Miguel D.

Rafael BSHRM 3rd yr

chapter 8
1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and
document the manner of interactions of the individuals within. Take
note of the behaviors and actions that connote each of the elements of
primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:

-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to

20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball
team tend to be of an intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other
members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate,
personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each
other, or have not even met each other or experienced close face-to-
face interactions

2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when,

where and how the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in
this office. Make recommendations to reduce if not eliminate these
dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of
labor. Written rules and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them.
Impersonality is one of the issues that should not be ignored, they
perform their functions without regard to personal consideration of
people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the

dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy in order to function properly as a
group and as an organization.

chapter 9
1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers'
behavior during the incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and
discuss their behavior using your knowledge about panic and mass
hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not

panic unless four conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening
situation. Second, they must perceive a threat to their safety that is so
large that they do little else but try to escape. Third, they must realize
that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and last. ther must
be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the
crowd.

As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the
moment they realize that their life is in danger beacause the ship
suddenly became unstable. The crowd began to panic and done
everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed

with emotion and frenzied activity or become convinced that ther
experienced something that ivestigators can fin no discernible
evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many

information as possible about event. Collect news clippings related to
the event and use these to discuss the development of EDSA 2 with
the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be sure to identify
the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory

attempts to explain whether collective behavior will occur and what
direction it will take Smelser explains that collectivities emerge as a
product of the combination of six conditions. These are structural
conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized
belief, precipitating factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of
social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known
protector of illegal numbers game called jueteng, accuses the
president of the republic of the Philippines, Joseph Estrada, as the "lord
of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos protection money
from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also
accuses the president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos
excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis
worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the
president on the grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of
public trust, and culpable violation of the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin,
is conducted and calls for the president to resign for loss of moral
ascendancy and incompetence in handling the country during the
economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines,
Hilario Davide Jr., is the presiding officer and the 22 members of the
Senate are the judges. A verdict of conviction from 15 senators is
needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada
has a hidden bank account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500
million pesos (an amount not stated in Estrada's Statement of Assets
and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose Velarde." The
defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles
of Impeachment. The presiding officer overrules the objection,
however, he insists that the testimony will be accepted as evidence
only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos contained
in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break,
former Finance Department Secretary and colleague of the president,
Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the accusations alleged in the Articles of
Impeachment with regards to the president's betrayal of public trust,
are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given
by a bank for the impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said
to prove that the 500 million pesos on a hidden bank account is ill-
gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to prove that the
president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names.
The prosecutors are told that the amount contained in the various
hidden bank accounts totals to 3.3 billion pesos. Unfortunately,
majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to bar the opening
of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality
(not being included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors
interpret the decision as a suppression of truth and an early sign of an
acquittal verdict for the president. They walk-out of the courtroom.
Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown
envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski,
Ramon Revilla Sr., Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena,
Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente Sotto, Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr.,
Loren Legarda, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino
Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment
trial due to his confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a
large anti-Estrada crowd unites in protest against the decision of the
11 senator-judges to bar the evidence. They gather in the EDSA
Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de
los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a
prominent figure during the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power,
once again, calls on Filipinos to proceed to EDSA and stay there until,
using his own words, "good has conquered evil". EDSA People Power II
is formally launched. Other key figures in the 1986 EDSA People Power
join the growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents Corazon Aquino
and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors'
resignation. Date of the trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain"
from EDSA Shrine in Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City.
This is to show Estrada that hundreds of thousands of people are
already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former
colleagues in the entertainment business of the president are already
calling for him to step down from office. Talks about the military's and
police's withdrawal of support to the president spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and
police is confirmed as high ranking military and police officials join the
crowd protesting in EDSA. The military's and police's withdrawals of
their support are key factors in making a president incapable of
performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet
members and a number of top government officials withdraw their
support too and join the rally in EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of
support give a big boost to the anti-Estrada crowd gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached
nearly two million. And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on
television. Estrada addresses the entire nation and insists that he will
not resign and would like the impeachment trial to go on. He adds that
he already instructed his lawyers to allow the opening of the
mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office.
However, the people, with absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's
proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his
resignation, but a proposal to include a presidential snap election in
the upcoming May congressional and local elections. In addition, he
promises not to run in this special election. As expected, the nearly
two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the
president a 6:00 AM deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying,
the crowd will march to Malacanang, and force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM
deadline is not met. About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to
Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a street near Malacanang, where a
measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters were gathered
but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes
a unanimous decision to file a resolution declaring the position of
president vacant therefore allowing the constitutionally-mandated
successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to take over.
At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office
in the presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th
president of the Republic of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-
minute inauguration speech. The joyfulness of the crowd is
indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating
his doubts on the constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as
president. However, he also states in the said letter that he doesn't
wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the country, so
he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of
unity for peaceful & non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives
on!
Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and
therefore is still the president of the republic. He added that Gloria
Arroyo is merely an acting president. Estrada insisted on these in
order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal charges
filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines
and other high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal
charges filed against them until their term expires. However, the
Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the actions of the former
president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed
that he undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no
longer the president and no longer enjoys immunity from criminal
charges filed against him. Estrada appealed the supreme court's
decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder
charges. The supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging
what they called "EDSA 3." It lasted for nearly four days. It was
reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to EDSA by public
officials who are close allies with the former president. They
demanded Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely
no constitutional way he can return to office. Prominent allies of
Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march towards
Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists
afterwards. At early morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched
to Malacanang and attempted to enter the residential palace. Military
men have already barricaded it, and using maximum tolerance, made
the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada
created a riot by throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police
stations, hurting policemen and even news reporters. They failed in
their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They, along with other
prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang
were accused of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent
actions perpetrated by these Estrada supporters, this gathering cannot
be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies in EDSA are always
characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

Cultural Anthropology

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making

process vs. organization decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the
community
2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government
organization and explain how democracy is implemented in that
department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the
words that state that: Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That
being the case, the full ambit of such a principle is stated in the
Constitution of the United States that when a government becomes
inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect).
Revolutions are therefore a recognized radical mode of changing even
a democratically elected government. There is a caveat that those who
engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better make
sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in
the toppling over of the government. In which case the people who led
the revolution become the heroes, and those who were ousted end up
as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even lost their heads as in
the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis XVI
and his Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders
also lost theirs via the guillotine when they started fighting each other
ie. from my unrealiable memory some of them were Danton, Marat,
and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how many crimes have been
committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop the
chaos and instability, the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican
officer of the army who forthwith installed artillery in the street corners
of Paris. He instructed the soldiers to fire at any rioters. That action
restored stability. The officers name, was Napoleon Bonaparte. The
French revolutions aim was to establish a government of liberty,
fraternity, and equality as opposed to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense

emotion of the crowd, the mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is
highly emotional, violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished
from one another depending on type or kind can shift from one type to
another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but

as the games progresses and their emotions are fed by each others'
promptings, this type might evolve into an acting crowd espacially
when thery perceive that the games authorities are favoring one team
against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative

effects of media in culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former
police officer who had taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly
affected by this incident.

Lawrence T. Santos
BSHRM 3rd year sec.1

chapter 8

1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and document the manner of
interactions of the individuals within. Take note of the behaviors and actions that connote
each of the elements of primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:

-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to 20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball team tend to be of an
intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate, personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each other, or have not
even met each other or experienced close face-to-face interactions

2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when, where and how the
dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in this office. Make recommendations to
reduce if not eliminate these dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of labor. Written rules
and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them. Impersonality is one of the issues that
should not be ignored, they perform their functions without regard to personal
consideration of people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy
in order to function properly as a group and as an organization.

chapter 9

1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers' behavior during the
incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and discuss their behavior using your knowledge
about panic and mass hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not panic unless four
conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening situation. Second, they
must perceive a threat to their safety that is so large that they do little else but try to
escape. Third, they must realize that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and
last. ther must be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the crowd.

As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the moment they
realize that their life is in danger beacause the ship suddenly became unstable. The crowd
began to panic and done everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed with emotion and
frenzied activity or become convinced that ther experienced something that ivestigators
can fin no discernible evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many information as possible
about event. Collect news clippings related to the event and use these to discuss the
development of EDSA 2 with the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be
sure to identify the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory attempts to

explain whether collective behavior will occur and what direction it will take Smelser
explains that collectivities emerge as a product of the combination of six conditions.
These are structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized
belief, precipitating factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known protector of
illegal numbers game called jueteng, accuses the president of the republic of the
Philippines, Joseph Estrada, as the "lord of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos
protection money from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also
accuses the president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the president on the
grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of
the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, is conducted and
calls for the president to resign for loss of moral ascendancy and incompetence in
handling the country during the economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines, Hilario Davide Jr., is
the presiding officer and the 22 members of the Senate are the judges. A verdict of
conviction from 15 senators is needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada has a hidden bank
account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500 million pesos (an amount not stated in
Estrada's Statement of Assets and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose
Velarde." The defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles of Impeachment.
The presiding officer overrules the objection, however, he insists that the testimony will
be accepted as evidence only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos
contained in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break, former Finance
Department Secretary and colleague of the president, Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the
accusations alleged in the Articles of Impeachment with regards to the president's
betrayal of public trust, are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given by a bank for
the impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said to prove that the 500 million
pesos on a hidden bank account is ill-gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to
prove that the president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names. The
prosecutors are told that the amount contained in the various hidden bank accounts totals
to 3.3 billion pesos. Unfortunately, majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to
bar the opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality
(not being included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors interpret the decision as
a suppression of truth and an early sign of an acquittal verdict for the president. They
walk-out of the courtroom. Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski, Ramon Revilla
Sr., Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente
Sotto, Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr., Loren Legarda,
Ramon Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment trial due to his
confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a large anti-Estrada
crowd unites in protest against the decision of the 11 senator-judges to bar the evidence.
They gather in the EDSA Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and
Epifanio de los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a
prominent figure during the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power, once again, calls
on Filipinos to proceed to EDSA and stay there until, using his own words, "good has
conquered evil". EDSA People Power II is formally launched. Other key figures in the
1986 EDSA People Power join the growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents
Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors' resignation. Date of the
trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain" from EDSA Shrine
in Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City. This is to show Estrada that
hundreds of thousands of people are already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former colleagues in the
entertainment business of the president are already calling for him to step down from
office. Talks about the military's and police's withdrawal of support to the president
spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and police is
confirmed as high ranking military and police officials join the crowd protesting in
EDSA. The military's and police's withdrawals of their support are key factors in making
a president incapable of performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet
members and a number of top government officials withdraw their support too and join
the rally in EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of support give a big boost to the anti-
Estrada crowd gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached nearly two
million. And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on television. Estrada
addresses the entire nation and insists that he will not resign and would like the
impeachment trial to go on. He adds that he already instructed his lawyers to allow the
opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office. However, the people,
with absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his resignation, but a
proposal to include a presidential snap election in the upcoming May congressional and
local elections. In addition, he promises not to run in this special election. As expected,
the nearly two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the president a
6:00 AM deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying, the crowd will march to
Malacanang, and force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM deadline is not met.
About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a
street near Malacanang, where a measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters
were gathered but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes a unanimous
decision to file a resolution declaring the position of president vacant therefore allowing
the constitutionally-mandated successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to
take over. At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in
the presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th president of the
Republic of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-minute inauguration speech. The
joyfulness of the crowd is indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating his doubts on the
constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as president. However, he also states in
the said letter that he doesn't wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the
country, so he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of unity for peaceful
& non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives on!

Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and therefore is still
the president of the republic. He added that Gloria Arroyo is merely an acting president.
Estrada insisted on these in order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal
charges filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines and other
high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal charges filed against them
until their term expires. However, the Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the
actions of the former president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed
that he undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no longer the
president and no longer enjoys immunity from criminal charges filed against him.
Estrada appealed the supreme court's decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
 During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder charges. The
supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging what they called "EDSA 3." It lasted
for nearly four days. It was reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to
EDSA by public officials who are close allies with the former president. They demanded
Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely no constitutional way he can
return to office. Prominent allies of Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march
towards Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists afterwards. At
early morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched to Malacanang and attempted to
enter the residential palace. Military men have already barricaded it, and using maximum
tolerance, made the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada created
a riot by throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police stations, hurting policemen and
even news reporters. They failed in their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They,
along with other prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang
were accused of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent actions perpetrated
by these Estrada supporters, this gathering cannot be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies
in EDSA are always characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making process vs.
organization decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the community

2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government organization and explain
how democracy is implemented in that department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the words that state
that: Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That being the case, the
full ambit of such a principle is stated in the Constitution of the United States that when a
government becomes inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect). Revolutions are therefore a
recognized radical mode of changing even a democratically elected government. There is
a caveat that those who engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better
make sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in the toppling
over of the government. In which case the people who led the revolution become the
heroes, and those who were ousted end up as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even
lost their heads as in the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis
XVI and his Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders also lost
theirs via the guillotine when they started fighting each other ie. from my unrealiable
memory some of them were Danton, Marat, and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how
many crimes have been committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop
the chaos and instability, the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican officer of the
army who forthwith installed artillery in the street corners of Paris. He instructed the
soldiers to fire at any rioters. That action restored stability. The officers name, was
Napoleon Bonaparte. The French revolutions aim was to establish a government of
liberty, fraternity, and equality as opposed to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense emotion of the crowd, the
mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is highly emotional,
violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished from one another depending on
type or kind can shift from one type to another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but as the games
progresses and their emotions are fed by each others' promptings, this type might evolve
into an acting crowd espacially when thery perceive that the games authorities are
favoring one team against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative effects of media in
culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former police officer who
had taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly affected by this incident.

Willins Kristian C. Nones

BS HRM 3rd yr

chapter 8

1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and document the manner of
interactions of the individuals within. Take note of the behaviors and actions that connote
each of the elements of primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:

-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to 20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball team tend to be of an
intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate, personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each other, or have not
even met each other or experienced close face-to-face interactions

2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when, where and how the
dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in this office. Make recommendations to
reduce if not eliminate these dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of labor. Written rules
and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them. Impersonality is one of the issues that
should not be ignored, they perform their functions without regard to personal
consideration of people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy
in order to function properly as a group and as an organization.

chapter 9

1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers' behavior during the
incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and discuss their behavior using your knowledge
about panic and mass hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not panic unless four
conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening situation. Second, they
must perceive a threat to their safety that is so large that they do little else but try to
escape. Third, they must realize that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and
last. ther must be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the crowd.

As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the moment they
realize that their life is in danger beacause the ship suddenly became unstable. The crowd
began to panic and done everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed with emotion and
frenzied activity or become convinced that ther experienced something that ivestigators
can fin no discernible evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many information as possible
about event. Collect news clippings related to the event and use these to discuss the
development of EDSA 2 with the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be
sure to identify the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory attempts to

explain whether collective behavior will occur and what direction it will take Smelser
explains that collectivities emerge as a product of the combination of six conditions.
These are structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized
belief, precipitating factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known protector of
illegal numbers game called jueteng, accuses the president of the republic of the
Philippines, Joseph Estrada, as the "lord of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos
protection money from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also
accuses the president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the president on the
grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of
the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, is conducted and
calls for the president to resign for loss of moral ascendancy and incompetence in
handling the country during the economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines, Hilario Davide Jr., is
the presiding officer and the 22 members of the Senate are the judges. A verdict of
conviction from 15 senators is needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada has a hidden bank
account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500 million pesos (an amount not stated in
Estrada's Statement of Assets and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose
Velarde." The defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles of Impeachment.
The presiding officer overrules the objection, however, he insists that the testimony will
be accepted as evidence only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos
contained in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break, former Finance
Department Secretary and colleague of the president, Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the
accusations alleged in the Articles of Impeachment with regards to the president's
betrayal of public trust, are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given by a bank for
the impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said to prove that the 500 million
pesos on a hidden bank account is ill-gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to
prove that the president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names. The
prosecutors are told that the amount contained in the various hidden bank accounts totals
to 3.3 billion pesos. Unfortunately, majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to
bar the opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality
(not being included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors interpret the decision as
a suppression of truth and an early sign of an acquittal verdict for the president. They
walk-out of the courtroom. Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski, Ramon Revilla
Sr., Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente
Sotto, Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr., Loren Legarda,
Ramon Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment trial due to his
confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a large anti-Estrada
crowd unites in protest against the decision of the 11 senator-judges to bar the evidence.
They gather in the EDSA Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and
Epifanio de los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a
prominent figure during the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power, once again, calls
on Filipinos to proceed to EDSA and stay there until, using his own words, "good has
conquered evil". EDSA People Power II is formally launched. Other key figures in the
1986 EDSA People Power join the growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents
Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors' resignation. Date of the
trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain" from EDSA Shrine
in Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City. This is to show Estrada that
hundreds of thousands of people are already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former colleagues in the
entertainment business of the president are already calling for him to step down from
office. Talks about the military's and police's withdrawal of support to the president
spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and police is
confirmed as high ranking military and police officials join the crowd protesting in
EDSA. The military's and police's withdrawals of their support are key factors in making
a president incapable of performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet
members and a number of top government officials withdraw their support too and join
the rally in EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of support give a big boost to the anti-
Estrada crowd gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached nearly two
million. And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on television. Estrada
addresses the entire nation and insists that he will not resign and would like the
impeachment trial to go on. He adds that he already instructed his lawyers to allow the
opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office. However, the people,
with absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his resignation, but a
proposal to include a presidential snap election in the upcoming May congressional and
local elections. In addition, he promises not to run in this special election. As expected,
the nearly two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the president a
6:00 AM deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying, the crowd will march to
Malacanang, and force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM deadline is not met.
About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a
street near Malacanang, where a measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters
were gathered but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes a unanimous
decision to file a resolution declaring the position of president vacant therefore allowing
the constitutionally-mandated successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to
take over. At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in
the presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th president of the
Republic of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-minute inauguration speech. The
joyfulness of the crowd is indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating his doubts on the
constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as president. However, he also states in
the said letter that he doesn't wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the
country, so he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of unity for peaceful
& non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives on!

Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and therefore is still
the president of the republic. He added that Gloria Arroyo is merely an acting president.
Estrada insisted on these in order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal
charges filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines and other
high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal charges filed against them
until their term expires. However, the Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the
actions of the former president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed
that he undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no longer the
president and no longer enjoys immunity from criminal charges filed against him.
Estrada appealed the supreme court's decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
 During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder charges. The
supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging what they called "EDSA 3." It lasted
for nearly four days. It was reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to
EDSA by public officials who are close allies with the former president. They demanded
Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely no constitutional way he can
return to office. Prominent allies of Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march
towards Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists afterwards. At
early morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched to Malacanang and attempted to
enter the residential palace. Military men have already barricaded it, and using maximum
tolerance, made the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada created
a riot by throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police stations, hurting policemen and
even news reporters. They failed in their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They,
along with other prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang
were accused of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent actions perpetrated
by these Estrada supporters, this gathering cannot be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies
in EDSA are always characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making process vs.
organization decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the community

2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government organization and explain
how democracy is implemented in that department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the words that state
that: Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That being the case, the
full ambit of such a principle is stated in the Constitution of the United States that when a
government becomes inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect). Revolutions are therefore a
recognized radical mode of changing even a democratically elected government. There is
a caveat that those who engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better
make sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in the toppling
over of the government. In which case the people who led the revolution become the
heroes, and those who were ousted end up as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even
lost their heads as in the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis
XVI and his Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders also lost
theirs via the guillotine when they started fighting each other ie. from my unrealiable
memory some of them were Danton, Marat, and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how
many crimes have been committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop
the chaos and instability, the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican officer of the
army who forthwith installed artillery in the street corners of Paris. He instructed the
soldiers to fire at any rioters. That action restored stability. The officers name, was
Napoleon Bonaparte. The French revolutions aim was to establish a government of
liberty, fraternity, and equality as opposed to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense emotion of the crowd, the
mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is highly emotional,
violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished from one another depending on
type or kind can shift from one type to another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but as the games
progresses and their emotions are fed by each others' promptings, this type might evolve
into an acting crowd espacially when thery perceive that the games authorities are
favoring one team against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative effects of media in
culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former police officer who
had taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly affected by this incident.

Kevin Nicole M. Delacruz

BSHRM 3rd yr

chapter 8

1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and document the manner of
interactions of the individuals within. Take note of the behaviors and actions that connote
each of the elements of primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:

-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to 20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball team tend to be of an
intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate, personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each other, or have not
even met each other or experienced close face-to-face interactions

2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when, where and how the
dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in this office. Make recommendations to
reduce if not eliminate these dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of labor. Written rules
and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them. Impersonality is one of the issues that
should not be ignored, they perform their functions without regard to personal
consideration of people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy
in order to function properly as a group and as an organization.

chapter 9

1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers' behavior during the
incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and discuss their behavior using your knowledge
about panic and mass hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not panic unless four
conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening situation. Second, they
must perceive a threat to their safety that is so large that they do little else but try to
escape. Third, they must realize that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and
last. ther must be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the crowd.

As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the moment they realize
that their life is in danger beacause the ship suddenly became unstable. The crowd began to
panic and done everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed with emotion and
frenzied activity or become convinced that ther experienced something that ivestigators
can fin no discernible evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many information as possible about
event. Collect news clippings related to the event and use these to discuss the development
of EDSA 2 with the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be sure to identify
the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory attempts to explain
whether collective behavior will occur and what direction it will take Smelser explains that
collectivities emerge as a product of the combination of six conditions. These are structural
conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized belief, precipitating
factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known protector of illegal
numbers game called jueteng, accuses the president of the republic of the Philippines,
Joseph Estrada, as the "lord of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos protection
money from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also accuses the
president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the president on the
grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of
the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, is conducted and
calls for the president to resign for loss of moral ascendancy and incompetence in handling
the country during the economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines, Hilario Davide Jr., is
the presiding officer and the 22 members of the Senate are the judges. A verdict of
conviction from 15 senators is needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada has a hidden bank
account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500 million pesos (an amount not stated in
Estrada's Statement of Assets and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose
Velarde." The defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles of Impeachment.
The presiding officer overrules the objection, however, he insists that the testimony will be
accepted as evidence only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos contained
in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break, former Finance
Department Secretary and colleague of the president, Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the
accusations alleged in the Articles of Impeachment with regards to the president's
betrayal of public trust, are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given by a bank for the
impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said to prove that the 500 million pesos on a
hidden bank account is ill-gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to prove that the
president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names. The prosecutors are
told that the amount contained in the various hidden bank accounts totals to 3.3 billion
pesos. Unfortunately, majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to bar the
opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality (not being
included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors interpret the decision as a
suppression of truth and an early sign of an acquittal verdict for the president. They walk-
out of the courtroom. Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski, Ramon Revilla Sr.,
Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente Sotto,
Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr., Loren Legarda, Ramon
Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment trial due to his
confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a large anti-Estrada crowd
unites in protest against the decision of the 11 senator-judges to bar the evidence. They
gather in the EDSA Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de
los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a prominent figure during
the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power, once again, calls on Filipinos to proceed to
EDSA and stay there until, using his own words, "good has conquered evil". EDSA People
Power II is formally launched. Other key figures in the 1986 EDSA People Power join the
growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors' resignation. Date of the
trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain" from EDSA Shrine in
Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City. This is to show Estrada that hundreds of
thousands of people are already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former colleagues in the
entertainment business of the president are already calling for him to step down from
office. Talks about the military's and police's withdrawal of support to the president
spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and police is confirmed
as high ranking military and police officials join the crowd protesting in EDSA. The
military's and police's withdrawals of their support are key factors in making a president
incapable of performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet members and
a number of top government officials withdraw their support too and join the rally in
EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of support give a big boost to the anti-Estrada crowd
gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached nearly two million.
And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on television. Estrada
addresses the entire nation and insists that he will not resign and would like the
impeachment trial to go on. He adds that he already instructed his lawyers to allow the
opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office. However, the people, with
absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his resignation, but a
proposal to include a presidential snap election in the upcoming May congressional and local
elections. In addition, he promises not to run in this special election. As expected, the
nearly two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the president a 6:00 AM
deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying, the crowd will march to Malacanang, and
force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM deadline is not met.
About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a
street near Malacanang, where a measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters were
gathered but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes a unanimous decision
to file a resolution declaring the position of president vacant therefore allowing the
constitutionally-mandated successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to take
over. At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in the
presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th president of the Republic
of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-minute inauguration speech. The joyfulness of
the crowd is indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating his doubts on the
constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as president. However, he also states in
the said letter that he doesn't wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the
country, so he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of unity for peaceful &
non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives on!

Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and therefore is still
the president of the republic. He added that Gloria Arroyo is merely an acting president.
Estrada insisted on these in order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal
charges filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines and other
high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal charges filed against them until
their term expires. However, the Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the actions
of the former president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed that he
undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no longer the president and no
longer enjoys immunity from criminal charges filed against him. Estrada appealed the
supreme court's decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
 During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder charges. The
supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging what they called "EDSA 3." It
lasted for nearly four days. It was reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to
EDSA by public officials who are close allies with the former president. They demanded
Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely no constitutional way he can
return to office. Prominent allies of Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march
towards Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists afterwards. At early
morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched to Malacanang and attempted to enter the
residential palace. Military men have already barricaded it, and using maximum tolerance,
made the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada created a riot by
throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police stations, hurting policemen and even news
reporters. They failed in their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They, along with
other prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang were accused
of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent actions perpetrated by these Estrada
supporters, this gathering cannot be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies in EDSA are always
characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making process vs. organization
decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the community

2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government organization and explain how
democracy is implemented in that department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the words that state that:
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That being the case, the
full ambit of such a principle is stated in the Constitution of the United States that when a
government becomes inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect). Revolutions are therefore a
recognized radical mode of changing even a democratically elected government. There is a
caveat that those who engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better make
sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in the toppling over
of the government. In which case the people who led the revolution become the heroes, and
those who were ousted end up as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even lost their
heads as in the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis XVI and his
Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders also lost theirs via the
guillotine when they started fighting each other ie. from my unrealiable memory some of
them were Danton, Marat, and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how many crimes have been
committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop the chaos and instability,
the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican officer of the army who forthwith installed
artillery in the street corners of Paris. He instructed the soldiers to fire at any rioters.
That action restored stability. The officers name, was Napoleon Bonaparte. The French
revolutions aim was to establish a government of liberty, fraternity, and equality as opposed
to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense emotion of the crowd, the
mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is highly emotional,
violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished from one another depending on type or
kind can shift from one type to another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but as the games
progresses and their emotions are fed by each others' promptings, this type might evolve
into an acting crowd espacially when thery perceive that the games authorities are favoring
one team against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative effects of media in
culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former police officer who had
taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly affected by this incident.

Alexa Ray Munsayac

BS HRM

chapter 8

1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and document the manner of
interactions of the individuals within. Take note of the behaviors and actions that connote
each of the elements of primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:

-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to 20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball team tend to be of an
intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate, personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each other, or have not
even met each other or experienced close face-to-face interactions

2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when, where and how the
dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in this office. Make recommendations to
reduce if not eliminate these dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of labor. Written rules
and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them. Impersonality is one of the issues that
should not be ignored, they perform their functions without regard to personal
consideration of people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy
in order to function properly as a group and as an organization.

chapter 9

1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers' behavior during the
incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and discuss their behavior using your knowledge
about panic and mass hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not panic unless four
conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening situation. Second, they
must perceive a threat to their safety that is so large that they do little else but try to
escape. Third, they must realize that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and
last. ther must be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the crowd.

As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the moment they realize
that their life is in danger beacause the ship suddenly became unstable. The crowd began to
panic and done everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed with emotion and
frenzied activity or become convinced that ther experienced something that ivestigators
can fin no discernible evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many information as possible about
event. Collect news clippings related to the event and use these to discuss the development
of EDSA 2 with the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be sure to identify
the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory attempts to explain
whether collective behavior will occur and what direction it will take Smelser explains that
collectivities emerge as a product of the combination of six conditions. These are structural
conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized belief, precipitating
factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known protector of illegal
numbers game called jueteng, accuses the president of the republic of the Philippines,
Joseph Estrada, as the "lord of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos protection
money from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also accuses the
president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the president on the
grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of
the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, is conducted and
calls for the president to resign for loss of moral ascendancy and incompetence in handling
the country during the economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines, Hilario Davide Jr., is
the presiding officer and the 22 members of the Senate are the judges. A verdict of
conviction from 15 senators is needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada has a hidden bank
account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500 million pesos (an amount not stated in
Estrada's Statement of Assets and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose
Velarde." The defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles of Impeachment.
The presiding officer overrules the objection, however, he insists that the testimony will be
accepted as evidence only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos contained
in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break, former Finance
Department Secretary and colleague of the president, Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the
accusations alleged in the Articles of Impeachment with regards to the president's
betrayal of public trust, are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given by a bank for the
impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said to prove that the 500 million pesos on a
hidden bank account is ill-gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to prove that the
president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names. The prosecutors are
told that the amount contained in the various hidden bank accounts totals to 3.3 billion
pesos. Unfortunately, majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to bar the
opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality (not being
included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors interpret the decision as a
suppression of truth and an early sign of an acquittal verdict for the president. They walk-
out of the courtroom. Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski, Ramon Revilla Sr.,
Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente Sotto,
Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr., Loren Legarda, Ramon
Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment trial due to his
confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a large anti-Estrada crowd
unites in protest against the decision of the 11 senator-judges to bar the evidence. They
gather in the EDSA Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de
los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a prominent figure during
the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power, once again, calls on Filipinos to proceed to
EDSA and stay there until, using his own words, "good has conquered evil". EDSA People
Power II is formally launched. Other key figures in the 1986 EDSA People Power join the
growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors' resignation. Date of the
trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain" from EDSA Shrine in
Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City. This is to show Estrada that hundreds of
thousands of people are already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former colleagues in the
entertainment business of the president are already calling for him to step down from
office. Talks about the military's and police's withdrawal of support to the president
spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and police is confirmed
as high ranking military and police officials join the crowd protesting in EDSA. The
military's and police's withdrawals of their support are key factors in making a president
incapable of performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet members and
a number of top government officials withdraw their support too and join the rally in
EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of support give a big boost to the anti-Estrada crowd
gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached nearly two million.
And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on television. Estrada
addresses the entire nation and insists that he will not resign and would like the
impeachment trial to go on. He adds that he already instructed his lawyers to allow the
opening of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office. However, the people, with
absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his resignation, but a
proposal to include a presidential snap election in the upcoming May congressional and local
elections. In addition, he promises not to run in this special election. As expected, the
nearly two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the president a 6:00 AM
deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying, the crowd will march to Malacanang, and
force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM deadline is not met.
About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a
street near Malacanang, where a measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters were
gathered but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes a unanimous decision
to file a resolution declaring the position of president vacant therefore allowing the
constitutionally-mandated successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to take
over. At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in the
presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th president of the Republic
of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-minute inauguration speech. The joyfulness of
the crowd is indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating his doubts on the
constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as president. However, he also states in
the said letter that he doesn't wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the
country, so he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of unity for peaceful &
non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives on!

Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and therefore is still
the president of the republic. He added that Gloria Arroyo is merely an acting president.
Estrada insisted on these in order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal
charges filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines and other
high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal charges filed against them until
their term expires. However, the Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the actions
of the former president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed that he
undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no longer the president and no
longer enjoys immunity from criminal charges filed against him. Estrada appealed the
supreme court's decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
 During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder charges. The
supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging what they called "EDSA 3." It
lasted for nearly four days. It was reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to
EDSA by public officials who are close allies with the former president. They demanded
Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely no constitutional way he can
return to office. Prominent allies of Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march
towards Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists afterwards. At early
morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched to Malacanang and attempted to enter the
residential palace. Military men have already barricaded it, and using maximum tolerance,
made the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada created a riot by
throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police stations, hurting policemen and even news
reporters. They failed in their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They, along with
other prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang were accused
of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent actions perpetrated by these Estrada
supporters, this gathering cannot be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies in EDSA are always
characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making process vs. organization
decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the community

2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government organization and explain how
democracy is implemented in that department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the words that state that:
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That being the case, the
full ambit of such a principle is stated in the Constitution of the United States that when a
government becomes inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect). Revolutions are therefore a
recognized radical mode of changing even a democratically elected government. There is a
caveat that those who engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better make
sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in the toppling over
of the government. In which case the people who led the revolution become the heroes, and
those who were ousted end up as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even lost their
heads as in the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis XVI and his
Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders also lost theirs via the
guillotine when they started fighting each other ie. from my unrealiable memory some of
them were Danton, Marat, and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how many crimes have been
committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop the chaos and instability,
the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican officer of the army who forthwith installed
artillery in the street corners of Paris. He instructed the soldiers to fire at any rioters.
That action restored stability. The officers name, was Napoleon Bonaparte. The French
revolutions aim was to establish a government of liberty, fraternity, and equality as opposed
to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense emotion of the crowd, the
mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is highly emotional,
violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished from one another depending on type or
kind can shift from one type to another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but as the games
progresses and their emotions are fed by each others' promptings, this type might evolve
into an acting crowd espacially when thery perceive that the games authorities are favoring
one team against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative effects of media in
culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former police officer who had
taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly affected by this incident.

Baniqued, Michael Ronald J.

BS-Scholar/HRM
chapter 8
1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and
document the manner of interactions of the individuals within. Take
note of the behaviors and actions that connote each of the elements of
primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:
-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to
20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball
team tend to be of an intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other
members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate,
personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each
other, or have not even met each other or experienced close face-to-
face interactions

2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when,

where and how the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in
this office. Make recommendations to reduce if not eliminate these
dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of
labor. Written rules and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them.
Impersonality is one of the issues that should not be ignored, they
perform their functions without regard to personal consideration of
people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the

dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy in order to function properly as a
group and as an organization.

chapter 9

1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers'
behavior during the incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and
discuss their behavior using your knowledge about panic and mass
hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not

panic unless four conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening
situation. Second, they must perceive a threat to their safety that is so
large that they do little else but try to escape. Third, they must realize
that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and last. ther must
be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the
crowd.
As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the
moment they realize that their life is in danger beacause the ship
suddenly became unstable. The crowd began to panic and done
everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed

with emotion and frenzied activity or become convinced that ther
experienced something that ivestigators can fin no discernible
evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many

information as possible about event. Collect news clippings related to
the event and use these to discuss the development of EDSA 2 with
the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be sure to identify
the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory

attempts to explain whether collective behavior will occur and what
direction it will take Smelser explains that collectivities emerge as a
product of the combination of six conditions. These are structural
conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized
belief, precipitating factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of
social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known
protector of illegal numbers game called jueteng, accuses the
president of the republic of the Philippines, Joseph Estrada, as the "lord
of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos protection money
from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also
accuses the president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos
excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis
worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the
president on the grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of
public trust, and culpable violation of the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin,
is conducted and calls for the president to resign for loss of moral
ascendancy and incompetence in handling the country during the
economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines,
Hilario Davide Jr., is the presiding officer and the 22 members of the
Senate are the judges. A verdict of conviction from 15 senators is
needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada
has a hidden bank account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500
million pesos (an amount not stated in Estrada's Statement of Assets
and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose Velarde." The
defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles
of Impeachment. The presiding officer overrules the objection,
however, he insists that the testimony will be accepted as evidence
only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos contained
in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break,
former Finance Department Secretary and colleague of the president,
Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the accusations alleged in the Articles of
Impeachment with regards to the president's betrayal of public trust,
are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given
by a bank for the impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said
to prove that the 500 million pesos on a hidden bank account is ill-
gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to prove that the
president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names.
The prosecutors are told that the amount contained in the various
hidden bank accounts totals to 3.3 billion pesos. Unfortunately,
majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to bar the opening
of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality
(not being included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors
interpret the decision as a suppression of truth and an early sign of an
acquittal verdict for the president. They walk-out of the courtroom.
Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown
envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski,
Ramon Revilla Sr., Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena,
Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente Sotto, Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr.,
Loren Legarda, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino
Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment
trial due to his confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a
large anti-Estrada crowd unites in protest against the decision of the
11 senator-judges to bar the evidence. They gather in the EDSA
Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de
los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a
prominent figure during the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power,
once again, calls on Filipinos to proceed to EDSA and stay there until,
using his own words, "good has conquered evil". EDSA People Power II
is formally launched. Other key figures in the 1986 EDSA People Power
join the growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents Corazon Aquino
and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors'
resignation. Date of the trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain"
from EDSA Shrine in Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City.
This is to show Estrada that hundreds of thousands of people are
already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former
colleagues in the entertainment business of the president are already
calling for him to step down from office. Talks about the military's and
police's withdrawal of support to the president spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and
police is confirmed as high ranking military and police officials join the
crowd protesting in EDSA. The military's and police's withdrawals of
their support are key factors in making a president incapable of
performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet
members and a number of top government officials withdraw their
support too and join the rally in EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of
support give a big boost to the anti-Estrada crowd gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached
nearly two million. And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on
television. Estrada addresses the entire nation and insists that he will
not resign and would like the impeachment trial to go on. He adds that
he already instructed his lawyers to allow the opening of the
mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office.
However, the people, with absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's
proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his
resignation, but a proposal to include a presidential snap election in
the upcoming May congressional and local elections. In addition, he
promises not to run in this special election. As expected, the nearly
two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the
president a 6:00 AM deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying,
the crowd will march to Malacanang, and force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM
deadline is not met. About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to
Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a street near Malacanang, where a
measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters were gathered
but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes
a unanimous decision to file a resolution declaring the position of
president vacant therefore allowing the constitutionally-mandated
successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to take over.
At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office
in the presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th
president of the Republic of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-
minute inauguration speech. The joyfulness of the crowd is
indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating
his doubts on the constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as
president. However, he also states in the said letter that he doesn't
wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the country, so
he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of
unity for peaceful & non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives
on!

Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and
therefore is still the president of the republic. He added that Gloria
Arroyo is merely an acting president. Estrada insisted on these in
order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal charges
filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines
and other high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal
charges filed against them until their term expires. However, the
Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the actions of the former
president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed
that he undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no
longer the president and no longer enjoys immunity from criminal
charges filed against him. Estrada appealed the supreme court's
decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
 During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder
charges. The supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging
what they called "EDSA 3." It lasted for nearly four days. It was
reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to EDSA by public
officials who are close allies with the former president. They
demanded Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely
no constitutional way he can return to office. Prominent allies of
Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march towards
Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists
afterwards. At early morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched
to Malacanang and attempted to enter the residential palace. Military
men have already barricaded it, and using maximum tolerance, made
the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada
created a riot by throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police
stations, hurting policemen and even news reporters. They failed in
their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They, along with other
prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang
were accused of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent
actions perpetrated by these Estrada supporters, this gathering cannot
be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies in EDSA are always
characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

Cultural Anthropology

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making

process vs. organization decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the
community

2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government

organization and explain how democracy is implemented in that
department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the
words that state that: Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That
being the case, the full ambit of such a principle is stated in the
Constitution of the United States that when a government becomes
inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect).
Revolutions are therefore a recognized radical mode of changing even
a democratically elected government. There is a caveat that those who
engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better make
sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in
the toppling over of the government. In which case the people who led
the revolution become the heroes, and those who were ousted end up
as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even lost their heads as in
the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis XVI
and his Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders
also lost theirs via the guillotine when they started fighting each other
ie. from my unrealiable memory some of them were Danton, Marat,
and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how many crimes have been
committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop the
chaos and instability, the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican
officer of the army who forthwith installed artillery in the street corners
of Paris. He instructed the soldiers to fire at any rioters. That action
restored stability. The officers name, was Napoleon Bonaparte. The
French revolutions aim was to establish a government of liberty,
fraternity, and equality as opposed to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense

emotion of the crowd, the mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is
highly emotional, violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished
from one another depending on type or kind can shift from one type to
another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but

as the games progresses and their emotions are fed by each others'
promptings, this type might evolve into an acting crowd espacially
when thery perceive that the games authorities are favoring one team
against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative

effects of media in culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former
police officer who had taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly
affected by this incident.
 Epong, Christian John L.

chapter 8
1.) Observe a primary and secondary group in the campus and
document the manner of interactions of the individuals within. Take
note of the behaviors and actions that connote each of the elements of
primary and secondary groups.

The HRM basketball team are considered as primary group.

Some elements of primary groups that I observed are:

-they tend to be small and are ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to

20 individuals;
-interaction and communication among members in the basketball
team tend to be of an intimate and personal nature;
-members commonly develop strong emotion bonds with other
members; and
-they generally persist over extensive periods of time.

Gamers in DOTA are considered as secondary group.

These, unlike primary groups, members do not share intimate,
personal relationships.
Sometimes members of said secondary groups do not even know each
other, or have not even met each other or experienced close face-to-
face interactions
2.) Choose an office in the university organization and analyze when,
where and how the dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy are exhibited in
this office. Make recommendations to reduce if not eliminate these
dysfunctionalities.

The Unified Bartenders Association (TUBA)

I noticed that they are having a hard time performing their division of
labor. Written rules and regulations sets limits or bounderies to them.
Impersonality is one of the issues that should not be ignored, they
perform their functions without regard to personal consideration of
people as individuals but sometimes it cant be helped.

I strongly recomend that they must try not to exhibit the

dysfunctionalities of bureaucracy in order to function properly as a
group and as an organization.

chapter 9

1.) Watch the movie "Titanic". Observe and study the passengers'
behavior during the incident of the sinking of the cruise ship and
discuss their behavior using your knowledge about panic and mass
hysteria.

According to Tischler, quoting Janis and his colleagues, people do not

panic unless four conditions are met.
First, people must feel that they are trapped in a life-threatening
situation. Second, they must perceive a threat to their safety that is so
large that they do little else but try to escape. Third, they must realize
that their escape routes are limited or inaccessible. and last. ther must
be breakdown of communication between the front and rear of the
crowd.

As I observed from the film "Titanic", the crowd begins to panic at the
moment they realize that their life is in danger beacause the ship
suddenly became unstable. The crowd began to panic and done
everything to escape from the ship.

Mass Hysteria occurs when large numbers of people are overwhelmed

with emotion and frenzied activity or become convinced that ther
experienced something that ivestigators can fin no discernible
evidence.

2.) Read thoroughly about EDSA 2 Revolution. Collect as many

information as possible about event. Collect news clippings related to
the event and use these to discuss the development of EDSA 2 with
the help of the Value-Added Theory of Neil Smelser. Be sure to identify
the events corresponding to the conditions of the value-added theory.

Value-Added Theory is developed by Neil Smelser. Value Added Theory

attempts to explain whether collective behavior will occur and what
direction it will take Smelser explains that collectivities emerge as a
product of the combination of six conditions. These are structural
conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized
belief, precipitating factor, mobilization for action and mechanism of
social control.

October 16, 2000

Governor Chavit Singson of Ilocus Sur, a presidential friend and known
protector of illegal numbers game called jueteng, accuses the
president of the republic of the Philippines, Joseph Estrada, as the "lord
of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos protection money
from jueteng every month during his term of presidency. He also
accuses the president of receiving kickbacks from 170 million pesos
excise tobacco tax.
October 17, 2000
Clamor for Erap's resignation starts. Political and economic crisis
worsens.
November 13, 2000
The House of Representatives files an impeachment case against the
president on the grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of
public trust, and culpable violation of the Constitution.

November 14, 2000

National Day of Protest, lead by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin,
is conducted and calls for the president to resign for loss of moral
ascendancy and incompetence in handling the country during the
economic crisis,
December 7, 2000
The Impeachment Trial starts. The Chief Justice of the Philippines,
Hilario Davide Jr., is the presiding officer and the 22 members of the
Senate are the judges. A verdict of conviction from 15 senators is
needed to remove the president from office.
December 22, 2000
During the impeachment trial, a bank executive testifies that Estrada
has a hidden bank account in the Equitable-PCI Bank containing 500
million pesos (an amount not stated in Estrada's Statement of Assets
and Liabilities) using a different name, which is "Jose Velarde." The
defense objects to the testimony on the grounds of irrelevancy and
immateriality because the said allegation is not included in the Articles
of Impeachment. The presiding officer overrules the objection,
however, he insists that the testimony will be accepted as evidence
only after the prosecution proves that the 500 million pesos contained
in that bank account is indeed ill-gotten money.
January 4, 2001
Two days after the trial resumed from a week-long Christmas break,
former Finance Department Secretary and colleague of the president,
Edgardo Espiritu, testifies that the accusations alleged in the Articles of
Impeachment with regards to the president's betrayal of public trust,
are undeniably true.
January 16, 2001
A new set of evidence inside a BROWN ENVELOPE is voluntarily given
by a bank for the impeachment trial. The new set of evidence is said
to prove that the 500 million pesos on a hidden bank account is ill-
gotten and belongs to Estrada. It is also said to prove that the
president owns more hidden bank accounts, all under different names.
The prosecutors are told that the amount contained in the various
hidden bank accounts totals to 3.3 billion pesos. Unfortunately,
majority of the senators/judges (11 out of 21) votes to bar the opening
of the mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE on the grounds of immateriality
(not being included in the Articles of Impeachment). Prosecutors
interpret the decision as a suppression of truth and an early sign of an
acquittal verdict for the president. They walk-out of the courtroom.
Anti-Estrada spectators in the courtroom walk-out too.
The senator-judges who voted to withold the opening of the brown
envelope:
Nikki Coseteng, Juan Ponce Enrile, Gregorio Honasan, Robert Jaworski,
Ramon Revilla Sr., Blas Ople, Tessie Aquino-Oreta, John Osmena,
Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Vicente Sotto, Francisco Tatad
The senator-judges who voted to open the brown envelope:
Rene Cayetano, Franklin Drilon, Juan Flavier, Teofisto Guingona Jr.,
Loren Legarda, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., Sergio Osmena, Aquilino
Pimentel, Raul Roco, Rodolfo Biazon.
Senator Robert Barbers is not present during the entire impeachment
trial due to his confinement in a US hospital.
11:00 PM Militant groups, the civil society, left-wing groups, and a
large anti-Estrada crowd unites in protest against the decision of the
11 senator-judges to bar the evidence. They gather in the EDSA
Shrine, located on the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de
los Santos Advenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. Jaime Cardinal Sin, a
prominent figure during the widely popular1986 EDSA People Power,
once again, calls on Filipinos to proceed to EDSA and stay there until,
using his own words, "good has conquered evil". EDSA People Power II
is formally launched. Other key figures in the 1986 EDSA People Power
join the growing crowd in EDSA, like former presidents Corazon Aquino
and Fidel Ramos.
January 17, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY ONE
The impeachment trial is adjourned because of the prosecutors'
resignation. Date of the trial's resumption is left undecided.
A crowd numbering to 100,000 is already in EDSA.
January 18, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY TWO
The number of people in EDSA triples. They form a "Human Chain"
from EDSA Shrine in Ortigas Avenue to Ayala Avenue in Makati City.
This is to show Estrada that hundreds of thousands of people are
already demanding his resignation.
More and more prominent personalities and even friends and former
colleagues in the entertainment business of the president are already
calling for him to step down from office. Talks about the military's and
police's withdrawal of support to the president spread.
January 19, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY THREE
News about withdrawals of support to the president of the military and
police is confirmed as high ranking military and police officials join the
crowd protesting in EDSA. The military's and police's withdrawals of
their support are key factors in making a president incapable of
performing his duties. More than half of the president's cabinet
members and a number of top government officials withdraw their
support too and join the rally in EDSA.. All of these withdrawals of
support give a big boost to the anti-Estrada crowd gathered in EDSA.
Number of people rallying in EDSA, is believed to have already reached
nearly two million. And yours truly is proud to be one of them!
5:00 PM Estrada, for the first time in the last four days, is on
television. Estrada addresses the entire nation and insists that he will
not resign and would like the impeachment trial to go on. He adds that
he already instructed his lawyers to allow the opening of the
mysterious BROWN ENVELOPE. He stresses-out that only a conviction
verdict from the impeachment trial would force him out of office.
However, the people, with absolutely no hesitations, rejects Estrada's
proposal.
6:15 PM Estrada is again on television addressing the nation, not his
resignation, but a proposal to include a presidential snap election in
the upcoming May congressional and local elections. In addition, he
promises not to run in this special election. As expected, the nearly
two million EDSA crowd, junk the proposal and instead give the
president a 6:00 AM deadline to leave office. If he insists on staying,
the crowd will march to Malacanang, and force him out.
January 20, 2001 EDSA People Power II: DAY FOUR
Amidst negotiations for a peaceful transition of power, the 6:00 AM
deadline is not met. About one-third of the people in EDSA, march to
Malacanang and occupies Mendiola, a street near Malacanang, where a
measly group of an estimated 500 Estrada supporters were gathered
but forced to retreat.
Despite the president's resistance to resign, the Supreme Court makes
a unanimous decision to file a resolution declaring the position of
president vacant therefore allowing the constitutionally-mandated
successor, the vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, to take over.
At exactly 12:00 noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office
in the presence of the countless people in EDSA and becomes the 14th
president of the Republic of the Philippines. Afterwards, she gives a 14-
minute inauguration speech. The joyfulness of the crowd is
indescribable.
2:00 PM Ousted president Estrada sends a letter to the media stating
his doubts on the constitutionality of Gloria Arroyo's proclamation as
president. However, he also states in the said letter that he doesn't
wish to be a negative factor in the 'healing process' of the country, so
he already stepped down from office.
Once again, the Filipinos have shown to the entire world their sense of
unity for peaceful & non-violent protests! The sipirt of EDSA lives
on!

Weeks after EDSA 2, Estrada insisted that he never really resigned and
therefore is still the president of the republic. He added that Gloria
Arroyo is merely an acting president. Estrada insisted on these in
order to gain immunity from the plunder and other criminal charges
filed against him. The law states that the president of the Philippines
and other high ranking public officials have immunity from criminal
charges filed against them until their term expires. However, the
Justices of the Supreme Court, basing from the actions of the former
president during his last hours in Malacanang, unanimously agreed
that he undoubtedly resigned from office and because of this, he is no
longer the president and no longer enjoys immunity from criminal
charges filed against him. Estrada appealed the supreme court's
decision, but the appeal was unanimously denied.
During the last week of April 2001, Estrada was arrested for plunder
charges. The supporters of Estrada protested the arrest by staging
what they called "EDSA 3." It lasted for nearly four days. It was
reported that most of these people were "paid" to go to EDSA by public
officials who are close allies with the former president. They
demanded Estrada's return to power even though there is absolutely
no constitutional way he can return to office. Prominent allies of
Estrada in politics persuaded the protestors to march towards
Malacanang. However, they abandoned these rowdy rallyists
afterwards. At early morning of May 1, pro-Estrada rallyists marched
to Malacanang and attempted to enter the residential palace. Military
men have already barricaded it, and using maximum tolerance, made
the unruly pro-Estrada crowd retreat. The supporters of Estrada
created a riot by throwing rocks, burning cars, destroying police
stations, hurting policemen and even news reporters. They failed in
their endeavor to bring Estrada back to power. They, along with other
prominent Estrada allies who persuaded them to march to Malacanang
were accused of “rebellion”. By the unquestionably rude and violent
actions perpetrated by these Estrada supporters, this gathering cannot
be truly called EDSA 3 because rallies in EDSA are always
characterized by peaceful, non-violent protests.

Cultural Anthropology

1.) Explain the main difference between individual decision making

process vs. organization decision making process.

Individual making process influenes people around them.

Making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the
community

2.) Explain the concept of demorcracy. Choose any government

organization and explain how democracy is implemented in that
department.

Engraved in the facade of the Cebu provincial capitol building are the
words that state that: Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.
This quotation is the essence of a democratic state government. That
being the case, the full ambit of such a principle is stated in the
Constitution of the United States that when a government becomes
inimical to the interests of the people, it is the right of the people to
change or abolish that government (or words to that effect).
Revolutions are therefore a recognized radical mode of changing even
a democratically elected government. There is a caveat that those who
engage in revolutions or coups supported by the people better make
sure that their extraordinary exercise of that inherent right succeeds in
the toppling over of the government. In which case the people who led
the revolution become the heroes, and those who were ousted end up
as the losers. In ancient times, the losers even lost their heads as in
the French revolution which ended with the execution of King Louis XVI
and his Queen Marie Antoinette. In that revolution, the original leaders
also lost theirs via the guillotine when they started fighting each other
ie. from my unrealiable memory some of them were Danton, Marat,
and Robes Pierre. The saying Liberty, how many crimes have been
committed in thy name! originated from that revolution. To stop the
chaos and instability, the revolutionary council appointed a Corsican
officer of the army who forthwith installed artillery in the street corners
of Paris. He instructed the soldiers to fire at any rioters. That action
restored stability. The officers name, was Napoleon Bonaparte. The
French revolutions aim was to establish a government of liberty,
fraternity, and equality as opposed to the absolute powers of the King.

3.) Explain how a crowd becomes a mob which turns into a riot.

An acting crowd turning violent is called a mob. Due to intense

emotion of the crowd, the mob tends to dissipate quickly.
Riot is a crowd without any particular purpose, a social eruption that is
highly emotional, violent, and undirected. Crowd through distinguished
from one another depending on type or kind can shift from one type to
another.

Spectators in an UAAP game might start as an expressive crowd, but

as the games progresses and their emotions are fed by each others'
promptings, this type might evolve into an acting crowd espacially
when thery perceive that the games authorities are favoring one team
against the other.

4.) Site an example that will demonstrate either possitive or negative

effects of media in culture.

Philippine police have stormed a hijacked bus and shot dead a former
police officer who had taken a group of Hong Kong tourists hostage.

This demonstrate a negative effect on the Philippine culture.

The relationship between the chinese and the filipinos is greatly
affected by this incident.