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RESUMEN SUMMARY
Los polímeros de beta-glucanos que se originan en las Beta-glucan polymers originating from barley endosperm
paredes de las células del endospermo de la cebada son cell walls are one of the major concerns in the brewing
causa de gran preocupación en la industria cervecera. La industry. The amount and molecular weight of β-glucans in
cantidad y el peso molecular de los β-glucanos en la malta malt affect brewhouse extract yield and wort and beer vis-
afectan a las viscosidades del mosto y la cerveza, así como cosities, as well as lautering, diatomaceous earth, and mem-
a la filtración en la cuba filtro y a las filtraciones de cerveza brane filtrations. Barley β-glucans are also associated with
con tierra de diatomeas o por membranas. Los β-glucanos beer hazes. Precipitation and gel formation of β-glucan poly-
de la cebada también tienen que ver con la turbidez en cer- mers can be enhanced by factors such as ethanol concen-
veza. La precipitación o formación de geles de los políme- tration, and freezing and thawing, as well as by turbulent
ros de β-glucano puede ser propiciada por la concentración shear. Understanding the properties and degradation of β-
de etanol y la congelación y descongelación repetidas, glucans and the aggregation mechanisms of these poly-
como también por efectos de cizalladura turbulentos. El mers helps brewers adopt preventative and corrective ope-
conocimiento de las propiedades y los mecanismos de la rations to minimize the β-glucan-related processing difficul-
degradación de los β-glucanos y de la agregación de estos ties.
polímeros ayuda al cervecero a adoptar medidas preventi-
vas y correctivas para minimizar las dificultades en el pro- Keywords: β-glucan, β-glucanase, brewing, degradation,
ceso relacionadas con los β-glucanos. shearing, viscosity
Los beta-glucanos de cebada [(1,3) (1,4)-β-D-glucanos] la filtración (48, 64, 91, 98, 130, 131, 142, 143). Por último,
constituyen el componente principal (70%) de las paredes los β-glucanos, junto a las proteínas, los polifenoles y los
de las células del endospermo (136). Los beta-glucanos pentosanos participan en la formación de turbidez en el
se encuentran unidos entre sí en las paredes de las célu- mosto y la cerveza (47, 64, 82, 89, 99, 118, 159, 167, 168).
las del endospermo (61,136) a través de enlaces de pro- Por ello, el contenido y el tipo de los β-glucanos de cebada
teínas-polisacáridos o enlaces fenol-éster formados entre han sido mencionados como indicadores de la calidad del
las moléculas de proteína, ácido ferúlico y polisacáridos malteado (3, 36, 73, 113, 125).
(23,34, 63,153). La mayoría de la literatura sobre fabrica-
ción cervecera menciona niveles de beta-glucanos de Cabe mencionar que en muchos de los artículos citados en
cebada del 2–6% (p/p) (91). Los niveles de beta-glucanos este informe, los términos “peso molecular” (sin unidad) y
en los mostos de producción y de laboratorio pueden “masa molecular” (típicamente con unidades de kDa) han
alcanzar cifras de 1.290 mg/L, aunque el rango 100–300 sido utilizados indistintamente para indicar el tamaño de los
mg/ l se considera normal. Los niveles de beta-glucanos polímeros. A menudo, las técnicas de filtración/ permeación
en cerveza recogidos en la literatura varían de 0 a 1.152 de gel se emplearon sin calibración universal y los autores
mg/L (91). indican en realidad pesos moleculares relativos. En todo
este artículo, los autores han optado por expresar todos los
Los beta-glucanos reducen el rendimiento en extracto en la tamaños moleculares como un peso molecular (PM).
sala de cocimiento (21, 53, 60, 73, 74, 121), ya que una
degradación defectuosa de los β-glucanos deja almidón y No obstante, los niveles de β-glucanos por sí solos no siem-
proteínas sin convertir en el bagazo (21, 30–32, 132). Estos pre pueden predecir dificultades en los procesos (124,157).
residuos forman una capa de partículas finas que retrasa la Su distribución de PM también es importante. Se ha infor-
filtración (31), lo que lleva a una pérdida aún mayor de mado que los PM de los beta-glucanos en cebada, malta y
extracto. Los beta-glucanos también poseen una influencia cerveza varían de 150.000 a 1.937.000, de 800.000 a
principal sobre las viscosidades aparentes del mosto y de 1.220.000 y de 1.000 a 10.000.000, respectivamente (4, 35,
la cerveza (44,91) lo que, a su vez, afecta al rendimiento en 63, 83, 173). Se cree que la agregación de cadenas mole-
culares es la responsable de algunos de los valores de PM
más elevados registrados en la cerveza. Los beta-glucanos
* Este artículo fue publicado originalmente en Master Brewers Association of de peso molecular elevado (PME) pueden precipitar con
the Americas (MBAA) Technical Quarterly y se republica con el permiso del facilidad tras un tratamiento de congelación-descongela-
MBAA Editorial Commitee. ción, mientras que las fracciones con PM inferiores a
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CERVEZA Y MALTA – 23 – XLII (4), 168, 2005, 23-35
200.000 no precipitan incluso después de procesos de con- en el cual η es la viscosidad
.
aparente (Pa.s), σ es el esfuer-
gelación y descongelación repetidos (83). Recientemente, zo de corte (Pa) y γ es la velocidad de corte (s-1). Para flui-
se ha informado de la existencia de una correlación entre la dos con fluidificación o dilatación por cizalladura, una rela-
concentración de beta-glucanos en cerveza y la filtrabilidad ción potencial rige el comportamiento del flujo,
Vmax, (volumen máximo de cerveza que se puede filtrar a
.
través de un filtro de membrana) (91, 128, 130). Cuando se σ = mγn (2)
examinaron tanto la concentración como el PM medio de los
beta-glucanos para ver sus efectos sobre el valor Vmax, un en la cual m es el coeficiente de consistencia, numérica-
análisis de regresión múltiple reveló que ambos factores son mente idéntico a la viscosidad aparente a 1 s-1 y n es el índi-
importantes a la hora de determinar la filtrabilidad de la cer- ce de comportamiento del flujo. Cuando n < 1, el fluido se
veza (91, 128). comporta como un líquido con fluidificación por cizalladura;
cuando n > 1, el fluido muestra un comportamiento de dila-
El desarrollo y la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías durante tación por cizalladura; y cuando n = 1, el fluido es newto-
las últimas tres décadas han hecho que la comprensión y la niano. Aparte del efecto de la magnitud de la velocidad de
resolución de los problemas relacionados con los β-gluca- corte sobre las viscosidades de los fluidos, la duración del
nos resulten más acuciantes (122). La fabricación de alta corte o cizalla también puede afectar a la viscosidad del
densidad, la utilización de la centrifugación, la filtración de fluido. Los fluidos que pueden mostrar una reducción en la
flujo tangencial y la producción de cervezas ‘dry’ y ‘ice’ pue- viscosidad aparente con cizallamiento continuado a una
den acelerar la formación de precipitados de β-glucanos y velocidad de corte constante reciben el nombre de “fluidos
la colmatación de los filtros de membrana. Este artículo tixotrópicos”. Los β-glucanos de cebada a 0,5% (p/v) en un
resume los conocimientos actuales sobre las propiedades sistema de mosto modelo ha mostrado propiedades ligera-
fisicoquímicas de los β-glucanos de la cebada y su degra- mente tixotrópicas (142).
dación durante el malteado y la fabricación de la cerveza.
Un parámetro importante en relación con la viscosidad de
un polímetro es su viscosidad intrínseca, definida como el
valor de la viscosidad limite a medida que la concentración
se acerca a cero. De acuerdo con la ley de Mark-Houwink
(130), la viscosidad intrínseca de un polímero depende de
la forma y de la deformabilidad de las moléculas,
[η] = KM α (3)
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matography for comparison of molecular weight. Cereal
Chem. 68:530-536. El autor Alex Speers es profesor y director del Departamen-
to de Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentarias en la Universidad
174. Woodward, J. R., Phillips, D. R., and Fincher, G. B. de Dalhousie, Halifax, NS, Canadá, donde imparte las asig-
(1983). Water soluble (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucans from barley naturas de Ciencia de la Cervecería, Ciencias de la Alimen-
tación y Reología. El Dr. Speers se interesa actualmente en
(Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. I. Physicochemical proper-
la investigación de la química física del proceso de fabrica-
ties. Carbohydr. Polym.3:143-156.
ción de la cerveza, incluida la floculación de la levadura y
las propiedades de los polímeros de beta-glucano y arabi-
175. Woodward, J. R., Phillips, D. R., and Fincher, G. B. noxylano (y de los problemas creados por ellos). Ha orga-
(1988). Water soluble (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucans from bar- nización y copresentado talleres sobre fabricación de cer-
ley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. IV. Comparison of veza en Changzhou, China (1997) y Toronto (2002).
40°C and 65°C soluble fractions. Carbohydr. Polym. 8:85-
97. E-mail: Alex.Speers@Dal.Ca