ª

IV dinastía 2655 - de 2484

(Memphis)

Los tiempos de la dinastía IV constituyen sin duda una época de gloria egipcia. La prosperidad está autenticada por muchas tumbas-pirámides monumentales. Un
fundador de esta dinastía poseía suficientes medios para construir hasta tres objetos con ese estilo. Sus sucesores crearon edificios a una escala impresionante, ya en la
antigüedad se los llamaba las Maravillas del Mundo, mientras que muchos de nuestros contemporáneos creen que son creaciones de civilizaciones extraterrestres. La
política económica de ese período se basó de hecho en los recursos naturales de las minas y canteras, así como en la construcción de templos y tumbas. Las campañas de
guerra y comercio, lideradas anteriormente por el faraón Snofru, parecen perder gradualmente su importancia bajo sus sucesores.
Para ver correctamente la transcripción del título de los reyes , descargue e instale la fuente de transliteración.
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26 55 - 2 607 Snefru
2649-2609 (Redford) 2614-2579 (von
Beckerath) 2613-2589 (Shaw) 2600-2555 Hr nb-mAat, nb-mAat snfr = w (i)
(Arnold) 2597-2547 (Dodson) 2575-2551 ( Allen nb-mAat-nbti
) 2573-2549 (Malek) 2543- 2510 (Hornung,
Krauss, Warburton) bik-nbw
... ...
(ni-swt-bit) snfr-w (i), snfrw (Aby.20) , snfr (Tur.3.9) , Soris (Hombre)

buscar en el sitio web : H nb Maat

Horus Nebmaat (Horus, Señor de O f T él Armonía)
( Nombre de Horus )
Hr nb Maat snfrw
Horus Neb Maat Snefru (Horus, Señor O f Harmony,
Snefru)

( Nombre de Nebti ) nb.ti nb Maat

Nebti Nebmaat (las dos damas, Lord O f Harmony)

( Nombre de Golden Horus ) bik nbw

Bik-Nebw (¿El halcón dorado?)

Mesa Abydos
(Nomen)

Canon de Turín snfrw

(nombre) Sn e fru (Él O f Belleza)

(No hombre)

S on del faraón Hu ni y la reina Maresan k h I. Es difícil evaluar la duración precisa de su gobierno. El canónigo de Turín le asigna 24
años, pero algunos estudiosos piensan que, siguiendo el llamado conteo de 24 veces, cada 2 años, Sn e fru había gobernado al menos 48
años, momento en el que también sus actividades de construcción. Comenzó una época de construcción de las pirámides de piedra,
erigió tres de ellas para él, una en M eidum (por algunos atribuidos al faraón Huni) y dos en Dahshur. Según los registros de Palermo
Stone, además de las actividades de construcción y económicas, realizó dos expediciones a Nubia y Libia de donde regresó con miles de
reses y esclavos. También organizó una expedición de ultramar al Líbano en busca de cedro, desde donde 40 barcos cargados con la
madera llegaron a Egipto. Las inscripciones de Wadi Maghara dan evidencia de que todo el Sinaí estaba en ese momento bajo el dominio
egipcio. En los registros históricos sobrevivió la opinión de que Snofru era un gobernante benévolo e inteligente. Se cree que entre sus 12
y 15 años de gobierno por razones políticas trasladó su residencia y necrópolis real al norte de Dahshur donde ordenó construir una
pirámide conocida por nosotros como Bent Pyramid. . Probablemente fue enterrado en la tercera pirámide, construida con piedra
arenisca roja obtenida localmente, llamada Pirámide Roja . A esta regla también se le atribuye una pequeña pirámide en Seila .

Pirámide en Meidum Pirámide doblada en Dahshur Pirámide roja en Dahshur

2 607 - 25 de 73 Kh ufu (Kheops)

2609-2584 (Redford) 2589-2566 (Shaw) 2579-
2556 (von Beckerath) 2555-2520 (Arnold) Hr mDdw, mDd (w)
2551-2528 ( Allen ) 2549-2526 (Malek) 2547- ny-swtbit mDd-r-nbti, mDd-r-nbti
2524 (Dodson) 2509- 2483 (Hornung, Krauss,
Warburton) bikwi-nbw
xwfw
xwi=f-wi-Xnm w (Xnmw-xwi=f-wi) , xwi=f-wi , xfw (Aby.21) , xwfw (Sak.17) , Suphis (Man)
/
 Hr mDdw
Horus Medjedu (Horus Who Strikes)
(Horus Name)
Hr mDd
Horus Medjed (Horus, The One Who Strikes)

mDd r nb.ti
Nebti r Medjed (The One Who Strikes For The Two Ladies)
(Nebti Name)
nsw-bi.ti nb.ti mDd
Nesubiti Nebti Medjed (The King of Upper And Lower
Egypt, The Two Ladies, The One Who Strikes)

(Golden Horus Name) bik.wi nbw(.wi)

Bikui-Nebui (The Two Golden Falcons)

Abydos Table xfw

(Nomen) Khufu (Protected By [Khnum])

Saqqara Table
(Nomen)
xwfw
Khufu (Protected By [Khnum])

(Nomen & Prenomen)

Xnmw xwfw
Khnum Khufu (Protected By Khnum)

xwfwf
Khufuf (Protected By [Khnum])

Son of Snofru by queen Hetepheres I, father of Khafre and Djedefre. He was the builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza. The Turin Canon
records 23 years of rule and Manetho - as many as 63 years. The Palermo Stone mentions only founding of a colossal statue 7 m high
and another one statue of gold. Numerous stories passed on by Herodotus and Westcar papyrus in belletristic manner describe the
times of his rule. The Westcar papyrus, which records coming to the rule of the dynasty V presents Khufu in rather positive light.
Herodotus in turn describes him as a tyrant harassing the people by forcing them to build colossal structures. Historical facts concerning
that period are very scant. His family connections are still under discussion. It is thought that Khufu came to the rule after death of his
step-brother, unknown from name son of Snofru (Kanefer?) buried in M17 mastaba at Maidum. Traces of Khufu’s rule have been found
at Bubastis, Tanis, Buto and Dendera, Koptos and Hierakonpolis. The famous ivory figure representing the ruler was discovered at
Abydos. From the Hat-Nub and Wadi-Hammat quarries are known graffiti dated to the times of Khufu’s rule. There were exploited also
copper and turquoise mines at Synai (Wadi Maghara) and diorite mines near Abu Simbel.

Tiny (3 inch) high ivory sculpture of Khufu's catouche from a builders' graffito found in the relieve chamber over the Small limestone head, probably of king
Khufu found at Abydos King's Chamber in the Great Pyramid (after Lepsius). Khufu

2573 - 2565 Djedefre ( Redjedef )

2584-2576 (Redford)
2566-2558 (Shaw) Hr xpr
2556-2547 (von Beckerath) xpr-m-nbti
2528-2520 (Allen)
2526-2518 (Malek) bikw-nbw
2524-2516 (Dodson) ... ...
2520-2512 (Arnold) Dd=f-ra (ra-Dd=f) (Sak.18) , Ratoises (Man)
2482-2475 (Hornung, Krauss, Warburton)

(Horus Name) Hr xpr

Horus Kheper (Horus Who Is Transformed)

(Nebti Name) nb.ti xpr m

Nebti Kheperem (The One Who Is Transformed Into The/ Two
 Ladies)

(Golden Horus Name) bikw nbw(w)

Bikw-Nebw (The Three Golden Falcons)

Abydos Table
(Nomen)

Dd f ra
Djedefre (Enduring Like Re)
(Nomen)

Son of Khufu, brother of Khafre. According to G. Raisner he was Khufu’s son by his Libyan wife. Djedefre was supposed to murder his
own brother Kuaf (Kewab) and rule 8 years until dethroned. Graffitos in the eastern chamber with boat by Khufu’s pyramid testify that
Djedefre completed his father’s burial which argues with the theory of usurping the rule. Very scant data preserved in annals from
Djedefre times give evidence that he built ships and temples. He started building the mortuary complex and pyramid at Abu Roash,
however it could not be completed due to the short period of his rule (8 years according to the Turin Canon). The pyramid was supposed
to be over 90 m high and 100 m long at its base. Funerary chambers located presently 20 m under the ground level, were constructed
from huge blocks of Aswan granite. It is possible that the king’s sarcophagus still remains under ruins which have never been examined
thoroughly.

Ruin pyramid at Abu Roash Ruin mortuary temple at Abu Roash

2565 - 2525 Khafre ( Khefren )

2576-2551 (Redford)
2558-2532 (Shaw) Hr wsr-ib
2547-2521 (von Beckerath) wsr-m-nbti
2520-2494 (Allen)
2518-2493 (Malek) sxm-bik-nbw , nTr-nbw-sxm
2516-2493 (Dodson) ... ...
2512-2477 (Arnold) xaw=f-ra (Aby.23, Sak.19) , xai=f-ra , wsr-ib xai[=f]-ra , Suphis (Man)
2472-2448 (Hornung, Krauss, Warburton)

(Horus Name) Hr wsr ib

Horus Weserib (Horus Strong Of Heart)

nb.ti wsr m
(Nebti Name) Weser em Nebti (The One Who Is Strong For The Two
Ladies)

(Golden Horus Name) sxm bik nbw (?)

Sekhem Bik Nebu (The Golden Falcon Is Powerful)

(Nomen)
xa f ra
Khafre (Appearing Like Re)

Abydos Table
(Nomen)
xa f ra
Khafre (Re Has Appeared)

(Nomen)
wsr ib xa f ra
Weserib Khafre (Re Has Appeared, Strong Of Heart)

Son of Khufu by queen Henutsen (or another queen of unknown name), might have been the same as Khufukhaf. Manetho regards
Khafre younger brother of Kheops. The Turin Canon gives 20 years of rule (the data is to great extent damaged). Manetho gives 56 (or
66) years. He was builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza and, probably, of Sphinx. A. Mariette discovered in a mortuary temple two
beautiful diorite statues of the ruler. Extremely little is known about political activity of this ruler. There are only few architectural
monuments preserved to date apart from the funerary complex at Giza. After Khafre’s death the rule was held probably by regent, son of
Djedefre – Baka, whereupon Mankaure – son of Khafre ascended the throne.

/
 Second Pyramid at Giza Valley temple at Giza

Ba[w]fre
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
bAw.f ra

Some scholars regard him the king and place between Khafre and Mankaure. In the rock inscription of Wadi Hammat dated back to the Middle Kingdom Bawfre is
recorded as a king and successor of Khafre. Most likely he had never ruled.

Djedefhor
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...

Son of Khufu by queen Meririt. In W. Helck and N. Gimal’s opinion he was a ruler of Egypt, however majority of scholars would not favor the hypothesis of
Djedefhor’s ruling alone. A rock inscription at Wadi Hammamat, dated back to Middle Kingdom period mentions him and Bawfre as Khafre’s successors. There is
also opinion that he was father of queen Khenkawes I, the mother of first pharaohs of dynasty V. Buried in mastaba at Giza.

2525 - 2521 Baka ( Bikare )

2521-2514 (von Beckerath)
2494 - 2490 (Allen) Hr kA-Hr ?
2493-2488 (Malek) ... ...
2477-2472 (Arnold)
2474-2473 (Hornung, Krauss, Warburton)
... ...
... ...
bA(?)-kA(=i) , { bA-kA-ra , sbA-... } , Bicheris (Man)

(Nomen) bA(?)-kA(=i)
Baka (The Soul of Ka)

The eldest son of Djedefre, his name is disclosed by a statue of Abu Rawash and graffito in a dug-out of the north pyramid at Zawijet el-Aryan which possibly
belonged to him. Main problem is the correct reading of a cartouche name found within six ink inscriptions. Whilst the lower (therefore second) hieroglyphic sign is
for sure a Ka-symbol, the early sign is illegible. Unfortunately the excavator, Alessandro Barsanti, made no facsimiles, but slipshod hand-drawings, so that the last
sign remains indefinable. As a consequence, there are several, alternative readings of the cartouche name: Kurt Sethe reads Nebka (His Ka is the Lord), Jean-
Philippe Lauer as Bik-Ka (His Ka is Divine), Peter Kaplony reads Schena-Ka (His Ka is Forceful) and Gaston Maspero reads Nefer-Ka (His Ka is Beautiful).
Beckerath assumes that Baka changed his name into Bakare (Soul and Ka of Re) when he ascended the throne, but then he died surprisingly, leaving an unfinished
tomb shaft. Thus, Beckerath and Reisner read the mysterious name at Zawyet el-Arjan as Ba-Ka (His Ka is His Soul). Aidan Dodson instead sees a sitting Seth-
animal and therefore reads Seth-Ka (Seth is Mine Ka).

2521 - 2493 Menkaure ( Mykerinos )

2551-2523 (Redford)
2532-2503 (Shaw) Hr kA-Xt
2514-2486 (von Beckerath) kA-nbti
2493-2475 (Dodson)
2490-2472 (Allen) nTri-bik-nbw , nTr-nbw- nTri
2488-2460 (Malek) ... ...
2472-2454 (Arnold) mn-kAw-ra (Aby.24) , mn-kA-ra , Mencheres (Man)
2474-2473 (Hornung, Krauss, Warburton)

(Horus Name)
Hr kA xt
Horus Ka Khet (Horus (With) The Body Of A Bull)

(Nebti Name) nb.ti kA

Nebti Ka (The Bull Of The Two Ladies)

(Golden Horus Name) bik nbw nTr

/
 Bik-Nebu Netjer (The Golden Falcon Is Divine)

Abydos Table mn kA.w ra 

(Nomen) Menkaure (Eternal Like The Souls Of Re)

mn kA.w ra
Menkaure (Eternal Like The Souls Of Re)
(Nomen)
mn kA(.w) ra
Menkaure (Eternal Like The Souls Of Re)

Son of Khafre by queen Khemerernebti I, brother and husband of Khemerernrbti II. Turin Canon assigns to him 18 (or 28) years of rule.
Burial place – the third pyramid of Giza. Manetho presents Menkaure (Mencheres) in much more positive light than his predecessors
and gives him 63 years of rule. Apart from magnificent pyramid-tomb at Giza we merely know anything of this ruler. The Pyramid of
Mykerinos is much smaller than those preceding its building. It is 66m high, angle of slope - 51o, length of sides at base – 102 x 105 m.
Sarcophagus had been robbed by R.W. Vyse and sunk with a ship transporting it near coasts of Spain. Vast part of mortuary complex
(lower and upper mortuary temples and a ramp) was completed by Shepseskaf, the son and successor of Menkaure. He was worshipped
after his death as confirmed in decrees issued by Shepseskaf, Nemtiemsaf and Pepi II.

Slate triad representing king and queen

Pyramid of Menkaure at Giza
Khemerernebti II, also like Hathor

2493 - 2486 Shepseskaf

2523-2519 (Redford)
2503-2498 (Shaw) Hr Sps-Xt
2486-2479 (von Beckerath) Sps-nbti
2475-2471 (Dodson)
2472-2467 (Allen) ... ...
2460-2456 (Malek) ... ...
2454-2450 (Arnold) Spss-kA=f (Aby.25) , ni-swt-bit Spss-kA[=f] , Sebercheres (Man)
2441-2436 (Hornung, Krauss, Warburton)

(Horus Name) Hr Sps Xt

Horus Shepseskhet (Horus, Whose Body Is Noble)

(Nebti Name) nb.ti Sps

Nebti Sheps[es] (The Noble One Of The Two Ladies)

(Nomen)
Spss kAf
Shepseskaf (His Soul Is Noble)

Abydos Table Spss kAf 

(Nomen) Shepseskaf (His Soul Is Noble)

nsw-bi.ti Spss kAf

(Nomen) Nesubiti Shepseskaf (The King Of Upper And Lower Egypt,
Shepseskaf)

Son of Menkaure by unknown queen, probably Khemerernebty (2). Turin Canon assigns to him a rule of 4 years while Manetho – 7 years.
The king is also mentioned in Palermo Stone. He completed the funerary complex of Mankaure, the last ruler of the dynasty. He was
probably father of Djedefptah (Tamphtis by Manetho). Burial place – mastaba in Southern Sakkara.

2486 - 2484 Djedefptah ( Tamphthis )

2519-2513 (Redford)
/
 2479-2477 (von Beckerath) ... ...
2467-2465 (Allen) ... ...
2456-2454 (Malek) ... ...
... ...
Tamphtis (Man)

S ome estudiosos creen que fue el último gobernante de esta dinastía. Probablemente era hijo de Shepseskaf. El canónigo de Turín le asigna 2 años de mandato, sin
embargo su nombre no sobrevivió hasta ahora. Manetón, que le da el nombre de Tamphtis, probablemente la forma griega del nombre Ptahdjedef o Djede f ptah, le
da 9 años de gobierno.

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