Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ACTIVE: PASSIVE:
UPLIFT PRECEEDING RIFTING SUBSIDENCE IS FIRST
EXPRESSION OF RIFTING
GRAVITY SPREADING
PURE SHEAR: SIMPLE SHEAR:
ASTHENOSPHERE DIAPIRISM
UNIFORM EXTN.
UNIFORM EXTN. WITH
INDUCED MANLE CONVECTION
NON-UNIFORM EXTN.
CONTINUOUS DISCONTINUOUS
SUBSIDENCE MECHANISM
CRUSTAL THINNING: Extensional stretching along primordial shear
zones(Figs. 4&5)
MANTLE-LITHOSPHERE THICKENING: Cooling of lithosphere following
rise of asthenosphere.
SEDIMENTARY & VOLCANIC LOADING: Local isostatic compensation of
crust and regional lithospheric flexure during sedimentation & volcanism.
TECTONIC LOADING: Local isostatic compensation of crust during
overthrusting.
SUB-CRUSTAL LOADING: Lithospheric flexure during underthrusting of
dense lithosphere.
ASTHENOSPHERIC FLOW: Dynamic effects of asthenospheric flow due to
descent or delamination of subducted lithosphere – crustal under-plating.
CRUSTAL DENSIFICATION: Increased density of crust due to PT change
and/or emplacement of higher density melts into lower density crust.
INTRA-CONTINETAL BASINS
Sag basins (Fig.11) are formed by sagging of continental
crusts due to crustal distension by far field deviatorial
stress. Subsidence could be caused by : (i) Increase in
crustal density by eclogite phase transformation, (ii) Pre-
break up crustal distension by impingement of thermal
plume, (iii) Thermal metamorphism of the lower crust,
(iv) Mechanical subsidence by isostatic compensation, (v)
Thermal subsidence (vi) Tectonic reactivation of older
structure, (vii) Changes in intra-plate stress, (viii)
Thermal subsidence following intrusion and cooling, and
(ix) Subsidence caused by tectonic events at adjacent plate
margin.
Rift related sag basins may be asymmetric with
boundary faults developing Interior Fracture basin.
These basins are aborted rifts in continental set up .
Sag basins developed by pre-break up distension of
continental crust may develop into interior fracture
basin before rift failure.
Sag basins are favourable habitat for
hydrocarbons depending on the environment of
deposition, sediment heterogeneity, subsidence and
thermal history.
RIFTBASINS
Intra-continental rifting leading to break up of continent
and spreading of ocean generally takes place along the
ancient orogenic belts / paleo-sutures (Fig.4) due to
crustal extension & thinning as a result of the rise of
volcanic plume from upper mantle or uparching of
mantle (active rifting depending on the convecting
asthenosphere, Fig.5).
Two main rifting mechanism: active and passive rifting
(Fig 6 & Table 3).
The struactural style depends on mode of rift
propagation by stress adjustment through transfer zones
(Fig.7).
Pericratonic rifts are located at the contnental margins
or as shelfal horst-graben complex, after successful
rifting of the continent and spreading of proto-oceanic
trough (Fig. 8 A-C).
Intra-cratonic rifts develop within continental crust forming
rift valleys, e.g., Gondwana basins.
Failed rifts are aborted arm of rrr-triple junction after
successful rifting along other two arms leading to separation of
continents and creation of proto-oceanic troughs (Fig.8C).
Aulacogens are former failed rifts (Fig.9) at high angles to
continental margins which have been reactivated during
convergent tectonics, so that they are at high angles or
orhtogonal to the orogenic belts.
Miogeoclinal prisms include proximal ocean floor, continental
slopes & rises – continental embankments (Fig. 8 D-F).
Basins adjacent to the emerging mid-oceanic ridges are Active
Ocean basins. In fossil rifts aborted after initial spreading of the
oceanic crust, such basins are called Dormant Ocean basins.
PETROLEUM HABITAT OF RIFT BASINS