
are being built.
A cable is planned fczr Jamaica during late 1962 with a later
extension to South America. An additional cable will be opened
to Europe in 1963. Plans are underway for a cable to Japan. And
a co-operative use of foreign-owned cables -- present and planned --
will continue.
Undersea cables will continue to be improved and will be an
important part of world-wide communications for decades to come --
as will short-wave radio-telephone.
But it would take 50 undersea cables, of present design,
Just to handle the estimated 1980 requirements for telephone and
a few other services alone. And today's cables couldn't handle
wide-band television at all. So, even though cables of larger
capacity may be installed, other possibilities must be fully
explored. - 29 -
Towers on Land
The communications paths for the future must be many in numbei
to accommodate the great volume of messages. And they must have
the capacity to accommodate the special requirements of' television
and complex data transmission.

Microwave is the answer ... for cables of present design and

radiotelephone can meet only part of the requirements.
Microwave is a broadband radio systenm, It has tremendous
capacity. It can handle all types of communications.

Microwave radio is used widely irn overland communicat ons.

It was first used by the Bell System 15 years ago. A large
percentage of Bell Telephone long distance messages today are
carried on microwave. Service is dependable -- and of high quality.
However, microwaves travel in a straight line. Numerous relay
towers are needed to intercept and amplify the signal repeatedly.
Up to ,ne present, mic:cowave -;.,ansmisBion hai not been
practical across wide bodies of water. A signal sent across the
Atlantic, for instance, would soar off' into space. Instead of
following the curve of the earth, There is no way to build the
towers needed to intercept and amplify the signal.
SoJ for microwave transmission overseas, a very special kind
of "tower" is needed -- a tower in the sky D- a satellite.

-30
 American Telephone & Telegraph
Public Relations Dept.
195 Broadway, view York, N.Y.

TELSTAR PROJECT OFFICIALS

BELL SYSTEM

Bell Telephone Laboratories:

Alton C. Dickieson, executive director, transmission

development division.

Eugene F. O'Neill, project director

Irwin Welber, test conductor, andover, Me.
William C. Jakes, Test conductor, Hclmdel, N.J.
Robert H. Shennum, head, satellite design department
H. Nelson Upthegrove, head, satellite launch operations
department

song Lines Department, A.T.&T.

Robert E. Sageman, transmission planning engineer

31 -
DI
SD ---