RESPON IMUNE

CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Immune System

Myeloid Cells Lymphoid Cells

Granulocytic Monocytic T cells B cells NK cells

Neutrophils Macrophages Helper cells

Basophils Kupffer cells Suppressor cells Plasma cells
Eosinophils Dendritic cells Cytotoxic cells
IMMUNE SISTEM

Immune System

Adaptive
Innate
(Specific)
(Nonspecific) o
o 2 line of defense
1 line of defense
Protects/re-exposure

Cellular Components Humoral Components Cellular Components Humoral Components

Interactions between the two systems

IMMUNE SISTEM

biokimia

humoral
IMMUNE SISTEM

1.Sistem imun non-spesifik (natural/innate)

a. Pertahanan fisis dan mekanis
b. Pertahanan biokimia
c. Pertahanan humoral
d. Pertahanan selular
2. Sistem imun spesifik (adaptive/acquired)
a. Sistem imun humoral
b. Sistem imun selular
INNATE HOST DEFENSES
AGAINST INFECTION
• Anatomical barriers
• Mechanical factors
• Biochemical factors
• Biological factors
• Humoral components
• Complement
• Coagulation system
• Cytokines
• Cellular components
• Neutrophils
• Monocytes and macrophages
• NK cells
• Eosinophils
ANATOMICAL BARRIERS -
MECHANICAL FACTORS

System or Organ Cell type Mechanism

Skin Squamous epithelium Physical barrier

Desquamation
Mucous Non-ciliated epithelium Peristalsis
Membranes (e.g. GI tract)
Ciliated epithelium (e.g. Mucociliary
respiratory tract) elevator
Epithelium (e.g. Flushing action of
nasopharynx) tears, saliva,
mucus, urine
MECHANICAL FACTORS

• Pertahanan fisis MUCUS

• Goblet Cell: Secretes mucus.
• GI dan Respiratory Tracts
• Komposisi Mucus
• 1% Mucin
• 1% Free Protein
• 1% Dialyzable Salts
• >95% Water
• Melindungi epithelium dari
stress, kerusakan enzym dan
pertahanan bahan pathogen.
ANATOMICAL BARRIERS -
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

System or Organ Component Mechanism

Skin Sweat Anti-microbial fatty

acids
Mucous HCl (parietal cells) Low pH
Membranes Tears and saliva Lysozyme and
phospholipase A
Defensins (respiratory & Antimicrobial
GI tract)
Sufactants (lung) Opsonin
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

Lysozymes
• 14kDa enzim merusak dinding sel bakteri.
• Bakteri Gram-Positive: Streptococci
• Bakteri Gram-Negative
• Bakteri autolysins
• Bakteri aggregasi
• Blocking bakterial adherence
• Inhibisi produksi asam
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

Lactoferrin : Antiviral Activity

• DNA and RNA viruses are susceptible
• CMV
• HIV
• HSV
• HBV
• HCV
• Rotavirus
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Effective pada infeksi awal
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI)

• Epithelial cells
• SLPI pertahanan mucosa:
• Inflammation
• Menghambat pertumbuhan bacteria, fungi, virus
• Meningkatkan penyembuhan luka
• SLPI menghambat infeksi HIV
• Mechanism belum diketahui???
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

Defensins
• 3-5kDa cationic peptides
• β-defensins-1, -2, -3, -4 dan α-defensin-5.
• Anti-viral activity
ANATOMICAL BARRIERS -
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

System or Organ Component Mechanism

Skin and mucous Normal flora Antimicrobial

membranes substances
Competition for
nutrients and
colonization
INNATE IMMUNITY/NON-SPECIFIC
IMMUNITY
First barrier to microorganism entry : Skin,Mucous membranes, pH,
temperature, Antimicrobial substances
HUMORAL COMPONENTS

Component Mechanism

Complement Lysis of bacteria and some viruses

Opsonin
Increase in vascular permeability
Recruitment and activation of phagocytic cells
Coagulation system Increase vascular permeability
Recruitment of phagocytic cells
Β-lysin from platelets – a cationic detergent
Lactoferrin and Compete with bacteria for iron
transferrin
Lysozyme Breaks down bacterial cell walls

Cytokines Various effects

CELLULAR COMPONENTS

Cell Functions

Neutrophils Phagocytosis and intracellular killing

Inflammation and tissue damage
Macrophages Phagocytosis and intracellular killing
Extracellular killing of infected or altered self
targets
Tissue repair
Antigen presentation for specific immune
response
NK and LAK cells Killing of virus-infected and altered self targets

Eosinophils Killing of certain parasites

 CELLULAR COMPONENTS

a) The phagocyte recognises and binds the microorganism

b) The microorganism is engulfed by the phagocyte
c) The microorganism is degraded inside the phagocyte
faal_imun/ikun/2006 19
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
RESPON IMUN

• Tanggapan sistem imun terhadap konfigurasi asing, setelah

terjadi proses pengenalan oleh sel-sel limfosit.
• Berdasarkan mekanisme dan jenis efektor 2 kategori respon
imun
• Respon imun alami
• Respon imun adaptif
RESPON IMUN ALAMI

• Respon imun alami : respon imun seluler dan respon imun

humoral
• Mekanisme bersifat stereotipik dan tidak spesifik : setiap
paparan antigen berlangsung proses yang sama secara
berulang
RESPON IMUN ALAMI

• Tubuh terpapar oleh antigen asing → terjadi mobilisasi

unsur-unsur fagositik ketempat konfigurasi asing (respon
imun seluler) → menyusul adanya berbagai jenis kerusakan
jaringan → respon imun seluler sistemik : panas, komponen
selular darah
RESPON IMUN ALAMI

• Respon imun humoral

melibatkan bahan yang secara
langsung menghadapi partikel
atau patogen : sistem komplemen
dan interferon
RESPON IMUN ADAPTIF

• Mekanisme bersifat spesifik : diperlukan sel khusus untuk

menghadapi antigen
• Bila respon imun alami dalam upaya melenyapkan antigen
tidak berhasil, maka dilanjutkan oleh respon imun adaptif →
sel fagosit (makrofag) bertindak sebagai APC dan dikenali
oleh sel T dan mengaktivasi sel B
 RESPONS IMUN

1. Respons imun alami

nonspesifik
- ada sejak lahir
- tdk memiliki target tertentu
- terjadi dalam beberapa menit
– jam → Reaksi inflamasi

faal_imun/ikun/2006 30
 RESPONS IMUN

2. Respons imun didapat spesifik

- spesifik untuk jenis tertentu
- respons thd paparan pertama
terjadi dalam beberapa hari,
paparan berikutnya lebih cepat

faal_imun/ikun/2006 31
 Innate and adaptive immunity

Microbe
Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

B lymphocytes Antibodies
Epithelial
barriers

T lymphocytes
Phagocytes Effector T cells

Complement NK cells

Hours Days
0 6 12 1 3 5
Time after infection
 COMPARISON OF INNATE AND
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity

• No time lag • A lag period

• Not antigen specific • Antigen specific

No memory • Development
of memory
INFECTION DAN IMMUNITY

infection immunity

Bolus of infection x virulence

Disease =
immunity
 EFEK SYSTEM IMMUNE

• Menguntungkan:
• Proteksi diri
• Eliminasi

• Merugikan:
• Inflamasi
• Reaksi hypersensitivitas atau autoimun