FIRST QUARTER:

UNIT I: LIFE IN A CELL

Module 1: Cell theory
Module2: Cell structure and Functions

Learning Objectives Output/Product

 State and explain the cell theory Journal Reflection
 Enumerate the parts and functions of the cell
 Compare and contrast animal cell from plant
cell

LIFE IN THE CELL

In this learning material, students shall appreciate the biologists involved in the study of cell and
realize the importance of each organelle in the cell. This is also to recognize and appreciate God’s amazing
design. Let’s get started!

I. WORD JUMBLE: Arrange the jumbled letters to answer the question.

1. Who first discovered the cell? _____________________________

Rbetor Okoeh
2. Who is the first man to discovered LIVE cells? _____________________________
Tonan nva eeoukleewkhn

II. DISCUSSION

Module 1: CELL THEORY

Matthias Schleiden – focused his interest in plants (1838)

Theodore Schwann – animal cells (1839)
 Both confirmed that “cells are the fundamental units of life and that the bodies of living organisms are
made up of cells”
Rudolf Virchow – proposed the third tenet in the cell theory stating that all cells from other cells through
the process of cell division

Cell theory states the following:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest and basic units of structure and function in organism
3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells

Self-check: What is the cell theory all about? Compare it to the contributions of Schleiden, Schwann, and
Virchow.
Module 2: Cell Structure and Functions

Watch the video link below for an overview and discussion of the cell structure and functions of
animal, bacteria and plant cell.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwAJ8ByQH2U

Cell is the units of structure and function of living things. And it is composed of organelles which are also called
“little organs” of the cell.

This are divided into 3 main parts which are:

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane

Nucleus is one of the most important part of the cell. For it is the “master control of the cell.” It contains genetic
material code DNA whichstands for (deoxyribonucleic acid).It is the master program that controls the life of the
cell and determines the physical characteristics of the organism. The main function of the nucleus is to
maintain the DNA “blueprints” for replication purposes.

It is also surrounded by a membrane called nuclear envelope. It resembles the cell membrane in
chemical structure and a double membrane as well. It contains nuclear pores which are so called “gates” for it
regulates the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus. Small proteins are allowed to pass
through but large proteins are blocked by this pores.

Within the nucleus, we have the nucleolus. It maintain the ribosomes (protein factories). It is the site
for ribosomal RNA synthesis which is transported out from the nucleus through the pores into the cytoplasm for
protein synthesis (ribosomes).

Cytoplasm is fluid medium of the cell. It contains or holds the organelles or “little organs” of the cell.

 cytoskeleton
It serves as skeleton of the cell to prevent the cell from being squashed or distorted. It helps to maintain
the shape. It is composed mostly by microtubules.

It is called the “mass-transit system” or “highway system of the cell”.

Why?
Because protein and other molecules produced by the ribosomes can be packed in vesicles and
placed on the microtubule and a specialized motor protein (ATP) then whisks the vesicle and its
contents along the microtubules to its destination.

 Centrioles
This is pair organelles which serves as the foundation of the cytoskeleton and composed of
microtubules too. It helps in the distribution of chromosomes to daughter cell in cell division.

 Mitochondria

It is called as the “Power plant of the cell” or “powerhouse of the cell”

Cell requires a great deal of energy for transporting, reading and copying DNA and constructing protein.
It burns carbs and fats and uses energy to produce ATP.
Main function: production of ATP for Power

In Plant cell:
 Aside from mitochondria, it also has chloroplast which is responsible for its pigmentation and source of
energy. It is where complex reaction of photosynthesis occurs.

 Ribosomes
It is called the Protein factories of the cell. Protein is the most important molecules in the cell for it
serves as pumps, valves, winches, information retrieval devices, chemical catalyst, light and position
sensors, power generators and communication relays. These are the smallest and numerous in the
cell.

 Endoplasmic reticulum
“Multipurpose network or Industrial Complex”

It was so called multipurpose network for it manufactures proteins and fats and breakdown toxins and
waste.
It was so called industrial complex for it collects ribosomes. This ribosomes move to RER when they
need to make protein to exported to other cells or need to make protein destined for one of the cell
membrane.

2 types:
1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum – lipid synthesis
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum – protein synthesis

 Golgi apparatus
“shipping center of the cell”

It is of stack of flattened membrane-enclosed compartments that looks somewhat like stack of

pancakes. It’s purpose is to receive protein manufactured by the RER package them and ship them to
their final destination.
It is labeled with special “shipping tags” loaded into a container called vesicles.

 lysosomes
“recycling center of the cell.”

Its wall contain ion pumps that make its interior acidic. Proteins needed for recycling are dump in it to
be broken down by the acid and special enzymes. It is also used to attack bacteria that invade cell.

 Peroxisomes
-containing digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials
-by-products: H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
-help breaking down alcohol in the body (livers cell is rich in peroxisomes)

 Vacuoles – are storage containers

Plant cell
It is a very obvious part seen. Plant cell need larger storage bins for they manufactures their own food.

Cell membrane/ Plasma membrane

It is the covering of the cell, a very vital part of it. For through it go all the substances that enter or leave
the cell. It is composed of special liquid molecules which are called PHOSPHOLIPIDS – forming two
layered structures (lipid bilayer).
It gives the cell membrane a remarkable properties.

Head – hydrophilic which means water loving

Tails – hydrophobic which means water repelling
 It has the property of self healing and self repairing. It is a semipermeable membrane. It has proteins
embedded in its membrane which are Ion pumps for NA, K, Ca and H; portals or gates for other
proteins with identification tags.

Plant cell
Cell wall – it offer protection against bacteria and pathogens in plant cell. It is
composed of cellulose fibers that help for support.

Self-check: CONCEPT DISCUSSION

Define the following function of the parts the cell to help you understand the lesson more.
ORGANELLES FUNCTIONS
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Centrioles
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vesicles

III. Answer the post-assessment test to measure how much you gained from the lesson.
@ Google classroom

IV.Evaluation: Perfomance Task

Journal Writing (Project)

Instructions: Upon completion of your work this week, write a reflection about what you learned. Your
reflections should include your opinions with evidence to back up your thoughts and some personal
experiences. You can make it an art or photo journal based on your preference. The purpose of this task is to
ensure you are processing your thoughts on the lesson content. This will enhance your learning, knowledge,
creative and critical thinking skills. Provide a bible verse on your weekly journal that suits best for your
reflections.

Virtual Laboratory Exercises

A separate manual for laboratory shall be given with a link to examine experiments virtually. In this learning
material, you can study, observe and assess yourself by answering the exercises in order to master the
content. Then an assessment from the teacher shall be given to measure how much you have learned.

Lab no 1: Compound Microscope

________________________________________________________________________________________
_______
References:
Biology: God’s Living Creation, 2nd Ed by Gregory Parker, Keith Graham, Delores Shimmin and George
Thompson
General Biology 1: Exploring life through Scienceby Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos and John Donnie A.
Ramos
Photo source form gooogle.com
 CONTENTS

THE CELL AS BASIC UNIT OF LIFE: Life in a Cell

Learning Objective
Output/Product

I.LESSON REVIEW
Video Presentation
Pre-Activity 1: Cell Review
II.PRE-ASSESSMENT
Pre-Activity 2: PICTURE ANALYSIS
SCIENCE QUESTIONS
III.DISCUSSION
Module 3: Cell Types
Activity 3: Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
Module 4: Cell Modifications
Video Presentation
Activity 4: Importance of Cell Junctions
Video Presentation
III.POST-ASSESSMENT
Activity 5: Review Quiz
IV.EVALUATION
Performance TasK
FIRST QUARTER:
UNIT I: LIFE IN A CELL
Module 3: Cell types
Module 4: Cell Modifications

Learning Objectives Output/Product

 Differentiate prokaryotic from Eukaryotic cells Journal Reflection
 Relate the adaptations of a cell’s structure to
its function
 Compare the structures, sizes, and shapes of
various cell types

In this course, let’s have a review of the cell structures in different organisms (bacteria, animal and
plant cell) and learn to differentiate the prokaryotic from eukaryotic cell. Determine the different cell
modifications and point out their structural functions.

Watch the video link below for an overview of the lesson and review of the cell structures.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=192M4oDLTdc

I.Lesson Review: Distinguish the similarities and differences of both cell.

DESCRIPTOR ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
Common Organelles
 Unique Organelles

II. Picture Analysis: Observe the picture below, and answer the guided questions.
Guided questions:
1.Identify the cell types:

Animal Cell:_________________________
Plant Cell:___________________________
Bacteria:____________________________

2. How useful is the cell type in classifying

organism?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

III. DISCUSSION

Module 3: Cell Types

PROKARYOTES VS. EUKARYOTES

Prokaryotes
-are organisms without a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.
-Most are unicellular
-examples: BACTERIA

Eukaryotes
-are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a
cytoskeleton: multicellular
-most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus.
-examples: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Self check: Contrast Prokaryotes with Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Module 4: Cell Modifications
Cell surfaces and junctions

CELLS  TISSUES  ORGANS  BODY/ ORGANISM

*tissues – collections of cells that carry out specific function

*junctions – structure that join the cells together

In plants:
*plasmodesmata – channels between adjacent cells of plants for
communication
- play an important role in the sharing of water, nutrients, and
chemical messages among plant cells

In animals and human:

*Kinds of modifications
 Lateral modifications (sides)
 Apical modifications (top)
 Basal modifications (bottom)

Lateral Modifications:

 Tight junctions (Zonula Occludens)

-join two cells tightly to form a leakproof sheet
-a band near the apical surface forms a seal, appearing to
be fused
(protection)
 Adhering junctions (Zonula Adherens)
-the actin filaments which make up zonula adherens maintain the integrity of the cell for better bind
-act like screws together with cytoskeletal fibers to from strong sheet
(rigidity/ anchoring)
 Gap Junction
-play similar role to that plasmodesmata in plants, as both allow small molecules to flow between
neighboring cells
(cell communication)
 Desmosomes ( Macula adherens)
-protein filaments interlock with the filaments of the adjacent cell which form a dense intermediate line
between the cell
-help to resist shearing forces and are found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium
(rigidity/anchoring)
Basal modifications:

 Basal membrane Infoldings

-often found in epithelium that are known to transport
fluid (kidney)
-will often see mitochondria
-increases the basal surface area
-facilitate the passage of water and ions
- if basal lamina is destroyed (trauma, infection,burns)
 epithelium will not be repaired
 substituted with a scar ( connective tissue)
*basal lamina/basement membrane
– attaches epithelium and connective tissue

 Hemidesmosomes
-involved in promoting the adhesion of epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane
-utilize integrins major component
 transduce signals from the extracellular matrix to the interior of the cell, that critically
modulate the organization of the cytoskeleton, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation

Watch the video link below for better understanding of the cell junctions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9WTD0XEnc

Self Check: What is the importance of having cell junctions?

Tight Junction _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________
Cell Junctions Adhesion Junction _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Gap Junction
Apical Modifications

 Microvilli
-also called brush/striated border
-finger like cytoplasmic extensions of the apical
Surface which increase surface area for absorption
-found: small intestine
 Steriocilia
-long microvilli that function in increasing absorption
-non-motile
-found: secretory cells in ear and male reproductive
organ

 Cilia
-motile, function in movement
-beats in a coordinated rhythmical wave-like manner,
promoting movement of materials over the surface
-appear as short hair-like structures or projections
-found: trachea or fallopian tube
 Flagella
-concerned with movement
-same axial structure with cilia but much longer
-present: spermatozoa

Varieties of Cells in the Body: SPECIALIZED CELLS

Cells vary enormously in terms of appearance to perform a

specific function. Some cells are motile and free living while others are embedded
within tissues and organs.

Cell Differentiation - The process by which cells or parts of an organism change

during development to serve a specific function (specialized cells)

Watch the video link below for better understanding of how cell are
differentiated into specialized cells.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNe6RuK0FfA
Different Specialized Cells

Epithelial Cell
- are a type of cell that lines the
surfaces of your body
-they are found on your skin, blood
vessels, urinary tract, and organs

Epithelial Tissue types

Classifications:
 Simple
-lining
 Stratified
-protection
 Pseudostratified
-secretion
-single layer of irregular
shape cells that give
appearance of more than
one layer

Shape:
 Squamous
– flattened and thin
-diffusion
-filtration
-secretes
 Cuboidal
– box-like
-secretion
-absorption
 Columnar
– tall, column-like
-secretes and absorbs
 Transitional
-shape of the cell vary

BONE
Compact and Spongy Function Location
Osteocyte Physically supports body, Skeletal
provides movement, bone
encloses and protects soft
organs, stores and releases
calcium and phosphorus
BLOOD
FORMED ELEMENTS SHAPE ORGANELLES LIFE SPAN CATEGORIES
Erythrocyte Biconcave None 120 days
Leukocyte Irregular Nucleus Agranulocytes
Round/ovoid granulocytes
Platelets Thin biconcave discs Lack nucleus
Round/ovoid – Mitochondria
transverse section Hyalosplam
Fusiform -
longitudinal

MUSCLE TISSUE CELL (Shape) FIBERS CATEGORIES LOCATION

Skeletal muscle
Long Striated Voluntary skeleton
Cylindrical Tubular
multinucleated Multi-nucleated

Smooth muscle
Short Non-striated involuntary Walls of internal
Spindle-shaped Uni-nucleated organs
Uninucleated Blood vessel

Cardiac muscle
Branching Striated Involuntary heart
Uni nucleated Connected by
intercalated disks

NERVOUS TISSUE
CELL Categories Definition/Function
Neuron (main cell type) Parts:
Cell body -major biosynthetic center of a neuron and
contains the usual organelles
Dendrites -convey incoming messages towards the cell body
-receptive input region
axon -conducting region of the neuron
-generating and transmitting impulses typically
away from the cell body
 IV.REVIEW
Answer the post-assessment test to measure how much you gained from the lesson.
@ Google classroom

IV.Evaluation: Perfomance Task

Journal Writing (Project)

Instructions: Upon completion of your work this week, write a reflection about what you learned. Your
reflections should include your opinions with evidence to back up your thoughts and some personal
experiences. You can make it an art or photo journal based on your preference. The purpose of this task is to
ensure you are processing your thoughts on the lesson content. This will enhance your learning, knowledge,
creative and critical thinking skills. Provide a bible verse on your weekly journal that suits best for your
reflections.

Virtual Laboratory Exercises

A separate manual for laboratory shall be given with a link to examine experiments virtually. In this learning
material, you can study, observe and assess yourself by answering the exercises in order to master the
content. Then an assessment from the teacher shall be given to measure how much you have learned.

Lab no 2: Cellular Structure

________________________________________________________________________________________
_________References:

Atlas of Histology by Victor P. Eroschenko

Textbook of Histology by Bloom and Fawcett
General Biology 1: Exploring life through Science by Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos and John Donnie A.
Ramos
Internet
: https://www.scribd.com/document/330406140/Cell-Modifications-That-Lead-to-Adaptation
: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15404427
: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/epithelial-cells-in-urine/
: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/
: http://www.biologyreference.com/Ce-Co/Connective-Tissue.html
:http://courses.lumenlearning.com
Phto source from google.com