EEE2003 - EMEC

Transformer
- Phasor Diagram

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 1

Problem-1
The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50-Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m^2. If
the e.m.f. per turn is 8 volt, determine (i) primary and secondary turns (ii) area of the core.

Given Data :
𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚
E1=V1=250 volts, E2=V2=3000 volts, f=50Hz, Bm=1.2Wb/m^2, emf per turn = 8V
To find : N1, N2 & A 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚
Solution :
𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚

Find 𝑁1 = 𝐸1 /4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚 = E1/emf per turn = 250/8 = 31.25 = 32 Turns 𝑁2 𝐸2 𝑉2 𝐼1

𝐾= = = =
𝑁1 𝐸1 𝑉1 𝐼2
𝑁2 = 𝐸2 /4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚 = E2/emf per turn = 3000/8 = 375 Turns

𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝐵𝑚 𝐴

Find Area of the core, A = 𝐸1 / 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝐵𝑚 = 0.03 m^2

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 2

Problem-2
The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550 V, 50-Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross-section of 20 cm x 20 cm.
Find (i) the number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase and (ii) the e.m.f. per turn if the maximum core density is
not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.
Given Data : 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚
P=100kVA, E1=V1=11kV, E2=V2=550V, f=50Hz, Bm = 1.3Tesla (Wb/m^2)
A=20*20*10^-4 m^2 = 0.04m^2 (Physical Area) 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚
Effective Area = Physical Area * Stacking factor = 0.04*0.9 = 0.036m^2
Find : N1, N2, emf per turn
Solution : 𝐸 = 4.44𝑓𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 1 1 𝑚
𝑁2 𝐸2 𝑉2 𝐼1
Find 𝑁1 = 𝐸1 / 4.44𝑓𝐵𝑚 𝐴 = 11000/(4.44*50*1.3*0.036) = 1058.75 = 1060Truns
𝐾= = = =
𝑁1 𝐸1 𝑉1 𝐼2
𝐸2 𝑁2
=𝐾=
𝐸1 𝑁1
Find N2 = K*N1 = (550/11000)*1060 = 53 Turns
Emf Per turn = 10.38 = 10.4 volts

The stacking factor (also lamination factor or space factor) is a measure used in electrical transformer design and some other electrical
machines. It is the ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of the transformer core to the physical cross-sectional area of the transformer core.

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 3

Problem-3
A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 60
cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50-Hz supply at 520 V, calculate (i) the peak value of flux density in the
core (ii) the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

Given Data: 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚

N1=400, N2=1000, A=60cm^2, f=50Hz, E1=520Volts\
To find: Bm, E2---? 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚

Solution :
A=60cm^2 = 60*10^-4 m^2
𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝐵𝑚 𝐴 𝑁2 𝐸2 𝑉2 𝐼1
𝐾= = = =
520=4.44*50*400*Bm*60*10^-4 𝑁1 𝐸1 𝑉1 𝐼2
Gives Bm = 0.976 Wb/m^2
K = N2/N1 = 1000/400 = 2.5
𝑁2 𝐸2
𝐾= =
𝑁1 𝐸1

Find E2 = K*E1 = 2.5*520 = 1300 Volts

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 4

Problem-4
A single-phase, 50 Hz, core-type transformer has square cores of 20 cm side. Permissible maximum flux-density is 1 Wb/m^2.
Calculate the number of turns per Limb on the High and Low-voltage sides for a 3000/220 V ratio.

Given Data: 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚

f=50Hz, Bm=1Wb/m^2, A=20*20*10^-4 m^2
E1=V1=3000Volts, E2=V2=220 Volts 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚

To Find :
No. of turns per limb on both HV & LV side
𝑁2 𝐸2 𝑉2 𝐼1
No. of turns per limb = N/2 𝐾= = = =
𝑁1 𝐸1 𝑉1 𝐼2
In core Type Square Transformer, 2 limbs
𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝐵𝑚 𝐴

Find N2 = 220/(4.44*50*1* 20*20*10^-4 ) = 24.77 = 26 Turns

LV Turns per limb = 26/2 = 13 Turns
N1 = N2/K = 26/0.07 = 354.54 = 356 Turns 𝑁2 𝐸2 220
HV Turns per Limb = 356/2 = 178 Turns 𝐾 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕
𝑁1 𝐸1 3000

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 5

Problem-5
A single phase transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1200 turns in the secondary. The cross-sectional area of the core is
80 sq. cm. If the primary winding is connected to a 50 Hz supply at 500 V, calculate (i) Peak flux-density, and (ii) Voltage
induced in the secondary.

𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚

Answers :
𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚
Bm = 0.563 Wb/m^2
E2 = 1200 Volts
𝑁2 𝐸2 𝑉2 𝐼1
𝐾= = = =
𝑁1 𝐸1 𝑉1 𝐼2

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 6

References

Text Books
• B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, “Electrical Technology, Vol-2”, S. Chand Publisher.
– Chapter-32, Problems : 32.1 – 32.8, Pages 1123 - 1125.

Dr. J. Belwin Edward, Asso. Prof., SELECT, VIT, Vellore 7

THANK
YOU