Dignity and Rights of The Sewerage

THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA JUDGEMENT
Delhi Jal Board Versus National Campaign for Dignity and

Rights of the Sewerage and Allied Workers & Others
Dignity and Rights of the Sewerage

and Allied Workers
Compiled and Edited by

Sarita Bhoi
New Delhi
2011
Human Rights Law Network
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
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Title: Dignity and Rights of Sewerage and Allied Workers

September 2011
Compiled and Edited by: Sarita Bhoi
Translation of Introduction: Suresh Nautiyal
Translation of HC Judgement: Anant Asthana
Translation of SC Judgement: Rajendra S Rawat
Design: Birendra K. Gupta
Pictures: Hilaans Nautiyal and NCDRSAW
Printed at: Shivam Sundaram, Green Park, New Delhi-110065
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Supported by:
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National Campaign for Dignity and Rights of Sewerage and Allied Workers
 All Rajasthan Safai Karmchari Mazdoor Sangathan  Kachara Vahatuk Shramik Sabha
 All Rajasthan Safai Mazdoor Union  Kagaj Patra Kamgar Sangathan
 Asha Vikas Pariyojana  Kamghar Swasthya Suraksha Mandal
Awaz society  Kheda Jila Safai Kamgar Mandal
 Bal Vikas Dhara  Labour Education and Development Society
 Bandhua Mukti Morcha  Lok Raj Sangathan
 Beghar Mazdoor Sangharsh Samiti  Manhole Kamgar Union
 Building and Wood Workers International  Matri Sudha
 Bharatiya Safai Kamgar Union (Gujarat)  MCD Sangharsh Morcha
 Centre for Development  National Campaign for Dalit Human Rights
 Centre for Education and Communication  National Forum for Workers’ Rights
 Dalit Adhikar Shodh Evam Sandarbh Kendra  National Valmiki Veer Dal
 Dalit Uthan Samaj  NDMC Workers’ Federation
 Delhi Asangathit Nirman Mazdoor Union  Nirman Mazdoor Kamgar Sangathan
 Delhi Forces (Neeve)  Nirman Mazdoor Panchayat Sangam
 Delhi Jal Board Sewer Department Mazdoor Sangathan  Rajasthan Nirman Mazdoor Panchayat Sangathan
 Delhi Jal Mal Kamgar Sangharsh Morcha  Safai Karamchari Andolan
 Delhi Multi-storied Building Employees Congress  SAFHAI UP
 Friends of Himalaya  Socialist Front
 Harit Recyclers Association  Swaraj
 Hazard Centre  Safai Kamgar Sangathan
 Himalayee Sanskriti Sarankshan  Sarthak
 Shiksha Sansthan  Sarthak Yuva Sangthan
 Human Rights Law Network  Social Development Society
 Humanitarian and Peace Society  Society for Participatory Development
 Indian Social Institute  SDA
 Institute for Health Equity society  Suraje
 ISHU
NCDARSAW: Phone- 09268532810, Email: ncdarsaw@gmail.com | KSSM: Phone- 09227553191, Email: hp_ahd1@yahoo.
co.in,ncdarsaw@gmail.com | LEDS: Phone- 09968285212, Email: ncdarsaw.delhiunit@gmail.com, leds.jaipur@gmail.com
Contents
Introduction 5
Judgement: Delhi Jal Board Versus NCDRSAW & Others 9
ANNEXURE:
Delhi High Court Judgement: NCDRSAW Versus MCD and Others 47
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Introduction
A number of anti-discrimination statutes and positive

benefit provisions exist in Indian law as safety
measures for the protection of the Dalits, but the
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, provides for fixing
minimum wages for different types of labour and the
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, provides
implementation and enforcement of these laws is poor. for abolition of the bonded labour system and for
Under Article 15 of the Constitution, no citizen shall on release and rehabilitation or freed bonded labourers.
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any There are two important legislations related to Article
or them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction 17, viz, The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, and The
or condition with regard to (a) access to shops, public Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention
restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and
Initially, the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, had
places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out
been enacted to abolish the practice of untouchability
of the State funds or dedicated to the use of general
and social disabilities arising out of it against members
public. “Untouchability” stands abolished under
of the Scheduled Castes. It was amended in 1977 and is
Article 17 and its practice in any form is forbidden and
now known as the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
punishable under law. Special enactments have been
Under the revised Act, the practice of untouchability
made by the central and state governments to protect
was made both cognizable and non-compoundable and
SCs and STs from all forms of exploitation. The SCs/STs
stricter punishment was provided for the offenders. But
constitute major bulk of agricultural and other types of
still, human rights abuses in their most degrading form
unorganised labour and majority of the bonded labour
continue against Dalits. The 1989 enactment is aimed
also belong to SCs and STs.
to prevent and punish State and private actors for
6 DIGNITY AND RIGHTS OF THE SEWERAGE AND ALLIED WORKERS
abuse against the Dalits, and provide for rehabilitation 1.3 million Dalits in India, make their living through
and relief of the victims. And, this is the key legislation, manual scavenging -- a term used to describe the job
which provides protection and rights to the Dalits. of removing human excreta from dry toilets and sewers
using pathetic tools such as thin boards, buckets and
The primary piece of legislation designed to provide
baskets, lined with sacking, carried on the head. In
a measure of protection to the Dalits and to enforce
rural areas mostly women are engaged in this inhuman
their rights, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
occupation.
Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was passed
by Parliament when it became clear that existing laws The Employment of Manual Scavengers and
had not made a dent against the oppression of the Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993,
Dalits by upper castes and by the State apparatus even prescribes punishment to an employer who employs
40 years after Independence. The SC/ST (Prevention manual scavengers and also to those who construct dry
of Atrocities) Act, 1989, though a marvelous piece of latrines. The punishment prescribed is imprisonment
legislation, is seriously underutilised, despite all the talk for up to one year and/or a fine. In cases where the
among some of the so-called upper-caste saying that employees are the members of the Scheduled Caste or
it is being misused. Strenuous documentation by the the Scheduled Tribe, the employers are also liable to
Dalit rights groups have clearly established that the Act prosecution under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
is hardly being used. Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
It is an irony that almost after five decades of India’s The lack of political will and apathy of the State was
Independence, it was in the year 1993 that the Indian clearly visible when it took about four years for the
government passed a law to ban the inhuman and central government to even notify the law in the
degraded practice of manual scavenging. Manual government gazette. Reseach and surveys conducted
scavenging is one of the most extreme forms of by various civil society organisations show that this
caste discrimination and the State’s complicity in its inhuman practices of manual scavenging forcing a
continued practice is not in tune with the basic tenets certain section of the Dalit community is still in practice
of the Indian Constitution. It is estimated that around in many parts of the country where as the institution of
INTRODUCTION 7
State is still in a mode of denial. It is regressive to see the civic agencies also refused to pay any compensation
the Indian Railways as the largest employer of manual and financial benefits to them. In the PIL, these instances
scavengers in the country. The railway ministry claims were highlighted and the Delhi High Court found the
that they are yet to devise modern state-of-the-art situation very grim and pathetic. The Court, therefore,
lavatories to be used in the trains. directed the civic bodies by its order dated 05.04.2008
to forthwith ensure, inter alia, providing free medical
In the year 2007, the National Campaign for Dignity and
care facilities to the sewage workers, payment of
Rights of Sewerage and Allied Workers filed a Public
compensation to the sewage workers, who are suffering
Interest Litigation in the Delhi High Court facilitated
from occupational diseases, payment of compensation
by the Human Rights Law Network, representing the
and statutory dues like provident funds, gratuity, etc.,
millions of scavengers in Delhi, who are employed by
to the dependents of such sewage workers, providing
the government agencies like Delhi Jal Board (the
protective gears and equipment to the workers going
agency which is responsible for water supply and for
down the drain, etc. The Court also directed to pay
liquid waste management), Municipal Corporation
a compensation of Rs. 1 lakh (Rupees one hundred
of Delhi, New Delhi Municipal Council, Delhi State
thousand) to every sewerage worker who lost his/her
Industrial Development Corporation, Central Public
life while performing his/her duties.
Works Department and other civic bodies challenging
their respective roles in risking the lives of scavengers When the hearing progressed, the Court found that
and also not ensuring adequate safety and financial there was very low level of implementation of orders
security to them. and directions of the order dated 05.04.2008 by these
civic bodies. Hence, after considering the affidavits filed
When the case was filed, there were reports coming
by different agencies and the reports submitted by
in regarding the deaths of the scavengers because
the Committee constituted by the Delhi High Court to
of poisonous gases and fumes in the drainage while
see the implementation of its orders, the Court finally
cleaning the same. These scavengers and sewage
took a tough stand and passed the order on 21.04.2008
workers were forced to go into the drains without any
directing the civic bodies to ensure immediate payment
safety equipment and gas cylinders. After their death,
of compensation to the families of the victims through and regularly face the threat of being deprived of
Delhi Legal Aid Services Authority. The Court also their life. The Supreme Court not only directed to pay
enhanced the compensation to some victims to tune higher compensation to the families of the deceased,
of Rs. 1.71 lakhs (Rupees 171 thousand). The Court but also directed the civic bodies to ensure immediate
also issued show cause notices to these civic bodies for compliance of the directions and orders passed by the
initiating contempt of court proceedings. Delhi High Court for ensuring safety and security of the
sewage workers.
Challenging the order dated 21.04.2008 passed by the
Delhi High Court, Delhi Jal Board filed the appeal in The Apex Court dismissed their plea and directed, by its
Supreme Court of India. In the appeal, the civic body order dated 12.07.2011, the civic bodies to ensure the
contended that the High Court overreached its powers immediate implementation of the orders passed by the
while awarding compensation and directing them to Delhi High Court on 05.04.2008, preferably within two
ensure safety and security of the sewerage workers. months and file a compliance report in the Delhi High
Court. The Court also enhanced the compensation to
The Supreme Court of India, on 12.07.2011, passed a
be paid to each of the victims to Rs. 5 lakh (Rupees five
landmark judgement identifying and highlighting the
hundred thousand). The Court remanded the matter
apathy and plight of the disadvantaged sections of
back to the Delhi High Court for further hearing and
the society, particularly the scavengers and sewage
passing appropriate orders.
workers, who risk their lives by going down the drainage
without any safety equipment and security and have It is hoped that proactive judgement like this will ensure
been deprived of fundamental rights to equality, life dignity and rights of the sewerage and allied workers and
and liberty for last more than six decades. bring in a ray of hope for the marginalised community
even in the neo-global economic scenario.
The Court also criticised the government and the
State apparatus on being insensitive to the safety and Sarita Bhoi
wellbeing of those who are, on account of sheer poverty, Divya Jyoti Jaipuriar
compelled to work under most unfavourable conditions Human Rights Law Network
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.5322 OF 2011
(Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 12345 of 2009)
Delhi Jal Board ……Appellant

Versus
National Campaign for Dignity and Rights of Sewerage
and Allied Workers & others ……Respondents
JUDGMENT
G.S. Singhvi, J. been deprived of fundamental rights to equality,

life and liberty for last more than 6 decades. The
1. Leave granted. appeal is also illustrative of how the State apparatus
is insensitive to the safety and well being of those
2. This appeal filed by Delhi Jal Board for setting
who are, on account of sheer poverty, compelled
aside an interlocutory order passed by the Division
to work under most unfavourable conditions and
Bench of the Delhi High Court whereby it has
regularly face the threat of being deprived of their
been directed to deposit Rs.79,000/-with Delhi
life.
High Court Legal Services Committee in addition
to Rs.1.71 lacs already paid to the families of the 3. The laws enacted by Parliament and State
deceased worker, namely, Rajan. He is one of the legislatures provide for payment of compensation
several thousand cases filed by the State and/or its to the legal representatives of those killed in air,
agencies/instrumentalities to challenge the orders rail or motor accident. The legal representatives of
passed by the High Courts for ensuring that the goal a workman, who dies while on duty in a factory/
of justice set out in the preamble to the Constitution industry/establishment get a certain amount of
of India is fulfilled, at least in some measure, for the compensation. Even those who are killed in police
disadvantaged sections of the society who have action get compensation in the form of ex-gratia
announced by the political apparatus of the State. and/or its agencies/instrumentalities on their own
However, neither the law makers nor those who or through the contractors and who get killed due
have been entrusted with the duty of implementing to negligence of the employer do not have the
the laws enacted for welfare of the unorganized means and resources for seeking intervention of
workers have put in place appropriate mechanism the judicial apparatus of the State, the National
for protection of persons employed by or through Campaign for Dignity and Rights of Sewerage and
the contractors to whom services meant to benefit Allied Workers, which is engaged in the welfare of
the public at large are outsourced by the State and/ sewage workers filed Writ Petition No.5232/2007
or its agencies/instrumentalities like the appellant in the Delhi High Court to highlight the plight of
for doing works, which are inherently hazardous sewage workers many of whom died on account
and dangerous to life nor made provision for of contemptuous apathy shown by the public
payment of reasonable compensation in the event authorities and contractors engaged by them and
of death. even private individuals/enterprises in the matter
of providing safety equipments to those who are
4. Since the legal representatives of the persons who
required to work under extremely odd conditions.
work in the sewers laid or maintained by the State
In paragraphs 4 to 6 and 8 of the petition, the
petitioner made the following averments:
“4. That the Petition seeks to highlight the
plight of sewage workers in Delhi. Delhi
generates large quantities of sewage.
At present, the total quantity of sewage
generated is 2871 mld. Delhi Jal Board is
responsible for treatment and disposal of
wastewater through a network of about
5600 km of internal, peripheral and trunk
sewers, for which approximately 5500
sewage workers are employed with Delhi
Jal Board for maintenance of the sewage
system and other related works. The
DELHI JAL BOARD VERSUS NCDRSAW & OTHERS 11
working conditions for sewage workers In 2004 the following deaths took place:
are such that they are not only exposed
to maximum risk against numerous toxic Date Place Number of
and harmful substances, but also they Deaths
face suffocation and accidental deaths, 24 May Wazirpur 3
while working. These workers suffer from 25 May Gautampuri 1
high morality and morbidity due to such
exposure at workplace. Hereto marked 11 June Samaypur 2
and annexed as Annexure P-1 are the July Wazirpur 2
photographs showing the sewage workers
October Rohini 2
of Delhi as photographed by Indian Express.
These photographs tell the sad story of the October Padpadur 2
plight of these workers as of today.
Hereto annexed an (Annexure P-2 is the
5. Scores of sewage/manhole workers die
translated copy of the news article titled
every year doing this work in Delhi. These
‘Thekedaron Ki Laparwahi se ho rahi hain
deaths are rarely documented. On 7.5.07
mauten’ appearing in Navbharat Times on
it was reported by Navbharat Times that
7.05.07.
in 2003 the following deaths of manhole
workers took place: 6. Even in year 2007, on 6.5.07 three sewage
workers Ramemsh, Santosh and Ashish
Date Place Number of while working inside the sewer inhaled
Deaths poisonous gases and died of suffocation.
22 March Brahmpuri 1 Hereto marked and annexed as Annexure
P-3 is the news report appearing in the
23 March Shahdara 2 Times of India dated 7.5.2007. The accident
11 April Shaktinagar 3 took place near Madrasi Nallah in front of
25 June Rithala STP 5 Vijay Enclave, Dabri (South West Delhi).
The claiming work was being done in
July Connaught Place 3 complete violation of the National Human
July Okhla 1 Rights Commission guidelines. The victims
October Uttamnagar 4 worked without any helmet or gas masks,
which are mandatory, as stated by NHRC, for

the kind of work, they were doing. Neither
there was any first aid kit with the workers nor
artificial respirators and portable ladders were
made available to them by the contractors.
Apparently contractors violated all the rules
and guidelines.
8. That, a report has been prepared by Centre
for Education and Communication in
collaboration with Occupational Health &
Safety Management Consultancy Services on
“Health & Safety Status of Sewage Workers in
Delhi”. The report concludes:
“...The workers are suffering from high mortality
and morbidity due to exposure at workplace. 33
workers had died in last 2 years due to accidents
while working on the blocked sewer lines...Fifty-
nine percent of the workers enter underground
sewer manholes more than 10 times a month
and half of them have to work more than 8
hours a day. While working in underground
pipelines, an overwhelming majority of them
have had cuts or injuries, experienced irritation
of eyes and suffered from skin rash. Forty-one
workers have reported syncope, and other 24
reported temporary loss of consciousness. A
little over one-third of the workers had been
immunized against tetanus while none of them
had been vaccinated against hepatitis B.
Approximately 46 percent of workers across
all age group were found to be underweight
according to Body Mass Index (BMI) Special Civil Application No. 8989/2001 – Kamdar
calculation. 37 percent have less Swasthya Suraksha Mandal and Special Civil
hemoglobin than the normal range. More Application No.11706/2004 – the Manhole Workers
than 65 percent have higher eosin Phil Union and Lok Adhikar Sangh and made various
count (6 percent) in spite of having normal
prayers including issue of a mandamus directing the
leukocyte counts (91 percent). None of
respondents to provide every sewage worker with
the samples tested for HBsAg were tested
positive. Results of urine examination protective gears, clothing and equipments in terms
pointed to irreversible damaged done to of the order passed by the Gujarat High Court in the
the body organ system. two Civil Special Applications, pay compensation of
More than 50 percent of the pulmonary Rs.10 lacs to the families of the workers who died
function tests results were abnormal. Chest after entering the manhole for sewage cleaning and
X-rays results further confirmed the loss make provision for comprehensive medical checkup
of functional capacity of the respiratory of all the sewage workers and provide them medical
system of the workers. treatment free of cost along with full wages for the
None of the worker has been given any period of illness.
formal communication by the employer
about the hazard present during the work. 5. After taking cognizance of the averments contained
None has been trained to provide first aid in the writ petition, the Division Bench of the
during any miss-happening.....usage of
other protective gears like gloves, mask, Approximately 46 percent of
and shoes were bare minimum. Even
supply of necessary safety gears was not workers across all age groups
adequate to meet the requirements. were found to be underweight
All daily wagers were getting a wage of
approximately 2950 rupees per months according to Body Mass Index
without any other benefit irrespective of calculation and 37 percent
service period.””
have less hemoglobin than the
The petitioner then referred to order dated
15.6.2006 passed by the Gujarat High Court in normal range
High Court issued notice to the respondents and (b) The services of the sewer workers
also made a request to one of the Judges – Dr. are not to be terminated, either by
Justice S. Muralidhar, to make an attempt to find the respondents or the contractors
out workable solution to the problems faced by engaged by them, during the period of
illness and they shall be treated as if on
sewage workers. The learned Judge heard the
duty and will be paid their wages.
representatives of the writ petitioner, appellant
and other instrumentalities of the State, examined (c) Compensation shall be paid by the
respondents and recoverable from
the documents produced by them and passed
the contractors, if permissible in law,
order dated 5.4.2008 incorporating therein several to all the workmen suffering from
suggestions for protection of the workers engaged in any occupational disease, ailment
cleaning of manhole etc.. The Division Bench of the or accident in accordance with
High Court, considered the suggestions made by Dr. the provisions of the Workmen’s
Justice S. Muralidhar, the affidavits and documents Compensation Act, 1923.
filed by the appellant and the New Delhi Municipal (d) The respondents shall pay on the death
Council and passed detailed order dated 20.8.2008, of any worker, including any contract
paragraphs 9 and 10 of which read as under: worker, an immediate ex-gratia
“9. Having considered the various reports solatium of Rs. One lac with liberty to
made by the concerned agencies and also recover the same from contractors, if
the submissions made by the concerned permissible in law.
agencies and also the submissions made (e) The respondents shall pay / ensure
at the bar, we pass the following interim payment of all statutory dues such as
directions pending final disposal of this writ Provident Fund, Gratuity and Bonus
petition: to all the sewer workers, including
(a) The medical examination and medical contract workers, as applicable in law.
treatment will be given free of charge (f) The respondents shall provide as
to sewer workers and the treatment soon as possible modern protective
will continue for all such workers found equipments to all the sewer workers
to be suffering from an occupational in consultation with the petitioner
disease, ailment or accident until the organization.
workman is cured or until death.
(g) The respondents shall provide soap and (k) The respondents shall authenticate by
oil to all the workmen according to the signing the payment of wages register
present quota, but on monthly basis for contract workers in terms of clause
and not at the end of the year. 5 of the Labour Regulations.
(h) The respondents shall provide (l) The respondents shall submit to this
restrooms and canteens, in accordance court and to the petitioner within
with the DJB model rules, including four weeks from today the full list
therein first-aid facilities, safe drinking of contract workers and contractors
water, washing facilities, latrines and engaged for work relating to the
urinals, shelters, crèches and canteens sewers together with the wages paid to
as set out in the model rules. There such workmen and the number of years
are to be provided at what is known of employment of the workers.
as ‘stores’ which are the places where
the workers assemble to give their
attendance and from where they
depart to their respective work sites.
(i) The respondents shall provide all
workman, including contract workmen,
with an accident-card-cumwage-slip
as set out in clause 8 of the C.P.W.D./
PWD (DA)/Delhi Jal Board Contractors
Labour Regulations (for short “Labour
Regulations”).
(j) The respondents shall provide all
workers, including contract workers,
employment cards as set out in clause
9 of the Labour Regulations and, on
termination of services provide the
contract workers and others with a
service certificate as set out in clause
10 of the Labour Regulations.
(m) The DJB is directed to ensure that the (o) The DJB and NDMC are directed to
ex-gratia payment in case of deaths hold an inquiry into deaths of sewer
of sewer workers has been paid to the workers referred to in paragraphs 15
families of deceased workmen and in and 16 of the written submission of the
case such compensation is not paid, petitioner dated 22nd July, 2008 and
release the same within a period of submit a report to this Court within
eight weeks. a period of eight weeks. If it is found
(n) NDMC is directed to pay ex gratia that the contract workers in question
payment of Rs. one lac each in respect were working under the contractors
of the accident of 7th December, 2003 employed by NDMC/DJB, ex-gratia
where three persons working under the compensation of Rs. One lac shall be
NDMC contractors died, with liberty to released forthwith to the families of the
recover the same from the contractor, if victims subject to right of recovery from
permissible in law. contractors in accordance with law.
(p) The respondents shall place on record
a map showing the areas within the
MCD (1) where no sewage facilities are
available (2) where modern machinery
cannot enter due to narrow lanes or
otherwise (3) the areas serviced by
modern machinery and (4) critical area
where frequent deaths, accidents and
blockages occur, it shall be done within
three months from today.
(q) Lastly, the respondents are directed
to place on record the proposals and
plans to phase out manual work and
replace it with mechanized sewer
cleaning, as envisaged by DJB as well
as NDMC, which shall be done within
three months.
10. In order to ensure the compliance of
the above directions, we constitute a None of the worker has been given
Committee consisting of:
any formal communication by the
(i) Mr. S.R. Shankaran, IAS retired Chief
Secretary to the Government of Tripura, employer about the hazard present
Chairman:
during the work. None has been
(ii) One officer each to be nominated by
NDMC, DDA and DJB respectively, who trained to provide first aid during
shall not be less than the rank of Under
Secretary to the Government of India.
any mishappening...
(iii) Joint Secretary of the Social Welfare occurred within the jurisdiction of appellant – Delhi
Department, Government of NCT of
Jal Board, Delhi Development Authority and Delhi
Delhi to be nominated by the Secretary
of that Department who shall be the State Industrial Development Corporation and two
Convener of the committee. deaths occurred in private farm house – Katyal Farm
House, Bakhtawarpur Road, Narela.
(iv) One representative of the petitioner
organization.” 7. After taking cognizance of the aforesaid report, the
6. While the Committee constituted by the High Division Bench of the High Court directed appellant
Court was examining various issues concerning the -Delhi Jal Board and the Delhi Development
sewage workers including their health and safety, Authority to file their respective affidavits.
Hindustan Times (Metro edition) dated 26.3.2009 Notices were also issued to Delhi State Industrial
reported that as many as 6 sewage workers had died Development Corporation, the owners of private
in Delhi in the month of March 2009 due to inhaling farm house and the police department.
of toxic gasses in the manholes because they did 8. In the affidavit filed by him, Sri Sukhai Ram, Chief
not have protective gears. Two of the workers died Engineer, Delhi Jal Board claimed that the person
in the area of Alipur (Narela), two in the area of who died on 15.3.2009 was a painter and not a
Bawana and one each in Sector 6, Narela and Delhi sewage beldar. He gave out that the victim was
Zoo, Sunder Nagar, New Delhi. Four of these deaths engaged by a subcontractor, namely, Kanta Prasad
who, in turn, had been engaged by M/s. AARSELF Industrial Development Corporation, it was claimed
Michigan-JV, to whom contract was awarded for that the deceased workers were not employed by
rehabilitation of sewer in the zoo area. According or through them. However, during the course of
to Shri Sukhai Ram, the victim fell into the sewer hearing, learned counsel appearing on behalf of
because he became unconscious after inhaling the appellant and other authorities conceded that
the fumes of epoxy. He also stated that a sum of as per the FIRs., the workers had died because they
Rs.1.71 lacs was paid to the family of the victim were not provided with protective gears before
by the contractor. In the affidavits filed on behalf being asked to work in the manholes.
of the Delhi Development and the Delhi State
9. After considering the affidavits filed by the State became unconscious and ultimately declared to
agencies and the arguments made before it, the be dead when he was taken to the hospital. The
Division Bench of the High Court passed order dated other workman was feeling giddy and fell down
and sustained injuries on his face.
21.4.2009 (impugned order), the relevant portions
of which read as under: Learned counsel appearing for the DJB
conceded that protective
“On going through the
equipments were not
FIR, however, it is clearly While the Committee provided by the DJB in
seen that the affidavit
filed on behalf of DJB is constituted by the High Court spite of the directions
issued by this Court vide
completely misleading. was examining various issues order dated 20th August,
It is seen from the FIR
concerning the sewage workers 2008. According to him
that the victim Rajan
the responsibility was of
and another workman,
namely, Raj Kumar went
including their health and safety, the contractor to provide
safety equipments as per
inside the sewer through Hindustan Times reported that the contract. It is clear
stairs. Before going down
they had asked the official as many as six sewage workers that the sewage workers
were left at the mercy of
of the contractor for had died in Delhi in the month the contractor who failed
safety equipments and
of March 2009 due to inhaling to take basic precautions
oxygen masks, but the
resulting in death of
official of the contractor of toxic gasses in the manholes workman Rajan.
did not pay heed to their
requests. It is further because they did not have Insofar as the death
seen from the FIR that that occurred within the
they were working in the
protective gears jurisdiction of DDA, it has
same manner for the last been stated in its affidavit
one week but despite that no work of de-silting
repeated requests made to the contractor they of sewage lines or otherwise was in progress
were not provided with safety equipments and in the concerned division of DDA in which the
oxygen masks. It is further seen that they were accident took place. It was stated that possibly
painting the sewer and due to presence of toxic some local residents had employed a person by
gases and lack of oxygen in the sewer, Rajan
the name Rakesh Kumar on their own to check

the particular manhole, in which the incident
took place. During the course of arguments,
however, learned counsel for DDA conceded
that the affidavit does not reflect the correct
position. He admitted that Rakesh Kumar
Saini was entrusted with the work of desilting
of the sewage lines, but according to him the
contract was completed in December, 2008.
Further, according to him though the contract
provided for a warranty period six months,
the contractor could not have carried out any
further work in the sewage line without prior
permission of the DDA. Counsel states that the
DDA had not provided protective gears and
equipments as directed by this Court because
under the contract it was the responsibility of
the contractor to provide the protective gears
and equipments.
Insofar as DSIDC is concerned, it is seen from
the FIR that four workers were involved in
the incident. Two workers namely, Manpal
and Ram Braj Yadav died while two others
namely, Shyambir Sarvesh and Brajpal Yadav
were injured. They were working under the
contractor engaged by the DSIDC i.e. M/s
Arun Kumar Goel. It is seen from the FIR that
the workers were not provided with protective
gears and safety equipments.
As already noted, two deaths occurred in Katyal
Farms House, Bhaktwarpur Road, Narela. It
is seen from the FIR that the workers who
died while carrying out the work of cleaning
the sewer were employees of the contractor
by name Sunil, engaged by the Farm House
owners. Learned counsel appearing for the farm
house owners state that the owners have paid
a sum of Rs. 1 Lac in ex-gratia to the families of
each of the victims.
At the outset it must be stated that both
DJB and DDA have not complied with the
directions issued by this Court on 20 August,
2008, particularly directions for providing
protective gears and equipment and for issuing
employment cards to the contractor’s workers.
Let notice be issued to the CEO, DJB and the Vice
Chairman, DDA to show cause as why action
for contempt should not be initiated against
them under the Contempt of Courts Act for
violating the directi
th ons issued by this Court vide
order dated 20 thAugust, 2008. Notice shall be
returnable on 27 August, 2009.
DDA and DSIDC are directed to deposit the
amount of compensation of Rs.2.5 lacs per
worker with the Delhi High Court Legal Services
Committee (DHCLSC) for being paid to the
families of the victims within four weeks. It will
be open to the DDA/DSIDC to adjust/recover
the amount paid from the contractor. According
to the DJB, the contractor has already paid a
sum of Rs.1.71 lacs to the victims’ families. DJB
is directed to deposit the balance amount to
compensation i.e. Rs.79,000/-with the DHCLSC the directions issued by this Court from time
within four weeks. DHCLSC will ascertain to time and if there are any shortcomings, to
whether the amount of Rs.1.71 lacs has been specify them and also to give an undertaking in
received by the victims’ families as stated by writing before the Committee that all shortfalls
the DJB. The owners of Katyal Farm House shall be rectified within a period to be fixed
shall deposit a sum of Rs.1.5 lacs per worker, by the Committee. All the three organizations
i.e., in all Rs.3 lacs, with DHCLSC. DHCLSC will are directed to file documents before the
ascertain whether the victims’ families have Committee indicating:
received the amount of Rs. 1 lac as claimed by (i) That all the muster roll workers and the
the farm house owners. contract workers have been provided with
The CEO of DJB, Vice Chairman of DDA and protective gears.
Managing Director of DSIDC are directed (ii) That all the muster roll workers and the
to file their respective affidavits before the contract workers have been provided
Committee within four weeks confirming provident fund.
that their respective affidavits before the
(iii) That all the muster roll workers have been
Committee within four weeks confirming that
given employment card.
their organizations have complied with all
(iv) That medical examination, as directed by been awarded. Learned counsel emphasized that
this Court, is being conducted in respect of as per the terms of the agreement, it was the duty
contract workers free of cost and copies of of the contractor to provide safety equipments to
the medical records may also be furnished the workers engaged in sewage operations and the
to the petitioner union.”
appellant cannot be made liable for the negligence,
10. Learned counsel for the appellant, who had the if any, of the contractor. Learned counsel then
tacit support of the learned counsel representing referred to affidavit dated 18.4.2009 filed by
the Government of National Capital Territory the contractor to show that necessary safety
of Delhi, New Delhi Municipal Council and the equipments were put in place and argued that
Delhi Development Authority, argued that the the appellant and other public authorities cannot
impugned order is liable to be set aside because by be held liable for the accidental deaths. Learned
entertaining the writ petition filed by respondent counsel lastly argued that even if the High Court felt
No.1 in the name of public interest litigation and that it was the responsibility of the appellant and
passing orders dated 20.8.2008 and 21.4.2009, the other public authorities to compensate the victims
High Court transgressed the limits of its jurisdiction of accident, there was no occasion for directing
under Article 226 of the Constitution and usurped issue of notice to the higher functionaries of the
the legislative power of the State. Learned counsel appellant and the Delhi Development Authority
referred to the directions contained in the two to show cause against the proposed initiation of
orders and argued that the High Court does not proceedings under the Contempt of Courts Act,
have the jurisdiction to directly or indirectly alter 1971 (for short, ‘the 1971 Act’) on the ground of
the terms of agreement entered into between alleged violation of the directions contained in
the appellant and the contractor – M/s. AARSELF order dated 20.8.2008.
Michigan-JV. Learned counsel further argued that
11. Shri Colin Gonsalves, learned senior counsel
the High Court committed serious error by directing
appearing for respondent No.1 supported the
the appellant to pay compensation to the family
impugned order and the directions given by the High
of the worker ignoring that he was employed by
Court for ensuring safety of the persons employed
M/s. AARSELF Michigan-JV to whom the contract
by or through the appellant and other State agencies
for rehabilitation of sewer in the zoo area had
for doing hazardous work by asserting that they
cannot be absolved of their liability to compensate consideration:

the victims of accidents merely because the work of (1) Whether the High Court was justified
laying and maintaining the sewage system has been in entertaining the writ petition filed by
outsourced. Learned senior counsel submitted respondent No.1 by way of public interest
that the appellant is really not aggrieved by the litigation for compelling the respondents to take
direction given for payment of compensation, effective measures for safety of sewage workers
but is bothered by the notice issued to its Chief and ordering payment of compensation to the
Executive Officer for initiation of proceedings under families of the victims of accidents taking place
the 1971 Act. He submitted that this Court should during sewage operations,
not entertain the appellant’s grievance against such
(2) Whether the directions given by the High Court
directions because the concerned functionary can
amount to usurpation of the legislative power
show to the High Court that he has not committed
of the State, and
contempt within the meaning of Section 2(b) of the
1971 Act. (3) Whether the High Court was entitled to issue
interim direction for payment of compensation
12. In the light of the arguments made by the learned to the families of deceased workers.
counsel, the following three questions arise for our
For achieving the goals set out in the Preamble, the framers of the
Constitution identified and recognised certain basic rights of the citizens and
individuals and pooled them in Part III, which has the title `Fundamental
Rights’ and simultaneously incorporated Directive Principles of State Policy
which, though not enforceable by any Court are fundamental in governance
of the country and the State is under obligation to comply with the principles
embodied in Part-IV in making laws
Re: Question No.1:
13. At the threshold, we deem it
necessary to erase the impression
and misgivings of some people that by
entertaining petitions filed by social
action groups/activists/workers and
NGOs for espousing the cause of those
who, on account of poverty, illiteracy
and/or ignorance and similar other
handicaps, cannot seek protection
and vindication of their constitutional
and/or legal rights and silently suffer
due to actions and/or omissions of
the State apparatus and/or agencies/
instrumentalities of the State or
even private individuals, the superior 14. For achieving the goals set out in the preamble,
Courts exceed the unwritten boundaries of their the framers of the Constitution identified and
jurisdictions. When the Constitution of India was recognized certain basic rights of the citizens and
adopted, the people of this country resolved individuals and pooled them in Part III, which has
to constitute India into a Sovereign Democratic the title `Fundamental Rights’ and simultaneously
Republic. They also resolved to secure to all its incorporated Directive Principles of State Policy
citizens justice, social, economic and political; which, though not enforceable by any Court are
liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and fundamental in governance of the country and the
worship; equality of status and of opportunity; and State is under obligation to comply with the principles
to promote among them all fraternity assuring the embodied in Part-IV in making laws. Article 38,
dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity which was renumbered as Clause (1) thereof by the
of the nation. Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978
declares that the State shall strive to promote the and humane conditions of work and for maternity
welfare of the people by securing and protecting as relief.
effectively as it may a social order in which justice,
15. In last 63 years, Parliament and State Legislatures
social, economic and political, shall inform all the
have enacted several laws for achieving the goals
institutions of the national life. Clause (2) of this
set out in the preamble but their implementation
Article, which was inserted by the same Amending
has been extremely inadequate and tardy and
Act declares that State shall, in particular, strive to
benefit of welfare measures enshrined in those
minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavour
legislations has not reached millions of poor,
to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and
downtrodden and disadvantaged sections of the
opportunities, not only amongst individuals, but
society and the efforts to bridge the gap between
also amongst groups of people residing in different
the haves and have-nots have not yield the desired
areas or engaged in different vocations. Article
result. The most unfortunate part of the scenario
39(e) mandates that the State shall, in particular,
is that whenever one of the three constituents of
direct its policy towards securing that the health
the State i.e., judiciary, has issued directions for
and strength of workers, men and women, and
ensuring that the right to equality, life and liberty
the tender age of children are not abused and that
no longer remains illusory for those who suffer from
citizens are not forced by economic necessity to
the handicaps of poverty, illiteracy and ignorance
enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
and directions are given for implementation of the
Article 39A which was inserted by the Constitution
laws enacted by the legislature for the benefit of the
(Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 lays down
have-nots, a theoretical debate is started by raising
that the State shall secure that the operation of
the bogey of judicial activism or judicial overreach
the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of
and the orders issued for benefit of the weaker
equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide
sections of the society are invariably subjected to
free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes
challenge in the higher Courts. In large number of
or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities
cases, the sole object of this litigative exercise is to
for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by
tire out those who genuinely espouse the cause of
reason of economic or other disabilities. Article 42
the weak and poor.
enjoins the State to make provision for securing just
traditional litigation which is essentially of an
adversary character where there is a dispute
between two litigating parties, one making
claim or seeking relief against the other and
that other opposing such claim or resisting such
relief. Public interest litigation is brought before
the court not for the purpose of enforcing
the right of one individual against another as
happens in the case of ordinary litigation, but
it is intended to promote and vindicate public
interest which demands that violations of
constitutional or legal rights of large numbers
of people who are poor, ignorant or in a socially
or economically disadvantaged position should
not go unnoticed and unredressed. That would
be destructive of the rule of law which forms
one of the essential elements of public interest
in any democratic form of Government. The
16. This Court has time and again emphasized the
rule of law does not mean that the protection
importance of the petitions filed pro bono publico of the law must be available only to a fortunate
for protection of the rights of less fortunate and few or that the law should be allowed to be
vulnerable sections of the society. In People’s Union prostituted by the vested interests for protecting
for Democratic Rights v. Union of India (1982) 3 and upholding the status quo under the guise
SCC 235, this Court said: of enforcement of their civil and political rights.
“We wish to point out with all the emphasis at our The poor too have civil and political rights and
command that public interest litigation which the rule of law is meant for them also, though
is a strategic arm of the legal aid movement today it exists only on paper and not in reality.
and which is intended to bring justice within If the sugar barons and the alcohol kings have
the reach of the poor masses, who constitute the fundamental right to carry on their business
the low visibility area of humanity, is a totally and to fatten their purses by exploiting the
different kind of litigation from the ordinary consuming public, have the chamars belonging
to the lowest strata of society no fundamental priceless and invaluable as they are for freedom
right to earn an honest living through their and democracy, simply do not exist for the vast
sweat and toil? The former can approach the masses of our people. Large numbers of men,
courts with a formidable army of distinguished women and children who constitute the bulk
lawyers paid in four or five figures per day and of our population are today living a subhuman
if their right to exploit is upheld against the existence in conditions of abject poverty; utter
Government under the label of fundamental grinding poverty has broken their back and
right, the courts are praised for their boldness sapped their moral fibre.
and courage and their independence and They have no faith in the existing social and
fearlessness are applauded and acclaimed. economic system.
Public interest litigation, as we conceive it, is essentially a cooperative

or collaborative effort on the part of the petitioner, the State or public
authority and the court to secure observance of the constitutional or legal
rights, benefits and privileges conferred upon the vulnerable sections of the
community and to reach social justice to them
Public interest litigation, as we conceive it, is

But, if the fundamental right of the poor and
essentially a cooperative or collaborative effort
helpless victims of injustice is sought to be
on the part of the petitioner, the State or public
enforced by public interest litigation, the so-
authority and the court to secure observance
called champions of human rights frown upon
of the constitutional or legal rights, benefits
it as waste of time of the highest court in the
and privileges conferred upon the vulnerable
land, which, according to them, should not
sections of the community and to reach social
engage itself in such small and trifling matters.
justice to them. The State or public authority
Moreover, these self-styled human rights
against whom public interest litigation is
activists forget that civil and political rights,
brought should be as much interested in
ensuring basic human rights, constitutional only these privileged classes which have been
as well as legal, to those who are in a socially able to approach the courts for protecting
and economically disadvantaged position, as their vested interests. It is only the moneyed
the petitioner who brings the public interest who have so far had the golden key to unlock
litigation before the court. The State or public the doors of justice. ………No State has a right
authority which is arrayed as a respondent to tell its citizens that because a large number
in public interest litigation should, in fact, of cases of the rich and the well-to-do are
welcome it, as it would give it an opportunity to pending in our courts, we will not help the poor
right a wrong or to redress an injustice done to to come to the courts for seeking justice until
the poor and weaker sections of the community the staggering load of cases of people who can
whose welfare is and must be the prime concern afford, is disposed of. The time has now come
of the State or the public authority. when the courts must become the courts for
There is a misconception in the minds of some the poor and struggling masses of this country.
lawyers, journalists and men in public life They must shed their character as upholders
that public interest litigation is unnecessarily of the established order and the status quo.
cluttering up the files of the court and adding to They must be sensitised to the need of doing
the already staggering arrears of cases which justice to the large masses of people to whom
are pending for long years and it should not justice has been denied by a cruel and heartless
therefore be encouraged by the court. This is, society for generations. The realisation must
to our mind, a totally perverse view smacking come to them that social justice is the signature
of elitist and status quoist approach. Those who tune of our Constitution and it is their solemn
are decrying public interest litigation do not duty under the Constitution to enforce the
seem to realise that courts are not meant only basic human rights of the poor and vulnerable
for the rich and the well-to-do, for the landlord sections of the community and actively help in
and the gentry, for the business magnate and the realisation of the constitutional goals.”
the industrial tycoon, but they exist also for the (emphasis supplied)
poor and the down-trodden, the have-nots and
the handicapped and the half-hungry millions 17. In Hussainara Khatoon (IV) v. State of Bihar (1980) 1
of our countrymen. So far the courts have SCC 98, P.N. Bhagwati, J. (as he then was) observed:
been used only for the purpose of vindicating “..… Today, unfortunately, in our country the
the rights of the wealthy and the affluent. It is poor are priced out of the judicial system with
the result that they are losing faith in the blinkered rules of ‘standing’ of British-Indian
capacity of our legal system to bring about vintage. If the centre of gravity of justice is
changes in their life conditions and to deliver to shift, as the Preamble to the Constitution
justice to them. The poor in their contact with mandates, from the traditional individualism
the legal system have always been on the of locus standi to the community orientation of
wrong side of the line. They have always come public interest litigation, these issues must be
across ‘law for the poor’ rather than ‘law of considered.…
the poor’. The law is regarded by them as xxx xxx xxx
something mysterious and forbidding—always
. … Why drive common people to public interest
taking something away from them and not
action? Where directive principles have found
as a positive and constructive social device
statutory expression in do’s and don’ts the
for changing the social economic order and
court will not sit idly by and allow municipal
improving their life conditions by conferring
government to become a statutory mockery.
rights and benefits on them. The result is that
The law will relentlessly be enforced and the
the legal system has lost its credibility for the
plea of poor finance will be poor alibi when
weaker sections of the community.”
people in misery cry for justice.”
18. In Municipal Council, Ratlam v. Vardhichan (1980)
19. In State of Uttaranchal v. Balwant Singh Chaufal
4 SCC 162, Krishna Iyer, J. said:
(2010) 3 SCC 402), this Court examined various
“… The truth is that a few profound issues of facets of public interest litigation in the backdrop
processual jurisprudence of great strategic
of criticism from within and outside the system.
significance to our legal system face us and we
must zero-in on them as they involve problems Dalveer Bhandari, J. made lucid analysis of the
of access to justice for the people beyond the concept and development of public interest
The truth is that a few profound issues of processual jurisprudence of great

strategic significance to our legal system face us and we must zero-in on
them as they involve problems of access to justice
litigation in the following three phases: order to preserve and protect the fundamental
“Phase I.—It deals with cases of this Court where rights of marginalised, deprived and poor
directions and orders were passed primarily sections of the society, the courts relaxed the
to protect fundamental rights under Article traditional rule of locus standi and broadened
21 of the marginalised groups and sections of the definition of aggrieved persons and gave
the society who because of extreme poverty, directions and orders. We would like to term
illiteracy and ignorance cannot approach this cases of this period where the Court relaxed
Court or the High Courts. the rule of locus standi as the first phase of the
public interest litigation. The Supreme Court
Phase II.—It deals with the cases relating and the High Courts earned great respect and
to protection, preservation of ecology, acquired great credibility in the eyes of public
environment, forests, marine life, wildlife, because of their innovative efforts to protect
mountains, rivers, historical monuments, etc. and preserve the fundamental rights of people
etc.
Phase III.—It deals with
the directions issued by the
Courts in maintaining the
probity, transparency and
integrity in governance.”
While dealing with the first

phase of development,
the Court referred to large
number of precedents and
recorded its conclusion in
the following words:
“We would not like to
overburden the judgement
by multiplying these cases,
but a brief resume of these
cases demonstrates that in
belonging to the poor and marginalised sections political and executive constituents to protect the
of the society.” rights of every citizen and every individual and
ensure that everyone is able to live with dignity.
20. These judgements are complete answer to the
Given the option, no one would like to enter the
appellant’s objection to the maintainability of
manhole of sewage system for cleaning purposes,
the writ petition filed by respondent No.1. What
but there are people who are forced to undertake
the High Court has done by entertaining the writ
such hazardous jobs with the hope that at the
petition and issuing directions for protection of the
end of the day they will be able to make some
persons employed to do work relating to sewage
money and feed their family. They risk their lives
operations is part of its obligation to do justice to
If the system can devote ... months to hear the elitist class of eminent
advocates who are engaged by those who are accused of evading payment of
taxes ... causing loss to public exchequer or who are accused of committing
heinous crimes ... and even acts of terrorism ..., some time can always be
devoted for hearing the grievance of vast majority of silent sufferers
the disadvantaged and poor sections of the society.

for the comfort of others. Unfortunately, for last
We may add that the superior Courts will be
few decades, a substantial segment of the urban
failing in their constitutional duty if they decline to
society has become insensitive to the plight of the
entertain petitions filed by genuine social groups,
poor and downtrodden including those, who, on
NGOs and social workers for espousing the cause of
account of sheer economic compulsions, undertake
those who are deprived of the basic rights available
jobs/works which are inherently dangerous to life.
to every human being, what to say of fundamental
People belonging to this segment do not want to
rights guaranteed under the Constitution. It is the
understand why a person is made to enter manhole
duty of the judicial constituent of the State like its
without safety gears and proper equipments. They Re: Question No.2:
look the other way when the body of a worker who
dies in the manhole is taken out with the help of 21. There have been instances in which this Court has
ropes and cranes. In this scenario, the Courts are not exercised its power under Article 32 read with
only entitled but are under constitutional obligation Article 142 and issued guidelines and directions
to take cognizance of the issues relating to the to fill the vacuum. Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan
lives of the people who are forced to undertake (1997) 6 SCC 241, Vineet Narain v. Union of
jobs which are hazardous and dangerous to life. India (1998) 1 SCC 226 and Union of India v.
It will be a tragic and sad day when the superior Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) 5 SCC
Courts will shut their doors for those, who without 294 are illuminating examples of the exercise of
any motive for personal gain or other extraneous this Court’s power under Article 32 for ensuring
reasons, come forward to seek protection and justice to the common man and effective exercise
enforcement of the legal and constitutional rights of fundamental rights by the citizens. In Vishaka v.
of the poor, downtrodden and disadvantaged State of Rajasthan (supra), the Court entertained
sections of the society. If the system can devote the petition filed by certain social activists and
hours, days and months to hear the elitist class of NGOs for effective protection of fundamental rights
eminent advocates who are engaged by those who of working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21. In
are accused of evading payment of taxes and duties paragraph 11 of the judgement, the Court made
or otherwise causing loss to public exchequer or a note of its obligation under Article 32 of the
who are accused of committing heinous crimes like Constitution in the following words:
murder, rape, dowry death, kidnapping, abduction “11.The obligation of this Court under Article
and even acts of terrorism or who come forward 32 of the Constitution for the enforcement
with the grievance that their fundamental right to of these fundamental rights in the absence
of legislation must be viewed along with
equality has been violated by the State and/or its
the role of judiciary envisaged in the Beijing
agencies/instrumentalities in contractual matters, Statement of Principles of the Independence
some time can always be devoted for hearing the of the Judiciary in the LAWASIA region.
grievance of vast majority of silent sufferers whose These principles were accepted by the Chief
cause is espoused by bodies like respondent No.1. Justices of Asia and the Pacific at Beijing in
1995 as those representing the minimum (b) to promote, within the proper limits of
standards necessary to be observed in the judicial function, the observance
order to maintain the independence and and the attainment of human rights;
effective functioning of the judiciary. The and
objectives of the judiciary mentioned in the (c) to administer the law impartially
Beijing Statement are: among persons and between persons
and the State.”
“Objectives of the Judiciary:
10. The objectives and functions of the 22. In Vineet Narain v. Union of India (supra), the Court
Judiciary include the following: observed:
(a) to ensure that all persons are able to “The powers conferred on this Court by the
live securely under the rule of law; Constitution are ample to remedy this defect
and to ensure enforcement of the concept of
equality.
There are ample powers conferred by Article
32 read with Article 142 to make orders which
have the effect of law by virtue of Article 141
and there is mandate to all authorities to act
in aid of the orders of this Court as provided
in Article 144 of the Constitution. In a catena
of decisions of this Court, this power has been
recognised and exercised, if need be, by issuing
necessary directions to fill the vacuum till such
time the legislature steps in to cover the gap or
the executive discharges its role.”
(emphasis supplied)
23. In Union of India v. Association for Democratic

Reforms (supra), this Court was called upon to
examine the correctness of the directions given
by the Division Bench of Delhi High Court for
implementation of the recommendations made
by the Law Commission in its 170th Report. While
modifying the directions given by the High Court,
the Court observed:
“45. Finally, in our view this Court would have
ample power to direct the Commission to fill
the void, in the absence of suitable legislation
covering the field and the voters are required
to be well informed and educated about
contesting candidates so that they can elect a
proper candidate by their own assessment. It is
the duty of the executive to fill the vacuum by
executive orders because its field is coterminous
with that of the legislature, and where there
is inaction by the executive, for whatever
reason, the judiciary must step in, in exercise gender equality and the right to life and liberty
of its constitutional obligations to provide a and laid down that in the absence of legislation,
solution till such time the legislature acts to it must be viewed along with the role of the
perform its role by enacting proper legislation judiciary envisaged in the Beijing Statement of
to cover the field. The adverse impact of Principles of Independence of Judiciary in the
lack of probity in public life leading to a high LAWASIA region. The decision has laid down
degree of corruption is manifold. Therefore,
the guidelines and prescribed the norms to be
if the candidate is directed to declare his/her
strictly observed in all work places until suitable
spouse’s and dependants’ assets —immovable,
legislation is enacted to occupy the field. In
movable and valuable articles — it would have
the present case also, there is no legislation or
its own effect. This Court in Vishaka v. State
rules providing for giving necessary information
of Rajasthan dealt with the incident of sexual
to the voters. As stated earlier, this case was
harassment of a woman at work place which
relied upon in Vineet Narain case where the
resulted in violation of fundamental right of
Court has issued necessary guidelines to CBI dangerous to life are provided with life saving
and the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) as equipments and the employer takes care of their
there was no legislation covering the said field safety and health. The State and its agencies/
to ensure proper implementation of the rule of instrumentalities cannot absolve themselves of the
law.” responsibility to put in place effective mechanism
for ensuring safety of the workers employed for
24. In view of the principles laid down in the aforesaid
maintaining and cleaning the sewage system. The
judgements, we do not have any slightest hesitation
human beings who are employed for doing the
to reject the argument that by issuing the directions,
work in the sewers cannot be treated as mechanical
the High Court has assumed the legislative power of
robots, who may not be affected by poisonous
the State. What the High Court has done is nothing
gases in the manholes. The State and its agencies/
except to ensure that those employed/engaged
instrumentalities or the contractors engaged by
for doing work which is inherently hazardous and
them are under a constitutional obligation to
ensure the safety of the persons who are asked
The State ... cannot absolve to undertake hazardous jobs. The argument of
choice and contractual freedom is not available to
themselves of the responsibility to the appellant and the like for contesting the issues
put in place effective mechanism raised by respondent No.1.
for ensuring safety of the workers Re: Question No.3:
employed for maintaining and 25. We shall now consider whether the High Court was
cleaning the sewage system. The justified in issuing interim directions for payment
of compensation to the families of the victims. At
human beings who are employed the outset, we deprecate the attitude of a public
for doing the work in the sewers authority like the appellant, who has used the
cannot be treated as mechanical judicial process for frustrating the effort made
by respondent No.1 for getting compensation
robots to the workers, who died due to negligence of
the contractor to whom the work of maintaining
sewage system was outsourced. We also express
our dismay that the High Court has thought it proper
to direct payment of a paltry amount of Rs.1.5 to
2.25 lakhs to the families of the victims. Rudul Sah
v. State of Bihar (1983) 4 SCC 141 is the lead case
in which the Court exercised its power under Article
32 for compensating a person who was unlawfully
detained for 14 years. Paragraphs 9 and 10 of the
judgement, which contain the reasons for making a
departure from the old and antiquated rule that a
person, who has suffered due to the negligence of
a public authority, can claim damages by filing suit,
are extracted below: 10. We cannot resist this argument. We see
“9. It is true that Article 32 cannot be used no effective answer to it save the stale and
as a substitute for the enforcement of sterile objection that the petitioner may, if
rights and obligations which can be so advised, file a suit to recover damages
enforced efficaciously through the ordinary from the State Government. Happily,
processes of courts, civil and criminal. A the State’s counsel has not raised that
money claim has therefore to be agitated objection. The petitioner could have been
in and adjudicated upon in a suit instituted relegated to the ordinary remedy of a suit
in a Court of lowest grade competent to if his claim to compensation was factually
try it. But the important question for our controversial, in the sense that a civil court
consideration is whether in the exercise may or may not have upheld his claim. But
of its jurisdiction under Article 32, this we have no doubt that if the petitioner files
Court can pass an order for the payment a suit to recover damages for his illegal
of money if such an order is in the nature detention, a decree for damages would
of compensation consequential upon the have to be passed in that suit, though it is
deprivation of a fundamental right…… not possible to predicate, in the absence
……... of evidence, the precise amount which
would be decreed in his favour. In these

circumstances, the refusal of this Court to
pass an order of compensation in favour
of the petitioner will be doing mere lip-
service to his fundamental right to liberty
which the State Government has so grossly
violated. Article 21 which guarantees the
right to life and liberty will be denuded
of its significant content if the power of
this Court were limited to passing orders
of release from illegal detention. One of
the telling ways in which the violation of
that right can reasonably be prevented
and due compliance with the mandate of
Article 21 secured, is to mulct its violators
in the payment of monetary compensation.
Administrative sclerosis leading to flagrant
infringements of fundamental rights
cannot be corrected by any other method
open to the judiciary to adopt. The right
to compensation is some palliative for the
unlawful acts of instrumentalities which
act in the name of public interest and which
present for their protection the powers
of the State as a shield. If civilisation
is not to perish in this country as it has
perished in some others too well known to
suffer mention, it is necessary to educate
ourselves into accepting that, respect for
the rights of individuals is the true bastion
of democracy. Therefore, the State must
repair the damage done by its officers to the State and the medical officers employed
the petitioner’s rights. It may have recourse therein are duty-bound to extend medical
against those officers.” assistance for preserving human life. Failure on
the part of a government hospital to provide
26. In Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa (1993) 2 SCC timely medical treatment to a person in need of
746, this Court awarded compensation to the such treatment results in violation of his right to
mother of a young man who was beaten to death life guaranteed under Article 21. In the present
in police custody. The Court held that its powers case there was breach of the said right of Hakim
to enforce fundamental rights carries with it an Seikh guaranteed under Article 21 when he was
obligation to forge new tools for doing justice. denied treatment at the various government
In Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State hospitals which were approached even though
his condition was very serious at that time
of W.B. (1996) 4 SCC 37, this Court examined the
and he was in need of immediate medical
issue whether a victim of apathy of the staff of
attention. Since the said denial of the right of
government hospital is entitled to compensation Hakim Seikh guaranteed under Article 21 was
and answered the same in the following words: by officers of the State, in hospitals run by the
“The Constitution envisages the establishment State, the State cannot avoid its responsibility
of a welfare State at the federal level as well as for such denial of the constitutional right
at the State level. In a welfare State the primary of Hakim Seikh. In respect of deprivation of
duty of the Government is to secure the welfare the constitutional rights guaranteed under
of the people. Providing adequate medical Part III of the Constitution the position is well
facilities for the people is an essential part of settled that adequate compensation can be
the obligations undertaken by the Government awarded by the court for such violation by
in a welfare State. The Government discharges way of redress in proceedings under Articles
this obligation by running hospitals and 32 and 226 of the Constitution. (See: Rudul
health centres which provide medical care to Sah v. State of Bihar; Nilabati Behera v. State
the person seeking to avail of those facilities. of Orissa; Consumer Education and Research
Article 21 imposes an obligation on the State Centre v. Union of India.) Hakim Seikh should,
to safeguard the right to life of every person. therefore, be suitably compensated for the
Preservation of human life is thus of paramount breach of his right guaranteed under Article
importance. The government hospitals run by 21 of the Constitution. Having regard to the
facts and circumstances of the case, we fix the if not greater, force in the matter of discharge
amount of such compensation at Rs 25,000. A of constitutional obligation of the State to
sum of Rs 15,000 was directed to be paid to provide medical aid to preserve human life. In
Hakim Seikh as interim compensation under the matter of allocation of funds for medical
the orders of this Court dated 22-4-1994. The services the said constitutional obligation of
balance amount should be paid by Respondent the State has to be kept in view. It is necessary
1 to Hakim Seikh within one month. that a time-bound plan for providing these
It is no doubt true that financial resources are services should be chalked out keeping in view
needed for providing these facilities. But at the the recommendations of the Committee as well
same time it cannot be ignored that it is the as the requirements for ensuring availability
constitutional obligation of the State to provide of proper medical services in this regard as
adequate medical services to the people. indicated by us and steps should be taken
Whatever is necessary for this purpose has to to implement the same. The State of West
be done. In the context of the constitutional Bengal alone is a party to these proceedings.
obligation to provide free legal aid to a poor Other States, though not parties, should
accused this Court has held that the State also take necessary steps in the light of the
cannot avoid its constitutional obligation in recommendations made by the Committee, the
that regard on account of financial constraints. directions contained in the memorandum of the
[See: Khatri (II) v. State of Bihar, SCC at p. 631.] Government of West Bengal dated 22-8-1995
The said observations would apply with equal, and the further directions given herein.”
“The word “LIFE” has also been used prominently in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. (See Article 3 quoted above.) The
fundamental rights under the Constitution are almost in consonance with
the rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as also the
Declaration and the Covenants of Civil and Political Rights and the Covenants
of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to which India is a party having
ratified them
27. In Chairman, Railway Board v. Chandrima Das
(2000) 2 SCC 465, this Court considered the question
whether the High Court could entertain the petition
filed by the respondent by way of Public Interest
Litigation and award compensation of Rs.10 lakhs
to Hanuffa Khatoon, a national of Bangladesh, who
was sexually assaulted by the employees of Eastern
Railway. While rejecting the argument of the
appellant that the victim of rape could have availed
remedy by filing suit in a Civil Court, the two-Judge
Bench referred to the distinction made between
“public law” and “private law” in Common Cause,
A Registered Society v. Union of India (1999) 6
SCC 667 and other cases in which compensation
was awarded for violation of different rights and
observed:
“Having regard to what has been stated above, Constitution and proceeded to observe:
the contention that Smt Hanuffa Khatoon
“The word “LIFE” has also been used
should have approached the civil court for
prominently in the Universal Declaration of
damages and the matter should not have been
Human Rights, 1948. (See Article 3 quoted
considered in a petition under Article 226 of the
above.) The fundamental rights under the
Constitution, cannot be accepted. Where public
Constitution are almost in consonance with the
functionaries are involved and the matter
rights contained in the Universal Declaration
relates to the violation of fundamental rights
of Human Rights as also the Declaration and
or the enforcement of public duties, the remedy
the Covenants of Civil and Political Rights and
would still be available under the public law
the Covenants of Economic, Social and Cultural
notwithstanding that a suit could be filed for
Rights, to which India is a party having ratified
damages under private law.”
them, as set out by this Court in Kubic Darusz
The Court then referred to the fundamental v. Union of India. That being so, since “LIFE”
rights guaranteed under Articles 20 and 21 of the is also recognised as a basic human right in
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, On this principle, even those who are not
1948, it has to have the same meaning and citizens of this country and come here merely as
interpretation as has been placed on that word tourists or in any other capacity will be entitled
by this Court in its various decisions relating to the protection of their lives in accordance
to Article 21 of the Constitution. The meaning with the constitutional provisions. They also
of the word “life” cannot be narrowed down. have a right to “life” in this country. Thus, they
According to the tenor of the language used in also have the right to live, so long as they are
Article 21, it will be available not only to every here, with human dignity. Just as the State is
citizen of this country, but also to a “person” under an obligation to protect the life of every
who may not be a citizen of the country. citizen in this country, so also the State is under
Let us now consider the an obligation to protect
meaning of the word the life of the persons
The term “life” indicates who are not citizens.”
“LIFE” interpreted by
this Court from time to something more than mere The question whether
time. In Kharak Singh
v. State of U.P. it was
animal existence. The inhibiti ons the Central Government
held that the term “life” contained in Article 21 against its can be held vicariously
indicates something liable for the offence of rape
more than mere animal deprivati on extend even to those committed by the employees
existence. (See also faculties by which life is enjoyed of the Railways was answered
State of Maharashtra v. in negative by relying upon
Chandrabhan Tale.) The the judgements in State of
inhibitions contained in Article 21 against its Rajasthan v. Vidhyawati AIR 1962 SC 933, State
deprivation extend even to those faculties by of Gujarat v. Memon Mahomed Haji Hasam AIR
which life is enjoyed. In Bandhua Mukti Morcha
1967 SC 1885, Basavva Kom Dyamangouda Patil v.
v. Union of India it was held that the right to
life under Article 21 means the right to live State of Mysore (1977) 4 SCC 358, N. Nagendra Rao
with dignity, free from exploitation. (See also and Company v. State of A.P. (1994) 6 SCC 205 and
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India and Board of State of Maharasthra v. Kanchanmala Vijaysing
Trustees of the Port of Bombay v. Dilipkumar Shirke (1995) 5 SCC 659.
Raghavendranath Nadkarni.)
28. In M.S. Grewal v. Deep Chand Sood (2001) 8 SCC the people. In this context, reference may be
151, this Court examined the question whether the made to two decisions of this Court: the first in
High Court of Himachal Pradesh was justified in line is the decision in Nilabati Behera v. State
entertaining the writ petition filed by the parents of Orissa wherein this Court relying upon the
decision in Rudul Sah (Rudul Sah v. State of
of 14 children, who died due to drowning in a
Bihar) decried the illegality and impropriety
river when they were on picnic organised by the
in awarding compensation in a proceeding
school authorities. While rejecting the objection to in which the court’s power under Articles 32
the maintainability of the writ petition, the Court and 226 of the Constitution stands invoked
referred to Rudul Sah v. State of Bihar (supra), and thus observed that it was a clear case for
Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa (supra) and award of compensation to the petitioner for
D.K. Basu v. State of W.B. (1997) 1 SCC 416 and custodial death of her son. It is undoubtedly
observed: true, however, that in the present context, there
is no infringement of the State’s obligation,
“Next is the issue “maintainability of the writ
unless of course the State can also be termed
petition” before the High Court under Article
to be a joint tortfeasor, but since the case of the
226 of the Constitution. The appellants though
parties stands restricted and without imparting
initially very strongly contended that while the
any liability on the State, we do not deem it
negligence aspect has been dealt with under
expedient to deal with the issue any further
penal law already, the claim for compensation
except noting the two decisions of this Court as
cannot but be left to be adjudicated by the
above and without expression of any opinion in
civil law and thus the civil court’s jurisdiction
regard thereto.”
ought to have been invoked rather than by
way of a writ petition under Article 226 of the On the question of quantum of damages, the Court
Constitution. This plea of non-maintainability of made the following observations:
the writ petition though advanced at the initial
“Be it placed on record that in assessing
stage of the submissions but subsequently the
damages, all relevant materials should and
same was not pressed and as such we need
ought always to be placed before the court so
not detain ourselves on that score, excepting
as to enable the court to come to a conclusion
however recording that the law courts exist
in the matter of affectation of pecuniary
for the society and they have an obligation to
benefit by reason of the unfortunate death.
meet the social aspirations of citizens since
Though mathematical nicety is not required
law courts must also respond to the needs of
but a rough and ready estimate can be had to be dealt with on its own peculiar facts and
from the records claiming damages since thus compensation is also to be assessed on
award of damages cannot be had without any the basis thereof, though however, the same
material evidence: whereas one party is to be can act as a guide: placement in the society,
compensated, the other party is to compensate financial status differs from person to person
and as such there must always be some and as such assessment would also differ. The
materials available therefore. It is not a fanciful whole issue is to be judged on the basis of the
item of compensation but it is on legitimate fact situation of the matter concerned though
expectation of loss of pecuniary benefits. In however, not on mathematical nicety.”
Grand Trunk Rly. Co. of Canada v. Jennings this
well-accepted principle stands reiterated as
below:
“In assessing the damages, all
circumstances which may be legitimately
pleaded in diminution of the damages
must be considered. It is not a mere
guesswork neither is it the resultant effect
of a compassionate attitude.”
As noticed above, a large number of decisions
were placed before this Court as regards the
quantum of compensation varying between
50,000 to one lakh in regard to the unfortunate
deaths of the young children. We do deem
it fit to record that while judicial precedents
undoubtedly have some relevance as regards
the principles of law, but the quantum of
assessment stands dependent on the fact
situation of the matter before the court, than
judicial precedents. As regards the quantum,
no decision as such can be taken to be of
binding precedent as such, since each case has
29. Reference also deserves to be made to MCD v. Assn. suffered by a victim of rape and the family of a
of Victims of Uphaar Tragedy and others (2005) 9 person who dies due to the negligence of others,
SCC 586 whereby this Court entertained the appeal but the High Court could have taken note of the
filed against the order passed by the Delhi High fact that this Court had approved the award of
Court for payment of compensation to the families compensation of Rs.10 lacs in 1998 to the victim of
of those who died in Uphaar tragedy and directed rape as also increase in the cost of living and done
the appellants to deposit Rs.3,01,40,000/-with a well to award compensation of atleast Rs.5 lacs to
further direction that 50% of the amount shall be the families of those who died due to negligence of
available for distribution to the claimants. the public authority like the appellant who did not
take effective measures for ensuring safety of the
30. In view of the
sewage workers. We may have remitted the case
law laid down in the afore-
to the High Court for passing appropriate order for
mentioned judgements, the
payment of enhanced compensation but keeping in
appellant’s challenge to the
view the fact that further delay would add to the
interim directions given by
miseries of the family of the victim, we deem it
the High Court for payment of
proper to exercise power under Article 142 of the
compensation to the families
Constitution and direct the appellant to pay a sum
of the workers deserves to
of Rs.3.29 lakhs to the family of the victim through
be rejected. However, that
Delhi High Court State Legal Services Committee.
is not the end of the matter.
This would be in addition to Rs.1.71 lakhs already
We feel that the High Court
paid by the contractor.
should have taken cue from
the judgement in Chairman, 31. In the result, the appeal is dismissed subject to
Railway Board v. Chandrima the aforesaid direction regarding the amount
Das (supra) and awarded of compensation to be paid by the appellant.
compensation which could be It is needless to say that the appellant shall be
treated as reasonable. Though, entitled to recover the additional amount from the
it is not possible to draw any contractor. Respondent No.1 shall also be entitled
parallel between the trauma to file appropriate application before the High
Court for payment of enhanced compensation to not required to comply with the directions given
the families of other victims and we have no doubt by the High Court. Rather, they too shall have to
that the High Court will entertain such request. submit similar reports.
32. With a view to obviate further delay in 34. As regards the other clauses of paragraph 9 of
implementation of the directions contained in the order dated 20.8.2008, the High Court may give
first order passed by the High Court on 20.8.2008, necessary directions so that they are complied with
we direct the appellant to ensure compliance of and implemented by the State and its agencies/
clauses (a), (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (k), (m) and (n) instrumentalities without any delay.
within a period of two months from today and
35. The case be listed before the Division Bench of the
submit a report to the High Court. The appellant
High Court in the third week of September, 2011 for
shall also ensure that these directions are complied
further orders.
with by the contractors engaged by it for execution
of work relating to laying and maintenance of sewer …..…..…….………………….…J.
system within the area of its jurisdiction. A report [G.S. Singhvi]
to this effect be also submitted to the High Court
…..…..……..…..………………..J.
within two months. Additionally, we direct that in
future the appellant shall ensure that the directions [Asok Kumar Ganguly]
already given by the High Court and which may be New Delhi
given hereafter are made part of all agreements July 12, 2011.
which may be executed with contractors/private
enterprises for doing work relating to sewage
system.
33. The directions contained in the preceding paragraph

do not imply that the appellant and other agencies/
instrumentalities of the State like New Delhi
Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation of Delhi,
Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation are
ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE
HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
WRIT PETITION CIVIL NO.5232/2007
National Campaign for Dignity & Rights

of Sewerage & Allied Workers,
thr. Hemlata Kansotia ...Petitioner
Through: Mr.Colin Gonsalves, Sr. Advocate
with Mr.Jai Singh, Advocate
Versus
MCD and others ...Respondents
Through:
Mr.Ajay Arora. Adv. For MCD
Mr. Suresh Tripathi, Adv. For DJB
Ms.Zubeda Begum, Adv for PWD
Mr.Ajay Verma, Adv. For DDA
Ms.Jyoti Singh, Adv. For NDMC
Mr.R. Nanavaty, Adv. For Delhi Cantt Board.
Mr.Yogesh Malhotra, Adv. For R-4
CORAM:
HON’BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE
HON’BLE DR. JUSTICE S.MURALIDHAR
1. Whether reporters of the local newspapers be allowed to see the judgement?

2. To be referred to the Reporter or not ?
3. Whether the judgement should be reported in the Digest ?
ORDER
by this Court as has been done in many cases
20.08.2008
involving public interest, but to save cost and yet
1. This public interest litigation concerns the working make the process effective and speedy, we would
conditions of those employed for cleaning of the request one of our Hon’ble brother judges to
sewers in the city of Delhi. It shows that their working donate some time beyond the court hours to work
conditions are wholly incompatible with human dignity out a feasible solution to the problem acceptable
and hazardous for their health and safety. The report by to all. If that happens, the matter can be listed
the Centre for Education and Communication (CUC) is for orders and disposal before the Court subject
placed on record, which apart from analysing the data to such modifications in the proposed solution
gathered through the survey conducted in Delhi also as the Court may deem fit and proper. In case,
suggests short and long term measures to tackle the however, a solution eludes the exercise requiring
issue. Reliance is also placed on the order dated 15th any direction from this Court, the matter shall be
February, 2006 of the High Court of Gujarat in Praveen listed for directions before the Court.
Rashtrapal v. Chief Officer. Kadi Municipality (SCA We accordingly request Hon’ble Dr.Justice S.
Nos.8989/2001 and 11706/2004) where a series of Muralidhar, a judge of this Court, to donate some of
directions have been issued. his valuable time beyond court hours in an attempt
2. At the first hearing of the PIL, Division Bench of this to find out a workable solution to the problem in
Court while directing Rule issued, inter alia, the consultation with all concerned including experts,
following directions: if any on the subject. The parties shall appear
“Having given our careful consideration to the before Dr.S. Muralidhar, J on Saturday the 18th
submissions made at the bar, we are of the opinion August, 2007 at 11.00 a.m. in his lordships
that a case is made out for the intervention of this chamber.”
Court in public interest. We are also of the view 3. Thereafter, fairly elaborate detailed hearings were
that any process of evaluation of the existing held by Dr. S. Muralidhar, J on 18th August, 2007,
systems, the feasibility of reforms in the same 22nd September, 2007 and 1st December, 2007.
would require to be monitored. This can, in our Although a number of issues have been highlighted by
opinion, be done more effectively if the agencies the petitioner, the issues that have been considered
concerned have an opportunity to first interact on priority basis include : (a) deaths of the sewer
with each other and evaluate the options available workers, (b) their health and safety, (c) the steps to
to them. That process could be undertaken before prevent recurrence of deaths and injuries of the sewer
a local commissioner or a committee appointed workers and to improve their working conditions
ANNEXURE 49
(d) the compensation if any paid for the deaths of many aspects of the matter that will require further
the workers in the course of their employment and monitoring to ensure that real changes are brought
(e) the steps to be taken to phase out manual work about in the working conditions of sewer workers. In
and replace it with mechanized sewer cleaning. By particular the liability of the DJB and the contractors
order dated 5th April, 2008, which is in the form of under the CLRA and their liability to pay compensation
a report, magnitude of the problem has been noted under the WC Act (as amended in 2002) will have to be
with reference to the affidavit dated 4th April, 2008 of examined. Even while a workable scheme of remedial
Delhi Jal Board (DJB) wherein it is mentioned that “the measures is formulated, the reasons for the deaths of
infrastructure in the National Capital comprises of a the sewer workers and for the failure of the DBJ and
network of 6150 Kms long sewers. Out of this 150 Kms its contractors to comply with the 2002 guidelines
is the length of trunk sewers, 1500 Kms is the length must be unearthed for which the DJB has to honour
of peripheral sewers and 4500 Kms is the length of its commitments to the Court with all seriousness.
nternal sewers. The sewer network is connected to 4. Thereafter the matter was placed before the Division
17 Sewage Treatment Plants, having a composite Bench and by order dated 11th April, 2008, the Court
capacity of 512.4 MGD. Besides, there are 33 major called upon the DJB and NDMC to file status report
Sewage Pumping Stations located at various locations setting out the requisite information and, inter alia,
to pump the sewage wherever required.” It was stating: (a) the number of deaths that have taken
noted that at present 3923 permanent workers are place from the year 2002 onwards; (b) have any
employed against 4171 sanctioned posts. In addition enquiries/investigations at any level been conducted
there are 1403 muster roll workers. Apart from these by the authorities into the cases of such deaths; (c) if
workers, contract labour is also engaged from time to enquiries were conducted, was any action taken either
time. It was further noted that although guidelines on against the contractor who employed the deceased
safety have been issued by DJB in November, 2002, workers or against any other functionary of the local
they are being observed more in its breach and the body under whom the contractor was engaged; (d) if
DJB is not serious about the implementation of its own there any proposal for improvement of the working
safety guidelines. It was further noted that so far as conditions of the sewer workers, if so what are those
DJB is concerned there have been a total of 36 deaths proposals and what steps have been taken by the local
of sewer workers since 2002 out of which 30 were bodies to implement the recommendations, if any,
contract workers and 6 were in regular employment. made in that regard; (e) in case there are no proposals,
It was also noted that in spite of repeated directions, are the local bodies willing to frame guidelines and
DJB has failed to conduct inquiries into the deaths and take measures to prevent such deaths in future and
injuries of sewer workers. It was noted that there are to provide better working conditions to the workers
engaged for cleaning work; (f) if there any provision

Sewermen are not allowed to remain in
for payment of compensation to the families of the
deep manholes for more than 5-10 minutes
deceased workers and for those who suffer a disability
at a stretch. The concerned Junior Engineer
while working. If so what is the scheme and have any
payments under the same been made.
/ Assistant Engineer remains present at site
during the entire cleaning operation.
5. Pursuant to the above order, NDMC has filed affidavit
dated 8th May, 2008 wherein it has been asserted 3. All safety appliances like air breathing
that no NDMC employee/ contractor’s labour has died apparatus, full face cover safety mask,
during cleaning of sewer lines/manholes since the safety belts, torch, safety goggles, safety
year 2002 due to negligence/ non-adoption of safety helmets, safety belts, gum boots, diving
measures. However, it is conceded that 3 persons suits, air blowers and exhausts etc. are
working under the NDMC contractor died on 7th being extensively used.
December, 2003 due to inhalation of toxic gases from 4. Free medical facilities are provided to all
the sewer lines. It is stated that the above three employees for health checkup, treatment
persons entered in the manholes without obtaining and hospitalization etc. in state of the
any permission/approval from Engineer-in-Charge of art hospitals of capital. A list of all such
the site and without any safety precaution/ measures hospitals is given below:-
which are required before entering into a sewer line.
It is further stated that since it was a case of accident (l) Max Balaji Hospital, Indraprastha
and not negligence, no inquiry was conducted. (2) .... .... .... .... .... ....
According to NDMC, there is scope for improvement
(3) .... .... .... .... .... ....
of the working conditions of the sewer workers and
following steps have been taken by NDMC in this (4) .... .... .... .... .... ....
direction: 26) Charak Palika Hospital, Moti Bagh
“1. As far as possible cleaning of sewer lines/ 5. All the sewermen are insured for Rs.1.00
manholes is done mechanically. Entry of lac each with the National Insurance
human beings is being restricted to the Company Ltd.-for which the premium is
rarest of rare cases only where mechanical paid by NDMC This is besides the General
cleaning is not possible. Insurance Scheme which is applicable to
2. In cases where manual cleaning is done, the Government Employees as per Centra!
it is ensured that all safety equipments Govt. Rules.
are used and all precautions are taken.
ANNEXURE 51
6. Accommodation is given to the sewermen issued to all concerned to incorporate a clause in the
as per the availability/seniority. At every contract agreement to reserve the right of DJB to
service centre labour rest room has debar/blacklist a defaulting firm. The report further
been provided. For the education of their states that the following proposals for improvement
family members several NDMC schools are of the working conditions have been made:
functioning in NDMC area. “i. Safety awareness programs
7. Drinking water, bathing and washing ii. Circulations of dos and don’ts for sewer
facility is provided at the stores / service workers
centres. Recreational club has been iii. Directions to procure and maintain safety,
provided by NDMC for its employees. equipment
8. Training for use of appliances and other iv. Training in confined space entry and rescue
safety equipments is given to the workers imparted to ten trainers
by the department itself. Programme
for training from other agencies is being v. Entered into an MOU w/National disaster
chalked out.” management for providing consultancy
services for safety & disaster management.”
6. The DJB has filed status report dated 7th July, 2008
in which it is admitted that number of deaths since According to DJB it has taken the following steps in an
2002 is 36 and six of those workers were employed attempt to shift from manual to mechanized cleaning:
by DBJ and 30 were contract workers. The reasons “i. DJB has stopped using manual labor to
for the deaths in most of the cases have not been clean sewer line deeper than 5 ft. It has
given. In the cases in which reasons have been procured additional jetting machines.
furnished, the cause of death has been attributed
ii. Major trunk / peripheral sewer is desilted
to lack of safety equipments or negligence. In none of
by super sucker machines. However, in an
these cases any disciplinary action has been taken and
emergency, deep sewer entry is allowed
apart from simple warning, which has been issued in
majority of cases, no action has been taken against the with proper safety equipment and the
concerned official or contractor, responsible for the presence of a junior engineer.”
workers’ safety. It is further stated in the status report 7. According to DJB it has also procured the necessary
that the DJB has now made functional Safety and equipments. It is then stated that DJB has 11
Disaster Management Cell that will take care of issues dispensaries, 25 private hospitals and 37 diagnostic
concerning the sewer workers. Instructions have been centres empanelled with the DBJ to provide care to
the workers. It has a decentralized arrangement for It is stated that Amit was accompanied by another
reimbursement when beyond normal entitlement daily wage worker, Rajpal, who fainted due to the
so relief in emergency cases is immediate. The inhalation of gases and was removed from the sewer.
first aid boxes are made available for workers and Rajpal has, however, survived. Further according to
contractors are obliged to provide medical facilities the petitioner, on 5th May, 2008, two contract workers
as per provision of the contractual agreement and working under contractors employed by the DJB died
periodic health check ups are being done. It is stated due to inhalation of gases in the sewer. Their names
that model rules and safety codes, which are in are Chintu and Pintu (Papu/Hassan Ahmed). They
force, will be strictly implemented for the workers were working in a sewer line situated at Dabri.
cleaning the sewers. DJB has introduced a basic safety 9. Having considered the various reports made by the
awareness for the year 2007 - 08 in collaboration concerned agencies and also the submissions made
with National Institute of Disaster Management for at the bar, we pass the following interim directions
providing consultancy services for safety and disaster pending final disposal of this writ petition:
management and the establishment of emergency
(a) The medical examination and medical treatment
preparedness and response teams. The guidelines
will be given free of charge to.sewer workers and
issued by the NHRC are being followed by the DJB. On
the treatment will continue for all such workers
the issue of compensation, the DJB has stated that if
found to be suffering from an occupational
a worker dies, compassionate appointment is given
disease, ailment or accident until the workman is
wherever possible. Workers facing injury are provided
cured or until death.
with compensation as per the insurance policies
taken. In cases where there is death of a worker hired (b) The services of the sewer workers are not to be
by contractor, Worker Compensation Act provides for terminated, either by the respondents or the
payment of compensation. Although DJB has agreed contractors engaged by them, during the period
to provide names of the contract workers working for of illness and they shall be treated as if on duty
the contractors, relevant details regarding contractors and will be paid their wages.
and the workers working under them have not been (c) Compensation shall be paid by the respondents
furnished. and recoverable from the contractors, if
8. In the written submissions filed on behalf of the permissible in law, to all the workmen suffering
petitioner on 22nd July, 2008, it has been brought on from any occupational disease, ailment or
record that a daily wage worker by the name of Amit, accident in accordance with the provisions of the
working for contractor employed by NDMC, died Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923.
due to inhalation of toxic gases on 20th July, 2008. (d) The respondents shall pay on the death of any
ANNEXURE 53
worker, including any contract worker, an (j) The respondents shall provide all workers,
immediate ex gratia solatium of Rs.one lac with including contract workers, employment cards as
liberty to recover the same from contractors, if set out in clause 9 of the Labour Regulations and,
permissible in law. on termination of services provide the contract
(e) The respondents shall pay / insure payment of all workers and others with a service certificate as
statutory dues such as Provident Fund, Gratuity set out in clause 10 of the Labour Regulations.
and Bonus to all the sewer workers, including (k) The respondents shall authenticate by signing the
contract workers, as applicable in law. payment of wages register for contract workers in
(f) The respondents shall provide as soon as possible terms of clause 5 of the Labour Regulations.
modem protective equipments to all the sewer (l) The respondents shall submit to this court and
workers in consultation with the petitioner to the petitioner within four weeks from today
organisation. the full list of contract workers and contractors
(g) The respondents shall provide soap and oil to all engaged for work relating to the sewers together
the workmen according to the present quota, but with the wages paid to such workmen and the
on monthly basis and not at the end of the year. number of years of employment of the workers.
(h) The respondents shall provide restrooms and (m) The DJB is directed to ensure that the ex gratia
canteens, in accordance with the DJB model rules, payment in case of deaths of sewer workers has
including therein first-aid facilities, safe drinking been paid to the families of deceased workmen
water, washing facilities, latrines and urinals, and in case such compensation is not paid, release
shelters, creches and canteens as set out in the the same within a period of eight weeks.
model rules. There are to be provided at what is (n) NDMC is directed to pay ex gratia payment of
known as ‘stores’ which are the places where the Rs.one lac each in respect of the accident of 7th
workers assemble to give their attendance and December, 2003 where three persons working
from where they depart to their respective work under the NDMC contractors died, with liberty
sites. to recover the same from the contractor, if
(i) The respondents shall provide all workman, permissible in law.
including contract workmen, with an accident- (o) The DJB and NDMC are directed to hold an inquiry
card-cum-wage-slip as set out in clause 8 of the into deaths of sewer workers referred to in
C.P.W.D./PWD (DA)/Delhi Jal Board Contractors paragraphs 15 and 16 of the written submissions
Labour Regulations (for short “Labour of the petitioner dated 22nd July, 2008 and
Regulations”). submit a report to this Court within a period
of eight weeks. If it is found that the contract by the concerned civic agencies. It will be open to
workers in question were working under the the Committee to approach this Court for direction,
contractors employed by NDMC / DJB, ex gratia if may required. The Committee is requested to place
compensation of Rs.one lac shall be released a report before this Court before the next date of
forthwith to the families of the victims subject to hearing.
right of recovery from contracto nd replace it with 12. Place for further hearing on 22nd October, 2008.
mechanized sewer cleaning, as envisaged by DJB
as well as NDMC, which shall be done within three 13. Copy of the order be given dasti to the counsel for the
months. 10. In order to ensure the compliance of parties. One copy each may be sent to the Chairman
the above directions, we constitute a Committee of the Committee, Chairman of NDMC, Vice Chairman
consisting of: of DDA, CEO of DJB and Secretary, Social Welfare
Department, Govt, of NCT of Delhi within five days
(I) Mr.S.R. Shankaran, IAS retired Chief Secretary from today for compliance.
to the Government of Tripura, Chairman;
A.P. SHAH
(II) One officer each to be nominated by NDMC,
CHIEF JUSTICE
DDA and DJB respectively, who shall not be
less than the rank of Under Secretary to the S.MURALIDHAR
Government of India JUDGE
(III) Joint Secretary of the Social Welfare AUGUST 20, 2008
Department, Government of NCT of Delhi
to be nominated by the Secretary of that
Department, who shall be the Convener of Note: Since Mr. Sankaran was unwell and was unable
the Committee; to accept the assignment, the Committee constituted,
(IV) one representative of the petitioner by this Order dated 20th August 2008, which chaired
organisation. by Mr. S.R. Sankaran, IAS (Retired) and former Chief
Secretary to the Government of Tripura; In his place
11. The aforementioned Committee shall meet once in
Mr. Lakshmi Dhar Mishra, IAS (Retired) and Special
a fortnight. Space and other infrastructure including
Rapporteur with the National Human Rights Commission
conveyance and secretarial staff as required by the
was appointed as the Chairman of the Committee by an
Committee shall be provided by the-Delhi Jal Board.
Order dated 03.09.2008.
The Chairman of the Committee shall be paid an
honorarium of Rs.5,000/- for every meeting. All The order dated 20th August 2008 was modified
possible assistance will be rendered to the Committee accordingly, by the Order dated 03.09.2008.
loksZP; U;k;ky; Hkkjr dk fu.kZ;
fnYyh ty cksMZ cuke uS'kuy dSEisu
iQkWj fMfXuVh ,aM jkbV~l vkWo lhojst
,aM vykbM odZlZ vkSj vU;
lhoj vkSj lacaf/r dk;ZdehZ%

xfjek vkSj vf/dkj
U;k;k/kh'k dk fu.kZ; 55
ladyu vkSj laiknu

lfjrk HkksbZ
56 lhoj vkSj lacaf/r dk;ZdehZ% xfjek vkSj vf/dkj
fo"k;&lwph
izkDdFku 57
fu.kZ;% fnYyh ty cksMZ cuke ,ulhMhvkj,l,MCY;w vkSj vU; 61
vuqyXud%
fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; fu.kZ;% ,ulhMhvkj,l,MCY;w cuke ,elhMh vkSj vU; 95
izkDdFku
n fyrksa dh lqj{kk vkSj muds lkFk HksnHkko jfgr okrkoj.k

cukus ds fy, Hkkjrh; laoS/kkfud vkSj fof/k O;oLFkk
esa vusd O;oLFkk,a gSa] ysfdu bu laoS/kkfud O;oLFkkvksa dk
U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1948 esa fHkUu izdkj ds Je ds
fy, U;wure etnwjh r; djus dh O;oLFkk gS vkSj ca/kqvk
etnwjh O;oLFkk ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 esa ca/kqvk etnwjh ds
fØ;kUo;u lgh <ax ls ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA lafo/kku ds mUewyu dh O;oLFkk rFkk ca/kqvk etnwjh esa yxs yksxksa dks eqfDr
vuqPNsn 15 ds varxZr /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax] tUeLFkku fnykdj mudk iquokZl djus dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA vuqPNsn
;k buesa ls fdlh ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ Hkh O;fDr HksnHkko ugha 17 ls tqM+s nks egRoiw.kZ dkuwu gSa& ukxfjd vf/kdkj lqj{kk
dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj nqdkuksa] lkoZtfud jsLrjka] gksVyksa vf/kfu;e] 1955 vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr
vkSj euksjatu LFkyksa ds lkFk&lkFk dqavksa] rkykcksa] Luku?kkVksa] ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989A vkjaHk esa vLi`';rk dh
lM+dksa vkSj lkoZtfud lekxe ds LFkkuksa dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh
fu;ksZX;rk] nkf;Ro fuc±/ku ;k 'krZ ds v/khu ugha gksxkA
U;k;k/kh'k dk fu.kZ;
dqizFkk dks [kRe djus ds fy, vkSj bl dqizFkk ds57 dkj.k
vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks gksus okyh lkekftd dfBukb;ksa
dks nwj djus ds mís'; ls vLi`';rk ¼vijk/k½ vf/kfu;e] 1955
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 17 ds rgr vLi`';rk lekIr dj nh
yk;k x;k FkkA bl vf/kfu;e esa 1977 esa la'kks/ku yk;k x;k
x;h gS vkSj bls fdlh Hkh :i esa O;ogkj esa ykus ij jksd gS
vkSj rc ls bls ukxfjd vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1955
vkSj lkFk gh dkuwu ds rgr naMuh; Hkh gSA dsUnz vkSj jkT;
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e ds rgr
ljdkjksa us vuqlwfpr tkfr&tutkfr ds yksxksa dks reke rjg
vLi`';rk dks laKs; vkSj xSj&la;kstuh; cuk;k x;k gS vkSj
ds 'kks"k.k ls cpkus ds fy, vusd dkuwu cuk;s gSaA KkrO; gS
bldk mYya?ku djus okyksa ds fy, igys ls l[r naM dh
fd vuqlwfpr tkfr&tutkfr ds yksx cM+h la[;k esa [ksfrgj
O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA blds ckotwn nfyrksa ds ekuokf/kdkjksa
etnwj gSa ;k vlaxfBr {ks= esa etnwjh djrs gSaA ca/kqvk etnwjksa
dk mYya?ku 'keZukd <ax ls tkjh gSA o"kZ 1989 esa tks dkuwu
esa vuqlwfpr tkfr&tutkfr ds yksxksa dk izfr'kr rks dkQh
yk;k x;k mldk mís'; nfyrksa ds lkFk T;knfr;ka djus okys
vf/kd gSA
lHkh i{kksa& jkT; vFkok dksbZ Hkh O;fDr & ds f[kykQ naMuh; vkSj [kkldj efgyk,a gkFk ls ekuo eyew= dh lQkbZ dj
dkjZokbZ djuk rFkk ihfM+rksa dks jkgr nsuk vkSj mudk iquokZl viuh jksth&jksVh dekrs gSaA ;gh ugha] 'kq"d 'kkSpky;ksa ls
djuk gSA ;gh og eq[; dkuwu gS tks nfyrksa dks lqj{kk vkSj ekuo eyew= gVkdj bUgsa flj ij ykndj ys tkus dh 'keZuke
vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA nfyrksa dks lqj{kk vkSj vf/kdkj iznku ?kVuk,a Hkh gksrh gSaA
djus dk ;g egRoiw.kZ dkuwu& vuqlwfpr tkfr&vuqlwfpr
gkFk ls eSyk lkQ djus okyksa ds jkstxkj ,oa 'kq"d 'kkSpky;ksa
tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989 dks laln us rc
dk fuekZ.k ¼fu"ks/k½ vf/kfu;e] 1993 esa ,sls fdlh Hkh fu;ksDrk
ikfjr fd;k tc ;g lkQrkSj ij yxus yxk Fkk fd vktknh ds
dks nafMr fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gS tks gkFk ls eSyk mBkus
pkyhl o"kZ ckn Hkh nfyrksa ij rFkkdfFkr Åaph tkfr ds yksxksa
okyksa dks jkstxkj ij j[krk gksA 'kq"d 'kkSpky;ksa dk fuekZ.k
vkSj jkT; dh T;knfr;ksa dks jksdus esa dksbZ lQyrk gkfly
djus okyksa ds fy, Hkh blh izdkj ds naM dh O;oLFkk gSA ;g
ugha gks ldh gSA o"kZ 1989 dk ;g vf/kfu;e vius vki esa
naM ,d o"kZ ds dkjkokl ;k tqekZus dk gks ldrk gSA ftu
mEnk dkuwu gS ysfdu bls xaHkhjrk ls bLrseky ugha fd;k x;k
ekeyksa esa deZpkjh vuqlwfpr tkfr ;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds
gSA nwljh vksj] rFkkdfFkr Åaph tkfr ds ,d oxZ dk vkjksi
gksa] mu ekeyksa esa fu;ksDrkvksa ij vuqlwfpr tkfr&vuqlwfpr
gS 58
fd bl dkuwu dk cstk bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA blds
tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989 ds rgr Hkh
foijhr nfyr vf/kdkjksa ds fy, izfrc) lewgksa ds vkdyu
dkjZokbZ fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA
ds vuqlkj bl dkuwu dk 'kk;n gh bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA
jktuhfrd bPNk'kfDr ds vHkko esa vkSj jkT; dh mnklhurk
bls foMacuk gh dgsaxs fd ns'k dh vktknh ds ikap n'kd ds
ds dkj.k gh dsUnz ljdkj dks ;g dkuwu ljdkjh xtV esa
ckn 1993 esa tkdj Hkkjr ljdkj us gkFk ls eSyk lQkbZ dh
vf/klwfpr djus esa pkj lky dk le; yx x;kA fofHkUu
dqizFkk dks lekIr djus ds fy, dkuwu cuk;kA gkFk ls ekuo
ukxfjd lewgksa ds 'kks/k vkSj losZ{k.kksa esa ;g ckr lkeus vk;h
eyew= lkQ djus dh dqizFkk tkfrxr HksnHkko dk lokZf/kd
gS fd nfyrksa ds ,d oxZ dks gkFk ls eSyk lkQ djus ds fy,
?k`f.kr mnkgj.k gSA ns'k ds lafo/kku esa tks O;oLFkk,a gSa vkSj
etcwj djus dh vekuoh; dqizFkk vHkh Hkh ns'k ds fofHkUu
ftu fl)karksa ij bl lafo/kku dk ewy <kapk [kM+k gS mlds
fgLlksa esa gSA ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd ,slk gksus ds ckotwn jkT;
vuqlkj ;g izFkk ugha gS vkSj blesa jkT; dh lkaBxkaB vR;ar
bl rjg dh dqizFkk ds vfLrRo dks gh udkjrk gSA Hkkjrh;
v'kksHkuh; gSA vuqeku gS fd ns'k esa djhc 13 yk[k nfyr
izkDdFku
59
jsy ea=ky; gkFk ls eSyk lkQ djus okyksa dks dke nsus okyh lQkbZ deZpkfj;ksa dh lhojksa ds vanj xSl yxus ls ekSr gq;h
lcls cM+h laLFkk gSA blds ckotwn bl ea=ky; us bl dqizFkk Fkh mUgsa fcuk midj.kksa vkSj vkDlhtu xSl flysaMjksa ds lhojksa
dks nwj djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k gSA mldk bruk ek= dguk ds vanj tkus dks ck/; fd;k x;k FkkA budh ekSr ds ckn bu
gS fd jsyxkfM+;ksa esa vk/kqfud 'kkSpky; iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk vHkh fudk;ksa us muds vkfJrksa dks eqvkotk nsus vkSj forh; ykHk
ugha dh tk ldh gSA nsus ls euk dj fn;kA bl tufgr ;kfpdk esa bUgha fcanqvksa
dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;kA fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us ;kfpdk ds
o"kZ 2007 esa uS'kuy dSEisu QkWj fMfXuVh ,aM jkbV~l vkWo
v/;;u ds ckn fLFkfr dks vR;ar xaHkhj vkSj n;uh; ik;kA
lhojst ,aM vykbM odZlZ ¼,ulhMhvkj,l,MCY;w½ us g~;weu
U;k;ky; us 5 vizSy 2008 ds vius vkns'k esa bu fudk;ksa dks
jkbV~l ykW usVodZ ¼,pvkj,y,u½ dh lgk;rk ls fnYyh mPp
funsZ'k fn;k fd os lhojksa dh lQkbZ djus okys etnwjksa dks
U;k;ky; esa tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j dhA ;g ;kfpdk fnYyh
LokLF;@fpfdRlk O;oLFkk miyC/k djk,a vkSj lkFk gh lhojksa
ds mu gtkjksa&gtkjksa lQkbZ deZpkfj;ksa dh vksj ls nkf[ky
esa vanj tkus okys etnwjksa dks lqj{kk midj.k miyC/k djk,aA
dh x;h Fkh ftUgsa ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ;Fkk fnYyh ty cksMZ
U;k;ky; us izR;sd e`rd lhoj etnwj ds ifjokj dks ,d&,d
¼;g laLFkk fnYyh esa tykiwfrZ vkSj rjy dpjk izca/ku ds fy,
ftEesnkj gS½] fnYyh uxj fuxe] u;h fnYyh uxj ifj"kn]
fnYyh jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe] dsUnzh; yksdfuekZ.k
U;k;k/kh'k dk fu.kZ ;
yk[k #i;s dk eqvkotk nsus dk funsZ'k Hkh fn;kA 59
bl ekeys dh lquokbZ tc vkxs c<+h rc mPp U;k;ky; us

foHkkx vkSj vU; ,slh laLFkkvksa us dke ij j[kk gSA bl ;kfpdk ik;k fd mlus 5 vizSy 2008 dks tks funsZ'k fn;s Fks mudk
esa bl ckr dks pqukSrh nh x;h fd lQkbZ deZpkfj;ksa dks viuk ikyu lgh <ax ls ugha gks ik;k gSA fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa vkSj
dkedkt fuiVkus esa D;ksa viuh tku dh ckth yxkuh iM+rh U;k;ky; }kjk xfBr lfefr dh fjiksVZ vkSj fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa
gS vkSj D;ksa mUgsa i;kZIr vkSj mi;qDr lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k }kjk nk;j eqpydksa ij fopkj djus ds ckn l[r joS;k viukrs
ugha djk;s tkrs gSaA ;kfpdk esa bu yksxksa dks vkfFkZd lqj{kk gq, bl U;k;ky; us 21 twu 2008 dks u;k vkns'k fn;kA blesa
lqfuf'pr fd;s tkus dk fopkj Hkh j[kk x;kA U;k;ky; us bu fudk;ksa dks funsZ'k fn;k fd os fnYyh fof/k
lgk;rk lsok izkf/kdj.k ds ek/;e ls e`rdksa ds ifjokjksa dks
tc ;g ekeyk nk;j fd;k x;k rc lhojksa esa [krjukd xSl
eqvkots dk rqjar Hkqxrku djsaA U;k;ky; us eqvkots dh jkf'k
ls lQkbZ deZpkfj;ksa dh ekSr dh [kcjsa Hkh vk jgh FkhaA ftu
c<+kdj ,d yk[k 71 gtkj #i;s Hkh dj nhA U;k;ky; ds loksZP; U;k;ky; us fnYyh ty cksMZ ds rdZ dks [kkfjt djrs
fo#) U;k;ky; dh voekuuk djus dh dkjZokbZ 'kq: djus gsrq gq, 12 tqykbZ 2011 ds vius vkns'k esa lacaf/kr fudk;ksa dks
mUgsa dkj.k crkvks uksfVl Hkh tkjh fd;sA funsZ'k fn;k fd os fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; }kjk 5 vizSy 2008
dks fn;s vkns'k dks rqjar fØ;kfUor djuk lqfuf'pr djsa vkSj
21 twu 2008 ds fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; ds vkns'k dks pqukSrh
bl ckor fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; esa nks ekg ds Hkhrj ifjikyu
nssrs gq, fnYyh ty cksMZ us loksZP; U;k;ky; esa vihy nk;j
fjiksVZ izLrqr djsaA mPpre U;k;ky; us eqvkots dh jkf'k dks
dhA bl vihy esa fnYyh ty cksMZ us rdZ fn;k fd mPp
Hkh c<+kdj ikap yk[k #i;s dj fn;kA mPpre U;k;ky; us
U;k;ky; us vius vf/kdkj {ks= ds ckgj tkdj eqvkotk nsus
bl ekeys dks okil fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; esa LFkkukarfjr dj
rFkk lhoj dfeZ;ksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus dk funsZ'k fn;kA
fn;k gS tgka vkxs dh lquokbZ vkSj dkjZokbZ gksxhA
loksZP; U;k;ky; us 12 tqykbZ 2011 dks vius ,sfrgkfld
vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd bl rjg ds ,sfrgkfld vkSj tui{kh;
fu.kZ; esa lekt ds bl misf{kr vkSj oafpr rcds vkSj [kkldj
fu.kZ; reke oafpr oxks± vkSj [kkldj lQkbZ vkSj lhoj
lQkbZ vkSj lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh nqnZ'kk vkSj n;uh; fLFkfr dks
deZpkfj;ksa ds ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj leku voljksa dh cgkyh esa
js[kkafdr fd;kA KkrO; gS fd lhoj dfeZ;ksa dks viuh tku
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,axsA vkt tc iwjh nqfu;ka uovkfFkZd
tksf[ke esa Mkydj lQkbZ ds fy, lhojksa ds vanj fcuk fdlh
mnkjokn ds jax esa jax jgh gS] rc bl rjg ds fu.kZ; dqN
lqj{kk midj.k ds tkuk iM+rk gSA oLrqr% bu yksxksa ds ewyHkwr
mEehn txkrs gSaA
vf/kdkjksa dk guu cjkcj gksrk gS vkSj vktknh ds ckn ls gh
muds fy, lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj thou ds vkuan dk dksbZ lfjrk HkksbZ
vFkZ ugha jgk gSA fnO;T;ksfr t;iqfj;kj
g~;weu jkbV~l ykW usVodZ
fjiksVsZcy
loksZP; U;k;ky;] Hkkjr
flfoy vihy la[;k& 5322&2011
fnYyh ty cksMZ
cuke
uS'kuy dSEisu iQkWj fMfXuVh ,aM jkbV~l vkWo
lhojst ,aM vykbM odZlZ vkSj vU;
fu.kZ;
U;k;ewfrZ th,l fla?koh ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh

izLrkouk esa iznÙk mnns';ksa dk ykHk fdlh gn rd lekt
1- vuqefr ;kfpdk LohÑrA
ds mu izrkfM+r rcdks rd igqaps tks ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa]
2- ;g vihy fnYyh tycksMZ }kjk fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj vkthfodk ds vf/kdkjksa ls fiNys
dh [kaMihB }kjk fn;s x;s varoZrh vkns'k dks jksdus gsrq Ng n'kd ls oafpr jgs gSaA
nkf[ky dh x;h gSA fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; U;kf;d lsok
;g ;kfpdk Li"V djrh gS fd jkT; dk <kapk fdl izdkj
desVh ds ikl mPp U;k;ky; us 79 gtkj #i;s tek
mu yksxksa ds izfr vlaosnu'khy gS tks BsB xjhc gSa vkSj
djus ds fy, dgk x;k FkkA ;g jkf'k ml 1-71 yk[k
tks fnu&jkr izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dke djrs gSa vkSj
#i;s dh jkf'k ds vykok gS tks e`rd deZpkfj;ksa ds
yxkrkj ftudh tku dks [krjk cuk jgrk gSA
ifjokjksa dks igys gh nh tk pqdh gSA e`rdksa esa ls ,d
jktu gSA ;g ekeyk mu gtkjksa eqdneksa esa ls ,d gS 3- laln vkSj jkT; fo/kkueaMyksa us mu yksxksa ds dkuwuh
tks fd jkT; vkSj bldh laLFkkvksa@dk;Zikfydk us mPp gdnkjksa dks eqvkotk nsus gsrq dkuwu cuk, gSa tks yksx
U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s fu.kZ; ds f[kykQ nk;j fd;kA gokbZ] jsy vkSj eksVjdkj nq?kZVukvksa esa ekjs tkrs gSa( tks
yksx QSDVjh m|ksx ;k vU; laLFkkvksa esa M;wVh ds nkSjku 4- jkT; ljdkj o blds lac) fudk;ksa] bR;kfn }kjk lapkfyr
viuk thou [kksrs gSaA ,sls dkuwuh gdnkjksa dks fuf'pr lhojksa esa Lo;a vFkok Bsdsnkjksa ds ek/;e ls dke djrs gSa]
/kujkf'k eqvkots ds rkSj ij nh tkrh gS] vkSj ;gka rd fd muds fu;ksDrk dh vlko/kkuh ls ekjs tkus ij ,sls etnwjksa
tks yksx iqfyl dh dkjZokbZ ds nkSjku ekjs tkrs gSa] mUgsa ds dkuwuh gdnkjksa ds ikl jkT; dh U;k; iz.kkyh rd
Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh }kjk ?kksf"kr vuqxzg jkf'k jkgr ds fy, igqapus gsrq lk/ku@lalk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k
nh tkrh gSA ysfdu] u rks dkuwu cukus okyksa us vkSj u uS'kuy dSEisu QkWj fMxfuVh ,aM jkbV~l vkWo lhojst
gh mu yksxksa ds }kjk fdlh izdkj ds Bksl dne mBk;s ,aM vykbM odZlZ us ;kfpdk la[;k 5232@2007 fnYyh
x;s ftu yksxksa ds dU/kksa ij vlaxfBr etnwjksa ds fgrksa mPp U;k;ky; esa nkf[ky dh] ftlds ek/;e ls lhojksa
ds fy, bu dkuwuksa dks fØ;kfUor djus dh ftEesnkjh dh lQkbZ dk dke djus okys ,sls etnwjksa dh nqnZ'kk dh
lkSih x;h Fkh rFkk u gh bl oxZ ds yksxksa dh lqj{kk ds vksj yksxks dk /;ku [khapus ftuesa ls cgqr ls viuh tku
fy, tks Bsdsnkjksa }kjk ;k muds ek/;e ls ljdkj ;k ls gkFk /kks cSBrs gSaA futh izkf/kdj.kksa vkSj Bsdsnkjksa vkSj
mldh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk turk ds Hkys ds fy, [krjukd ;gka rd fd futh O;fDr;ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa }kjk bu yksxksa
vkSj tksf[ke okys dke ij yxk;s tkrs gSaA buesa ls ,d dks lkQ&lQkbZ gsrq mi;ksx gksus okys t:jh midj.k
;kfpdkdrkZ Hkh gSA ,sls etnwjksa ds viuh tku xaokus ij miyC/k ugha djk;s tkrs gSaA ,sls midj.kksa ds vHkko esa os
Hkh rdZlaxr eqvkots dk izko/kku ugha gSA foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dke djus ds fy, etcwj gksrs gSaA
vihy ds 4 ls ysdj 6os iSjs vkSj 8osa iSjs esa ;kfpdkdrkZ
us fuEufyf[kr izkDdFku izLrqr fd;s %
Þ4- ;kfpdk esa fnYyh ds lhojksa esa dke djus okys
etnwjksa dh nqnZ'kk dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA fnYyh
ls cM+s iSekus ij dpjk fudflr gksrk gSA orZeku
esa fnYyh ls fudyus okys dpjs dh ek=k 2871
,e,yMh gSA fnYyh ty cksMZ vuqi;ksxh ty ds
fu"dklu ds fy, mRrjnk;h gS] ftlesa 5600 fdeh
Hkwfexr ,oa VsMhes<+h ukfy;ksa&lhojykbu dh O;oLFkk
gS vkSj blds j[kj[kko o vU; dk;ksaZ ds fy, yxHkx
fnYyh ty cksMZ cuke uS'kuy dSEisu iQkWj fMfXuVh ,aM jkbV~l
vkWo lhojst ,aM vykbM odZlZ vkSj vU; 63
fnukad LFkku ekSrksa dh la[;k
;kfpdk Li"V djrh gS fd jkT; dk
22 ekpZ czãiqjh 1
<kapk fdl izdkj mu yksxksa ds izfr 23 ekpZ 'kkgnjk 2
vlaosnu'khy gS tks BsB xjhc gSa vkSj 11 vizSy 'kkfDruxj 3
25 twu fjBkyk ,lVhih 5
tks fnu&jkr izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
tqykbZ dukV iSysl 3
dke djrs gSa vkSj yxkrkj ftudh tqykbZ vks[kyk 3
tku dks [krjk cuk jgrk gS vDVwcj mRre uxj 4
fnYyh ty cksMZ ds lkFk dke djus okys 5500 lu 2004 esa gksus okyh ekSrksa dk C;kSjk bl izdkj gS%
lhoj etnwjksa dh fLFkfr ,slh gS fd os u flQZ vusd fnukad LFkku ekSrksa dh la[;k
tgjhyh xSlksa vkSj uqdlkunsg inkFkks± dk lkeuk
24 ebZ othj iqj 3
viuh tku tksf[ke esa Mkydj djrs gSa] cfYd dke
ds nkSjku vkdfLed e`R;q vkSj ne ?kqVus dh ijs'kkuh 25 ebZ xkSreiqjh 1
dk Hkh lkeuk djrs gSaA bu ukfy;ksa esa dke djus ls 11 twu le;iqj 2
;s yksx vusd jksxksa vkSj [krjksa ls :c: jgrs gSaA bl
tqykbZ othjiqj 2
ckr dh iqf"V ds fy, ,usDlj&1 ds rkSj ij fnYyh
ds lhojkas esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dh fLFkfr dks vDVwcj jksfg.kh 2
n'kkZrs QksVks layXu gSaA ;s QksVksxzkQ bu ukfy;ksa esa vDVwcj iniknqj 2
dke djus okys etnwjksa dh nq%[kn dgkuh o nqnZ'kk blds lkFk ¼vusDlj ih&2½ layXu gS tks fd 07-5-
dks n'kZkrs gSaA 2007 dks uoHkkjr VkbEl esa Nis ys[k ¼Bsdsnkjksa dh
5- fnYyh esa lhojkssa dh lQkbZ dk dke djrs le; bu ykijokgh ls gks jgh gSa ekSrsa½ dh vuqokfnr dkih gSA
lhojksa esa gksus okyh ekSrksa dh 'kk;n gh fxurh dh 6- ;gka rd fd 2007 esa fnukad 6 ebZ 2007 dks lhoj
tkrh gSA 7 ebZ 2007 dks uoHkkjr VkbEl us lu ds vUnj dke djrs gq, etnwjksa& jes'k] larks"k vkSj
2003 esa gq;h ekSrksa dk C;kSjk fuEu izdkj ls fn;k Fkk vk'kh"k tgjhyh xSlksa ls ne ?kqVus ds dkj.k viuh
%
tku ls gkFk /kks cSBsA blds lkFk ih&3 ds uke ls ,d eghus esa 10 ls vf/kd ckj vanj tkuk iMrk gSA
js[kkafdr dh x;h izfr vusDlj ih&3 ds :Ik esa gS bu Hkwfexr lhojksa esa dke djrs le; bu etnwjksa
tks fd ,d lekpkj fjiksVZ gS tks 7-5-2007 ds VkbEl esa ls T;knkrj cMs+ iSekus ij ?kko [kk cSBrs gSaA bUgsa
vkQ bafM;k esa Nih FkhA ;g ?kVuk fot; ,Udyso vka[kksa esa tyu eglwl gksrh gS vkSj mudh Ropk
MkcM+h ds lkeus ¼tks fd nf{k.k fnYyh esa fLFkr gS½ ij yky nkus fudyus ds lkFk [kqtyh dh f'kdk;r
enzklh ukys esa ?kfVr gq;hA bl nkSjku dke dks eglwl gksrh gSA 41 etnwjksa us vLFkk;h :Ik ls csgks'kh
jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx ds fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dh dh f'kdk;r ntZ dh gSA yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ ls dqN
iw.kZ:Ik ls vuns[kh@mYya?ku djrs gq, djk;k tk T;knk etnwjksa dks fVVus'k ds fy, izfrjf{kr fd;k
jgk FkkA ihfM+r etnwj fcuk fdlh gsyesV vkSj xSl x;k gSA tcfd buesa ls fdlh dks Hkh gSisVkbfVl&ch
ekLd vkthou flysaMj ds dke dj jgs Fks tks fd ds fy, Vhdkd`r ugha fd;k x;k gSA
jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr funsZ'kksa yxHkx 46 izfr'kr ls T;knk etnwjksa dk ckWMh ekl
ds vuqlkj vfuok;Z gSA u rks buds ikl izFke baMsDl ¼ch,lvkbZ½ ds vk/kkj ij vko';drk ls de
mipkj fdV gh miyC/k Fkh vkSj u gh lkal ysus otu ik;k x;k gSA 37 izfr'kr etnwjksa esa lkekU; ls
oky d`f=e ra= ¼vkWDlhtu xSl flys.Mj½ vkSj u gh de ek=k esa gheksXyksfcu ik;k x;k gSA 65 izfr'kr
iksVsZcy lhf<+;ka gh Bsdsnkjksa }kjk budks eqgS;k djk;h ls vf/kd etnwjksa esa lkekU; Y;wdkslkbV dkmaV ¼91
x;h FkhaA Bsdsnkjksa us Li"V :ils lHkh fn'kkfunsZ'kksa o izfr'kr½ ds ckotwn ctk; bZvksflu fQy dkmUV
fu;eksa dk mYya?ku fd;kA vf/kd ¼6 izfr'kr½ ik;k x;k gSA ,pch,l,th ds
8- f'k{kk ,oa nwjlapkj dsUnz ¼lsaVj QkWj ,Mqds'ku ,aM fy, VsLV fd;s x;s lHkh lSaiyksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh lSaiy
dE;wfuds'ku½ us vkWD;qis'kuy gsYFk ,aM ls¶Vh ikWthfVo ugha ik;k x;kA ;wjhu ijh{k.k esa 'kjhj
eSustesaV dalyVsalh lfoZlst uked laLFkk ds lg;ksx ds vkWxZu flLVe ij vifjorZuh; vlj ns[kus dks
ls fnYyh ds lhojksa esa dke djus okys etnwjksa ds feykA
LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk Lrj fo"k; ij ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj 50 izfr'kr ls vf/kd ijh{k.kksa esa QsQMksa dh
dh gSA fjiksVZ fu"d"kZ nsrh gS fd % fØ;k'khyrk ds ifj.kke izfrdwy ik;s x;sA Nkrh
ÞLkhojksa esa dke djus okys etnwj dke djus okys ds ,Dl&js }kjk ;g Li"V gks x;k fd 'oklra= dh
LFkku esa tksf[ke dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k Hkkjh e`R;qnj fØ;k'khyrk esa Hkh deh gSA
,oa ?kkrd jksxksa ls ihfM+r gSaA fiNys nks lky esa can fdlh Hkh etnwj dks dke ds nkSjku laHkkfor [krjs
lhoj ykbuksa esa dke djus ds dkj.k 33 etnwjksa dh ds ckjs esa ekSf[kd :Ik ls vkSipkfjd rkSj ij dqN
tku x;hA 59 izfr'kr etnwjksa dks Hkwfexr lhojksa esa
Hkh ugha crk;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh etnwj ds lkFk lkFk&lkFk mUgsa iwjk fpfdRldh; mipkj fu%'kqYd fn;k
dke ds nkSjku gksus okyh vkdfLed nq?kZVuk ds fy, tk, o lkFk gh ml iwjs le;varjky dh iwjh ru[okg Hkh
izkFkfed mipkj dh lqfo/kk rd ugha nh x;h gS rFkk nh tk, ftl le; os chekj jgs gSaA
;gka rd fd vU; lqj{kk midj.k& nLrkus] ekLd
vkSj twrs Hkh ukeek= gh ekStwn gSaA lqj{kk midj.kksa 5- fjV ;kfpdk ds eq[; fcanqvksa dk v/;;u djus ds ckn
dh vkiwfrZ t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd Ik;kZIr ugha ik;h mPp U;k;ky; dh [kaMihB us izfrokfn;ksa dks uksfVl tkjh
x;hA djus ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh ttksa esa ls ,d MkW tfLVl ,l
lHkh nSfud etnwj yxHkx 2950 #Ik;s izfrekg dh eqjyh/kj ls vkxzg fd;k fd os lhojksa esa dke djus okys
ru[okg ij dke dj jgs Fks Hkys gh fdruh gh vof/k etnwjkas dh leL;kvksa dk dksbZ dkjxj gy <w<saA fo}ku
ls dke dj jgs gksaAß
tt us ;kfpdkdrkZvksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa vihydrkZ vkSj
;kfpdkdrkZ us xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh fd;s jkT; dh ,tsafl;ksa dks lquk rFkk izLrqr fd;s x;s lHkh
x;s vkns'k ¼fnukad 15-6-2006½ dk lanHkZ fn;k gS tks fd nLrkostksa dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k rFkk rc 5-4-2008 dks
xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; us Lis'ky flfoy ,Iyhds'ku la vusd lq>koksa dks bl vkns'k esa 'kkfeydj bu eSugksy
8989@2001 & dkenkj LokLF; lqj{kk e.My vkSj Lis'ky lhojksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, rSukr etnwjksa dh lqj{kk gsrq
flfoy ,Iyhds'ku la[;k&11706@2004&eSugksy odZlZ
;wfu;u vkSj yksd vf/kdkj la?k esa of.kZr gSA blds vykok lhoj etnwjksa dh fLFkfr ,slh gS fd
;kfpdkdrkZ us le;≤ ij vusd ;kfpdk,a nk;j dha
ftuesa ls ,d ijekns'k tkjh djus ds laca/k esa Hkh Fkh os u flQZ vusd tgjhyh xSlksa vkSj
ftlesa fd lhojksa esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dks os t:jh uqdlkunsg inkFkks± dk lkeuk viuh
lqj{kk midj.k vkSj diM+s tks fd xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky;
}kjk ekU;rk izkIr vkns'k ¼tks flfoy Lis'ky ,Iyhds'ku esa tku tksf[ke esa Mkydj djrs gSa]
fn;k x;k½ esa of.kZr Fks] eqgS;k djk;s tk,a rFkk lhojksa dh cfYd dke ds nkSjku vkdfLed e`R;q
lQkbZ ds fy, eSugksy esa tkus ds dkj.k ejus okys etnwj
ds ifjokj dks 10 yk[k #i;ss eqvkots ds rkSj ij fn;s vkSj ne ?kqVus dh ijs'kkuh dk Hkh
tk,a rFkk lHkh etnwjksa ds esfMdy ijh{k.k dh O;oLFkk ds lkeuk djrs gSa
;g vkns'k ikl fd;kA mPp U;k;ky; dh [kaMihB us rc etnwjksa dks eqvkotk Bsdsnkjksa ls olwy dj ¼;fn
MkW tfLVl ,l- eqjyh/kj }kjk fn;s x;s lq>koksa ij fopkj fof/klEer gks½ fn;k tk,xkA
fd;k rFkk ;kfpdkdrkZvksa ,oa ,uMh,elh }kjk nkf[ky ¼Mh½ izfroknh fdlh Hkh etnwj dh dke ds nkSjku
gyQukes ,oa nLrkostksa dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk fQj ,d e`R;q gksus ij ,d yk[k #i;ss dh vuqxzg jkf'k
foLr`r vkns'k fnukad 20-05-2008 dks tkjh fd;k ftlesa dk Hkqxrku etnwj ds ifjokj dks djsxkA ;g
jde Bsdsnkjks ls Hkh olwy dh tk ldrh gS]
iSjk la[;k 9 ,oa 10 fuEufyf[kr :Ik ls i<s tk;a %
ysfdu dkuwuh rkSj ls oS/k gksus ij ghA
Þ9- ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk nh x;h vusd fjiksVks±a ij fopkj djus
¼bZ½ izfroknh etnwjksa dh lHkh laoS/kkfud cdk;k
ds ckn] rFkk lacaf/kr ,tsfUl;ksa vkSj ckj }kjk fn;s
jkf'k;ka tSls izkfoMsaV QaM] xzsT;qVh vkSj cksul
x;s izLrqrhdj.kksa ds ckn ds le{k fn;s izLrqrhdj.kksa
vkfn dk Hkqxrku lHkh etnwjksa dks] mu etnwjksa
ds ckn ge fuEufyf[kr funsZ'kksa dks bl ;kfpdk dk
lfgr ftUgsa lafo/kk ij j[kk x;k gS] djsxkA
vfUre fu"iknu vkns'k tkjh djrs gSaA
¼,Q½ izfroknh ;kfpdkdrkZ laxBu ds lkFk
¼,½ esfMdy ijh{k.k ,oa esfMdy mipkj lHkh
fopkjfoe'kZ dj etnwjksa dks tYn ls tYn u;s
etnwjksa dks ¼lhojksa esa dke djus okys½ fu%'kqYd
lqj{kk midj.k miyC/k djk;sxkA
fn;k tk;sxkA ;g bykt O;olk; ls tqM+h
chekjh ls izHkkfor lc etnwjksa ds fy, fujUrj ¼th½ izfroknh lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks lkcqu ,oa rsy
pyrk jgsxkA chekjh ,oa vkdfLed nq?kZVuk esa orZeku dksVs ds vuq:Ik eqgS;k djk;sxkA ,slk
Hkh rc rd tc rd bykt iwjk u gks tk; ;k gj eghus ds var esa fd;k tk,xk u fd lky ds
chekj O;fDr dh e`R;q u gks tk;& var esaA
¼ch½ lhojksa esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dh lsokvksa dks ¼,p½ izfroknh fnYyh ty cksMZ ds u;s fu;eksa ds
Bsdsnkjksa ,oa ekkfydksa & ftuds }kjk mUgsa dke vuqlkj deZpkfj;ksa dks jsLV:e] dSUVhu ds
fn;k x;k gS & ds }kjk chekjh ds nkSjku lekIr lkFk&lkFk izkFkfed mipkj dh lqfo/kk] lkQ
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bl rjg ds etnwjksa vkSj lqjf{kr ihus dk ikuh] diM+s /kksus dh
dks dke ij rSukr etnwjksa dh rjg gh etnwjh lqfo/kk] 'kkSpky; ,oa ew=ky;] lqj{kkx`g] f'k'kqx`g
dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk;sxk vkSj mudh lsok dk ,oa dSUVhu & tks Hkh u;s fu;eksa esa fu/kkZfjr
laKku fy;k tk;sxk& fd;k x;k gS & os lHkh eqgS;k djk;sxkA blds
lkFk gh ;gka ij ,d LVksj dh lqfo/kk Hkh nh
¼lh½ oDlZeSu daiu'kslu ,DV 1923 ds rgr izko/kku
tkuh fuf'pr dh x;h gS tgka ij deZpkjh tek
ds vUrZxr O;kolkf;d chekfj;ksa ls ihfM+r lc
gksdj vius&vius dke djus dh txgksa dh ds ekeys esa vuqxzg jkf'k ds rkSj ij fn;k tkus
rjQ jokuk gks ldsaA okyk eqvkotk e`r deZpkjh ds ifjokj dks fn;k
¼vkbZ½ ekfydksa dks vius lHkh deZpkfj;ksa lafonk tk pqdk gS vFkok ughaA ;fn ugha rks ;g iSlk
deZpkfj;ksas lfgr & dks ,DlhMsaV&de&ost&fLyi 8 lIrkg ds Hkhrj ifjokj dks ns fn;k tk;A
lhihMCY;wMh@ihMCY;wMh@MhMh, fnYyh ty ¼,u½ ,uMh,elh dks ;g vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS fd
cksMZ dkWUVªSDVj yscj jsxqys'ku ,DV dh /kkjk 8 esa 7 fnlacj 2003 dks gq;h nq?kZVuk& ,uMh,elh
fu/kkZfjr O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj eqgS;k djkus gksaxsA ds Bsdsnkjksa dh ns[kjs[k esa dke dj jgs esa rhu
¼ts½ izfroknh lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lafonk O;fDr;ksa dh ekSr gks x;h FkhA muds ifjokj
deZpkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj dkMZ yscj jsxqys'kal dh okyksa dks ,d&,d yk[k #Ik;s dh vuqxzg jkf'k
/kkjk 9 ds vuqlkj eqgS;k djk,xk rFkk lsok nh tk; bl vktknh ds lkFk fd ;fn dkuwu esa
lekfIr ds le; lafonk deZpkfj;ksa lfgr reke izko/kku gks rks ;g jkf'k Bsdsnkj ls Hkh olwyh
deZpkfj;ksa dks lsok izek.ki= yscj jsxqys'kal dh tk ldrh gSA
/kkjk 10 ds vuqlkj miyC/k djk,xkA
¼ds½ izfroknh yscj jsxqys'kal dh /kkjk 5 esa fu/kkZfjr
izko/kku ds vuqlkj lafonk deZpkfj;ksa dks fn;s
x;s osru dk jftLVj vius gLrk{kjksa ds }kjk
izekf.kr djsxkA
¼,y½ izfroknh pkj lIrkg ds Hkhrj bl dksVZ RkFkk
;kfpdkdrkZ dks vius dk;ks±a ds fu"iknu gsrq
lafonk ij j[ks x;s dqy deZpkfj;ksa dh lwph
rFkk dk;Z dks iwjk djkus okys Bsdsnkjksa dh lwph
ds lkFk&lkFk vc rd lhoj lQkbZ ls tqM+s
deZpkfj;ksa dks nh x;h ru[okg ds vkSj mudks
fn;s x;s jkstxkj dk le;&varjky dk C;kSjk
Hkh tek djk;sxkA
¼,e½ fnYyh ty cksMZ dks ;g vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS fd
og ;g lqfuf'Pkr djs fd e`r lhoj deZpkfj;ksa
¼vks½ fnYyh ty cksMZ ,oa ,uMh,elh dks funZs'k fn;k gSA ¼3½ fdu LFkkuksa ij e'khu }kjk dke fd;k
tkrk gS fd og IkSjk 15 ,o 16 esa of.kZr ftu tk ldrk gS ¼4½ ,sls laosnu'khy LFkku tgka
lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh ekSr gks x;h Fkh 22 tqykbZ vkdfLed ekSrsa] nq?kZVuk,a ,oa ukfy;ka vDlj can
2008 ds fyf[kr izLrqrhdj.k] ml ?kVuk dh gksrh gSaA ¼5½ ;g lc vkt ls rhu ekg ds Hkhrj
tkap dh tk; vkSj vkB lIrkg ds Hkhrj fjiksVZ gks tkuk pkfg,A
bl dksVZ ds lqiqnZ dh tk; vkSj ;fn ;g ik;k ¼D;w½ var esa izfrokfn;ksa dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd
tk; fd lafonk ij j[ks x;s deZpkjh] ftUgkasus os etnwjksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys lhojksa dh lQkbZ
viuh tku xokabZ] vkSj tks ,uMh,elh@Mhtsch ds dke dks e'khuksa }kjk fu"ikfnr fd;s tkus
ds Bsdsnkjksa ds v/khu dke dj jgs Fks muds ds fy, izLrko o ;kstuk nLrkostksa ds tfj;s
ifjtuksa dks ,d&,d yk[k #i;ss dh vuqxzg izLrqqr djsxsa tSlk fd Mhtsch ,oa ,uMh,elh
jkf'k ns nh tk;A dkuwu ds vk/kkj ij ;fn oS/k }kjk ;kstuk cukbZ x;h gS vkSj ;s lHkh ;kstuk,a
gks rks ;g jkf'k Bsdsnkj ls Hkh olwy dh tk rhu ekg ds Hkhrj fØ;kfUor gks tkuh pkfg,Aß
ldrh gSA
10- mijksDr funsZ'kksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, ge fuEu
¼ih½ izfroknh dks ,d uD'kk izLrqr djuk pkfg;s fyf[kr :i ls ,d lfefr cukrs gSa %
ftlesa ;g Li"V :Ik ls fn[kk;k x;k gks fd%&
¼i½ ps;jeSu Jh ,lvkj 'kadju] vkbZ,,l] f=iqjk
¼1½ dgka&dgka ukfy;ksa dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gS ¼2½
ljdkj ls lsokfuo`Rr eq[; lfpo
dgka ladjh ukfy;ksa ;k vU; dkj.kksa ls vk/kqfud
e'khuh midj.kksa dk izos'k ugha fd;k tk ldrk ¼ii½ ,d&,d vf/kdkjh ,uMh,elh] MhMh, vkSj
fnYyh ty cksMZ }kjk ukfer fd;k tkuk gS tks
fd Hkkjr ljdkj ds vUrZxr voj lfpo ls uhps
ds in dk ugha gksuk pkfg,A
¼iii½ jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks= fnYyh dh ljdkj ds
lekt dY;k.k foHkkx ds la;qDr lfpo dks
foHkkx ds lfpo }kjk lfefr dk la;kstd ukfer
fd;k tkuk gSA
¼iv½ ;kfpdkdrkZ laLFkk ls ,d izfrfuf/kAß
6- ftl nkSjku mPp U;k;ky; }kjk lhojksa esa dke djus
okys etnwjksa ls tqMs gq, eqn~nksa ¼muds LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk ftl nkSjku mPp U;k;ky; lhojksa esa
ls tqMs+ gq, eqn~nksa ds lkFk½ dk v/;;u fd;k tk jgk dke djus okys etnwjksa ls tqMs gq,
Fkk] mlh nkSjku fgUnqLrku VkbEl us fnukad 26-3-2009
ds ¼esVªks laLdj.k½ essa [kcj Nkih fd ekPkZ 2009 ekg ds eqn~nksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk jgk Fkk]
nkSjku lhojksa esa dke djus okys de ls de 6 etnwjksa us mlh nkSjku fgUnqLrku VkbEl us [kcj
lqj{kk midj.kksa ds vHkko esa tgjhyh xSlksa ls ne ?kqVus
ds dkj.k viuh tku xokabZA nks etnwj vyhiqj ujsyk] nks Nkih fd ekPkZ 2009 ds nkSjku lhojksa
cokuk vkSj ,d&,d Øe'k% lsDVj 6 ujsyk vkSj fnYyh esa dke djus okys de ls de 6
fpfM+;k?kj ,oa lqUnjuxj fnYyh esa ekSr dk f'kdkj gq,A
buesa ls pkj ekSrsa ;kfpdkdrkZ fnYyh ty cksMZ] fnYyh etnwjksa dh ekSr lqj{kk midj.kksa ds
fodkl izkf/kdj.k vkSj fnYyh jkT; m|ksx fodkl fuxe vHkko esa tgjhyh xSlksa ls ne ?kqVus
ds dk;Z{ks= ds vUrZxr rFkk nks ekSrsa futh QkeZ gkml&
dR;ky QkeZgkml c[rkojiqj jksM] ujsyk esa gq;hA ds dkj.k gq;h
7- mijksDr fjiksVZ esa nks"k fl) gksus ds ckn mPp U;k;ky; mlus Li"V fd;k fd e`rd mi&Bsdsnkj dkUrk izlkn gS
dh [k.MihB us vihydrkZ& fnYyh ty cksMZ ,oa fnYyh rFkk ftls eSllZ vkjlsYQ fef'kxu&tsoh }kjk bl dk;Z
fodkl izkf/kdj.k dks vius&vius gyQukes nkf[ky djus ds fy, j[kk x;kA bl daiuh dks fpfM+;k?kj bykds ds
ds fy, dgkA fnYyh jkT; vkS|kSfxd fodkl fuxe rFkk lhojksa dh iquLFkkZiuk dk dke lkSaik x;k gSA Lkq[kkbZjke
QkeZgkml ds ekfydksa dks o iqfyl foHkkx dks Hkh uksfVl ds vuqlkj e`rd lhoj esa bikWDlh dh xSl ls ne ?kqVus
tkjh fd;s x;sA ds dkj.k csgks'k gksdj fxjk FkkA blds vykok mUgksaus
8- fnYyh tycksMZ ds eq[; vfHk;ark Jh lq[kkbZ jke }kjk dgk fd Bsdsnkj ds }kjk 1 yk[k 71 gtkj #Ik;s dh
nkf[ky fd;s x;s gyQukes esa nkok fd;k x;k gS fd /kujkf'k e`rd ds ifjokj dks igys gh Hkqxrku dh tk pqdh
ftl O;fDr dh e`R;q 15-3-2009 dks gq;h og lhoj esa dke gSA fnYyh fodkl izkf/kdj.k ,oa fnYyh jkT; vkS|ksfxd
djus okyk csynkj etnwj ugha Fkk] cfYd ,d isUVj FkkA fodkl dkiksZjs'ku ds }kjk nkf[ky gyQukes esa ;g nkok
fd;k x;k fd e`rd etnwj muds }kjk dke ij ugha j[ks fd;k x;k gyQukek iw.kZr;k xqejkg djus okyk gSA
x;s Fks] gkykafd o mudh e/;LFkrk ls dke ij ugha j[sk ,Qvkbvkj ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd e`rd jktu rFkk
x;s Fks gkaykafd lquokbZ ds nkSjku ;kfpdkdrkZ dh rjQ ls ,d vU; etnwj jktdqekj lhoj ds vUnj lhf<+;ksa dh
enn ls x;s FksA vUnj tkus ls igys mUgksaus Bsdsnkjksa ds
Hksts fo)r vf/koDrk us dgk fd eSugksy esa tkus ls igys
deZpkfj;ksa ls lqj{kk midj.kksa vkSj vkDlhtu ekLd ekaxs]
bu etnwjksa dks vko';d lqj{kk midj.k ugha fn;s x;s FksA exj bu deZpkfj;ksa us bu etnwjksa dh ekaxksa ij dksbZ
9- LVsV ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk nkf[ky gyQukes o bl ij gq;h /;ku ugha fn;kA ;g ,QvkbZvkj esa vkxs ekywe iMrk gS
fd os yksx blh rjg ls fiNys ,d lIrkg ls dke djrs
cgl ij fopkj foe'kZ ds ckn mPp U;k;ky; dh [kaMihB
vk jgs Fks vkSj ckj&ckj fourh djus ij Hkh mUgs t:jh
us fnukad 21-4-2009 dks vkns'k ikfjr fd;k ftldk
lqj{kk midj.k o vkWDlhtu ekLd miyC/k ugha djk;s
mi;ksxh Hkkx bl izdkj ls gS % x;sA blesa vkxs Li"V :ils ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd os
Þ,QvkbZvkj dk v/;;u djus ij ;g Li"V :ils ns[kk yksx lhoj dh isafVx dj jgs Fks rFkk pawfd ogka tgjhyh
tk ldrk gS fd fnYyh ty cksMZ dh rjQ ls nkf[ky xSls Fkh o vkDlhtu de ek=k esa Fkh] vr% blh dkj.k
jktu csgks'k gks x;k vkSj gkfLiVy tkus ij mls ogka e`r ysfdu vuqca/kdrkZ fcuk MhMh, dh vkKk fy, lhoj ykbu
?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA nwljs O;fDr dks pDdj vkus yxs vkSj esa dksbZ Hkh dke le; ls vkxs rd ugha djk ldrk gSA
og uhps fxj iM+k ftlls mlds psgjs ij pksV vk x;hA odhy us vkxs dgk gS fd MhMh, us dksbZ lqj{kk midj.k
Mhtsch dh rjQ ls izLrqr fo}ku odhy us Lohdkj fd;k miyC/k ugha djk;s Fks D;ksfd vuqca/k ds eqrkfcd ;g
fd gkbZdksVZ ds 20 vxLr 2008 esa tkjh fd;s x;s vkns'k ftEesnkjh iwjh rjg ls Bsdsnkj dh FkhA etnwjksa dks vHkh
esa of.kZr lqj{kk midj.k & ftlesa fd funsZf'kr fd;k x;k rd tSlk fd Mh,lvkbZMhlh dk loky gS ,QvkbZvkj esa
Fkk fd ;s lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djk;s tkus pkfg, & ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ?kVuk ls pkj yksx tqMs gq, Fks&
etnwjksa dks dks eqgS;k ugha djk;s x;s FksA muds vuqlkj nks etnwj euiky vkSj jkeczt ;kno dh ekSr gq;h rFkk
lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djkus dh iwjh ftEesnkjh le>kSrs ds nks vU; ';kechj losZ'k ,oa cztiky ;kno t[eh gq, FksA
eqrkfcd Bsdsnkj dh FkhA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd lhoj esa ;s yksx Mh,lvkbZMhlh }kjk pqus gq, Bsdsnkj v#.k dqekj
dke djus okys etnwjksa dks iwjh rjg ls Bsdsnkj dh n;k xks;y ds v/khu dke dj jgs FksA ,QvkbZvkj ls ;g Li"V
ds Hkjksls NksM+ fn;k x;k Fkk] tks fd t:jh lko/kkfu;ka gS fd deZpkfj;ksa dks lqj{kk midj.k o ;a= miyC/k ugha
cjrus esa ukdke jgk rFkk ftlds QyLo:Ik etnwj jktu djk;s x;s Fks tSlk fd igys js[kkafdr fd;k tk pqdk gSA
dh e`R;q gks x;hA igys gh mYys[k gS fd dR;ky QkeZgkml esa c[rkojiqj
vHkh rd tSlk fd Li"V gS fd e`R;q MhMh, ds vf/kdkj{ks= jksM ujsyk esa nks ekSrsa gq;h FkhaA ,QvkbZvkj esa ;g ns[kk
esa gq;h gS] gYkQukes esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd lhoj ykbu ls tk ldrk gS fd tks yksx lhoj dh lQkbZ ds nkSjku ekSr
dpjk@xkn fudkyus dk dke ;k dksbZ vkSj dke MhMh, ds f'kdkj gq;s Fks os QkeZgkml ds ekfyd }kjk bl dke
ls lacf/kr bl Hkkx esa tgka ij ekSr gq;h ogka ij gks gh ds fy, fu;qDr fd;s x;s Bsdsnkj lquhy ds v/khu dk;Zjr
ugha jgk FkkA ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd 'kk;n ogka jgus okys FksA QkeZgkml dh rjQ ls mifLFkr odhy us ;g dgk fd
dqN fuokfl;ksa }kjk jkds'k dqekj uke ls fdlh O;fDr dks vuqxzg jkf'k ds rkSj ij ihfM+rksa ds ifjokjksa dks ,d&,d
vius Lrj ls bl eSugksy dks] ftlesa ;g ekSr gq;h] tkap yk[k #i;ss fn;s tk pqds gSaA
djus ds fy, j[kk x;k gksxkA lquokbZ ds nkSjku gkykafd 'kq: ls gh ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd Mhtsch rFkk MhMh, us
MhMh, ds fo}ku vf/koDrk us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd gkbZdksVZ ds 20-08-2008 ds vkns'k esa fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa]
gyQukek Li"V fLFkfr O;Dr ugha djrk gSA mlus Lohdkj fo'ks"k dj mu funZs'kksa ftuesa lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djkus
fd;k fd jkds'k dqekj lSuh dks lhojksa ls xkn fudkyus rFkk lafonk ij j[ks x;s etnwjksa dks jkstxkj dkMZ eqgS;k
dk dke lkSaik x;k Fkk ysfdu mlds vuqca/k dk le; djkus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] dk ikyu ugha fd;k x;k
fnlacj 2008 esa iwjk gks pqdk FkkA muds }kjk vkxs Li"V gSA vr% bl dksVZ ds 20-08-2008 ds vkns'k dh voekuuk
fd;k x;k fd vuqca/k 6 eghus dk okjaVh le; nsrk gS djus ds fy, vnkyr dh voekuuk ,DV dk mYya?ku
djus ds fy, Mhtsch ds lhbZvks vkSj okbl ps;jeSu dks

dkj.k crkvks uksfVl tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA uksfVl dk
tokc 27-8-2009 rd fn;k tk ldrk gSA
MhMh, vkSj Mh,lvkbZMhlh dks funZs'k fn;k tkrk gS fd os
eqvkots dh jkf'k #i;ss 2-5 yk[k izfr deZpkjh ds vk/kkj
ij mPPk U;k;ky; dh fof/k lsok desVh ¼Mh,plh,y,llh½
dks e`rdksa ds ifjokjksa ds lqiqnZ djus gsrq pkj lIrkg ds
Hkhrj tek djk nsaA Mh,lvkbZMhlh blds fy, Lora= gS
fd os bl jkf'k dks Bsdsnkj ls olwysa vFkok ughaA Mhtsch
ds vuqlkj Bsdsnkj igys gh e`rdksa ds ifjokjksa dks 1-71
yk[k #i;ss ns pqds gS vr% Mhtsch dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k
tkrk gS fd os eqvkots dh cdk;k jkf'k tks fd #i;ss
79 gtkj gS mls Mh,plh,y,llh dks pkj lIrkg ds
vUnj tek djs rFkk Mh,plh,y,llh ;g irk yxk;s
fd Mhtsch ds vuqlkj 1-71 yk[k dh /kujkf'k e`rdksa ds
ifjtuksa dks feyh Hkh gS fd ugha tSlk fd fnYyh ty
cksMZ us dgk gSA dR;ky QkeZ gkml ds ekfyd izR;sd
deZpkjh dks 1-5 yk[k #i;ss ds vk/kkj ij ;k lkjka'k esa
#i;ss 3 yk[k Mh,plh,y,llh ds ikl tek djsxk rFkk
Mh,plh,y,llh ;g irk yxk;sxk fd tSlk QkeZgkml
ds ekfyd ds dgs vuqlkj ,d yk[k #i;ss dh nh x;h
jkf'k e`rdksa ds ifjokj okys yksxksa dks feyh Hkh gS fd ughaA
Mhtsch ds lhbZvks rFkk MhMh, ds okbl ps;jeSu vkSj
Mh,lvkbZMhlh ds eSusftax Mk;jsDVj dks vius&vius
O;fDrxr gyQukesa desVh ds le{k dsoy fuf'Pkr djrs
gq, fd dksVZ }kjk le;≤ ij fn;s x;s fn'kkfunsZ'kksa
dks ikyu fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;fn muesa dgha dksbZ deh
gS rks mUgsa Li"V :Ik ls gyQukes esa mtkxj djsa vkSj
fyf[kr esa izek.ki= nsa fd lfefr )kj fu/kkZfjr r;
le; ds Hkhrj ;s leL;k,a nwj dj yh tk;saxhA ;g lc
gyQukesa esa fyf[kr :ils fuf'pr djrs gq, gyQukek
pkj lIrkg ds Hkhrj dksVZ ess mijksDr lLFkkvksa }kjk
nkf[ky dj fy;k tkuk pkfg,A rhuksa laxBuksa dks funsZf'kr
fd;k tkrk gS fd os vius lHkh nLrkost fuEu izdkj ls
lfefr ds le{k nkf[ky djsa %
¼i½ fd deZpkfj;ksa dh ukekoyh esa ntZ lHkh deZpkfj;ksa
dks lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djk;s tk;saxsA
¼ii½ Ukkekoyh eas lekfgr lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks izkfoMsaV QaM
iznku fd;k tk;s
¼iii½ Ukkekoyh eas lekfgr lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj
dkMZ fn, tk,a
¼iv½ U;k;ky; ds dgs vuqlkj lafonk ij j[ks x;s
deZpkfj;ksa dk LokLF; ijh{k.k djk;k tk jgk gS rFkk
LokLF; ijh{k.k ls lacaf/kr nLrkost ;kfpdkdrkZ la?k
dks Hkh iznku fd, tk,aAß
10- vihydrkZ ds fo}ku odhy] ftUgsa jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks=

fnYyh ds odhyksa dk] ,uMh,elh rFkk MhMh, dk ijks{k
leFkZu izkIr Fkk] us cgl ds nkSjku dgk fd U;k;ky; }kjk
fn;k x;k mijksDr vkns'k jí gksus okyk gS] D;kasfd igys
fojks/kh i{k dh nkf[ky ;kfpdk dks lquokbZ djrs gq, tks
fd loZtu fgr dh eqdnesckth esa dh x;h Fkh rFkk 20-
08-2008 rFkk 21-04-2009 dks fn;s x;s vkns'k ikl djds
mPp U;k;ky; us blds vf/kdkj {ks= ds vuqPNsn 226
dh vogsyuk dh gS rFkk jkT; dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dks mlds fy, vihydrkZ dks Bsdsnkj dh ykijokgh] ;fn
gM+i fn;k gSA fo}ku odhyksa us U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh nksuksa gks] ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA fo}ku
vkns'kksa dk lanHkZ xzg.k dj rFkk muesa fufgr fn'kkfunsZ'kkas odhy us fQj 18-4-2009 dks Bsdsnkj }kjk nkf[ky fd;s
ij cgl dh fd mPp U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa ugha gS x;s gyQukes ij ppkZ djrs gq, dgk fd lHkh lqj{kk
fd og Bsdsnkj o vihydrkZ ds vuqca/k ds fu;e o 'krksZa midj.k viuh&viuh txg ij miyC/k djk;s x;s Fks
dks cny nsA fo}ku vf/koDrk us vkxs crk;k fd mPp vkSj crk;k fd vihydrkZ vkSj vU; futh laLFkkvksa dks
U;k;ky; us ,d xaHkhj xyrh vihydrkZ dks ;g funsZf'kr bu gksus okyh vkdfLed ekSrkas ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha
djds dj dj nh fd og deZpkfj;ksa ds ifjokjksa dks Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA vUr esa fo}ku odhy us cgl
eqvkotk iznku djs cxSj ;g tkus o bl rF; dh mis{kk djrs gq, vius fopkj j[krs gq, dgk fd ;fn blds ckn
djrs gq, fd os etnwj rks eSllZ vkjLksYQ fef'kxu&tsoh mPp U;k;ky; dks yxrk gS fd nq?kZVuk esa ekjs tkus okys
ds }kjk j[ks x;s Fks ftUgsa fpfM+;k?kj {ks= esa iquZokl dk yksxksa ds uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djus dh iwjh ftEesnkjh
dke lkSaik x;k Fkk] odhyksa us tksj nsdj dgk fd 'krks± vihydrkZ o futh laLFkkvksa dh gS rks vihydrkZ vkSj
ds vk/kkj ij lhojksa dh lQkbZ esa yxs gq, deZpkfj;ksa dks fnYyh fodkl izkf/kdj.k ds mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vnkyr
lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djkus dh iwjh ftEesnkjh Bsdsnkj dh voekuuk ,DV 1971 ¼la{ksi esa 1971 ,DV½ bl 20-8-
dh gksrh gS vkSj Bsdsnkj dh ykijokgh ;fn dksbZ gS rks 2008 esa lekfgr funsZ'kksa ds rFkkdfFkr mYya?ku ds rkSj
ij izLrkfor izkFkfed dk;Zokgh ds rkSj ij dkj.k crkvks ds fy, dkjxj dne mBkus o nq?kZVukvks esa ekjs x;s
uksfVl tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lhoj deZpkfj;ksa ds ifjokjksa dks eqvkotk nsus ds
fy, izHkko'kkyh ekunaM cukus ds fy, funsZf'kr djds
11- fo}ku ofj"B vf/koDrk Jh dkWfyu xksUlkfYol tks fd
U;k;laxr QSlyk fy;k\
izfroknh la[;k&,d ds i{k esa is'k gq;s] us U;k;ky; }kjk
tkjh izfrokfnr vkns'k esa vihydrkZ vkSj jkT; dh vU; ¼2½ D;k mPp U;k;ky; ds funsZ'k jkT; dh dk;Zdkjh
,tsfUl;ksa ds }kjk tksf[keHkjk dke djus ds fy, ukSdjh ij 'kfDr;ksa dk gj.k djus ds leku gS\ esa dgk x;k gS
j[ks x;s deZpkfj;ksa dh lqj{kk gsrq fn;s x;s fn'kkfunZs'kksa oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ksa dks gM+ik x;k vkSj\
dk leFkZu fd;k fd ;s yksx ihfM+rksa dks eqvkotk nsus ¼3½ D;k mPp U;k;ky; e`r deZpkfj;ksa ds ifjokjksa dks
dh viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa ls dsoy blfy, ihNk ugha NqM+k eqvkotk nsus laca/kh varfje funsZ'k tkjh djus ds fy,
ldrs fd mu yksxksa dks lhojksa ds j[kj[kko dk dke l{ke gS\
rhljh laLFkk ds ek/;e ls djk;k tk jgk FkkA fo)ku
iz'u la[;k&,d
ofj"B vf/koDrk us vkxs dgk fd vihydrkZ okLro esa
mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s eqvkots ds funsZ'k ls O;fFkr 13 izkjEHk esa ;g vuqfpr /kkj.kk lekIr dh tkuh t:jh
ugha gS] cfYd 1971 ,DV ds vUrxZr lhbZvks ij dk;Zokgh gS fd lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ lewgksa] ,fDVfoLV~l] etnwj
ds fy, tkjh fd;s x;s uksfVl ls nq%[kh gSA mUgksaus dgk vkSj Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa }kjk nk;j dh x;h ;kfpdkvksa
fd vnkyr dks vihydrkZ dh leL;kvksa dks bl rjg ds dks & tks mu yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks mtkxj djus ds
funsZ'kksa ds lkFk gy ugha djuk pkfg, D;ksafd lacaf/kr i{k fy, nk;j dh x;h gksa tks xjhch] vf'k{kk vkSj mis{kk
1971 ,DV dh /kkjk 2 ¼ch½ ds vUrZxr Li"V dj ldrk gS rFkk oSls gh vU; nwljh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k lafo/kku esa
fd mlds }kjk U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ugha dh x;h gSA fu/kkZfjr dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds vuq:i lqj{kk dh ekax ugha
dj ldrs rFkk jkT; laLFkkvksa] ,tsfUl;ksa rFkk vU; ,slh
12- fo}ku vf/koDrk }kjk dh x;h ftjg ls fuEu rhu iz'u
laLFkkvksa vkSj ;gka rd fd O;fDr;ksa ds dk;ks± o Hkwyksa ds
gekjs fopkj ds fy, mBrs gSa %
dkj.k lc ncs :Ik esa lgu djrs jgrs gSaA ;g Hkh fd
¼1½ D;k mPp U;k;ky; us izfroknh la[;k&,d }kjk cM+s U;k;ky;ksa us vius vfyf[kr dk;Z{ks= dh lhekvksa dks
tufgr ;kfpdk ds :i esa nk;j ;kfpdk izfrokfn;ksa c<k fn;k gSA tc Hkkjr dk lafo/kku viuk;k x;k Fkk
dks vius deZpkfj;ksa dks lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djkus
rc Hkkjr dks izHkqlÙkk laiUu yksdrkaf=d x.kjkT; cukus dh DykWt&¼2½ Hkh blh la'kksf/kr ,DV ds }kjk fufeZr dh
dk ladYi fy;kA ns'k ds lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] x;hA ;g ?kksf"kr djrh gS fd jkT; fo'ks"k :Ik ls dekbZ esa
vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd U;k; fnykus ds lkFk gh vfHkO;fDr fo"kerk dks de djus vkSj O;kIr vlekurk dks nwj djus
dh Lora=rk] vkLFkk] fo'okl vkSj bZ'koanuk dh Lora=rk rFkk lqfo/kkvksa vkSj voljksa dks u dsoy izR;sd O;fDr rd
dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh x;h FkhA blds vykok lkekftd Lrjksa cfYd vyx&vyx oxks± ds vyx&vyx txgksa ij jgus
o voljksa esa dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k x;k FkkA blds lkFk okys yksxkas ds chp vyx&vyx O;olk;ksa esa yxs yksxksa
gh lekt ds lHkh oxks± ds chp HkkbZpkjs dks c<kok nsus vkSj rd igqapkus dk vius Lrj ij iz;kl djsxkA vuqPNsn 39
lkFk&LkkFk O;fDr fo'ks"k dh e;kZnk vkSj ns'k dh ,drk ¼bZ½ ds vuqlkj jkT; dks fo'ks"kdj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
vkSj v[k.Mrk dh Hkh dkeuk dh x;h FkhA gksxk fd og etnwjksa dh tkueky ls lacaf/kr] efgyk o
iq#"k ls lacaf/kr uhfrfu;eksa dk funsZ'ku djsxk rFkk lkFk
14 lafo/kku dh izLrkouk esa fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s mn~ns';ksa dh
gh bl ckr dk Hkh [k;ky j[ksxk fd cPps izHkkfor u gksa
iwfrZ ds fy, lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us lkFk gh ukxfjdksa ds
rFkk ns'k ds ukxfjd ,sls O;olk; esa vkus ds fy, ck/;
ewy vf/kdkjksa dks Hkkx&III esa ,df=r djds ewy vf/kdkjksa
u gkas tks muds eqrkfcd u gksA vuqPNsn 39 ¼,½] tks
ds uke ls ukekafdr fd;kA lkFk gh jkT; ds uhfr
fd 1976 ,DV esa ¼42 os la'kks/ku½ ds ckn cuk;k x;k]
funsZ'kd rRoksa dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh x;h ftudks dksbZ
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd jkT; dks lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,
U;k;ky; fØ;kfUor ugha dj ldrk ij ns'k ds lq'kklu
fd U;k; dks c<+kok nsus okyh dkuwu O;oLFkk lqpk# :Ik
esa ewyrRo gSa vkSj jkT; Hkkx&IV esa fn;s x;s fl)karksa ds
ls pyrh jgs] fo'ks"kdj mi;qDr dkuwu vkSj ;kstuk vFkok
vuqlkj dkuwu cukus ds fy, ck/; gSA vuqPNsn&38 tks
fdlh vU; iz;kl dkuwuh lqfo/kk fu'kqYd iznku dh tk
iqu% Øekafdr djds DykWt ¼1½ ds uke ls lafo/kku ds 44oas
jgh gS ;k ugha ;g ns[ksA ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr gks fd U;k;
la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1978 ds tfj;s la'kksf/kr fd;k x;kA
dks cpk;s j[kus gsrq voljksa dks fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ds fy,
blds vUrZxr ?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd jkT; izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls
fdlh vkfFkZd vkSj fdlh vU; deh dh otg ls udkjk
lkekftd O;oLFkk cuk;sxk ftlesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa
ugha tkuk pkfg,A vuqPNsn 42 ds vuqlkj jkT; ukxfjdksa
jktuhfrd U;k; reke ukxfjdksa dks feys lHkh laLFkkvksa
ds fy, ekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ka vkSj ekr`Ro lqdwu iznku dh
dks bldh tkudkjh iwjs ns'k dks nsuh gksxhA ;g gkykafd
O;oLFkk djuk funsZf'kr djrk gSA
lkekftd O;oLFkk ds rkSj ij gh gks ldrk gSA bl vuqPNsn
15- fiNys 63 o"kZ esa lalan ,oa jkT; fo/kku eaMyksa us
lafo/kku dh izLrkouk esa fu/kkZfjr mn~ns';kaas dh iwfrZ
ds fy, vusd dkuwu cuk;s ysfdu mudk dk;kZUo;u
ukdkQh] f'kfFky ,oa lqLr jgkA bu fo/kkueaMyksa }kjk
fd;s x;s dY;k.kdkjh mik; lekt ds yk[kksa xjhc]
innfyr ,o ykHkoafpr yksxksa rd ugha igqap ik;s
tks fd mu yksxksa] ftuds ikl ;g lc gS o ftuds
ikl ugha gS] ds chp cuh [kk;h dks ikVus ds fy,
fo/kkueaMyksa esa bu dkuwuksa dk vkfoHkkZo fd;k x;k
Fkk tks fd iw.kZr% ykxw ugha gks ldkA bldk lcls
nq%[kn igyw ;g jgk gS fd tc Hkh la?k ds rhu
[kacksa esa ls ,d ?kVd ;kuh U;k;ikfydk }kjk tc
Hkh mu yksxksa ds fgr ds fy, ftUgsa ;s izkIr ugha gSa
vkSj tks dsoy xjhch] vf'k{kk vkSj mis{kkiw.kZ O;oLFkk fn;k gSA ihiYl ;wfu;u QkWj MseksØsfVd jkbV~l cuke
ls izHkkfor gq, gS] muds i{k esa tc lekurk] Lor=rk Hkkjrh; la?k ¼1942½3 ,llhlh 235 esa bl U;k;ky; us
,o thou ls lacf/kr dksbZ dkuwu cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk dgk %
mls fØzz;kfUor djus dk vkns'k tkjh fd;k tkrk gS rks Þge tksj nsdj ;g dguk pkgrs gSa fd tufgr esa gksus
twMhf'k;y ,fDVfoTe bR;kn ds os"k esa cgl 'kq: gks okyh eqdnesckth & tks dkuwuh lgk;rk vkanksyu dk
tkrh gS vkSj detksj oxZ ds yksxksa ds fgr ds fy, tkjh j.kuhfrd gfFk;kj gS vkSj ftldk mís'; U;k; dks
vkns'k cM+s U;k;ky;ksa esa pqukSrh ds ik= cu tkrs gSaA bl xjhc turk dh igqap ds Hkhrj ykuk gS] ,slh xjhc
izdkj ds T;knkrj eqdnesckth djus dk dkj.k dsoy mu turk tks iwjh ekuork esa cgqr de fn[kk;h nsrh gS
xjhc yksxksa ds fgrksa dks nckuk gS] ftUgsa okLro esa budh & fcYdqy fHkUu izdkj dh eqdnesckth gS] vFkkZr
vko';drk gSA ikjaifjd eqdnesckth ls fcYdqy fHkUuA ikjaifjd
eqdnesckth esa rks izfr}a}rk gs] elyu nks i{kksa esa
16- bl U;k;ky; us ckj&ckj lekt ds detksj oxks± ds
eqdnesckth gksrh gS] ftlesa nkos fd;s tkrs gSa ;k
vf/kdkjksa ds fy, ;kfpdk,a nk;j fd;s tkus dks egRo
jkgr pkfg, gksrh gSA yksdfgr ds vUrZxr vkus okys ewy vf/kdkjksa dk tjk lk Hkh guu gksrk gS rks os lekt
eqdnes U;k;ky; ds le{k dsoy blfy, ugha yk;s esa izfrf"Br odhyksa] dkuwuh lykgdkjksa & ftUgsa fd 4 ls
tkrs fd og ,d O;fDr ds vf/kdkj dks nwljs ij 5 vadksa esa Qhl dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS & mUgas ysdj
vius ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks cpkus gsrq [kM+s gks tkrs gSA
ykxw djs tSlk fd lkekU; eqdnekas esa gksrk gS( cfYd
vkSj ;fn ewy vf/kdkjksa dh vogsyuk dh vkM+ esa muds
bu eqdneksa ds ihNs yksxks dh #fp dks cpkus o 'kks"k.k djus ds vf/kdkjksa ij vkap ugha vkrh gS rks mudh
c<kok nsus dh ea'kk gksrh gS fd cMh la[;k esa tks cgknqjh] lkgl Lora=rk vkSj fuMjrk ds fy, U;k;ky;ksa
yksx] xjhc gSa] misf{kr gSa rFkk lkekftd o vkfFkZd dh iz'kalk dh tkrh gSA ysfdu ;fn xjhc] lrk;s gq, yksxksa
:i ls fiNM+s gSa] os yksx dkuwuh ,oa laoS/kkfud rFkk vU;k; ls ihfM+r yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gsrq
vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr o misf{kr u jg tk;saA ,slk u tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j dh tkrh gS rks rFkkdfFkr dkuwu ds
gks rks dkuwu dk 'kklu QyhHkwr u gksxk fdlh Hkh fonwf"k;ksa dh R;ksfj;ka p< tkrh gSa vkSj os muds ekeyksa ij
dk;Zokgh dks dherh le; u"V djuk gh ekurs gSaA blds
yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esaA dkuwu lEer O;oLFkk ls
vykok ;s Lo;aHkw ekuo vf/kdkjh dk;ZdrkZ Hkwy tkrs gSa
gekjk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd dkuwu dh lqj{kk dsoy fd ukxfjd ,oa jktuhfrd vf/kdkj xjhc yksxksa ds fy,
dqN HkkX;'kkyh yksxksa dks gh gksuh pkfg,A ;g Hkh ugha gSa gh ughaA cM+h la[;k esa iq#"k&efgyk,] cPps tks gekjh
gksuk pkfg, fd fufgr LokFkhZ rRo dkuwu dks os';k tula[;k dk ,d cMk fgLlk gSa BsB xjhch esa gh thrs gSa
cukdj oSlk gh O;ogkj djsa ;kuh vius flfoy vkSj os vekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa esa jg jgs gSaA mUgsa lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dh vkM+ esa ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa dksbZ fo'okl ugha jg x;k gSA
j[ksaA oLrqr% xjhcksa dks Hkh ukxfjdksfpr ,oa jktuhfrd yksdfgr dh eqdnesckth dk tgka rd vFkZ le> esa vkrk
vf/kdkj izkIr gSa vkSj dkuwu muds fy, Hkh gS gkykafd gS] ;g ;kfpdkdrkZ dh vksj ls lg;ksx vkSj lkeatL;
orZeku esa ;g dsoy dkxtksa rd gh fleV dj jg x;k gS dh dksf'k'kksa dk Qy gSA jkT; vFkok yksd izkf/kdj.k
rFkk okLrfodrk blds foijhr gSA tc phuh ds O;kikfj;ksa vkSj U;k;ky; pkfg, fd detksj vkSj oafpr oxks± rd
o 'kjkc m|ksxifr;ksa dks ewy vf/kdkj vius O;olk;ksa dks laoS/kkfud vkSj dkuwuh vf/kdkj igqaps vkSj lkFk gh vU;
QSykus o turk dk 'kks"k.k dj viuk /ku lap; c<kus ykHk vkSj fo'ks"kkf/kdkjA bu oxks± rd lkekftd U;k; Hkh
gsrq izkIr gSa] rc Pkekj dgs tkus okyh tkfr ds yksx bl igqapsA jkT; vFkok yksd izkf/kdj.k] ftlds f[kykQ Hkh
lekt ds lcls uhps rcds ls gksus ij Hkh mUgsa vius tufgr ;kfpdk vk;s] bUgsa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls
[kwu&ilhus dh dekbZ ds ckn Hkh bTtr dh ftanxh thus detksj rcdksa ds ewy ekuokf/kdkjksa rFkk dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa
dk vf/kdkj D;kaas izkIr ugha gS\ mPp oxZ ds yksxksa ds dks lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A jkT; vkSj yksd izkf/kdj.k
ds fy, gh ugha cfYd ns'k ds mu yk[kksa yksxksa ds fy, Hkh
gSa tks xjhc] v/kuaxs&Hkw[ks] fodykax o ewyHkwr lsokvksa ls
jfgr gSa rFkk ftuds ikl mijksDr lHkh lqfo/kk,a] tks fd
laiUu oxZ ds ikl gSa] ekStwn ugha gSaA vc rd U;k;ky;
dsoy mPpdqyhu jbZl yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds nks"k fuokj.k
ds fy, gh iz;ksx gksrs vk;s gSaA vHkh rd dsoy fxus&pqus
oxks± ds yksx gSa tks viuh #fp;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, vnkyr
esa tkrs jgs gSaA
vHkh rd ;s /kuoku yksx gh os yksx jgs gSa ftuds ikl
U;k; izkIr djus dh lksus dh pkch igqap ik;h gSA fdlh
Hkh jkT; dks ;g vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSa fd og vius
ukxfjdksa dks muds eqdnesa ysus ls ;g dgrs gq;s euk dj
ns fd mlds ikl /kuoku o jbZl yksxksa ds yk[kkas ekeys
bR;kfn dks rks ,sls dk;ks± dk Lokxr djuk pkfg, D;ksafd yafcr iMs gSa tc rd mu ekeyksa dk fuiVkjk u gks tk;
;g mUgsa volj iznku djrk gS lekt ds detksj oxks± ds rc rd muds eqdneksa dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
yksxks ds lkFk gq;s vU;k; dks U;k; esa cnyus dkA jkT; vc le; vk x;k gS tc bl ns'k dh vnkyrksa dks xjhc
vFkok yksd izkf/kdj.k dk eq[; mn~ns'; detksj rcdksa turk dh vnkyrksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkuk pkfg,A mUgsa
vkSj leqnk;ksa dk dY;k.k lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d :i viuh orZeku fLFkfr] tSlh os igys gh LFkkfir dj pqds
ls gSA gSa] ds ckjs esa ifjfpr djk;k tkuk pkfg, fd fdl izdkj
dqN i=dkjksa] odhyksa o vke yksxksa esa ;g xyr /kkj.kk Hkkjr dh tula[;k ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks U;k; dh t:jr
gS fd yksdfgr ds eqdnes vuko';d :ils yafcr iMs+ gSA tks ihf<+;ksa ls bl ns'k ds mPp oxZ ds }kjk mudks
ekeyksa dh Qkbyksa ds <sj dks c<krs gSaA vr% bl izdkj ds fn;s tkus ls udkjk x;k gSA mUgsa ;g Lohdkj dj ysuk
yksdfgr ds eqdneksa dks vnkyr ds }kjk izksRlkfgr ugha pkfg, fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk eq[; mn~ns'; lekt dks
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ge yksxksa dh ekufldrk ,slh cu U;k; fnykus dk gS vkSj ;g lafo/kku ds vUrZxr U;k;ky;ksa
pqdh gS fd tSlk gS Bhd gSA os yksx tks yksdfgr eqdneksa dk drZO; gS fd os xjhc rFkk misf{kr rcdksa dks lfØ;rk
dh fuUnk djrs gS] mUgsa ns[kdj ,slk ugha yxrk fd os ls U;k; fnykus esa enn djsa rFkk lafo/kku ds ewyHkwr
;g Lohdkj djuk pkgrs gSa fd U;k;ky; dsoy vehj oxZ] mn~ns';kas dks le>saA
tehnkjksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksa] o vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds cMs+ yksxksa ¼tksj nsdj dgk x;k gS½
17- gqlSuvkjk [kkrwu ¼IV½ cuke fcgkj ljdkj ¼1980½ 1 rd igqapus esa leL;k cu tkrs gSa---
,llhlh 98 ;fn U;k; dh /kqjh tSlk fd lafo/kku dh izLrkouk dgrh
U;k;ewfrZ Ikh,u Hkxorh ¼rRdkyhu in/kkjh½ ds vuqlkj % gS& yksdl LVSaMkbZ ds ikjaifjd O;fDrokn ls tufgr
Þvkt nqHkkZX;iw.kZ <ax ls gekjh U;k;O;oLFkk esa ls xjhcksa eqdnesckth ;kuh lkeqnkf;drk dh vksj f[kldrh gS rc
dks ckgj fudky fn;k x;k gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i ;s ,sls fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ vko';d gS---
yksxk U;k;O;oLFkk ls viuk fo'okl [kks jgs gSaA mudk xxx xxx xxx
;g fo'okl Hkh de gks jgk gS fd U;k;O;oLFkk muds vke vkneh dks yksdfgr dk;Zokgh esa D;ksa ?klhVk tk;\
thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu yk ldrh gS vkSj mUgsa tgka uhfr&funsZ'kd fl)kUr laoS/kkfud iz.kkyh esa funsZ'kd
U;k; Hkh fnyk ldrh gSA xjhc ges'kk ls dkuwu O;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk esa gSa] ogka U;k;ky; pqi ugha cSBsaxs vkSj
ds laidZ esa vkus ij xyr vksj gh jgs gSaA os ges'kk ^ykW uxjikfydk ljdkj dks laoS/kkfud migkl ugha cuus
vko n iwvj* ds ctk; ^ykW QkWj n iwvj* gh le>rs jgs nsaxsA dkuwu rks fujarj ykxw fd;k tk,xk vkSj tc yksx
gSaA U;k; dks mUgksaus dqN bl rjg ls le>k gS tks dqN U;k; dh xqgkj yxk jgs gksa rc /ku dh deh gksus dks rdZ
jgL;e;h T;knk gSA tks dqN NksM+usokyh oLrq gS vkSj tks ugha ekuk tk,xkAß
ges'kk muls dqN&u&dqN Nhudj nwj ys tkrh gSA muds
fy, ;g O;oLFkk ldkjkRed vkSj jpukRed lkekftd 19- mRrjkapy ljdkj cuke cyoar flag pkSQky ¼2010½3
vkStkj ds :i esa izdV ugha gksrh tks lkekftd vkfFkZd ,llhlh 402 ds ekeysa esa bl U;k;ky; us yksdfgr
vk/kkj dks cnys vkSj muds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ka cny ns eqdneksa ij dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds vUrZxr ,oa ckgj bldh
mUgsa vf/kdkj vkSj ykHk miyC/k djkdjA ifj.kkeLo:i]
dkuwu iz.kkyh esa detksj rcdksa dk fo'okl ugha jg x;k
gSAß
xjhcksa dks Hkh ukxfjdksfpr ,oa
18- jryke uxj ifj"kn cuke c/khZpku ¼1980½4 ,llhlh jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr gSa vkSj
162 dkuwu muds fy, Hkh gS gkykafd
U;k;ewfrZ Ñ".kk v¸;j ds vuqlkj %
Þ;g lp gS fd gekjh U;k;iz.kkyh esa dqN xaHkhj fo"k; bl
orZeku esa ;g dsoy dkxtksa rd
j.kuhfrd egRo dk cukrs gSa vkSj ge buls eq[kkfrc gksrs gh fleV dj jg x;k gS rFkk
gSaA gesa bUgsa roTtks nsuh pkfg,] pwafd ;s yksxksa ds U;k;
okLrfodrk blds foijhr gS
vkykspuk ds vusd igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;kA U;k;ewfrZ dsfUnzr djuk pkgsaxs tgka yksdl LVSaMkbZ ds fu;eksa dks
nyohj HkaMkjh us bl /kkj.kk ij ,d lqcks/k fo'ys"k.k yksdfgr ds ekeyksa ds fy, lgh Bgjk;k x;k gSA loksZPp
fd;kA yksdfgr ds eqdnekas esa fuEufyf[kr rhu fLFkfr;ka U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa us lrk;s oxZ ds yksxksa o
xjhc yksxksa ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, viuh
ik;h x;ha %
uohu dksf'k'kksa ds }kjk bu yksxksa dk vknj Hkko o fo'okl
ÞQst&1% ;g bl U;k;y; ds mu eqdneks ls lacaf/kr gS gkfly fd;k gSAß
ftuesa lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 ds vUrZxr lekt ds mu
oafpr oxks± vkSj vR;ar xjhcksa] vf'kf{krksa vkSj misf{krksa ds 20- mijksDr fu.kZ; vihydrkZ dh vkifÙk;ksa dk iw.kZ mÙkj gSa
ewy vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, vkns'k tkjh fd;s x;s Fks] tks izfroknh la[;k&,d us fjV ;kfpdk dh esaVsaufofyVh
pwafd os Lo;a bl U;k;ky; vFkok mPp U;k;ky;ksa rd ij mBk;h gSaA mPp U;k;ky; us bl ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ
ugha igqap ldrsA djds o lhojksa esa dke djus okys yksxksa ds fgr esa vkns'k
Qst&2% ;g mu eqdneksa ls lacaf/kr gS tks Ik;kZoj.k j{kk] o fn'kkfunsZ'k tkjh ugha fd;k] cfYd ;g Hkh fl) dj
okrkoj.k j{kk] leqnzh thou] taxyh thou] ioZrksa] ufn;ksa] fn;k fd lekt ds xjhc o izrkfM+r rcds ds yksxksa dks Hkh
,sfrgkfld bekjrksa vkfn dh j{kk ls tqM+s gSaA
U;k; fnykuk ck/;dkjh gS vkSj ge ;gka rd dg ldrs gSa
Qst&3% ;g 'kklu esa fo'oluh;rk o ikjnf'kZrk cuk;s
fd muls Åij ds U;k;ky; ;fn viuk laoS/kkfud drZO;
j[kus gsrq U;k;ky; ds vkns'kksa ls lacaf/kr gSA
iwjk djus esa l{ke ugha gksrs gSa ;k os lPps lkekftd
izFke Qst dh izxfr dks ns[krs gq, rFkk cgqr ls iwoorhZ laxBuksa] ,uthvks rFkk lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk nk;j
ekeyksa vkSj nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; fuEufyf[kr dh x;h ;kfpdkvksa] tks fd lHkh yksxksa ds fy, ,d leku
fu"d"kZ ij igqapk % rFkk tks lafo/kku esa fuf'Pkr rkSj ij ewy vf/kdkjksa ds uke
Þge bu ekeyksa dks c<+kdj fu.kZ;ksa dks tfVy vkSj Hkkjh ls tkus tkrs gS] ij lquokbZ djrs gq, l{ke ugha gksxhA
ugha cukuk pkgrs gSaA ysfdu bu ekeyksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud i{kksa dh rjg U;kf;d i{k dk
izLrqr djrk gS fd oafprksa] xjhcksa vkSj gkf'k;ksa ij iM+s Hkh dÙkZO; gS fd izR;sd ukxfjd ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gks
yksxksa ds ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk vkSj laj{k.k ds fy, rkfd gj ukxfjd xfjek ds lkFk thou ;kiu dj ldsA
U;k;ky;ksa us yksdl LVSaMkbZ ds ikjaifjd fu;eksa esa <+hy
;fn fodYi fn;k tk; rks eSugksy esa tkdj lhojksa dh
nh gS rFkk ihfM+r O;fDr dh ifjHkk"kk dks vkSj foLrkj
fn;k gS rFkk blh ewy Hkkouk ds lkFk funsZ'k&vkns'k fn;s lQkbZ djus ds fy, dksbZ Hkh O;fDr jkth ugha gksxk]
gSaA ge bl dky ds mu ekeyksa dh rjQ vkidk /;ku ysfdu dqN yksx blfy, etcwj gksdj bu [krjukd
eSugksyks esa tkdj lkQ&lQkbZ djrs gSa rkfd os dqN iSls }kjk fu;qDr laHkzkr vf/koDrkvksa dks lquus esa ?kaVs] fnu
cukdj viuk o vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k iks"k.k dj ldsaA vkSj eghus yxk nsrh gSa] rc dqN le; ml cgqy lekt
os nwljs yksxksa ds vkjke ds fy, viuk thou nkao ij dh f'kdk;rksa dks lquus ds fy, Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg, tks
yxk nsrs gSa] ysfdu nqHkkZX;o'k fiNys dqN n'kdksa ls 'kgjh pqipki d"V >syrk gSA ;gka] bl cM+s oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo
lekt dk /kuh oxZ mu yksxksa dh nqnZ'kk ds izfr] tks xjhch izfroknh la[;k&,d us fd;k gSA
feVkus ds fy, ,sls dke djus ij etcwj gS] laosnughu
mRrj 2%
gks pqds gSaA
21- ,sls mnkgj.k gSa tgka U;k;ky; us viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx
lekt ds bl ¼/kuh½ rcds ds yksx ;g tkuuk Hkh ugha
vuqPNsn 32 ¼vuqPNsn 142 ds lkFk½ ds vUrZxr fn'kkfunsZ'k
pkgrs fd D;ksa fdlh dks bu lhojksa esa fcuk lqj{kk midj.kksa
tkjh djrs gq, varj dks Hkjus dk dke fd;k gSA fo'kk[kk
ds izos'k djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k tkrk gSA os rc eqag eksM+
cuke jktLFkku ljdkj ¼1997½6 ,llhlh] 241] fouhr
nsrs gSa tc eSugksy ¼lhoj dh lqjax½ esa e`r O;fDr ds 'kjhj
ukjk;.k cuke Hkkjrh; la?k ¼1998½] ,llhlh 226
dks jLlh ;k Øsu dh enn ls ckgj fudkyk tkrk gSA ,sls
vkSj Hkkjrh; la?k cuke ,lksfl,'ku QkWj MseksØsfVd
ifjn`'; esa vnkyrsa l{ke gh ugha] cfYd dkuwuh :i ls
fjQkWElZ ¼2002½5 ,llhlh 294 dqN mnkgj.k gSa tks
ck/; gSa fd os [krjukd dke djus ds fy, ck/; gksus okys
vuqPNsn 32 ds vUrZxr vke ukxfjd ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dks
yksxksa ds ekeyksa dk laKku ysaA og mu yksxksa ds thou
fØ;kfUor djus ls lacaf/kr gSaA fo'kk[kk cuke jktLFkku
ls tqMdj tks yksx bl rjg ds tku tksf[ke fnu cgqr
jkT; ¼lqizk½ ds ekeys esa dqN lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa o
gh nq%[kn o d#.kkiw.kZ gksxk tc Åaph vnkyrsa mu yksxksa
xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk nk;j ewy vf/kdkjksa ds vUrZxr
ds fy, vius njokts can dj nsaxh tks yksx fcuk fdlh
vuqPNsn 14] 19] 21 esa dkedkth efgykvksa dh lqj{kk gsrq
O;fDrxr LokFkZ ds ;k fdlh vU; otg ds xjhcksa] oafprksa
ekax dh x;h FkhA
ds dkuwuh vkSj laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa dh lqfuf'pr ds fy,
Þ11- dkuwu dh viqifLFkfr esa bu ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dks
vkxs vkrs gSa rFkk lqj{kk dh ekax djrs gSa tc U;k; iz.kkyh
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 32 ds varxZr ykxw djus ds
dj pksjh dj ns'k ds [ktkus dks uqdlku igqapkus okys fy, bl U;k;ky; dh ck/;rk dks U;k;ikfydk
yksxksa rFkk gR;k] cykRdkj] ngst gR;k] vigj.k djus dh Hkwfedk isbfpax LVsVesaV vkWo fizalhiYl vkWo n
okyksa vkSj ;gka rd fd vkradoknh xfrfof/k;k djus okyksa babsisaMsal vkWo n twfMf'k;jh bu n yokfl;k jhtu
ds vuq:i ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A isbfpax oDrO; esa 23- Hkkjr la?k jkT; cuke ,lksfl,'ku QkWj MseksØsfVd
U;k;ikfydk ds mís'; bl izdkj gS % fjQkElZ ¼lqizk½ dh ;kfpdk esa bl U;k;ky; ls fnYyh
U;k;ikfydk ds mnns'; mPp U;k;ky; dh [kaMihB }kjk fof/k vk;ksx dh 170oha
10- U;k;ikfydk ds dk;Z vkSj mn~ns'; bl izdkj ls gS % fjiksVZ dh flQkfj'ksa ykxw djus ds fy, fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa
¼,½ lqfuf'pr djuk fd dkuwu ds jkt esa lHkh dh lPpkbZ ij[kus dk vkxzg fd;k FkkA fof/k bu funsZ'kksa
O;fDr; lqjf{kr :i ls jgsa( esa lq/kkj djrs le; U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd %
¼Ckh½ dkuwu ds mfpr nk;js ds vUnj ekuo vf/kdkjksa Þ45- vUrr% gekjs fopkj esa bl dksVZ ds ikl Ik;kZIr
dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk mUgsa gkfly djuk( 'kfDr;ka gSa ftuds ek/;e ls og vk;ksx dks mfpr dkuwu
¼lh½ dkuwu dks O;fDr;ksa vFkok O;fDr o jkT; ds u gksus ds dkj.k dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, funsZf'kr dj
chp HksnHkko ds fcuk lapkfyr djukAß ldrk gSA U;k;ky; dk ekuuk gS fd {ks=ksa o yksxksa nksuksa
dks pqukoh mEehnokjksa ds fo"k; esa iwjh tkudkjh iznku
22- fouhr ukjk;.k cuke Hkkjr la?kjkT; ¼lqizk½ ds ekeys esa djus dh t:jr gS] rkfd os vius [kqn ds vkdyu ls ,d
dksVZ us O;oLFkk nh fd % O;fDr dk pquko dj ldsaA ;g iw.kZ:i ls dk;Zikfydk dk
Þbl U;k;ky; dks lafo/kku }kjk iznÙk 'kfDr;ksa ds ek/;e
ls bl nq"izHkko dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk lekurk
ds vf/kdkj dks fØ;kfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vuqPNsn 32 ^vuqPNsn 142 ds lkFk i<+rs gq;s] ,sls vkns'k
nsus ds fy, l{ke gS vkSj vuqPNsn 141 ds lkeF;Z ls reke
izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks bl U;k;ky; ds vkns'kksa ds vuq:i dk;Z
djus dk vf/kdkj ns jgk gS tks fd lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn
142 esa mfYyf[kr gSA
bl U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa ds laca/k esa ;g 'kfDr fu/kkZfjr
dh tkrh gS o iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ;fn bldh vko';drk
gks rks og Hkh t:jh funsZ'kksa dks tkjh dj ;g varj ikVus
ds fy, ml le; rd tc rd fo/kkf;dk blesa 'kkfey
ugha gksrh bl varj dks [kRe djus vkSj bldk dk;Z
fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy,Aß ¼tksj nsdj½
mRrjnkf;Ro gS fd og ,fDtD;wfVo vkWMZj ls dfe;ksa dks dksVZ us lhchvkbZ rFkk dsUnzh; lrZdrk vk;ksx ¼lhohlh½
nwj djs D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk dk {ks= Hkh fo/kkf;dk ds leku dks vko';d fn'kkfunsZ'k fn;s Fks] pwafd ;gka dkuwu O;oLFkk
gh gS vkSj ogka ij tgka fdlh Hkh dkj.ko'k dk;Zikfydk dks ykxw djus okyk dksbZ mfpr dkuwu ugha FkkAß
dh dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh gS] U;k;ikfydk dks vo'; chp
esa vkuk pkfg,A og Hkh laoS/kkfud izfrc)rk ds }kjk 24- mijksDr fu.kZ; esa fufgr eq[; ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij gesa
iznku dh x;h 'kfDr;kas ds Ikz;ksx ds :Ik esaA og Hkh rc tkjh fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds vk/kkj ij gq;h cgl dks [kkfjt
rd tc rd fd fo/kkf;dk bl {ks= dks viuh lhek esa djus esa dksbZ fgpfdpkgV ugha gS fd mPp U;k;ky; us
ysus ds fy, mfpr dk;Zokgh vius Lrj ls ugha dj nsrh jkT; dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dks vius esa lekfgr dj fn;k
gSA lkoZtfud thou esa de bZekunkjh gksus ds dkj.k FkkA mPp U;k;ky; us dsoy bruk gh fd;k gS fd os yksx
Hkz"Vkpkj ds vusd :iksa dks c<kok feyrk gSA blfy, ;fn tks fuf'Pkr :Ik ls tksf[keHkjk dke dj jgs gSa mUgsa thou
,d mEehnokj dks viuh ifr@iRuh] vkfJrksa] laifRr;k
j{kd ;a= eqgS;k djk;s tkus pkfg, rFkk ekfydksa dks muds
¼py vFkok vpy½] dherh lktks&lkeku dh tkudkjh
lkoZtufd djus dk funsZ'k gksrk gS rks bldk Hkh viuk LokLF; dh lqj{kk dk [k;ky j[kuk pkfg,A
egRo gSA bl U;k;ky; us fo'kk[kk cuke jktLFkku jkT; jkT; vkSj bldh ,tsfUl;ka] dk;Znk;h laLFkk,a lhojksa dh
dh ;kfpdk esa ;kSu mRihM+u ds ekeys dk fuiVkjk fd;k
lQkbZ ls tqMs etnwjksa ds fy, izHkko'kkyh e'khuh midj.kksa
ftlesa ;g mRihMu efgyk ds lkFk mlds dk;kZy; esa
fd;k x;k rFkk fo/kkf;dk dh vuqifLFkfr esa ftlesa ewy
dks miyC/k djkus ls viuk ihNk ugha NqM+k ldrh gSaA
vf/kdkjksa ds vUrZxr vkus okys ySafxad lekurk o thou etnwj tks eSugksy ¼lhojksa½ esa dke djrsa gS mUgsa jkscksV
ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gqvkA vr% isbfpax oDrO; ds dh Hkkafr ugha le>k tkuk pkfg, fd mu ij lhojksa ds
vUrZxr U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk o U;k;ikfydk ds varj vUnj tgjhyh xSlksa dk vlj ugha gks ldrkA u jkT;
dh Hkh tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A fu.kZ; esa dgk x;k fd fn;s u izkf/kdj.k o dk;Znk;h laLFkk,a ;k Bsdsnkj lHkh bl
x;s fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dh l[rh ds lkFk tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A laoS/kkfud izfrc)rk ds vUrZxr vkrs gSa fd os bl izdkj
tc rd fd blls lacf/kr dkuwu dh O;oLFkk ugha gks
ds dk;ks± esa yxs yksxksa dh lqj{kk dh ftEesnkjh ysaxsA vr%
tkrh vkSj og bls vius vf/kdkj {ks= esa ugha ys ysrk gSA
bl orZeku ekeys esa dksbZ fu;e o dkuwu dh O;oLFkk ugha
euethZ vkSj vuqca/kh; Lora=rk dk rdZ vihydrkZ ds i{k
gS fd os oksV nsus okyh turk dks ekaxh x;h o vko';d esa ugha gSA fygktk izfroknh la[;k&,d }kjk mBk;s x;s
tkudkjh iznku djsaA tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS fd elyksa dk izfrokn djus dh ;ksX;rk ugha gSA
;g dsl fouhr ukjk;.k dsl ij gh vk/kkfjr gS tgka ij
iz'u&rhu ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk ftruk fd dksVZ] flfoy
,o fØfeuy dksVZ ds }kjk ykxw fd;k tk ldrk
25- vc gesa fopkj djuk gS fd mPp U;k;ky; }kjk e`rdksa gSA ij] /kujkf'k ds nkos dk eqdnek NksVh ls NksVh
ds ifjokj okyksa dks fn;k x;k eqvkotk nsus laca/kh vkns'k vnkyr esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu] egRoiw.kZ
rdZlaxr Fkk ;k ughaA vkjaHk esa gh ge ,sls lkoZtfud iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd vuqPNsn 32 ds vUrZxr vius
izkf/kdj.k ls vlgefr trkrs gSa tks ;gka ;kfpdkdrkZ gS( vf/kdkj {ks= esa eqvkots dh vnk;xh ds fy, ;g
ftlus dkuwuh izfØ;k dk mi;ksx izfroknh la[;k&,d U;k;ky; vkns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS\ ,slk vkns'k tks
ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds ifj.kke Lo:i fn;k x;k
}kjk ,sls yksxksa ds ejus ds ,sot esa eqvkotk ikus dh
gksA
dksf'k'kksa dks fujk'k fd;k tks yksx Bsdsnkjksa dh mis{kk ds
10- ge rdZ dks udkj ugha ldrsA gesa dksbZ mfpr
dkj.k lhojksa dh j[kokyh dk dke djrs gq, ej x;s FksA
mÙkj Hkh ugha fn[krk gSA ;kfpdkdrkZ pkgs rks og
ge viuh ukjktxh blfy, Hkh tkfgj djrs gSa fd mPp jkT; ljdkj ls uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dh ekax dj
U;k;ky; us dsoy Ms<+ yk[k ls 2-25 yk[k #i;s dh ldrk gSA [kq'kh dh ckr gS fd ljdkj ds odhy us
rqPN jkf'k dk eqvkotk ihfM+r ifjokjksa dks Hkqxrku ds fy, bl vkifÙk ugha dh gSA ;kfpdkdrkZ dk lh/ks&lh/ks
Ik;kZIr le>k o ekfydkas dks funsZf'kr fd;kA mnkgj.k njfdukj fd;k tkrk Fkk ;fn {kfriwfrZ dk nkok
ds fy, #nqy 'kkg cuke fcgkj jkT; ¼1983½ ,llhlh fooknkLin gksrk vkSj blh ifjiz{; esa flfoy dksVZ
141 [kkl eqdnek gS ftlesa U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn 32 ds mlds nkos dh iqf"V djrk Hkh ;k ughaA ysfdu] blesa
dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd ;fn ;kfpdkdrkZ viuk nkok
vUrZxr viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl ekeys esa
{kfriwfrZ ds fy, djrk gS fd mls xSjdkuwuh rkSj
,d O;fDr dks xSjdkuwuh :Ik ls fgjklr esa j[kk x;k FkkA ij j[kk x;k Fkk rks bl nkos ds vUrZxr fu.kZ; rks
fn;s x;s fu.kZ; ds iSjk 9 o 10 esa] tks bl ckr dh otgsa tkjh gksuk gh pkfg,A gkykafd lcwrksa ds vHkko esa
crkrs gSa fd fdl izdkj iqjkus fu;e ls ckgj ns[kus dh vHkh ls ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk vkSj ;g fd fdruh
t:jr gS fd fdl izdkj ,d O;fDr dks ,d lkoZtfud jkf'k ds Hkqxrku dk funsZ'k gksxkA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
laLFkku dh mis{kk ls misf{kr O;fDr {kfriwfrZ gsrq vthZ ;kfpdkdrkZ ds i{k esa bl dksVZ dk eqvkots ds fy,
nkf[ky vkosnu dj ldrk gS] tks bl izdkj gS % vkns'k tkjh djus ls badkj djuk mlds Lora=rk
ds vf/kdkj] ftldk fd jkT; ljdkj us iwjh rjg
Þ9- ;g lR; gS fd vuqPNsn 32 vf/kdkjksa vkSj izfrc)
ls mYya?ku fd;k gS] mlds fy, dsoy fn[kkoVh gh
rkvksa ds fodYi ds rkSj ij mruh izHkko'khyrk ls
gksxkA ;fn vuqPNsn 21] tks thou o Lora=rk ds
vf/kdkj ds fy, gS] viuh xfjek [kks nsxk] ;fn ;g xSjdkuwuh dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa ds fy, gS rFkk tks jkT;
U;k;ky; dsoy xSjdkuwuh <ax ls fgjklr ls NksM+s ds fy, <ky ds rkSj ij iz;ksx dh tkrh gSa rFkk tks
tkus ek= ds fy, vkns'k tkjh djsA vuqPNsn 21 ds yksdfgr dk uke ysdj viuk mYyw lh/kk djrh gSA
vuqikyu dk ,d vkSj rjhdk gS fd eqvkotk nsus ;fn lH;rk dk bl ns'k esa uk'k ugha gqvk] tSlk fd
laca/kh funsZ'k ds mYya?ku ds fy, tqekZuk yxk;k vU; dqN cgqr izfr"Bk'kkyh ns'kksa esa gks x;k gS] rks
tk;A iz'kklfud lsysjksfll dh otg ls tc ewyHkwr bls cpkus ds fy, gesa lcdks f'kf{kr djuk gksxk fd
vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS rc mUgsa djus ds O;fDr fo'ks"k ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk gh
fy, U;k; iz.kkyh ds ikl dksbZ nwljh fof/k miyC/k og lR; gS ftlds ek/;e ls ge yksdra= dks cpk;s
ugha gSA {kfriwfrZ dk vf/kdkj mi'keu djus okyh j[k ldrs gSaA blfy, vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ;kfpdkdrkZ
ds vf/kdkjksa dks igqapk;s x;s uqdlku dh {kfriwfrZ
jkt; dks djuh pkfg,A og vius bu vf/kdkfj;ksa
ds f[kykQ dkjZokbZ Hkh dj ldrk gSAß
26- uhykorh cgsM+k cuke mM+hlk jkT; ¼1993½ ,llhlh 746

ekeys esa bl dksVZ us ,d ,sls toku vkneh dh eka dks
eqvkotk fnyk;k ftldh ekSr iqfyl fgjklr esa fiVkbZ
ls gks x;h FkhA U;k;ky; us dgk fd ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa
dks ykxw djus dh mldh 'kfDr;ka U;k; fnykus ds fy,
vius fy, u;s midj.k cukus dh izfrc)rk Hkh j[krh
gSaA if'pe cax[ksr etnwj lfefr cuke if'pe caxky
jkT; ¼1996½ 4 ,llhlh 37 dsl esa dksVZ us ekeys dh
tkap dh fd D;k ljdkjh vLirky dk mis{kk ls ihfM+r
,d deZpkjh eqvkots dk gd j[krk gS vFkok ughaA fuEu
izdkj ;g fn;k tk jgk gS %
ÞLafo/kku us dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ifjdYiuk la?kh; ds
lkFk&LkkFk jkT; Lrj ij dhA ,d yksd dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; esa ljdkj dk izkFkfed drZO; vius yksxksa ds dY;k.k
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA lHkh dks Ik;kZIr :Ik
esa fpfdRldh; lqfo/kk,a eqgS;k djkus ds fy, Hkh ljdkj
izfrc) gS rFkk ljdkj bldk ifjikyu vLirky ;k
mipkj dsUnz [kksydj iwjk djrk gSA vuqPNsn 21 izR;sd
O;fDr ds thou esa vf/kdkj dh fyf[kr izfrKk dks n'kkZrk
gSA ekuoh; thou dks cpkuk mldh egRrk dks cgqr c<+k
nsus ds leku gh jkT; }kjk pyk;s tkus okys ljdkjh
vLirky rFkk buesa fu;qDr fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ekuoh;
thou dh j{kk gsrq vius drZO;ksa ls c/ks gq, gSa] ftuesa
fd ljdkj ;fn ,d ,sls O;fDr dks ftls mipkj dh
t:jr gS rFkk mls le; ls mipkj nsus esa lQy ugha
jgrh gS rks ;g vuqPNsn 21 ds vUrZxr thou ds ekSfyd
vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gSA gdhe 'ks[k ds orZeku dsl esa
,slk gh gqvkA mlds vusd vLirkyksa esa tkus ds ckn Hkh
udkj fn;k x;k tcfd mls rRdky fpfdRlk mipkj dh
vko';drk Fkh rFkk mldh fLFkfr ml le; cgqr uktqd rkSj ij mi;qDr eqvkotk fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA ekeys
Fkh] pwafd gdhe 'ks[k dks dh x;h eukgh mu vLirkyksa esa ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ge bl
dh x;h Fkh tks ljdkjh gSa rFkk tgka vf/kdkjh Hkh ljdkjh rjg ds eqvkots dh jkf'k 25000 #i;s fuf'pr djrs gSaA
gh gSaA vr% ;g iwjh rjg ls mUgha dk mRrjnkf;Ro Fkk bl dksVZ ds fnukad 22-4-1994 ds varfje vkns'k ds }kjk
fd os gdhe dks bl rjg dh eukgh ugha dj ldrs Jh gdhe'ks[k dks 15000 #i;s eqvkots dh jkf'k ds rkSj
FksA laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ds vUrZxr gq;h gkfu] tSlk fd ij Hkqxrku fd;s tkus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;k Fkk rFkk ckdh
Hkkx&3 esa fuf'Pkr fd;s x;s gSa] mlds vUrZxr fLFkfr /kujkf'k dks izfroknh la[;k&,d ds }kjk gdhe 'ks[k dks
Li"V gS fd lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 32 vkSj 226 ds vUrZxr ,d eghus ds Hkhrj Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k fd;k x;k
gksus okyh dk;Zokgh esa Ik;kZIr eqvkotk mijksDr ekeys esa FkkA
fn;k tk ldrk gS] ¼nsa[ks #nqy 'kkg cuke fcgkj jkT;]
blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha gS fd bl izdkj dh lqfo/kkvksa ds fy,
uhykorh cgsM+k cuke mM+hlk jkT;] miHkksDrk f'k{k.k ,oa
vkfFkZd miØeksa dk gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gS ysfdu lkFk
vuqla/kku dsUnz cuke Hkkjr la?k] vr% gdhe 'ks[k dks
gh lkFk ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd ljdkj turk dh
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 ds vUrZxr lqfuf'Pkr vf/kdkj ds
lsok ds fy, Ik;kZIr fpfdRldh; lsok,a eqgS;k djkus ds
fy, izfrc) gSA ihfM+r dks fu'kqYd dkuwuh lqfo/kk fn;s

tkus ds fo"k; esa dksVZ us Ikk;k fd jkT; vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa
lafo/kku ds vUrZxr ekSfyd vf/kdkj
dh deh dk gokyk nsdj laoS/kkfud izfrc)rkvksa ls ihNk lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ?kksf"kr ewy vf/kdkjksa
ugha NqMk ldrh gS [ns[ksa [k=h (II) cuke fcgkj jkT;]
,llhlh i`"B&631 ij]A nh x;h flQkfj'ksa lekurk ds vkSj dosuSUV~l vkWo bdukWfed] lks'ky
lkFk iz;ksx esa yk;h tk;sa] ;fn vf/kd u gks lds rks
laoS/kkfud izfrc)rkvksa ds :Ik esa ekuo thou cpkus gsrq
,aM dYpjy jkbV~l ds leku gh gSa vkSj
fpfdRldh; lqfo/kk eqgS;k djk;s tkus ds fy, fpfdRlk Hkkjr us budh iqf"V dh gS
lsokvksa ds fy, /kujkf'k ds vkoaVu ds le; jkT; dh
mijksDr laoS/kkfud izfrc)rkvksa dks vo'; /;ku esa j[kk
tkuk pkfg,A
guwQk [kkrwu] tks fd ckXykans'k dh ukxfjd gS vkSj tks
iwohZ jsyos ds deZpkfj;ksa }kjk lsDlqvyh izrkfM+r dh x;h
mijksDr vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus gsrq ,d [kkdk
;kstuk dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, cuk;k tkuk pkfg, Fkha] dk fn;k tkuk pkfg, vFkok ughaA
tks fd gekjs }kjk Åij crk;h x;h vko';drkvksa vkSj vihydrkZ ds bl rdZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq, fd jsi ihfM+r
miyC/krkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vko';d gS rFkk ftlds
efgyk flfoy dksVZ esa ;kfpdk nk;j djds U;k; izkIr dj
iz;ksx ds fy, t:jh dne mBk;sa tk;aA bl dk;Zokgh ds
fy, if'pe caxky gh ,d vdsyh ikVhZ gSA vU; jkT;
ldrh Fkh] nks U;k;k/kh'kksa dh [kaMihB us tufgr dkuwu
gkykafd eqdnekas ds i{k esa ugha gSa] ysfdu lfefr ds }kjk o oS;fDrd dkuwu esa Hksn dk lanHkZ fy;k tks fd dkWeu
nh x;h flQkfj'kksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, vko';d dkWt lkslk;Vh cuke Hkkjrh; la?k ¼1996½ 6 ,llhlh
dne mBk;s tkus pkfg,A if'pe caxky ljdkj ds fnukad 667 rFkk vU; eqdnekas] tgka vusd vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku
22-8-95 ds Lej.ki= esa nh x;h flQkfj'ksa fuEu izdkj ls gsrq eqvkots ls ihfM+rksa dks uoktk x;k Fkk] dks tkapk vkSj
gSAß ik;k %
27- jsyos cksMZ ps;jeSu cuke pafnzdknkl ¼2000½ 2 ,llhlh ÞmijksDr ds izfr J)k j[krs gq, tks dgk x;k gS fd
465 ekeys esa bl dksVZ us bl ekeys ij fopkj fd;k fd lqJh guwQk [kkrwu dks U;k; ds fy, flfoy dksVZ esa tkuk
D;k mPp U;k;ky; ds }kjk jsLiksUMsUV }kjk nk;j dh x;h pkfg, Fkk rFkk ;g ekeyk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn
226 ds vUrZxr nk;j ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk ;g
;kfpdk dks yksdfgr ds eqdnes ds vUrxZr ysdj ml ij
Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk tgka ljdkjh dk;Zikyd
fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj 10 yk[k #i;s dk eqvkotk lac) gksa vkSj tc ekeyk ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds guu dk
;k yksdfgr drZO;kas ds dkuwu ds ykxw u gksus dk ekeyk
'kkfey gSA cgjgky] tu dkuwu ds rgr lek/kku miyC/k
gksA varr% uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ds fy, oS;fDrd dkuwu ds
rgr eqdnek nk;j fd;k gh tk ldrk gSAß
dksVZ us rRi'pkr lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20 ,oa 21 ds

vUrZxr lqfuf'Pkr dkuwuksa lanHkZ fy;k vkSj O;oLFkk nh fd%
Þ^thou* 'kCn 1948 esa lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ?kksf"kr ekuo
vf/kdkj esa izeq[k:Ik esa j[kk x;k gS ¼ns[ksa Åij fy[ks
vuqPNsn&3½A lafo/kku ds vUrZxr ekSfyd vf/kdkj
lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ?kksf"kr ewy vf/kdkjksa vkSj dosuSUV~l
vkWo bdukWfed] lks'ky ,aM dYpjy jkbV~l ds leku
gh gSa vkSj Hkkjr us budh iqf"V dh gSA ftl izdkj bl gSa] os oLrqr% mu reke ekuoh; QSdfYV;ksa rd foLrkfjr
U;k;ky; us D;wfcd nk:t cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa gS ftuds ek/;e ls thou dk vkuan fy;k tkrk gSA ca/kqvk
Li"V fd;k Hkh gSA eqfDr ekspkZ cuke Hkkjr la?k ekeys esa O;oLFkk nh x;h fd
tSlk fd ^thou* dks ekuokf/kdkj ?kks"k.kki= esa ewy vuqPNsn&21 ds varxZr thou ds vf/kdkj dk vFkZ xfjek]
ekuokf/kdkj ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] bl lEeku vkSj 'kks"k.keqDr vfLrRo ls gSA ¼esudk xka/kh cuke
U;k;ky; us vius vyx&vyx fu.kZ;ksa esa ;gh crk;k gSA Hkkjrh; la?k ,oa cksMZ vkWo VªLVht vkWo iksVZ vkQ ckEcs
;g lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&21 ds vuqdwy Hkh gSA ^thou* cuke fnyhidqekj jk?kqosUnz ukFk ukMd.khZ Hkh ns[ks½
'kCn dk vFkZ fdlh ek;us esa Hkh lhfer ugha fd;k tk bl fla)kUr esa Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd dsoy Hkkjr ds gh
ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 21 esa fy[kh x;h Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij ukxfjdksa dks gh ugha cfYd muds thou dh j{kk ds fy,
;g u dsoy izR;sd ukxfjd ds fy, gS] cfYd mlds fy, Hkh leku xfjek dh lqfuf'prrk gks tks dsoy Ik;ZVdksa ds
Hkh gS tks fd bl ns'k dk ukxfjd ugha gSA vc ge bl :Ik esa ns'k esa vk;s gksrs gSaA mUgs Hkh bl ns'k esa thou dk
dksVZ ds }kjk le;≤ ij ^thou* uked 'kCn ds vFkZ vf/kdkj izkIr gSA bl izdkj os bl ns'k esa ftruk jguk
ij fopkj djrs gSaA [kMd flag cuke mRrj izns'k jkT; pkgrs gSa] xfjek ds lkFk jgsaA ftl izdkj jkT; ;gka ds
ekeys esa ;g fuf'Pkr fd;k x;k Fkk fd ^thou* 'kCn dk ukxfjsdksa ds thou dh j{kk djus gsrq izfrc) gS] mlh
vFkZ ek= Ik'kq ds vfLrRo ls dqN vf/kd gS ¼egkjk"Vª jkT; rjg og mu yksxksa dh thou j{kk ds fy, Hkh izfrc) gS
cuke pUnzHkku rkys Hkh ns[ksa½A vuqPNsn 21 esa tks O;oLFkk;sa tks ;gka ds ukxfjd ugha gSaA
vc ;g fd jsyos deZpkfj;ksa }kjk cykRdkj fd;s tkus

ds vijk/k ds fy, D;k dsUnz ljdkj dks nks"kh Bgjk;k
tk ldrk gS\ bl iz'u dk mÙkj udkjkRed :i esa
fn;k x;k dqN ekeyksa esa fn;s x;s fu.kZ;ksa ds vk/kkj ijA
;s gSa& jktLFkku jkT; cuke fo|korh ,vkbZvkj 1962
,llh 933] xqtjkr jkT; cuke eseu egewn gkth glu]
,vkbZvkj] 1967 ,llh 1885] clRok dkse |euxkSMk
ikfVy cuke eSlwj jkT; ¼1997½ 4 ,llhlh 358] ukxsUnz
jko ,aM daiuh cuke vkU/kzizns'k jkT; ¼1994½ 6 ,llhlh
205 vkSj egkjk"Vª jkT; cuke dapuekyk fot; flag
f'kjds ¼1995½5 ,llhlh 659A
28- ,e ,l xzsoky cuke nhi pan lwn ¼2001½8 ,llhlh 151
ekeysa esa bl dksVZ us Ikk;k fd D;k fgekpy izns'k mPp
U;k;ky; us ,d Ldwy }kjk vk;ksftr fidfud eukrs
le; Mwc x;s 14 cPpksa ds eka&cki }kjk nk;j ;kfpdk
dks nkf[ky dj rdZlaxr fu.kZ; fn;k FkkA ;kfpdk dks
vuqefr fn;s tkus laca/kh vkifRr dks [kkfjt djrs gq,
dksVZ us #nqy 'kkg cuke fcgkj jkT; ¼lqizk½] uhykorh
cgsM+k cuke mM+hlk jkT; ¼lqizk½] vkSj Mhds clq cuke
if'pe caxky jkT; ¼1997½],llhlh 416 dk lanHkZ xzg.k
fd;k vkSj Ikk;k fd %
Þeqík lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 226 ds varxZr fjV ;kfpdk dh
mPp U;k;ky; esa esaVsusfcfyVh dks ysdj gSA vihydrkZ us
vkjaHk esa cgqr gh etcwr rjhds ls dgk fd nkafMd fof/k
ds rgr ykijokgh okys i{k dks igys gh Mhy dj fy;k dk mYya?ku ugha gS] ;fn jkT; dks la;qDr VkWbZQhtj u
x;k gS] fygktk eqvkots ds nkos dh fu;fr dks flfoy ekuk tk,A ij tc ;g ekeyk caf/kr gS vkSj jkT; ij
dkuwu ds gokys NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj flfoy dksVZ dksbZ nkf;Ro Mkyus ls ijs gS] rc gesa ugha yxrk fd bl
esa ekeyk tkuk pkfg, Fkk lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 226 ds ekeys ls rqjar fuiVk tkuk pkfg,] ij bl U;k;ky; ds
rgr ;kfpdk nk;j djdsA nks fu.kZ;ksa dk mYys[k vko';d gS tks igys gh fn;s tk
;kfpdk dh ukWu&esaVsusfcfyVh dk eqík 'kq: esa mBk;k x;k pqds gSaA geus vHkh viuk dksbZ er Hkh ugha fn;k gSAß
Fkk ysfdu ckn esa bl ij tksj ugha fn;k x;k] blfy,
Ekqvkots dh jkf'k ds iz'u ij dksVZ us fuEufyf[kr fVIi.kh
gesa [kqn dks blh eqn~ns rd lhfer j[kus dh vko';d
dha %
ugha gSA gkykafd] nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; Lkekt
ds fy, gksrs gSa vkSj muds Åij ukxfjdksa dh vis{kkvksa ij Þnq?kZVukvksa esa gq;h ekSrkas ds ekeyksa dk fu.kZ; djrs le;
[kjk mrjus dh ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA vr% mUgsa fuf'pr :Ik dksVZ ds le{k nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij lHkh rF;tud
nq?kZVukvksa esa gq;h ekSrkas ds ekeyksa dk fu.kZ; djrs le; dksVZ ds le{k
nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij lHkh rF;tud izek.k vo'; j[ks tkus pkfg, rkfd
blls dksVZ dks eqvkots dh jkf'k fu/kkZfjr djus esa vklkuh gks lds
ls ukxfjdkaas dh t:jrksa dk [k;ky j[kuk pkfg,A bl izek.k vo'; j[ks tkus pkfg, rkfd blls dksVZ dks eqvkots
laca/k esa bl U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s nks fu.kZ;ksa dk lanHkZ dh jkf'k fu/kkZfjr djus esa vklkuh gks ldsA xf.krh;
xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA uhykorh cgsM+k cuke mM+hlk lw{erk dh vko';drk rks ugha gS ysfdu dksbZ Hkh bl rjg
jkT; ekeys esa ;g U;k;ky; #nqy 'kkg cuke fcgkj jkT; dk QSlyk fcuk rF;tud izek.kkas dh vuqifLFkfr esa ugha
esa vk;s fu.kZ; ij jgk ftlesa eqvkotk nsus esa viuk;h fd;k tk ldrk gSA [kkldj ogka ij tgka ,d i{k dks
x;h voS/krk vkSj vuqfpr O;ogkj dh fuank dh x;hA eqvkotk fn;k tkuk gSA ogka ij fuf'Pkr :Ik ls rF;tud
vuqPNsn 32 vkSj 226 ds varxZr U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa dk izek.kksa dk gksuk blhfy, vko';d gSA ;g ,d foy{k.k
mi;ksx dj O;oLFkk nh x;h fd ;kfpdkdrkZ ds csVs dh {kfriwfrZ ugha gS] ysfdu rdZlaxrrk dh vk'kk j[krs gq,
ekSr fgjklr esa gksus ds ,ot esa mls eqvkotk nsus dk ;g eqvkotk izkIr djus dk ekeyk rks gS ghA dukMk dh xzSaM
Li"V ekeyk curk gSA orZeku lanHkZ esa jkT; dh ck/;rk Vªad jsyos daiuh cuke tsfuaXl ekeys esa bls ewy fl)kUr
ds rkSj ij fuEu:Ik ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS % ftlesa migkj flusek nq?kZVuk esa ekjs x;s yksxksa ds ifjokjksa
eqvkots dk vuqeku yxkrs le; lHkh mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks eqvkotk nsus dk funsZ'ku FkkA vkns'k esa funsZ'k fn;k
ij] ftu ij rdZ laxr cgl gq;h] fopkj gksuk x;k Fkk fd vihydrkZ rhu djksM+ ,d yk[k 40 gtkj
pkfg,A ;g dsoy vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k #i;s tek djk;s vkSj funsZ'k esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k Fkk fd
dk;Z ;k ek= n;kHkkouk ij vk/kkfjr ÑR; gh gSA bl jkf'k dk 50 Qhln fgLlk nkosnkjksa esa ckaVs tkus ds
tSlk fd igys gh Åij fn;k x;k gS fd bl dksVZ ds fy, miyC/k djk;k tk,xkA
le{k cgqr ls ekeys mu nqHkkZX;iw.kZ cPpksa ds vk;s] ftUgksus
viuk thou nq?kZVukvksa esa [kks;k rFkk eqvkots dh jkf'k esa 30- mijksDr fu.kZ;ksa esa mfYyf[kr dkuwu ds vkyksd esa mPp
50 gtkj ls ,d yk[k ds chp dk varj FkkA ge bl ckr U;k;ky; }kjk etnwjksa ds ifjokjksa dks eqvkotk nsus laca/kh
ij fo'okl djrs gSa fd U;kf;d mnkgj.kksa dk fuLlansg varfje funsZ'kksa dks vihydrkZ }kjk mPp U;k;ky; esa nh
dqN vkSfpR; gS fof/k ds fl)kar ds lanHkZ esa] ysfdu êk=k* x;h pqukSrh dks [kkfjt fd;s tkus ;ksX; ekuk tkrk gSA
dk vkdyu vnkyr esa rF;ksa ij gh fuHkZj gksrk gSA ;gka
ge eglwl djrs gSa fd mPp U;k;ky; us ps;jeSu jsyos
iqjkuk U;kf;d mnkgj.k ugha py ldrkA izR;sd ekeyk
cksMZ cuke pafnzek nkl ¼lqizk½ ekeys dk laKku fy;k
viuh rjg ls fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj mlds rF; Hkh fHkUu gksrs
gSa] fygktk eqvkots dk vkdyu fHkUu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj gksrk vkSj ,slk eqvkotk nsus dk funsZ'k fn;k gksrk ftls
ij gksxkA gkykafd] iqjkuk fu.kZ; ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk
vnk dj ldrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vihydrkZ ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djs fd
,d&nwljs ls vyx gksrh gS] blfy, eqvkots dk vuqeku
Hkh vyx&vyx gksuk pkfg,A iwjh fLFkfr dk vuqeku
bu fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk ikyu ds Bsdsnkj
ekeys dh rF;tud fLFkfr dks vk/kkj ekudj fd;k tkuk Hkh djsa ftUgsa lhoj flLVe dks Mkyus
pkfg, u fd xf.krh; lw=ksa ds vk/kkj ijAß
vkSj mldk j[kj[ko djus ds fy,
29- bl lanHkZ esa /;ku ,elhMh cuke ,lksfl,'ku vkWo
fofDVEl vkWo migkj VªstMh ,aM vnlZ ¼2005½ 9 ,llhlh vuqcaf/kr fd;k x;k FkkA rFkk blls
586 dk lanHkZ ysuk Hkh mfpr gSA bl ekeys esa bl lacaf/kr fjiksVZ Hkh nks eghus ds Hkhrj
U;k;ky; us ml vihy ij lquokbZ dh tks fnYyh mPp
U;k;ky; ds ml vkns'k ds f[kykQ nk;j dh x;h Fkh mPp U;k;ky; esa tek djk nh tk;A
;Fkksfpr ekuk tkrkA pwafd jsi ihfM+r ds nq%[kksa ;k os yksx
tks nwljksa dh mis{kk ls viuh tku xokars gSa] muds nq%[kksa
ds chp lekukUrj js[kk ugha [khph tk ldrh] ysfdu
gkbZdksVZ us de ls de ;g uksV dj fy;k gksrk fd bl
U;k;ky; us 1998 esa jsi ihfM+rksa ds fy, 10 yk[k #Ik;s
dk eqvkotk r; fd;k Fkk vkSj tks yksx futh laLFkkuksa
ds }kjk lqj{kk midj.k miyC/k u djk;s tkus ds dkj.k
viuh tku xokars gSa] muds fy, 5 yk[k ds eqvkots dh
jkf'k dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ge 'kk;n mPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh
fd;s x;s ml vkns'k dks Hkwy x;s gSa ftlesa c<+k gqvk
eqvkots dks nsus dh ckr dgh x;h FkhA ysfdu bl Hkko
dks dsUnz esa j[kdj fd U;k; esa nsjh ihfM+r ifjokjksa ds
nq%[kksa dks vkSj vf/kd c<k nsxh] ge ;g funsZf'kr djrs gSa
fd lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 142 dh 'kfDr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor
djrs gq, vihydrkZ dks ;g funZs'k fn;k tk; fd og 3-29
gq;h eqvkots dh jkf'k ls lacaf/kr gSA gesa iwjk fo'okl gS
yk[k #i;s fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; LVsV yhxy lfoZlst
fd mPp U;k;ky; bl izkFkZuk ij t:j fopkj djsxkA
desVh ds ikl tek djk;s vkSj ;g jkf'k Bsdsnkj }kjk nh
x;h jkf'k 1-71 yk[k ls vyx gksxhA 32- mPp U;k;ky; }kjk 20-82008 dks tkjh fd;s x;s vkns'k
ds fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dks fØ;kUo;u esa gksus okyh nsjh dks nwj
31- ifj.kker%] vihy bl rF; ij [kkfjt dh tkrh gS fd
djus ds fy, ge vihydrkZ dks Hkkx ¼,½] ¼ch½] ¼lh½]
Åij fy[ks x;s eqvkots dh /kujkf'k;ka ihfM+rksa dks ns
¼Mh½] ¼bZ½] ¼,Q½] ¼th½] ¼vkbZ½] ¼ds½] ¼,e½ rFkk ¼,u½ ds
nh tk;aA ;g dguk fujFkZd gS fd vihydrkZ vfrfjDr
ifjikyu djus ds fy, vkt ls nks eghus dk le; nsrs gSa
/kujkf'k Bsdsnkjksa ls olwy djsA izfroknh la[;k&,d mPp
rFkk lkFk gh ;g funsZ'k Hkh nsrs gSa fd og mPp U;k;ky;
U;k;ky; ds le{k mi;qDr vihy nkf[ky djus gsrq l{ke
fjiksVZ is'k djsA vihydrkZ ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djs fd bu
gS] tks fd ihfM+rksa ds ifjokj okyksa dks nh tkus okyh c<+h
fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk ikyu ds Bsdsnkj Hkh djsa ftUgsa lhoj
flLVe dks Mkyus vkSj mldk j[kj[ko djus ds fy, 34- 20-8-2008 ds vkns'k ds iSjk&9 dh vU; /kkjkvksa ds vuq:i
vuqcaf/kr fd;k x;k FkkA rFkk blls lacaf/kr fjiksVZ Hkh mPp U;k;ky; mi;qDr funsZ'k ns ldrk gS rkfd mudk
nks eghus ds Hkhrj mPp U;k;ky; esa tek djk nh tk;A vuqikyu gks vkSj jkT; vkSj mldh laLFkk;sa mu ij
blds vykok ge ;g Hkh funsZf'kr djrs gSa fd vihydrkZ vfoyac fØ;kUo;u djsA
;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djs fd mPp U;k;ky; }kjk lhojksa dh
35- ;g ekeyk mPp U;k;ky; dh [kaMihB ds le{k flracj
ns[kjs[k ls lacaf/kr vc rd fn;s x;s fn'kkfunsZ'kkas dk
ds nwljs lIrkg esa vU; vkns'kksa gsrq izLrqr fd;k tk,A
reke Hkkoh dk;ks± esa ikyu djsa rFkk Bsdsnkjksa ds lkFk
vuqca/k esa bu fn'kk funsZ'kksa rFkk bl ekeys esa vkus okys &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vU; fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dks Hkh 'kkfey djsaA [th ,l fla?koh]
33- fiNys iSjkxzkQ esa fn;s x;s fn'kkfunsZ'k ;g fl)

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
ugha djrs fd vihydrkZ vkSj nwljs laLFkku tSls
[v'kksd dqekj xkaxqyh]
,tsfUl;k@,elhMh@,uMh,elh@Mh,lvkbZMhlh dks
u;h fnYyh
mPp U;k;ky; ds bu fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds ikyu djus dh
12 tqykbZ 2011
vko';drk ugha gSA cfYd] mUgas Hkh buds vuqikyu dh
fjiksVZ mPp U;k;ky; esa tek djuh gksxhA
vuqyXud
fnYyh mPp U;k;ky;] ubZ fnYyh
fjV ;kfpdk (flfoy) la[;k 5232@2007
uS'kuy dSEisu iQkWj fMfXuVh ,aM jkbV~l vkiQ lhojst ,aM ,ykbM odZlZ]
}kjk gseyrk dkalksfV;k --- oknh
}kjk Jh dkWfyu xksUlkfYol] lhfu;j ,MoksdsV ,oa Jh t;flag ,MoksdsV
cuke
fnYyh uxj fuxe ,oa vU; --- izfroknh
}kjk%
Jh vty vjksM+k] ,Moks- fn-u-fu- ds fy;s
Jh lqjs’k f=ikBh] ,Moks- fn-t-cks- ds fy;s
lqJh tqcsnk csxe] ,Moks- ih-MCyw-Mh- ds fy;s
Jh vt; oekZ] ,Moks- Mh-Mh-, ds fy;s
lqJh T;ksfr flag] ,Moks- u-fn-u-ik- ds fy;s
Jh vkj-ukukorh] ,Moks- fnYyh dSUV cksMZ ds fy;s
Jh ;ksxs’k eYgks=k] ,Moks- izfroknh ua-&4 ds fy;s
dksje%
ekuuh; eq[; U;k;ewfrZ
ekuuh; Mk- U;k;ewfrZ ,l- eqjyh/kj
1- D;k LFkkuh; lekpkji=ksa ds lEikndksa dks
QSlyk ns[kus dh vuqefr nh tk;\
2- lEoknnkrk dks Hkstk tk;sxk ;k ugha\
3- D;k QSlyk MkbZtsLV esa izdkf’kr gksuk pkfg;s\
95
vkns’k rjhds ls fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn lEcfU/kr ,tsfUl;ksa dks

20-08-2008 igys ,d nwljs ls okrkZyki djus rFkk miyC/k fodYiksa
ds ewY;kadu dk volj miyC/k gksA ;g izfØ;k bl
1- ;g tufgr ;kfpdk fnYyh 'kgj esa lhoj dh lQkbZ U;k;ky; ds }kjk fu;qDr lfefr ;k LFkkuh; dfe'uj ds
djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dh n'kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;g le{k dk;kZfUor dh tk ldrh gS tSlk fd tufgr ls
izdV djrh gS fd muds dk;Z dh n’kk ekuoh; xfjek ds lacaf/kr cgqr ls ekeyksa esa fd;k x;k gSA fdUrq ykxr
iw.kZr% vlaxr gS vkSj muds LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk ds fy;s dh cpr vkSj izfØ;k dks izHkkoh rFkk rhoz cukus ds fy;s
[krjukd gSA lsUVj QkWj ,tqds'ku ,.M dE;qfuds'ku ge vius ekuuh; U;k;k?kh’k HkkbZ;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks
dh fjiksVZ fjdkMZ ij j[kh xbZ gS] tks fnYyh esa fd;s U;k;ky; ds dk;Z le; ds mijkar dqN le; leL;k
ds loZekU; O;kogkfjd funku dk mik; <wa<+us ds fy,
x;s losZ ds }kjk bDdBs fd;s x;s vkadM+ksa ds fo’ys"k.k
vuqnkfur djus dk fuosnu djsaxsA ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks
ds vykok eqnns dks fu;af=r djus ds vYidkfyd ,oa fo"k;] izLrkfor mik; esa ,sls la’kks/ku tSlk fd U;k;ky;
nh?kZdkfyd mik;ksa ds lq>ko nsrh gSA izohu jk"Vªiky mfpr o mi;qDr le>sa] ds vuq:i] vkns’k o fuLrkj.k
cuke eq[; vf/kdkjh] dknh E;qfuflikfyVh ds fy;s U;k;ky; ds le{k lwphc) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼,l-lh-,- la[;k 8989@2001 ,oa 11706@2004½ esa ge rnuqlkj ekuuh; U;k;k/kh'k Mk- tfLVl ,l-
xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; ds 15 Qjojh 2006 ds vkns’k ij eqjyh/kj] bl U;k;ky; ds ,d U;k;k/kh'k] ls vuqjks/k
Hkh çfr"Bk j[kh tkrh gS] ftlesa funsZ’kksa dh ,d Ja`[kyk djrs gSa fd oks U;k;ky; ds le; ds mijkar vius
tkjh dh xbZ gSA cgqewY; le; ls dqN le;] bl leL;k dk O;kogkfjd
lek/kku lHkh lacaf/kr rFkk bl {ks= ds fo'ks"kKksa ¼;fn
2- tufgr ;kfpdk dh izFke lquokbZ ij bl U;k;ky; dh dksbZ gS½ ls ijke'kZ djds fudkyus dk ç;kl djus ds
[k.MihB us fu;e nsrs le; fuEu funsZ’k tkjh fd;s% fy, vuqnku nsaA lHkh i{k Mk- ,l- eqjyh/kj ts- ds le{k
^ckj ij fd;s x;s izfrosnuksa ij /;kuiwoZd fopkj djus 'kfuokj 18 vxLr 2007 dks 11-00 cts muds d{k esa
ds mijkar gekjk er ;g gS fd tufgr esa bl U;k;ky; mifLFkr jgsaA
ds gLr{ksi ds i{k esa fo"k; curk gSA gekjk er ;g Hkh 3- blds i’pkr~ Mk0 eqjyh/kj] tt }kjk 18 vxLr 2007]
gS fd orZeku O;oLFkk ds ewY;kadu dh fdlh Hkh izfØ;k]
22 flrEcj 2007 vkSj 1 fnlEcj 2007 dks i;kZIr :i
blesa lq/kkj dh O;kogkfjdrk dks izsf{kr fd;s tkus dh
vko’;drk gSA gekjs fopkj ls ;g vkSj Hkh vf/kd izHkkoh ls foLr`r ,oa l?ku lquokbZ;ka dh xbZaA ;|fi oknh }kjk
vuqyXud 97
cgqr ls eqn~ns izdk’k esa yk;s x;s gS] fuEu eqn~ns gSa tks ij Bsds ds Jfed Hkh fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g Hkh ik;k
ojh;rk ds vk/kkj ij fopkfjr fd;s x, gSa % ¼d½ lhoj x;k fd ;|fi fnYyh ty cksMZ ¼fn-t-cks-½ }kjk uoEcj
deZpkfj;ksa dh ekSrsa ¼[k½ muds LokLF; o lqj{kk ¼x½ 2002 esa lqj{kk ds fn’kk&funsZ’k tkjh fd;s x;s gSa] ftudk
lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh ekSrksa vkSj pksVksa dh nq?kZVukvksa dks mYya?ku gksrk gqvk ik;k tk jgk gS vkSj fn-t-cks- vius
iqu% gksus ls jksdus o mudh dk;Z&n’kkvksa dks lq/kkjus Lo;a ds lqj{kk fn’kk&funsZ’kksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds ckjs
ds fy;s dne ¼?k½ mudh fu;qfDr ds nkSjku deZpkfj;ksa esa xEHkhj ugha gSA ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd tgka rd fn-
dh ekSrksa ds fy;s {kfriwfrZ] ;fn dksbZ nh xbZ gks rks] vkSj t-cks- dk lEcU/k gS] o"kZ 2002 ls lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh
¼³½ eSuqvy odZ dks izfØ;koká djuss vkSj bls ;kaf=d dqy 36 ekSrsa gks pqdh gSa] ftuesa ls 30 Bsds ds deZpkjh
lhoj lQkbZ esa cnyus ds fy;s mBk;s tkus okys dneA Fks vkSj 6 fu;fer deZpkjh FksA ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd
vkns’k fnukafdr 5 viSzy 2008] tks fd ,d fjiksVZ ds :i ckj&ckj funsZ’k fn;s tkus ds ckotwn] fn-t-cks- lhoj
esa gS] ds }kjk fnYyh ty cksMZ ds 'kiFki= fnukafdr 4 deZpkfj;ksa dh ekSrkssa vkSj pksVksa ds ckjs esa tkWp dj
vizSy 2008 ds lanHkZ ls leL;k ds ifjek.k dk o.kZu ikus esa vlQy jgk gSA ;g ik;k x;k fd ekeys ds
fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa ;g mYysf[kr gS fd ^^jk"Vªh; dbZ igyw ,sls gSa ftuij vfxze izs{k.k dh vko';drk
jkt/kkuh dh volajpuk 6150 fdeh- yEcs lhojra= dks gksxh rkfd lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Z n’kkvksa ds ckjs esa
lekfgr djrh gSA blesa ls 150 fdeh- Vªad lhoj dh okLrfod :i ls cnyko yk;s tk ldsaA fo’ks"kr% fn-t-cks
yEckbZ gS] 1500 fdeh- cká lhoj dh yEckbZ gS vkSj vkSj lh-,y-vkj-,- ds v/khu Bsdsnkjksa dh ftEesnkfj;ka
4500 fdeh- vkUrfjd lhoj dh yEckbZ gSA ;g lhoj vkSj deZpkjh {kfriwfrZ vf/kfu;e ¼o"kZ 2002 esa la’kksf/kr
usVodZ dqy 512-4 ,e-th-Mh- dh la;qDr {kerk okys 17 vuqlkj½ ds v/khu {kfriwfrZ nsus ds fy;s muds nkf;Roksa
lhost VªhVeaV IykUVksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA blds vfrfjDr] dk ijh{k.k djuk gksxkA ;gka rd fd tc mipkj ekudksa
tgka Hkh vko’;d gS lhost ds lapw"k.k ds fy;s fofHkUu dh dk;Z;ksX; ;kstuk cukbZ gqbZ gS] lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dks
LFkkuksa ij 33 cM+s lhost ifEiax LVs’ku gSaA** ;g ik;k ekSrksa vkSj fn-t-cks- vksj mlds Bsdsnkjksa dh o"kZ 2002
x;k fd bl le; 4171 Lohd`r inksa ds fo:) 3923 ds fn’kk&funsZ’kksa dk ikyu djus esa vlQyrk ds dkj.k
LFkk;h deZpkjh fu;qDr gSaA blds vykok 1403 eLVj vo’; [kksts tkus pkfg;s] ftlds fy;s fn-t-cks- dks iw.kZ
jksy deZpkjh gSaA bu deZpkfj;ksa ds vykok] le;≤ xEHkhjrk ls U;k;ky; dks fn;s x;s vius opuksa dks
fuHkkuk gksxkA
4- rnqijkar fo"k; [k.MihB ds le{k j[kk x;k vkSj vkns’k 5- mijksDr vkns’k ds vuqlj.k esa] u-fn-u-ikus fnukad 8 ebZ
fnukafdr 11 vizSy 2008 }kjk U;k;ky; us fn-t-cks- vkSj 2008 dks 'kiFki= nkf[ky fd;k] ftlesa ;g dgk x;k gS
u-fn-u-ik- dks okafNr lwpuk,a nsrs gq, ,d fLFkfr fjiskVZ fd u-fn-u-ik- }kjk ykijokgh@lqj{kk ekud u viuk;s
nsus dks dgk ftlesa ;g crk;k x;k gks ¼d½ o"kZ 2002 ls tkus ds dkj.k mlds fdlh deZpkjh ;k mlds Bsdsnkj ds
gqbZ ekSrksa dh la[;k ¼[k½ ,slh ekSrksa ds ekeyksa esa foHkkxksa fdlh Jfed dh o"kZ 2002 ls lhoj ykbZuksa@esugksyksa dh
}kjk fdlh Lrj ij dh xbZ dksbZ tkWpsa@[kkstsa ¼x½ ;fn lQkbZ ds nkSjku ekSr ugha gqbZ gSA gkykafd ;g Lohdkj
tkWp dh xbZ rks Bsdsnkj] ftlus e`rd deZpkfj;ksa dks fd;k x;k gS fd lhoj ykbZu ls tgjhyh xSl ds lkal
fu;qDr fd;k] ds fo:) ;k fdlh vU; LFkkuh; vf/kdkjh] esa pys tkus ds dkj.k 7 fnlEcj 2003 dks u-fn-u-ik- ds
ftlds v/khu Bsdsnkj fu;qDr fd;k x;k] ds fo:) dh Bsdsnkj ds v/khu dk;Zjr 3 deZpkfj;ksa dh ekSr gqbZA ;g
xbZ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ¼?k½ ;fn lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Z dgk x;k gS fd mijksDr of.kZr rhu O;fDr;ksa us LFky ds
n’kk ds csgrjh ds fy;s dksbZ izLrko gks] ;fn ,slk gks rks izHkkjh bathfu;j ls fcuk dksbZ vuqefr@Lohd`fr ds vkSj
os izLrko D;k Fks vkSj bl lEcU/k esa dh xbZ laLrqfr;ksa] lhoj ykbZu esa izos’k djus ls iwoZ fcuk fdlh vko';d
;fn dksbZ gksa rks] dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy;s LFkkuh; lqj{kk lko/kkuh@ekudksa] ds eSugksy esa izos’k fd;k FkkA
vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk D;k dne mBk;s x;s gSa ¼³½ ;fn dksbZ vkSj vkxs ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd D;ksafd ;g nq?kZVuk
Hkh izLrko ugha Fkk rks D;k LFkkuh; vf/kdkjh fn’kk&funsZ’k dk ekeyk Fkk] u fd ykijokgh dk] rks dksbZ tkap ugha
cukus vkSj Hkfo"; esa ,slh ekSrksa dks jksdus ds fy;s lqj{kk dh xbZA u-fn-u-ik- ds vuqlkj lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh
ekudksa ds bPNqd gSa vkSj lQkbZ dk;Z ds fy, fu;qDr dk;ZfLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds fy, xqatkb'k gS vkSj bl fn'kk esa
deZpkfj;ksa dh csgrj dk;ZfLFkfr ds bPNqd gSa ¼p½ D;k u-fn-u-ik- }kjk fuEufyf[kr dne mBk;s x;s gSa%&
e`rd deZpkjh ds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa vkSj tks deZpkjh 1- ;FkklaHko lhojykbZu@eSugksy dh lQkbZ e’khuksa ls
dk;Z djus ds nkSjku fodyakxrk ds f’kdkj gq, muds fy;s dh tkrh gSA euq"; dk izos’k mu nqyZHkre ekeyksa
{kfriwfrZ ds Hkqxrku dk dksbZ izko/kku gSA ;fn gS rks og rd lhfer fd;k tk jgk gS tgka e’khuh lQkbZ
;kstuk D;k gS vkSj D;k blds v/khu dksbZ Hkqxrku fd;k lEHko ugha gSaA
x;k gSA 2- mu fLFkfr;ksa esa tgka ekuoh; lQkbZ dh tkrh gS]
;g lqfuf’pr fd;k tkrk gS fd lHkh lqj{kk midj.k
vuqyXud 99
iz;ksx fd;s tk;s vkSj lHkh lko/kkfu;ka cjrh tk;saA ;g tujy chek ;kstuk ds vykok gksrk gS] tks dsUnz
lhoj lQkbZ djus okys O;fDr;ksa dks xgjs esugksyksa ljdkj ds fu;ekuqlkj lHkh ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds
esa ,d le; ij 5&10 feuV ls T;knk le; rd fy;s ykxw gksrk gSA
vUnj jgus dh vuqefr ugha nh tkrh gSA lEcfU/kr 6- lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dks miyC/krk@ofj"Brk ds
dfu"B vfHk;Urk@lgk;d vfHk;Urk lEiw.kZ lQkbZ vuqlkj vkokl fn;k tkrk gSA izR;sd lsok dsUnz
lapkyu vof/k ds nkSjku ekSds ij gkftj jgrs gSaA ij Jfed vkjke?kj eqgS;k djok;s x;s gSaA muds
3- lHkh lqj{kk midj.k tSls lkal ysus ds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh f’k{kk ds fy;s cgqr ls u-fn-
midj.k] iw.kZ eqag <dus dk lqj{kk vkoj.k] u-ik- fo|ky; u-fn-u-ik- {ks= esa py jgs gSaA
lqj{kk isVh] VkpZ] lqj{kk p’esa] lqj{kk gSyeSV] 7- LVksj@lfoZl lSUVj ij ihus ds ikuh] ugkus vksj
lqj{kk isVh] xe twrs] Mqcdh yxkus okys diM+s] diM+s /kksus dh lqfo/kk eqgS;k djokbZ tkrh gSA vius
,;j Cyksvj vkSj ,Dt+kLV vkfn dk O;kid deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s u-fn-u-ik- }kjk euksjatu Dyc
:i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eqgS;k djok;s x;s gSaA
4- lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks LokLF; ijh{k.k] mipkj ,oa 8- Lo;a foHkkx }kjk deZpkfj;ksa dks midj.k vkSj vU;
gLirkyksa vkfn ds fy, eq¶r fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,a lqj{kk midj.k ds iz;ksx dk izf’k{k.k fn;k tkrk
jkt/kkuh ds mRd`"V gLirkyksa esa miyC/k djokbZ gSA vU; ,tsfUl;ksa ls izf’k{k.k ds dk;Z Øe Hkh rS;kj
tkrh gSA lHkh ,sls gLirkyksa dh lwph bl izdkj ls fd;s tk jgs gSaA
gS%&
6- fn-t-cks- us fLFkfr fjiskVZ fnuakfdr 7 tqykbZ 2008 nkf[ky
¼1½ eSDl ckykth gLirky] bUnzizLFk
dh gS ftlesa ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd o"kZ 2002 ls
¼2½ ---- ----- ------- --------
ekSrksa dh la[;k 36 gS vkSj mlesa ls N% deZpkjh fn-t-
¼3½ ---- ----- ------- -------- cks- }kjk fu;qDr Fks vkSj 30 deZpkjh Bsds ds FksA vf/kdrj
¼4½ ---- ----- ------- -------- dslksa esa ekSr ds dkj.k ugha fn;s x;s gSA ,sls dslksa esa]
26 pjd ikfydk gLirky] eksrhckx ftuesa dkj.k crk;s x;s gSa] ekSr dk dkj.k lqj{kk midj.kksa
5- lHkh lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dk jk"Vªh; chek dEiuh fy- ls dh deh ;k ykijokgh gh cryk;k x;k gSA ,sls fdlh
çfr deZpkjh 1 yk[k #i;s dk chek djk;k tkrk gS] Hkh dsl esa dksbZ vuq’kklukRed dk;Zokgh ugha dh xbZ gS
ftlds fy;s fizfe;e u-fn-u-ik- }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj lk/kkj.k lh psrkouh] tks fd vf/kdre dslksa esa tkjh
dh xbZ gS] ds vykok lEcfU/kr vf/kdkjh ;k Bsdsnkj] tks ßd- fn-t-cks- us 5 QqV ls vf/kd xgjh lhoj ykbZu dks
deZpkfj;ksa dh lqj{kk ds fy;s ftEesnkj gSa] ds fo:) dksbZ lkQ djus ds fy;s 'kkfjfjd Je dk iz;ksx djuk
dk;Zokgh ugha dh xbZ gSA vkSj fLFkfr fjiskVZ esa ;g Hkh can dj fn;k gSA blus vfrfjDr tSfVax e’khusa
miyC/k djkbZ gSaA
dgk x;k gS fd fn-t-cks- us vc lqj{kk vkSj foifRr izcU/ku
izdks"B xfBr fd;s gSa tks lhoj deZpkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr [k- cM+s Vªda @cká lhojksa dks vfrlap"w kd e’khuksa }kjk
'kksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd vkikr fLFkfr es]a
fcUnqvksa ij ns[kHkky djsaxsaA lHkh lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa dks
mfpr lqj{kk midj.kksa ds lkFk vkSj dfu"B vfHk;ark
nks"kh QeZ dks gVkus@CySd fyLV djus ds fn-t-cks- ds dh mifLFkfr esa xgjs lhoj esa izo’s k dh vuqefr nh
vf/kdkj lqjf{kr djus ds fy;s vuqcU/k djkj esa ,d [k.M tkrh gSAÞ
tksM+us ds fy;s fgnk;rsa tkjh dh tk pqdh gSaA vkxs fjiksVZ
7- fn-t-cks- ds vuqlkj bUgksaus vko’;d midj.k Hkh
;g dgrh gS fd dk;ZfLFkfr;kas dks csgrj djus ds fy;s
miyC/k djk;s gSaSA fQj ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd fn-
fuEufyf[kr vuqeksnu fd;s x;s gSa%&
t-cks- ds ikl deZpkfj;ksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy;s fn-t-
d- lqj{kk tkx:drk dk;ZØe
cks- ls tqM+s 11 fMLisUlfj;ka] 25 izkbZosV gLirky vkSj
[k- lhoj deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s D;k djsa vkSj D;k u djsa 37 Mk;XuksfLV lSUVj gSaA buds ikl Hkqxrku okilh
dk izlkjA
ds fy, ,d fodsUnzh;d`r izcU/k gS tc lk/kkj.k
x- lqj{kk midj.kksa ds viukus vkSj cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s vf/kdkfjdrk ds ijs vkikr fLFkfr esa jkgr nh tkus dh
funsZ’kA
vko';drk gksrh gSA deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s izFke fpfdRlk
?k- ifjlhfer LFkku esa izos’k ,oa cpko ds fy;s nl isfV;ka miyC/k gSa vkSj Bsdsnkj Bsdsnkjh djkj ds izko/kkuksa
izf’k{kdksa dks çf'k{k.k fn;k x;k gSA
ds vuqlkj fpfdRlk lqfo/kk;sa eqgS;k djokus ds fy;s ck/;
³ lqj{kk ,oa foifRr izcU/ku gsrq ijke’kZ lsok;sa eqgS;k gSa vkSj fe;knh LokLF; ijh{k.k Hkh fd;s tk jgs gSaA ;g
djkus ds fy;s jk"Vªh; foifRr izcU/ku ls le>kSrk
dgk x;k gS fd vkn’kZ fu;e vkSj lqj{kk uhfr] tks ykxw
fd;k x;k gSA
gSa] lkojksa dh lQkbZ djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s dM+kbZ
fn-t-cksMZ ds vuqlkj 'kkfjfjd :i ls lQkbZ O;oLFkk ls dk;kZfUor fd;s tk;saxsaA fn-t-cks- us lqj{kk ,oa vkink
dks ;kaf=d lQkbZ O;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s izca/ku gsrq ijke'kZ lqfo/kk,a iznku djus rFkk vkikrdkyhu
fuEufyf[kr dne mBk;s x;s gSa%& rS;kjh ,oa izfrfØ;k nyksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy,] jk"Vªh;
vuqyXud 101
vkink izca/ku laLFkku ds lg;ksx ls o"kZ 2007&08 ds fy, oknh ds vuqlkj fnukad 5 ebZ 2008 dks fn-t-cks- }kjk
vk/kkjHkwr lqj{kk tkx:drk dk izca/k fd;k gSA jk"Vªh; fu;qDr fd;s x;s Bsdsnkjksa ds v/khu Bsdsjr dk;Zjr nks
ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx }kjk tkjh fn’kk&funsZ’kksa dk fn-t- deZpkfj;ksa dh e`R;q lhoj esa xSlksa ds lkal ds lkFk vUnj
cks- }kjk ikyu fd;k tk jgk gSA {kfriwfrZ ds fcUnq ij] pys tkus ds dkj.k gqbZA muds uke fpUVw vkSj fiUVw
fn-t-cks- us dgk gS fd ;fn fdlh deZpkjh dh e`R;q gks ¼iIiw@glu vgen½ gSaA os MkcM+h fLFkr ,d lhoj ykbZu
tkrh gS] rks tgka rd lEHko gksrk gS n;k ds vk/kkj ij esa dk;Zjr FksA
fu;qfDr;ka nh tkrh gSaA ?kk;y deZpkfj;ksa dks yh xbZ chek 9- lacaf/kr ,stsfUl;ksa }kjk nh xbZ fofHkUu fjiksVksZ vkSj ckj ij
ikfyfl;ksa ds vuqlkj {kfriwfrZ nh tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr fn;s x, çfrosnuksa ij fopkjksijkUr ge bl fjV ;kfpdk
esa tgka Bsdasnkj }kjk vuqcfU/kr deZpkjh dh e`R;q gskrh dk vfUre fuLrkj.k yfEcr j[krs gq, fuEufyf[kr
gS rks deZpkjh {kfriwfrZ vf/kfu;e {kfriwfrZ ds Hkqxrku ds vUrfje vkns'k ikfjr djrs gSaA
fy;s izko/kku djrk gSA ;|fi fn-t-cks- us Bsdsnkjksa ds
¼d½ lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dks fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds fpfdRlk
fy;s Bsds ij dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa ds uke eqgS;k djokuk
ijh{k.k vkSj bZykt eqgS;k djk;s tk,axs vkSj ,sls lHkh
Lohdkj fd;k gS] fQj Hkh Bsdsnkjksa vkSj muds v/khu
deZpkjh tks fdlh O;olk; tfur O;kf/k] dqy{k.k ;k
dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa ls lacaf/kr izklafxd fooj.k miyC/k
nq?kZVuk ls xzflr ik;s x;s gSa dk bykt deZpkjh ds
ugha djok;s x;s gSaA
jksxeqDr gks tkus ;k e`R;q rd fu%'kqYd tkjh jgsxkA
8- fnukad 22 tqykbZ 2008 dks oknh dh vksj ls nkf[ky fd;s
¼[k½ lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok,W izfrokfn;ks ;k muds }kjk
x;s fyf[kr izfrys[k esa] ;g fjdkMZ ij yk;k x;k gS
fu;qDr fd;s x, Bsdsnkjksa }kjk chekjh dh vof/k ds
fd u-fn-u-ik- }kjk fu;qDr fd;s x;s Bsdsnkj ds fy,
nkSjku lekIr ugha dh tkuh gS vkSj mUgsa lsokjr gh
dk;Zjr ,d deZpkjh vfer dh e`R;q fnukad 20 tqykbZ
ekuk tk;sxk vkSj mUgsa mudk osru fn;k tk,xkA
dks u’khyh xSl lkal ds lkFk vUnj pyh tkus ds dkj.k
gqbZA ;g dfFkr gS fd vfer ,d vU; fngkM+h deZpkjh ¼x½ izfrokfn;ksa }kjk O;olk; tfur O;kf/k] -dqy{k.k
jktiky ds lkFk Fkk] tks xSlksa ds lkal ds lkFk vUnj ;k nq?kZVuk ls ihfM+r lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks deZpkjh
pys tkus ds dkj.k vpsr gks x;k vkSj lhoj ls fudky {kfriwfrZ vf/kfu;e 1923 ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i
fy;k x;kA gkykafd jktiky dh tku cp xbZ gSA vkSj {kfriwfrZ nh tk;sxh vkSj bldk Bsdsnkjksa ls olwyh dh
tk;sxh ;fn og fof/kekU; gksA
¼?k½ fdlh deZpkjh] Bsds ij dk;Zjr~ deZpkjh lfgr] dh ¼>½ izfroknh lh-ih-MCyq-Mh@ih-MCyq-Mh-¼Mh-,-½@
e`R;q gks tkus ij izfroknh vius rqjUr mls ,d yk[k fnYyh ty cksMZ Bsdsnkjh Jfed fu;ekoyh ¼la{ksi
:i;s dk ,Dlxzsfl;k eqvkotk iznku djsasxs ftldh eas ^^Jfed fu;ekoyhÞ½ ds [k.M 8 ds vuqlkj
olwyh Bsdsnkj ls gksxh] ;fn fof/kekU; gS rksA Bsdsjr~ deZpkfj;ksa lfgr] dks ,d mifLFkfr
¼³½ izfroknh lHkh lhoj deZpkfj;ksa] Bsds ij dk;Zjr~ dkMZ&de&osru Lyhi eqgS;k djk,axsA
deZpkfj;ksa lfgr dks lHkh dkuwuu ns; jkf’k;ksa] tSls ¼´½ izfroknh Jfed fu;ekoyh ds [k.M 9 ds vuqlkj
fd Hkfo"; fuf/k] xszpq,Vh vkSj cksul] ;fn dkuwuu lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;qfDr dkMZ eqgS;k djk,axs vkSj
ekU; gks rks] dk Hkqxrku djsaxsA lsok lekfIr ij Bsdsjr~ deZpkfj;ksa o vU; dks lsok
¼p½ izfroknh oknh laLFkku ds ijke’kZ ls lHkh lhoj izek.k i= eqgS;k djk,axs tSlk fd Jfed fu;ekoyh
deZpkfj;ksa dks tYn ls tYn lHkh lEHko vk/kqfud ds [k.M 10 esa mfYyf[kr gSA
lqj{kk midj.k eqgS;k djk,axsA ¼V½ izfroknh Jfed fu;ekoyh ds [k.M 5 ds vuqlkj
¼N½ izfroknh orZeku dksVk ds vuqlkj lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks Bsdsjr~ deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, osru Hkqxrku ds jftLVj
lkcqu o rsy eqgS;k djk,axs] ysfdu ekfld vk/kkj dks gLrk{kfjr djds izekf.kr djsaxsA
ij] u fd o"kZ ds vUr esaA ¼B½ izfroknh lhoj ls lacaf/kr dk;kZs ds fy, fu;qDr fd;s
¼t½ izfroknh fn-t-cks- ds vkn’kZ fu;eksa ds vuqlkj izkFkfed x, Bsdsjr~ deZpkfj;ksa vkSj Bsdsnkjksa dh iw.kZ lwph]
fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa] lqjf{kr is; ty] /kqykbZ lqfo/kk,a] ,sls deZpkfj;ksa dks fn;s tkus okys osru vkfn vkSj
'kkSpky; ,oa ew=ky;] f'k'kqikyu x`g vkSj dSUVhu] deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok;kstu ds o"kksZ dh la[;k lfgr]
tSlk fd vkn'kZ fu;eksa esa mfYyf[kr gS] lfgr vkjke vkt ls 4 lIrkg ds vUnj bl U;k;ky; o oknh dks
?kj o dSUVhu miyC/k djok;saxsA ;s ßLVksjÞ ds uke tek djk,axsA
ls tkuh okyh ml txg tks fd og LFkku gS tgka ¼M½ fn-t-cks- dks ;g lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, funsZf’kr
deZpkjh vius mifLFkfr nsus ds fy, ,d= gksrs gSa fd;k tkrk gS fd lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh e`R;q ds ekeys
vkSj tgka ls os vius lEcU/k dk;ZLFky ds fy, jokuk esa ,Dl xzsfl;k Hkqxrku] e`r deZpkjh ds ifjokjksa dks
gksrs gSa] ij miyC/k djk;h tkuh gSaA dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj ;fn ;g eqvkotk ugha fn;k
vuqyXud 103
x;k gS] rks bls 8 lIrkg dh vof/k ds Hkhrj ns fn;k nq?kZVuk,W vkSj Cykdst vkfn gksrs jgrs gSa] dks izdV
tk,A djrs gq, mldk uD’kk tek djk,axsA ,slk vkt ls
¼<½ u-fn-u-ik- dks 7 fnlEcj] 2003 dks gqbZ nq?kZVuk] 3 ekg ds vUnj fd;k tkuk gksxkA
ftlesa u-fn-u-ik- ds Bsdsnkjksa ds v/khu dk;Zjr~ 3 ¼Fk½ vUr esa] izfrokfn;ksa dks ekuoh; mi;ksx dks
deZpkfj;ksa dh e`R;q gqbZ Fkh] ds laca/k esa 1 yk[k :i;s izfØ;koká djus rFkk bls ;kaf=d lhoj lQkbZ esa
dh jkf’k izfr O;fDr vnk djus ds fy, funZsf’kr fd;k cnyus tSlk fd fnYyh ty cksMZ ,oa u-fn-u-ik-
tkrk gSA ftls og Bsdsnkj ls olwy djus ds fy, }kjk ifjdfYir gS] ls lEcf?kr izLrko rFkk j.kuhfr
LorU= gS] ;fn dkuwuu ekU; gks rksA dks fjdkMZ ij ykus dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS] ftls
¼.k½ fn-t-cks- o u-fn-u-ik- dks oknh ds fyf[kr izfrosnu ds fd 3 ekg ds Hkhrj dj fy;k tk;sxkA
en 15 o 16 fnukafdr 22 tqykbZ] 2008 esa mfYyf[kr 10- mijksDr funs’Z kksa dk ikyu lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, ge
lhoj deZpkfj;ksa dh e`R;q ds laca/k esa ,d tkap xfBr fuEufyf[kr dks lfEefyr djrs gq, ,d lfefr dk xBu
djus vkSj 8 lIrkg ds Hkhrj ml tkap dh fjiksVZ djrs gSa%&
bl U;k;ky; es nkf[ky djus ds fy, funZsf’kr fd;k ¼d½ Jh ,l-vkj- 'kadj.k] vkbZ-,-,l-] f=iqjk ljdkj ds
tkrk gSA ;fn ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd lacaf/kr Bsdsjr~ eq[; lfpo ¼lsokfuo`r½ v/;{k(
deZpkjh u-fn-u-ik-@fn-t-cks- }kjk fu;qDr Bsdsnkjksa
¼[k½ u-fn-u-ik-] Mh-Mh-,- vkSj fn-t-cks-] }kjk ukekafdr
ds v/khu dk;Zjr~ Fks] rks ihfM+rksa ds ifjokjksa dks
,d&,d vf/kdkjh] tks Hkkjr ljdkj ds voj&lfpo
rqjUr 1 yk[k #i;s dh ,Dl xzsf'k;k eqvkotk jkf’k]
ds in ls de ugha gksxkA
rqjUr vnk dh tk;sxh] ftldh Bsdsnkjksa ls dkuwu ds
vuqlkj] olwyh dk vf/kdkj lqjf{kr gSA ¼x½ jk-jk-{ks- fnYyh ljdkj ds lekt dY;k.k foHkkx
la;qDr lfpo tks fd ml foHkkx ds lfpo }kjk
¼r½ izfroknh jk-jk-{ks- ds mu {ks=ksa ¼1½ tgkW dksbZ lhoj
ukekafdr fd;s tk;saxs] tks lfefr ds la;kstd gksaxsA
lqfo/kk miyC/k ugha gS ¼2½ tgkW ladjh xfy;kW ;k
vU; dkj.kksa ls vk/kqfud e’khujh ugha tk ldrh ¼?k½ oknh ds laLFkku ls ,d izfrfuf/kA
¼3½ vk/kqfud e’khujh }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z{ks= 11- mijksDr of.kZr lfefr dh cSBd 15 fnu esa ,d ckj
vkSj ¼4½ tfVy {ks= tgka le;≤ ij e`R;q] gksxhA LFkku] vU; <k¡pkxr lqfo/kk,a] okgu lqfo/kk vkSj
lfpoky;h; LVkQ] tSlk fd lfefr dks vko';d gks]~ uksV % Jh ,lvkj 'kadju] vkbZ,,l ¼lsokfuo`r½ dh
lfgr fnYyh ty cksMZ }kjk eqgS;k djok, tk,axsA lfefr vLoLFkrk ds dkj.k muds LFkku ij Jh y{eh/kj feJ]
ds v/;{k dks izR;sd cSBd ds fy, :i;s 5]000@& vkbZ,,l ¼lsokfuo`r½ dks 3 flracj 2008 ds 'kklukns'k ds
ekuns; fn;k tk,xkA lacaf/kr ukxfjd ,stsfUl;ksa }kjk tfj, lfefr dk v/;{k fu;qDr fd;k x;kA lfefr dk xBu
lfefr dks lHkh laHko lg;ksx fn;k tk,xkA lfefr] ;fn ewy:i ls 20 vxLr 2008 ds 'kklukns'k ls Jh 'kadju dh
vko’;d gks rks] funsZ’k ds fy, bl U;k;ky; ls lEidZ v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa 20 vxr 2008 ds vkns'k
djus ds fy, LorU= gksxhA lfefr dks vxyh lquokbZ dks 3 flracj 2008 ds vkns'k ls la'kksf/kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
dh frfFk ls iwoZ bl U;k;ky; ds le{k ,d fjiksVZ izLrqr
djus ds fy, vuqjks/k fd;k tkrk gSA
12- ;g dsl vxyh lquokbZ ds fy, fnukad 22 vDrwcj]
2008 ds fy, r; fd;k tkrk gSA
13- bl vkns’k dh izfr lHkh i{kksa ds vf/koDrkvksa dks nLrh
nh tk,A bldh ,d ,d izfr desVh ds v/;{k] u-fn-u-
ik- ds v/;{k] fn-fo-izk- ds mik/;{k] fn-t-cks- ds lh-bZ-
vks- vkSj jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks= fnYyh ljdkj ds lekt
dY;k.k foHkkx ds lfpo dks vuqikyu ds fy, vkt ls
5 fnu ds vUnj vUnj Hksth tk,A
gLrk-
,-ih- 'kkg
eq[; U;k;k/kh’k
gLrk-
,l- eqjyh/kj
20 vxLr] 2008 U;k;k/kh’k

Dignity and Rights of The Sewerage

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Dignity and Rights of The Sewerage

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THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA JUDGEMENT

Delhi Jal Board Versus National Campaign for Dignity and

Dignity and Rights of the Sewerage

Compiled and Edited by

Title: Dignity and Rights of Sewerage and Allied Workers

Judgement: Delhi Jal Board Versus NCDRSAW & Others 9

fu.kZ;% fnYyh ty cksMZ cuke ,ulhMhvkj,l,MCY;w vkSj vU; 61

A number of anti-discrimination statutes and positive

Delhi Jal Board ……Appellant

G.S. Singhvi, J. been deprived of fundamental rights to equality,

which are mandatory, as stated by NHRC, for

the name Rakesh Kumar on their own to check

cannot be absolved of their liability to compensate consideration:

Public interest litigation, as we conceive it, is essentially a cooperative

Public interest litigation, as we conceive it, is

The truth is that a few profound issues of processual jurisprudence of great

While dealing with the first

the disadvantaged and poor sections of the society.

23. In Union of India v. Association for Democratic

would be decreed in his favour. In these

33. The directions contained in the preceding paragraph

National Campaign for Dignity & Rights

1. Whether reporters of the local newspapers be allowed to see the judgement?

engaged for cleaning work; (f) if there any provision

lhoj vkSj lacaf/r dk;ZdehZ%

ladyu vkSj laiknu

n fyrksa dh lqj{kk vkSj muds lkFk HksnHkko jfgr okrkoj.k

bl ekeys dh lquokbZ tc vkxs c<+h rc mPp U;k;ky; us

U;k;ewfrZ th,l fla?koh ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh

djus ds fy, Mhtsch ds lhbZvks vkSj okbl ps;jeSu dks

10- vihydrkZ ds fo}ku odhy] ftUgsa jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks=

26- uhykorh cgsM+k cuke mM+hlk jkT; ¼1993½ ,llhlh 746

fy, izfrc) gSA ihfM+r dks fu'kqYd dkuwuh lqfo/kk fn;s

dksVZ us rRi'pkr lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20 ,oa 21 ds

vc ;g fd jsyos deZpkfj;ksa }kjk cykRdkj fd;s tkus

33- fiNys iSjkxzkQ esa fn;s x;s fn'kkfunsZ'k ;g fl)

vkns’k rjhds ls fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn lEcfU/kr ,tsfUl;ksa dks

20 vxLr] 2008 U;k;k/kh’k

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