Prepared by:

Maria Lourdes P. Sagun

 Open Circulatory
System – fluid is
pumped on open-
ended tubes, where
nutrients diffuse
directly into body
cells. Contraction of
body muscles move
the fluid toward the
end.

Open Circulatory System

Closed Circulatory
System – blood is
contained within
vessels separate
from the interstitial
fluid. Blood is
pumped from the
heart to the lungs,
then to capillaries
and finally back to
the heart.
Closed Circulatory System
 Composition
of Human Blood
Blood Smear
The Cardiovascular System
Characteristics of Erythrocytes
 has carbohydrate-containing
molecules – determine a person’s
blood type
 contains hemoglobin – protein that
contains iron to transports oxygen
 disks-shaped with indentions in the
middle – increase the surface area
available for gas exchange
Red Blood Cells
Characteristics of Erythrocytes
 lack nuclei and other organelles
– enhances oxygen-carrying
capacity
 very small
– provides greater
surface area for
gas exchange

Red Blood Cells

 Anemia – abnormal low amount of
hemoglobin or low number of red
blood cells. Thus, an anemic person
feels constantly tired and run down
– can result from excessive blood
loss, vitamin or mineral deficiencies
and certain cancers
 Sickle Cell Disease – mutation in
the gene for hemoglobin
Red Blood Cells
Erythropoietin (EPO) – a hormone
produced by the kidneys that
boosts the bone marrow’s
production of oxygen-carrying
red blood cells if the tissues are
not receiving enough oxygen.
 Application:
“Live high, train low.”
Red Blood Cells
Characteristics of Leukocytes
 fight infections
 larger than RBC
 contain nuclei
and other organelles
 700 times lower than
RBC, although their numbers
temporarily increase when the
body is combating an infection
White Blood Cells
Mechanism of Blood Clotting
 Platelets adhere to the damaged
tissue to form a sticky cluster that
seals minor breaks.
 Platelets release clotting factors,
molecules converting
fibrinogen to fibrin.
 Fibrin form network
to create a patch.
Platelets
Blood Clotting Disorders
 Hemophilia – genetic mutation in
a gene for a clotting factor.
 Embolus – too much clotting.
Blood clot that forms within blood
vessel dislodges and travels.
 Aspirin, Heparin – anticoagulant
drugs that prevent undesirable
clotting.
Platelets
 Leukemia – cancer of the white
blood cells. The unusually high
number of defective white blood
cells crowd out the normal bone
marrow cells that produce RBC
and platelets, causing severe
anemia and impaired clotting.
 radiation and chemotherapy,
bone marrow transplant
Treatment of Leukemia
 Heart
 Atrium – the receiving chamber.
 Ventricle – the pumping chamber.
 Blood Vessels
 Arteries – carry blood away from the
heart
 Capillaries – functional center of the
circulatory system: allow exchange of
materials to and from surrounding
tissues.
 Veins – return blood back to the heart.

The Cardiovascular System

Double Circulation – pulmonary circuit
sends blood to the lungs at the same time
systemic circuit sends blood to the body.
Pulmonary Systemic
Circuit Circuit

The Path of Blood

 Pulmonary Circuit – carbon dioxide
diffuses from the blood into the
lungs, while oxygen diffuses from
the lungs into the blood.
 Systemic Circuit – supplies oxygen
and nutrients to body tissues and
organs and picks up carbon dioxide
and other wastes from them.
Oxygen poor blood returns to the
heart.
The Path of Blood
The Path of
Blood
How the
Heart
Works
Cardiac Cycle –
rhythmic relaxation
and contraction of the
muscles of the heart.
 Diastole – relaxation
 Systole – contraction

 Cardiac Murmur –
indicated by a
“hisssss” like sound
as blood squirts
backward through a
defective valve. Cardiac Cycle
Sinoatrial Node – a conductor that
made all the muscles in the heart beat
in unison.

The Pacemaker
Electrocardiogram (ECG) – recording of
impulses sent by the pacemaker.
Defibrillators – its electrical stimulation
may “reset” the pacemaker and
restore a proper heart rhythm during
heart attack.
Artificial Pacemaker – implanted device
that emits electrical signals to maintain
normal heart rhythm when the heart’s
self-pacing system fails.

The Pacemaker
The Structure of Blood Vessels
Connective Tissue – allows the
vessels to stretch and recoil.
Smooth Muscle – constricts or
relaxes in response to signals from
the brain (or from certain blood
pressure medication)
– can narrow or widen blood vessels,
thereby regulating blood flow.

The Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood Pressure (in mm of Hg) – the
force that exerts against the wall of
the blood vessels.

120 blood pressure during systole

80 blood pressure during diastole
 Very low blood pressure may lead
to light-headedness and fainting.
Blood Flow through Arteries
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
– persistent systolic blood pressure
higher than 140 and/or diastolic
pressure higher than 90.
– sometimes called a “silent killer”
because it often displays no
outward symptoms while increasing
the risks of heart disease, heart
attack or stroke.
Blood Flow through Arteries
The Local Chemical Exchange
 Blood Flow through
Veins
 The contraction of
muscles surrounding
the veins squeezes
blood toward the
heart.
 Flaps of tissue act as
one-way valves,
preventing backflow.
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
– persistent systolic blood pressure
higher than 140 and/or diastolic
pressure higher than 90.
– sometimes called a “silent killer”
because it often displays no
outward symptoms while increasing
the risks of heart disease, heart
attack or stroke.
Blood Flow through Veins
 Helps control the chemical balance of
the interstitial fluid by exchanging
nutrients and wastes.
 Helps control the composition of the
blood by continuously moving it
through the lungs, liver and kidneys
that regulate the blood’s contents.
 Involved in the body’s temperature
regulation, hormone distribution, and
defense against foreign invaders.
Homeostatic Function
 Myocardial Infarction – death of
heart muscle tissue. If blood
vessels become
blocked, heart
muscle cells die from
lack of O2. The
failure of the heart
to function properly
is heart attack.
Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits
(plaque) develop in the inner walls
of arteries clog the blood vessels.
If a coronary artery becomes
partially blocked, a person may
feel occasional
chest pain, a
condition
called angina.
Cardiovascular Disease
 Smoking doubles the risk of heart
attack and increases the severity.
 Regular exercise (cardio or aerobic
workouts) can cut the risk of heart
disease in half.
 Eating heart-healthy diet can
reduce the risk of developing
atherosclerosis.
Behaviors Increasing the Risk
of Cardiovascular Disease
 Angioplasty – inserting a tiny
catheter with a balloon that is
inflated to compress plaque and
widen clogged coronary arteries.
 Stents – small wire mesh tubes
that prop open arteries.
 Bypass Surgery – blood vessels
from legs are sewn to shunt blood
around clogged coronary arteries.
Treatment
Respiratory System – facilitate
exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between cells and the
environment.
 Respiratory Surface – part of an
animal where O2 from the
environment diffuses into living
cells and CO2 diffuses out.
Structure and Function of
Respiratory System
Respiratory Surface

Structure and Function of

Respiratory System
Tracheal Systems
– extensive network of branching
internal tubes
called trachea.
– gas exchange in
insects requires no
assistance from the
circulatory system.
Types of Respiratory Structure
Lungs
– localized organs lined with moist
epithelium.
– gases are carried
between the lungs
and the body cells
by the circulatory
system.

Types of Respiratory Structure

Respiratory Organs

Structure and Function of

Respiratory System
Human Respiratory
System
Human Respiratory System
Heimlich Maneuver – quick thrust to
the diaphragm to compress the
lungs and force air up through the
trachea dislodging any stuck objects.
 Bronchitis – inflammation of
bronchioles.
 Emphysema – destruction of
alveoli caused by smoking or
exposure to air pollution.
Human Respiratory System
Vocal Sounds – produced by flexing
muscles in the voice box as air
rushes by, stretching the vocal cords
and making them vibrate.
 High-Pitched Sounds
 Low-Pitched Sounds
 During puberty, the voice box of
males grows rapidly, resulting in
a deeper voice.
Human Respiratory System
How Human Breathes
 Negative Pressure Breathing – air
moves into your lungs passively
after the air pressure drops.
 Positive Pressure Breathing –
amphibians use muscles in the
mouth and throat to push air into
the lungs.
 Hyperventilating – taking
excessively rapid, deep breaths.
How Human Breathes
Control Centers
in the Brain that
Regulates
Breathing
 Hemoglobin Molecules

Role of
Hemoglobin
on Gas Transport
 Anemia – commonly caused by
iron deficiency.
 Hemoglobin can bind CO. It can
interfere with delivery of O2 and
cellular respiration, causing death.
 Sitting in an idling car in an
enclosed space can be fatal
because CO is emitted from
gasoline-powered engines.
Human Respiratory System
 Tobacco smoke is mostly carbon,
which can combine with chemicals
known to be toxic and deadly.
 The smoke damages cells that line
bronchi and trachea, destroying
the cilia, thus allowing more toxin-
laden smoke particles to alveoli.
 Coughing is an attempt to replace
the action of the dead cilia.
How Smoking Affects the Lungs
Comparison of Genomes between
Tibetans and Low-Dwelling Chinese
 Genes rare to the Chinese become
common among Tibetans. These
contribute to the functioning of the
circulatory and respiratory systems
 At high altitude, people who lack
such gene mutations have three
times the infant mortality rate.
Evolution Connection