ngsjPftpay;

,ize;jfzpjk;

cuha;T
 juk;: 12>13

cuha;T

,ize;j fzpjj;jpy; cuha;T vd;Dk; ghlg;gug;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

1. nrt;td; kWjhf;fKk; cuha;T tpirAk;
2. fulhd Nkw;gug;gpd; Jzpf;if> tpiwg;ghd cly;fspd;rkepiy> vy;iyr;rkepiy
3. cuha;Tf;Fzfk;
4. cuha;Tf;$k;Gk; cuha;Tf;NfhzKk;
5. cuha;tpy; rkepiy njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis mDFjy;
6. cjhuzq;fs; %yk; cuha;T njhlu;ghd gour;rpidfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;
7. cuha;T njhlu;ghd gpiur;rpidfis khztu; jPu;j;jy;

cuha;T
1.1 nrt;td; kWjhf;fKk; cuha;T tpirAk;

nrt;td; kWjhf;fk;
fpil Nkir xd;wpd;kPJ xU nghUs; Xa;tpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
NghJ nghUspd; kPJ NtW tpirfs; jhf;fhjthW Nkiria mfw;Wk; NghJ nghUs; GtpaPu;g;gpd;
fPo;Nehf;fp tpOtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,jpypUe;J ePu; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ ahJ?
Nkirapd; Nkw; g ug; g hy; nghUspd; kP J Nky; N ehf; f p Nkirapd; Nkw; g ug; G f; F nrq; F j; j hf
Nkirapdhy; xU tpir gpuNahfpf; f g; g l; b Uf; f Ntz; L k; mt; t pir nghUspd; epiwia
rkepiyapy; itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
mt;tpir Nkirapdhy; nghUspd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l nrt;td; kWjhf;fk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
nghJthf R or N ,dhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

R R
R R
N

x mg

mg

njhFg;G : jpU.,.fpU\;zjh];> ,ize;j fzpjk;> Mrpupau;> (ah/ mUNzhjaf;fy;Y}up )

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.rp.ckhfhe;jd;>j>njh>njh> Mrpupau;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up )
 juk;: 12>13

cuha;T tpir
R

mg
glj; j py; fhl; l g; g l; l thW fpilNkir xd; w pd; kP J xU Jzpf; i f Xa; t py; itf; f g; g l; L
Jzpf;iff;F Nkir topNa rpwpa tpir P gpuNagfpf;fg;gLk;NghJ Jzpf;if Xa;tpy; ,Uf;fyhk;
or ,aq;f vj;jdpf;fyhk; or ,aq;fyhk;.
,aq; f hj NghJ tpirahdJ gbg; g bahf mjpfupf; f g; g Lk; NghJ xU epiyapy; ,aq; f
vj;jzpf;fhk; or ,aq;fj;njhlq;fyhk; or ,af;fj;Jf;F cl;gljhjNghJ Jzpf;ifahdJ
epiapay; rkepiyf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.
tpir P jhf;Fk; NghJ Jzpf;if Vd; ,aq;fhJ rkepiyapy; cs;sJ?
tpir P w;F rkDk; vjpUkhd tpir Nkirapd; Nkw;gug;gpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mt; t pir Jzpf; i f ,aq; f vj; j zpf; F k; jpirf; F vjpu; j ; j pirapy; Nkirapd; Nkw; g ug; G
topNa ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpir cuha;T tpir vdg;gLk;

js;S tpir
cuha;T tpir

F
mg

cuha;T tpir nghJthf F ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;

F w p g ; G : Nk i r x g; gk h d j h f , U e ; j p U g; g p d ; J z pf; i f N k i r to p N a ,a f; fj ; J f; F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;
vdNt fulhd Nkw; g ug; g pd; topNa khj; j puk; cuha; T tpir Vw; g Lk; (,aq; f vj; j zpf; F k;
jpirf;F vjpu;j;jpirapy;)

R
R
F
,Otpir
mg
cuha;tpir x
mg

njhFg;G : jpU.,.fpU\;zjh];> ,ize;j fzpjk;> Mrpupau;> (ah/ mUNzhjaf;fy;Y}up )

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.rp.ckhfhe;jd;>j>njh>njh> Mrpupau;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up )
 juk;: 12>13

R R
P F P‘

F
mg mg
P < P’

fulhd Nkw;gug;Gf;fspy; Jzpf;if / tpiwg;ghd cly;fspd; rkepiy

R R

P P’
F F1

mg mg
glk; A glk; B
glk; A ,y; tpir P gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; NghJ Jzpf;if rkepiyapy; cs;sJ vd;Nghk;
tpir P ;[ gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Jzpf;if rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; kl;Lk;
tpir F mjpfupf;Fk;. nrt;td; kWjhf;fk; khw;wkilahJ. xU epiyapy; P ,y; (Jzpf;if /
cly;) ,aq;f vj;jzpf;Fk; me;epiy vy;iyr; rkepiy vdg;gLk;.

rkepiyapy; = cuha;T tpir = F

nrt;td; kWjhf;fk; R

vy;iyr; rkepiyapy; = cuha;T tpir = F’

nrt;td; kWjhf;fk; R

F1 F (F1>=F)
R R
vy;iyr;rkepiy rkepiy

njhFg;G : jpU.,.fpU\;zjh];> ,ize;j fzpjk;> Mrpupau;> (ah/ mUNzhjaf;fy;Y}up )

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.rp.ckhfhe;jd;>j>njh>njh> Mrpupau;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up )