Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
and Technology
• Learning objectives:
1. DC machinery fundamentals: induced voltage and torque
2. Introduction to DC motors: separately excited dc motors,
shunt dc motors and series dc motors
3. Equivalent circuit, torque-speed characteristics and speed
control. Speed regulation and efficiency of DC motors
4. Introduction to DC generators: separately excited dc
generators, shunt dc generators and equivalent circuit of DC
generators
5. Voltage regulation and efficiency of generators
2
Introduction to DC machines
• DC machines can be used as generators that convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy and as motors
that convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
• The earliest power system were dc systems, but by
1890s ac power systems were clearly winning out over
dc systems due to the invention of transformers.
• Despite this fact, dc motors continued to be a
significant fraction of the machinery since
(1). dc power system supplies are still common in cars,
trucks, and aircraft.
(2). the speed of dc machines can be easily controlled
by power electronics circuits.
3
DC machine
fundamentals
• The fundamental principles involved in the operation of
dc machines are very simple. However, they are usually
somewhat obscured by the complicated construction of
real DC machines.
• To explain the principles of dc
machines, a simple rotating loop
between curved pole faces will
be adopted. Fig. 7-1a shows
this simple dc machine.
• It consists of a single loop of
wire rotating about a fixed axis.
The rotating part is called the
rotor, the stationary part is Fig. 7-1a
called the stator. 4
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
• The magnetic field for the machine is supplied by
the magnetic north and south poles shown on the
stator in Fig.7-1.
Top view
for a loop
of wire
Fig.7-1
Perspective view 5
Front view
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The voltage induced in a rotating loop
• If this DC machine is used as a generator, the rotor is rotated
and a voltage will be induced in the loop of wire. To determine
the magnitude and shape of the voltage, we examine Fig. 7-2.
• The loop of wire is rectangular,
with sides ab and cd perpendicular
to the plane of the page and with
sides bc and da parallel to the
N S
plane of the page.
• The magnetic field is constant and
perpendicular to the surface of the
Fig. 7-2 rotor everywhere under the pole
faces and rapidly falls to zero
beyond the edges of the poles.
6
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The voltage induced in a rotating loop
• To determine the total voltage etot on the loop, we
examine each segment of the loop separately and
sum the resulting voltages. The voltage on each
segment is given by eq. (1-45)
eind (V B) l (1-45)
• Segment ab.
eba (V B) l (7-1)
vBl (X) Positive into page under pole faces
0 Beyond pole edges
• Segment bc. N S
ecb 0 (7-2) 7
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The voltage induced in a rotating loop
• Segment cd.
edc (V B ) l (7-3)
VBl ( ) Positive out of page under pole faces
0 Beyond pole edges
• Segment da.
ead 0 (7-4)
• The total induced voltage eind on N S
N S
Fig. 7-3
9
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The voltage induced in a rotating loop
V r
Fig. 7-4 10
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The voltage induced in a rotating loop
V r eind 2VBl
where r is the radius from an (7-5)
axis of rotation out to the edge
of the loop and ω is the angular
velocity of the loop.
• Substituting this expression into eq. (7-5) gives,
Under pole 2
2rlB faces Ap B Under pole faces
eind eind
0 Beyond 0
pole edges Beyond pole edges
13
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-Getting DC voltage out of the rotating loop
• One way to produce DC is shown in Fig. 7-5a,
where two semicircular conducting
segments (commutators or slip rings) are
added to the end of the loop, and two fixed
contacts (brushes) are set up to produce DC
(see Fig. 7-5b).
Fig. 7-5b
14
Fig. 7-5a
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The induced torque in the rotating loop
• If this DC machine is used as a motor, a battery supplies
power to the machine, the resulting configuration is shown
in Fig. 7-6. To determine the torque, look at the close-up of
the loop shown in Fig. 7-6b.
15
Fig. 7-6
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The induced torque in the rotating loop
• The force on a segment of the loop is given by equation
(1-43) and the torque on the segment of the loop is
given by F i(l B) (1-43)
r F rF sin (1-6)
where θ is the angle between r and F.
• This torque is essentially zero
whenever the loop is beyond
the pole edges. While the loop
is under the pole faces, the
torque can be found from each
segment of the loop and then
sum the effects of all the
individual segments (Fig.7-6a). Fig.7-6a 16
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The induced torque in the rotating loop
1. Segment ab. Fab i(l B) ilB (7-7)
Counter-clockwise (CCW)
Since l is parallel to B
bc 0 (7-10)
17
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The induced torque in the rotating loop
3. Segment cd. Fcd i(l B) ilB (7-11)
Counter-clockwise (CCW)
Since l is parallel to B
da 0 (7-14)
18
DC machines fundamentals (cont.)
-The induced torque in the rotating loop
• The resulting total induced torque on the loop is
given by ind ab bc cd da
22
Introduction to DC motors
(cont.)
• The basic structure of a real motor is similar to the one
shown in the following Fig. The motor has two separate
circuits. One is the field winding circuits which surround
each pole and are normally in series. These field windings
will produce the magnetic flux () for this DC motor.
• The other is the armature circuits
which convey the power or current
(IA) to the brushes and then to the
rotor, converting electrical power
into mechanical power.
23
http://zeva.com.au/Tech/Motors/
http://www.electrical4u.com/working-or-operating-principle-of-dc-motor/
The equivalent circuit of a DC
motor-armature circuit
• The equivalent circuit of a dc motor is shown in Fig. 8-2, an
ideal voltage source EA and a resistor RA represents an
armature circuit, which is Thevenin equivalent of the entire
rotor structure. Vbrush is the brush voltage drop which is ignored
later.
24
Fig. 8-2
The equivalent circuit of a DC
motor (cont.)-field circuit
• RF and LF represent the resistance and inductance
of field coils. The Field coils produce the magnetic
flux (field) for the DC motor. The separate resistor
Radj represents an external variable resistor used
to control the amount of current in the field circuit.
25
The equivalent circuit of a DC
motor (cont.)
• As we learn before, the internal generated voltage (back
EMF) in the DC motor depends on three factors: 1. the flux
in the machine, 2. the speed of rotation, 3. a constant
representing the construction of the machine, which is
given by the equation 2
E A K (7-38) eind
0
• The induced torque developed by the motor (also called as
a driving torque) depends on three factors too: 1. the flux
in the machine, 2. the current in the machine, 3. a constant
representing the construction of the machine, which is
given by the equation 2
i
ind KI A (7-49) ind
0
26
The equivalent circuit of a DC
motor (cont.)
• These two equations as well as Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL) of armature circuit and
field winding circuit (or the machine’s E A K
magnetization curve (nonlinear)) are the
tools necessary to analyze behaviors and
performances of a DC motor.
ind KI A
• The internal generated voltage (back
EMF) EA of a DC motor is directly
proportional to the flux in the machine and
the rotation speed of the machine.
• How is the internal generated voltage
(back EMF) related to the field current in
the machine?
27
The equivalent circuit of a DC
motor (cont.)
• The field current flowing through the fielding windings
produces a magnetic flux (field) using magnetomotive force
(MMF) given by F=NFIF , where NF is the number of turns of
fielding winding. This MMF produces a flux in the machine in
accordance with its magnetization curve (Fig. 8-3).
F=NFIF=RФ
Fig. 8-3
28
The equivalent circuit of a DC
motor (cont.)
• Since the field current is directly proportional to the
MMF (F=NFIF) and EA is directly proportional to the
flux (Ф) for the given speed, the magnetization
curve is normally presented as a plot of EA versus
field current IF for a given speed 0 (see Fig. 8-4).
E A K
Fig. 8-4 29
Equivalent circuits of separately
excited and shunt DC motors
• The equivalent circuit of a
separately excited dc
motor is shown in Fig. 8-5a.
The field circuit is supplied
from a separate constant-
voltage power supply (VF).
• The equivalent circuit of a
shunt dc motor is shown in
Fig. 8-5b. The field circuit
gets its power directly
across the armature
terminals of a motor. Fig. 8-5
30
The terminal characteristic (speed
versus torque) of a shunt DC motor
• The terminal characteristics of a shunt DC motor is a plot of
the shaft (load) torque versus speed. Suppose that the
load on the shaft of a shunt motor is suddenly increased,
load ind load
E A ( K )
I A (VT E A ) / RA
ind KI A ind load
at low speed
31
The terminal characteristic (speed versus
torque) of a shunt DC motor (cont.)
• Mathematically, its terminal characteristic can be
derived from the induced voltage and torque
equations of the motor plus KVL voltage law.
VT E A I A R A (8-3)
VT K I A R A (8-4)
ind
ind KI A I A (8-5)
K
ind
VT K RA (8-6)
K
VT RA
K ( K ) 2 ind (8-7)
32
The terminal characteristic (speed versus
torque) of a shunt DC motor (cont.)
VT RA
K ( K ) 2 ind
(a) If IL=100A,
VT 250
IF 5 A,
RF 50
I A I L I F 100 5 95 A
35
E A VT I A RA 250 95 0.06 244.3V
Example 8-1 (cont.)
E A2 244.3
n2 n1 1200 1173r / min
E A1 250
(b) If IL=200A,
I A I L I F 200 5 195 A
E A VT I A RA 250 195 0.06 238.3V
E 238.3
n2 A2 n1 1200 1144r / min
E A1 250
(c) If IL=300A,
I A I L I F 300 5 295 A
E A VT I A RA 250 295 0.06 232.3V
E A2 232.3
n2 n1 1200 1115r / min
E A1 250
36
Example 8-1 (cont.)
(d) To plot the terminal (output) characteristics of this motor, it
is necessary to find the torque corresponding to each value
of speed. At no load, the induced torque is zero. The
induced torque for any other loads can be found from the
fact that power converted in a DC motor is
Pconv E A I A ind (7-55, 7-56)
EAI A
ind (8-10)
EAI A 244.3 95
ind 190 N m
1173(2 ) / 60
E I 238.3 195 Fig. 8-8
ind A A 388 N m
1144(2 ) / 60
E I 232.3 295
ind A A 587 N m
1115(2 ) / 60
Fig. 8-8 show these results. 37
Speed control of DC motors
• There are two common methods and one less common
method to control the speed of motors.
E A K
VT RA
ind KI A
Two common methods are K ( K ) 2 ind
41
Speed control of shunt
DC motors (cont.)
• The effect of increasing the field resistance RF
on the terminal characteristic of a shunt DC motor
is shown in Fig. 8-12a. V
T
RA
K ( K ) 2
ind
• As the field resistance RF
increases, the field current
reduces and magnetic flux in the
machines decreases, it can be
seen from the figure that the no-
load speed of the motor increases,
while the slope of the torque-
speed curve becomes steeper.
• Naturally, decreasing RF would
reverse the whole process, and
the speed of the motor would
drop. Fig. 8-12a 42
Speed control of shunt
DC motors (cont.)
• In the very low speed, an increase in field
resistance will actually decrease the speed of the
motor, as shown in Fig. 8-12b.
• The reason is that the
increase in armature
current caused by EA is no
longer large enough to
compensate the decrease
in flux in the induced torque
equation in very low speed.
• In this very low speed,
the armature voltage
method should be used
Fig. 8-12b ind ( K I A ) to control the speed. 43
Speed control of separately
excited DC motors (cont.)
• Changing the armature
voltage without
changing the voltage
applied to the field.
• A connection is similar to Fig. 8-13
that in Fig. 8-13.
V A I A ( (V A E A ) / R A )
ind ( KI A )
ind load the motor speeds up.
E A ( K ) I A ( (VT E A )
ind ind load
VT RA
at a higher speed, Fig. 8-14
K ( K ) 2
ind
44
Speed control of DC motors
(cont.)
• Inserting a resistor in series with the armature
circuit, the effect is to drastically increase the slope
of the motor’s torque-speed characteristic, making it
operate more slowly if loaded (Fig. 8-15).
• This fact can be easily seen
from following Eq. using
RA+Rinsert to replace RA.
Fig. 8-15
VT R A Rinsert
ind
K ( K ) 2
RA+Rinsert
• The insertion of a resistor is
very wasteful method of speed
control, it is rarely used. 45
Speed control of DC motors
(cont.)
• If a motor is running at its rated terminal voltage,
power and field current, then it will be running at
rated speed, also known as base speed.
• Field resistance control should be normally used
to regulate speeds of a motor above base speed
while armature voltage control works well only for
speeds below base speed.
• By combining two speed-control techniques in the
same motor, it is possible to get a wide range of
speed variations for DC motors.
46
Example 8-3 E A K
• Fig. 8-17a shows a 100hp, 250V, 1200r/min shunt dc motor
with an armature resistance of 0.03 ohm and a field
resistance of 41.67 ohm. The motor is driving a load with a
line current of 126A and the speed of 1103 rpm. If the
machine’s magnetization curve is shown in Fig. 8-9, what is
the motor’s speed if the field resistance raises to 50 ohm?
To simplify the problem,
assume that the amount of
armature current drawn by
the motor remains constant
when the field resistance
increases (the rotational
losses can be ignored).
47
Fig. 8-17a
Example 8-3 (cont.)
VT 250
I F1 6A
RF 1 41.67
I A1 I L1 I F 1 126 6 120 A
E A1 VT I A1 RA 250 120(0.03)
246.4V
VT 250
IF2 5A K2n2 2n2
RF 2 50 1 1
K1n1 1n1
E A2 K2n2
1
E A1 K1n1 n2 n1
2
Since the armature current
is assumed to be constant, now we need find the ratio
of magnetic fluxes under
E A VT I A RA E A2 E A1 different field currents. 48
Example 8-3 (cont.)
• A magnetization curve is a plot of EA versus IF for a given
speed (n=1103 rpm). Since the value of EA on the curve are
directly proportional to the flux, the ratio of the internal
generated voltages which can be read from curve is equal
to the ratio of the fluxes within the machine (see Fig. 8-9).
I F1 6 A E A01 268V
I F 2 5 A E A02 250V n=1103 rpm
1 E A01 268
1.076 E A K
2 E A02 250
1 Fig.8-9
n2 n1 1.076 1103
2
1187r / min . 49
Note: if machine’s magnetization curve is linear, what is speed?
Example 8-4
• The motor in previous example is now connected separately
excited, as shown in Fig. 8-17b. The motor is initially
running with VA=250V, IA=120A, and n=1103 rpm, while
supplying a constant-torque load. What will be the speed
of this motor if VA is reduced to 200V?
• Solutions:
E A1 VT1 I A RA 250 120(0.03) 246.4V
Since the torque is constant
and flux is constant, IA is
constant too ( ind KI A ).
E A2 VT 2 I A RA 200 120(0.03) 196.4V
E A2 K2n2 n2 E 196.4
n2 A2 n1 1103 879r / min . Fig. 8-17b
E A1 K1n1 n1 E A1 246.4
50
Notes for examples 8-3 and 4 (cont.)
VT RA
K ( K ) 2 ind
51
The permanent-magnet
DC motor
• A permanent-magnet dc (PMDC) motor is a dc motor
whose magnetic poles are made of permanent
magnets. They offer a number of benefits compared
with shunt DC motors in some applications.
• Since there is no external field circuit, they do not
have copper losses in field circuit. Thus, they can be
made smaller in size with higher efficiency.
• PMDC motors are widely used in smaller fractional
and sub-fractional-horsepower motor sizes (e.g. 1/4,
1/6, 1/8, 1/10, 1/15, 1/25 Hp (1Hp=746W) ), where the
expense and space of a separate field circuit can
not be justified. 52
The permanent-magnet
DC motor (cont.)
• The disadvantages are that permanent magnets can
not produce as high flux density as an externally
supplied shunt field and thus lower induced torque.
• PMDC motors run the risk of demagnetization (for
example, lose magnetism at curie temperature).
Demagnetization may also be caused by excessive
heating which can occur during prolonged periods of
overload.
• The PMDC motor is basically the same machine as
a shunt DC motor, except that the flux is produced
by permanent magnet and fixed. The speed control
can be done only by changing armature voltage or
inserting armature resistance. 53
Armature reaction
• In a dc machine, when a
current will flow into its
armature windings.
• This current will produce a
magnetic field of its own,
which will distort the original
magnetic field from the
machine’s magnetic poles.
• This distortion of the flux in a
machine is called armature
reaction.
Armature reaction
(cont.) Fig 8-23
Fig. 8-20
Fig. 8-29
Fig.8-28 62
DC motor efficiency calculations
• To calculate the efficiency of a dc motor, the
following losses must be determined:
1. Copper losses: they are the I2R losses in the
armature and field circuits of the motor. They
are given by
Armature loss: PA I A RA
2 (7-52)
Field loss: PF I F2 RF (7-53)
2. Brush drop losses: they are just the product of
the brush voltage drop VBD and the armature
current IA. P V I
BD BD A (7-54)
63
DC motor efficiency calculations (cont.)
3. Core losses: the core losses are the hysteresis
losses and eddy current losses occurring in the
core (metal) of the motor. These losses vary as the
1.5th power of the speed of rotation for the rotor.
4. Mechanical losses: in a dc machine they are the
losses associated with mechanical effects. There
are two basic types of mechanical losses:
(a). Friction losses, they are caused by the friction
of the bearings in the machine.
(b). Windage losses, they are caused by the
friction between the moving parts of the machine
and the air inside the motor’s casing.
These losses vary as the cube of the speed of
rotation. 64
DC motor efficiency calculations
(cont.)
• Mechanical and core losses can be determined
as follows:
• if the motor is allowed to turn freely at no load
and at rated speed, then there is no output power
from the machine.
• Therefore, the mechanical and core losses can
be obtained by the difference between the
copper losses and input power, and also called
no-load rotational losses.
5. Stray losses: they can not be placed in any one
of the previous categories of the losses. For most
DC machines, they are taken by convention to be
1 percent of input power.
65
DC motor efficiency calculations
(cont.)
• The power flow diagram: one of the most convenient
techniques to account for power losses in a machine is the
power-flow diagram. A power-flow diagram for a dc motor
is shown in Fig. 7-39b.
Fig. 7-39b
• The efficiency of a dc motor is defined by the equation
Pout Pout Pin Ploss
100% (8-50) 100% (8-51)
Pin Pout Ploss Pin
66
Example 8-8
70
Introduction to DC generators
• DC generators are dc machines used as
generators. There are three major types of dc
generators, classified according to the manner
in which their field flux is produced.
1. Separately excited generator, the field flux is
supplied by a separate power source
independent of the generator itself.
2. Shunt generator, the field flux is supplied by
connecting the field circuit directly across the
terminals of the generator (Permanent-magnet
dc generator (PMDG) belong to this category,
the only difference is the field flux supplied by
a permanent magnet.
71
Introduction to DC generators
(cont.)
• These various types of dc generators differ in their
terminal (voltage-current) characteristics, therefore
they will be applied to which they are suited. DC
generators are compared by their voltages, power
ratings, efficiencies, and voltage regulations.
• Voltage regulation (VR) is defined by the equation
Vnl V fl
VR 100% (8-39)
V fl
where Vnl is the no-load terminal voltage of the
generator and Vfl is the full-load terminal voltage of
the generator.
72
Introduction to DC generators
(cont.)
• It is a rough measure of the shape of the generator’s
voltage-current characteristic— a positive voltage
regulation means a drooping characteristics, and a
negative voltage regulation means a rising
characteristic.
• All generators are driven by a source of mechanical
power, which is usually called the prime mover of
the generator. A prime mover for a dc generator
may be a steam turbine, a diesel engine, or even an
electric motor.
• Since the speed of the prime mover affects the
output voltage of a generator, it will be assumed to
be constant unless otherwise specified. 73
Introduction to DC generators
(cont.)
• DC generators are quite rare in modern power systems. If
the DC power is required, we can use AC generators plus
rectifiers to produce dc power.
• The equivalent
circuit of a dc
generator is shown
in Fig. 8-43. they
look similar to the
equivalent circuits of
a dc motor, except
that the direction of
current flow is
Fig. 8-43 reversed.
74
The separately excited
generator
• A separately excited dc generator is a generator
whose field current is supplied by a separate
external dc voltage source. The equivalent circuit of
such a generator is shown in Fig. 8-44.
• In this circuit, the voltage VT
represents the actual voltage
measured at the terminals of
the generator, and the current
IL represents the current
flowing in the lines connected
Fig. 8-44 to the terminals.
75
The separately excited
generator (cont.)
• The terminal characteristic
of a separately excited DC
generator is a plot of its
terminal voltage and line
current for a constant
speed.
• It can be seen from the Fig. that
I A IL (8-40)
• By KVL, the terminal voltage is
VT E A I A RA (8-41) Fig 8-45a
Fig 8-45a shows the terminal characteristic of a dc generator.76
The separately excited
generator (cont.)
• Control of terminal voltage: the terminal voltage of
a separately excited dc generator can be controlled
by changing the internal generated voltage EA of
the machine.
• By KVL,VT EA I A RA , so if EA increases, VT will
increase, and if EA decreases, VT will decrease.
Since the internal generated voltage EA is given by
the equation E A K , there are two possible
methods to control the voltage of this generator:
1. Change the speed of rotation. If increases, then
E A K increases, so VT E A I A RA
increases too.
77
The separately excited
generator (cont.)
2. Change the field current, if RF decreases,
then the field current increases I F (VF / RF ) .
Therefore, the flux in the machine
increases. As the flux rises, EA ( K )
must rise too, so VT ( EA I A RA )
increases.
• In many applications, the speed range of the
prime mover is quite limited, so the terminal
voltage is most commonly controlled by
changing the field current (E A K ).
78
The separately excited
generator (cont.)
VT ( E A I ARA )
E A K
Fig. 8-46a
• A separately excited generator driving
a resistive load is shown in Fig. 8-46a.
• Fig.8-46b shows the effect of a
decrease in field resistance and hence
the increase in flux on the terminal
voltage of the generator when it is
operating under a load.
Fig. 8-46b 79
The shunt DC generator
• A shunt dc generator supplies its own field current by having
its field connected directly across the terminals of the
machine.
• The equivalent circuit of a shunt dc generator is shown in
Fig. 8-49. In this circuit, the armature current of the machine
supplies both the field circuit and load attached to the
machine:
I A IF IL (8-44)
VT E A I A RA (8-45) 80
80
Fig. 8-49
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
• This type of generator has a
distinct advantage over the
separately excited dc
generator in that no external
power supply is required
for the field circuit.
• But that leaves an important
question unanswered: if the
generator supplies its own
field current, how does it get
the initial field flux to start
when it is first turned on?
81
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
• Voltage buildup in a shunt generator
• Assume that the generator in Fig. has
no load connected to it and that the
prime mover starts to turn the shaft of
the generator. How does an initial
voltage appear at the terminals of the
machine?
• The voltage buildup in a DC generator
depends on the presence of a residual
flux in the poles of the generator.
• When a generator first starts to turn, an internal voltage will
be generated which is given by
E A Kres 82
The shunt DC generator
(cont.) E A Kres
• This voltage (EA) appears at the terminals of the
generator (it may only be a volt or two). But when
that voltage appears the terminals, it causes a
current to flow in the generator’s field coil (IF=VT/RF)
• This field current produces a MMF in
the poles, which increases the flux
in the magnetic poles.
• The increase in magnetic flux
causes an increase in EA , which
increases the terminal VT.
• When VT rises, IF increases further,
increasing the magnetic flux more,
which in turn increases EA. 83
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
• This voltage buildup behavior
is shown in Fig. 8-50.
• Notice that it is the effect of
magnetic saturation in the
magnetic pole faces which
eventually limits the terminal Fig. 8-50
voltage of the generator.
• Fig. shows the voltage
buildup as if it occurred in
discrete step. In a real
generator, both EA and IF
increase simultaneously
until steady-state conditions
are reached. 84
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
• What if a shunt generator is started and no voltage
builds up? There are several possible reasons for
the voltage to fail to build up during starting. Among
them are:
1. There may be no residual magnetic flux in the
generator to start the process. If the residual flux is
zero, then there is no initial EA, and the voltage will
never build up.
2. The direction of rotation of the generator may have
been reversed, or the connection of the field may
have been reversed. In either case, the residual flux
produces an internal generated voltage EA. The
voltage EA produces a field current and thus a flux
opposing a residual flux, instead of adding to it.
85
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
3. The field resistance may be adjusted to a value
greater than the critical resistance (such as R2).
To understand this, refer to the Fig. 8-51.
• Normally, the
shunt generator
will build up its
voltage to the
point where the
magnetization
curve intersects Fig. 8-51
the field
resistance line. 86
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
• If the filed resistance has the value shown at R2 in the Fig.,
its line is nearly parallel to the magnetization curve. At this
resistance, the voltage of generator can fluctuate very
widely with only tiny changes in RF or IF. This value of the
resistance is called the critical resistance.
• If RF exceeds the
critical resistance (as
at R3 in the Fig.), then
steady-state operating
voltage is essentially at
the residual level, and it
never builds up. The
solution to this problem
is to reduce RF .
87
The shunt DC generator
(cont.)
Fig. 8-54 VT E A I A RA
E A VT I A RA 94
Efficiency of generators
• Fig. 8-79a shows the power-flow diagram for a dc
generator. In this Fig., mechanical power is the
input into the machine, and then the stray losses,
mechanical losses, and core losses are subtracted.
• After they have been subtracted, the remaining
power is ideally converted from mechanical power
to electrical power at the point labeled PCONV.
PCONV
Fig. 7-39a
95
Efficiency of generators (cont.)
PCONV