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799
Reformaagraria y
cooperativismo
en
el Peru
Cambios estructuralesy contradiccionesde la nueva politica agraria del
gobiernomilitardel Peru
UTE SCHIRMER
INTRODUCCI6N
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800 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 801
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802 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 803
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804 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 805
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806 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 807
ORGANIGRAMADE UNACAP
|ASAMBLE GENERAL |
(Sector DE DELEGADOSA
2sociativo)
CONSEJO DE CONSEJO DE
ADMINISTRACION VIGILANCIA
JUNTrA PERMANENTE
D)E ASESO RES
COMITE ?SPECIALIZ.
FABRICA _
COMITE ESP.
CtSICLIN
COMITF RESP.
CHIQUITOY
COMITE ESP.
SINTUCO
(Sector no
cooperativi- GERENCIA GFNlMAL
=ado)
PRGAMCION_
r ASESORIA JURXIDiCA 77
Dl)RECCION DE PFR$QNAL
ADMINISTRADOR
|E(NERAL
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808 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 809
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810 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 811
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812 REVISTA
MEXICANA
DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPEBATIVISMO 813
2. Politicaapristay proletariado
azucarero
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814 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIA Y COOPERATIVISMO 815
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816 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 817
3. El papel economico
de las CAPs azucareras
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818 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
CUADRONQ 1
PRODUCCION
DE AzUCAR960
Aino producci6n
(t.m.)
1969 650,102
1970 794,902
1971 913,274
1972 922,236
1973 921,946
1974 992,000
FUENTES: CECOAAP,
Deutsche
Vberseeische
Bank.
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 819
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820 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
CUADRO NQ 2
POR EL BANCO DE FOMENTO
DiSTRIBucI6N DE LOS CREDITOSOTORGADOS
AGROPECUARIODEL PERU', SUCURSAL TRUJILLO, EN EL EJERCICIO 1974
(%o)
No. total montototal
de creditos de cr&ditos
(%) (%)
empresasasociativas 2 72
medianay grandeagricultura 6 9
pequefna
agricultura 92 19
TOTAL 100 100
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REFORMA AGRARIA Y COOPERATIVISMO 821
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822 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGI'A
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISmO 823
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824 REVISTAMIEXICANA
DE SOCIOLOGIA
CUADRO 3 A
REMUNERACIONESDIRECTAS E INDIRECTASDE UN TRABAJADOR
SOCIO EN
COMPARACI6NCON UNO NO SOCIO EN LA CAP TUMAJN
FUENTE: Informe
ONDECOOP Presentadoal SeminarioRegionalde Evaluacionde los
Planes de Capacitacionen las CAPs (octubrede 1971), citadoen ONAMS,
Azucar Peruana, op. cit., p. 23.
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 825
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826 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 827
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828 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGfA
1. La nueva estructuraagraria
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIViSMO 829
tierrasde cultivo(de riegoy secano). 15.352,003 has. -el 12% del te-
rritorio nacional- son pastosnaturales.El restocorresponde a las cate-
goriascensalesde "tierrascon montesy bosques"y 'toda otraclase de
tierras". 89
Segiunlos uiltimos reajustesde las metascuantitativas de la reforma
agraria,se preveexpropiarun totalde 14,500fundosy acfjudicar a
400,000familiasuna supurficie totalde 10.155,000 has. (Ver cuadroNQ
4). El numerototalde prediosa ser afectadoses mayorque el de las
propiedades de mas de 500 hs. que citaCIDA, perola superficie progra-
madaes muchomenorque la quecorresponde a esoslatifundios: 14.065,694
has. (75.9% del 'areaagricolatotalcensadaen 1961,que fuede 18,600
millonesde has.) " Apartede que hay que suponerque no se afectara
el area latifundista total,debe sefnalarse que gran partede las tierras
a ser adjudicadasson tierraseriazas y forestales, sumando,seguinun
informe oficialde 1974,un totalde 3.615,648has.I" Si estaciframientras
tantono ha sufrido cambiossustanciales, representa algo mas que la ter-
cera parte(35.6%) del totalde las 10.155,000 has. a ser adjudicadas.
Segutn declaraciones oficialesla "primeraetapa"de la reforma agraria,
es decir,el procesode afectaciones y adjudicaciones seriaterminado hasta
el 31 de diciembre de este a-no.92 La "segundaetapa" seriadedicadaa
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830 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGI'A
.0 t e + m e cn ?,a~~~~~b
E>< x 31 N , _ ? X;~~~~~~~~~c
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 831
solo representoel 26.3% del area agricola nacional,y del ganado vacuno,
ovino y auquenido total censado se habia entregadosolo el 7.4%.
Quedara exceptuada la gran mayoriade la poblacicn rural cuya parte
mas pauperizada, los minifundistas, los eventuales,los campesinossin
tierrassubempleadoso desempleados,al no ser atendidospor proyectos
de planificacionintegral,se ver'anenfrentadoscon un deteriorograve de
sus condicionesde vida.
y la pequena propiedad
b. El sectorminifundista
Los cuadros de la distribucionporcentualde las adjudicacionespor
sectoresnos ilustranla marcadapolarizacionque crea la reformaagraria
entreel sectorasociativo (CAPs y SAIS) y el sectorminifundista y de
la pequeniapropiedadindividual,en el cual se ubican las modalidadesde
adjudicacion de grupos campesinos,comunidadescampesinas y adjudi-
caciones individuales.
Los grutposcamipesinos:la adjudicacion de tierrasa grupos campesi-
nos va fue contempladapor la Ley de ReformaAgraria en el articulo77,
que los obliga a constituirCAPs o SAIS dentrode un plazo determinado
que se les se-nale.En la practicaha resultadomuy dificiltransformar
los
grupos campesinosen CAPs o SAIS, puesto que en la mayoria de los
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832 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOG-IA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 833
e' e) in 0
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834 REVISTAMEXICANADE SOCIOLOGIA
CUADRO 7
agraria
unidad area familia ganado
sectorasociativo
(CAPSs, SAIS) 1.6 69.9 58.7 98.1
sectorminifundista
y
pequenapropiedad
(gruposcampesinos, 98.4 30.1 41.3 1.8
comunidades,
adjudicacion
individual)
TOTAL.............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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REFORMA AGRARIA Y COOPERATIVISMO 835
N Q N OC ko
'-. (\ Nt
at E
ON ti it It '- 8
zy _
VN 'f N +r
Z ~ 4 "1 (W
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O ' 'C 'C N ?t
LI t if _f 'C ON '
Wzt%_
,T,) E '
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836 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
CUADRO 9
sectorasociativo
sectorminifundista
y
pequeinapropiedad
comunidades,
adjudicaciOnindividual)
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 837
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838 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
c. La problemantica
de la inedianapropiedad
La problematicade la mediana propiedad aparentementeno es tan
y de la pequefiapropiedad. Sin
urgentecomo la del sectormninifundista
embargo,el proceso historicode concentracionde tierras,capital y re-
cursos naturales,que encuentrasu continuacionen la politica agraria
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 839
2. La distribuciondel ingresoagricola
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840 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 841
CONCLUSIoNES
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842 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORAIA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 843
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844 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIA Y COOPERATIVISMAO 845
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846 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 847
2 ibid.
3 US 5.34 millones. Fuente: Cimara de Comercio e lndustria Periiano-Alemana,
Memoria 1975, Lima, 1976.
4 El Comercio, Lima, 30 de agosto de 1975.
5 Mensaje del presidentea la nacion, en: El Comercio,14 de mayo de 1976.
6 En 1975 alcanzo 3,144 millones de US Dolares. Esto equivale a un aumento del
45% en comparacion con 1974. Fuente: Camara de Comercio e Industria Peruano-
Alem.ara, op. cit.
6a ibid.
7 Plan del Perzi 1971-1975,Tomo II, Volumen II, Plan Agropecuario,Instituto Na-
cional de Planificacion, Lima, 1971, p. 7.
8 InstituitoNacional de Planificacion, Estudio sobre la Poblacioin Peruama, Carac-
teristicasy Evolucion, Lima, 1973, cuadro VIII-17.
Sa Plan Bienal de Desarrollo 197.11975, Plan Agropecuario,op. cit., p. 9.
9 Plan del Peru 1971-1975,Plan agropecuario,op. cit. p. 9.
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848 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 849
24 D.L. 17716,articulo39.
23 Organigrama
de la CAP Cartavio,1970.
25 Ver GiorgioAlbertiy JulioCotler,La ReformaAgrariaen las HaciendasAzuca-
reras del Peru, mimeo,Institutode EstudiosPeruanos,Lima, diciembre1972,
pp. 21-23, y Schirmer y Schwahn, op. cit., pp. 69-71.
2Z Ver CENCIRA, Centre Nacionalde Capacitacione Investigacionpara la Reforina
Agraria, El ProcesoElectoralen la Cooperativa
Agrariade ProduccionCasagrande
N? 32, Abril,1972 (Documentode Trabajo), Lima, 1972.
28 CENCIRA, Participaci6n, y Poder en Casagrande-
Organizacion Trujillo,Lima,
1972,p. 37.
29 Cartavio,sin fecha (1970).
30 CENCIRA, El Proceso Electoralen la CooperativaAgrariade ProduccionCasa-
grande,op. Cit., pp. 5-6.
31 DecretoLey NQ 19400,Organizaciones 9 de mayode 1972.
Agrarias,
32 Ver punto111.4.
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850 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIA Y COOPERATIVISAIO 851
81 ibid.,pp. 57-58.
82 ibid., p. 59.
83 JoseGalvezMontoya, El ExcedenteEconomicoy el ConsumoSuperfluoen la Coo-
perativaCasa GrandeLtda.No. 32 tesisde bachiller,Trujillo,1974,pp. 85-96.
84 ibid., p. 73.
85 ver cuadro No. 4.
86 bid.
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852 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
107 Ibid.
108 Ibid., pp. 129-130.
109 Ibid.
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 853
BIBLIOGRAFIA
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854 REVISTA MEXICANA DE SOCIOLOGIA
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REFORMA AGRARIAY COOPERATIVISMO 855
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856 REVISTA MIEXICANADE SOCIOLOGiA
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