qeTevan Wkuaseli, ivane Wkuaseli

pedagogikis
zogadi safuZvlebi

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi
 wignSi, universitetis studentTa pedagogikis saswavlo kursis
Sesabamisad, ganxilulia pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis yvela
problema: pedagogikis sagani, meTodologiuri safuZvlebi da kvle-
vis meTodebi, aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvidreobis roli pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi, saskolo asakis moswavlis asakobrivi da in-
dividualuri Taviseburebani, aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi, gana-
Tlebis sistema.
amasTan, wignSi mocemulia pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis Ses-
axeb moZRvrebis Camoyalibebis mokle istoria.
wigni gankuTvnilia ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelod studentebisa da
maswavleblebisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: dali farjanaZe, fsiqologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori

Tamaz karanaZe, pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

ISBN 978-9941-440-35-9 © qeTevan Wkuaseli, 2012.

© gamomcemloba inteleqti, 2012.
 Sesavali

pedagogika erT-erTi yvelaze humanuri mecnierebaa, vi-

naidan igi ikvlevs adamianis aRzrdis umniSvnelovanes da
metad farTo problemebs. igi, iseve rogorc yvela sxva mec-
niereba, viTardeba, icvleba da, Sesabamisad, problematur
da aqtualur Seswavlis sagnad warmogvidgeba amJamindel sa-
mecniero konteqstSi. cxadia, msoflioSi mimdinare movle-
nebi ganaTlebis winaSe Tanamedrove procesebisadmi morgebis
sakiTxs ayenebs dRis wesrigSi, ramac profesiuli sazogadoe-
ba pedagogikis mecnierebis axleburi gaazrebis saWiroebamde
migviyvana. Tanamedrove pedagogikuri mecniereba, rogorc
aRvniSneT, win miiwevs, magram SeiniSneba erTi mniSvnelovani
negatiuri tendencia, romelic, Cveni azriT, konceptualu-
rad ar esadageba am mecnierebis Sinaarssa da formas. peda-
gogikis Tanamedrove xedvebi, samwuxarod, umetes wilad, ar
iTvaliswinebs im ZirZvel, fundamentur safuZvels, romelsac
klasikuri pedagogikuri codna hqvia.
Cven mier warmodgenili pedagogikis saxelmZRvanelo,
eyrdnoba 1986 wels gamocemul profesor iv. Wkuaselis
monografias _ `pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebi“, romelmac
dRemde SeZlo yofiliyo Seucvleli saxelmZRvanelo umaRle-
si saswavleblebis pedagogiuri fakultetis studentebisT-
vis. Sesabamisad, saWirod CavTvaleT misi gvaris dafiqsireba
erT_erT avtorad.
warmodgenili naSromi aris erTgvari cda pedagogikis
klasikuri, fundamenturi mecnieruli monapovris axleburi
gaazrebisa. Cveni azriT, igi am sakiTxebiT dainteresebul
profesiul sazogadoebasa da studentebs saSualebas mis-

3
cems gaecnon da axleburad gaizron tradiciuli pedagogikis
Zireuli sakiTxebi.
naSromi miznad isaxavs pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gadmocemas umaRles skolaSi pedagogi-
kis saswavlo kursis programis Sesabamisad.
sauniversiteto pedagogikis saswavlo kursis programa
pedagogikis zogad safuZvlebSi xuT ZiriTad Tavs moicavs:
1. pedagogikis sagani; 2. pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebi,
anu aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvidreobis roli am procesSi;
3. aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi; 4. ganaTlebis sistema; 5.
pedagogikis Teoriis Camoyalibebis istoriisaTvis.
TiToeuli am problemis Tanamedrove doneze gadawyveta-
gaSuqeba pedagogikaSi erTbaSad ar momxdara. pedagogikuri
azrisa da praqtikis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis gan-
mavlobaSi, igi yovelTvis mecnieruli kvlevis centrSi iyo
moqceuli da mravalwaxnagovnad, gansxvavebuli meTodolo-
giuri poziciebidan muSavdeboda. swored am gziT xdeboda
pedagogikuri Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
yovelive zemonaTqvamidan gamomdinare, pedagogikis zoga-
di safuZvlebis sauniversiteto kursis oTxi ZiriTadi Temis
gaSuqeba aucileblad moiTxovs mokle istoriul eqskurss.
amdenad, pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis sakiTxebis naSromis
mexuTe TavSi mokled warmovadgenT im klasikosTa naazrevs,
romelTa memkvidreobis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania zemoT
warmodgenili Tematikis gaSuqebisaTvis.
winamdebare monografia, rogorc aRvniSneT, warmoadgens
klasikuri pedagogikuri azris Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT
gaazrebis mcdelobas da, Sesabamisad, avtoriseuli xedva ar
iqneba dazRveuli subieqturobisagan. aRniSnulidan gamom-
dinare, Cven siamovnebiT miviRebT mkiTxvelis yvela saWiro
SeniSvnas.

4
 Tavi I
pedagogikis sagani

„Tu ers surs iarsebos qveyanaze, TvalisCiniviT unda icavdes

erovnuls gonebas, sulsa da guls, icavdes, anviTarebdes da
aRorZinebdes Tavisi qveynis enas, erovnuls ganaTlebas, kul-
turas, raTa sapatio adgili moipovos erTa Soris da gaxdes Ta-
viseburi da mniSvnelovani nawili kacobriobisa“...
/i. gogebaSvili/

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

ras niSnavs sityva pedagogika;

ras swavlobs mecniereba pedagogika;
ra aris pedagogikis mecnierebis ZiriTadi cnebebi;
rogoria cnebaTa mimarTeba:
• aRzrdis viwro gagebas, ganaTlebasa da swavlebas Soris;
• aRzrdis farTo gagebasa da ganviTarebas Soris;
• aRzrdis farTo gagebasa da aRzrdis viwro gagebas, ga-
naTlebasa da swavlebas Soris;
• aRzrdis farTo gagebasa da pirovnebis socializacias
Soris.
ra aris pedagogikis meTodologiuri safuZveli da peda-
gogikis kvlevis meTodebi;
romel mecnierebebTan aqvs kavSiri pedagogikis mecniere-
bas;
rogoria Tanamedrove pedagogikur mecnierebaTa sistema.

pedagogikis ZiriTadi cnebebi. nebismieri mecnierebis

mizans, zogadad, samyaros Secnoba, masSi mimdinare movle-
nebis, procesebis asaxva warmoadgens. samyaroSi mimdinare
procesebi mravalferovania da, Sesabamisad, mecnierebebic,
romlebic ama Tu im movlenas swavloben, uamravia. mec-

5
nierebis kvlevis damoukidebel obieqtad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos sinamdvilis mxolod is movlena an sagani, romelsac
ar swavlobs arc erTi sxva mecniereba. mxolod aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleba ewodos konkretuli codnis kvlevis
sferos konkretuli mecniereba.
iseve rogorc yovel mecnierebas, pedagogikasac gaaCnia
Tavisi damoukidebeli kvlevis obieqti, sagani da am sagnis
SeswavlisaTvis saWiro kvlevis meTodebi. amis gareSe arc
pedagogika iqneboda damoukidebeli xasiaTis mecniereba.
ra warmoadgens pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis kvlevis
sagans da, Sesabamisad, rodis Camoyalibda pedagogika da-
moukidebel mecnierebad? swored am sakiTxebis garkvevasa
da gansazRvrebas SevecdebiT am TavSi.
termini “pedagogika~ berZnuli sityvaa (paidagogos), igi
ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: paidos _ bavSvi da agogos _ tareba
da am sityvebis pirdapiri gagebiT bavSvis tarebas, gaZRo-
las, xelmZRvanelobas niSnavs. Zvel saberZneTSi pedagogad
iwodeboda is piri (mona), romelic skolaSi atarebda Ta-
visi batonis Svils. mogvianebiT pedagogebi warmoadgend-
nen daqiravebul Tavisufal pirebs, romlebic xelmZRvan-
elobdnen mozardebis aRzrdasa da swavlebas.
Tanamedrove ganmartebiT, pedagogika aris mecniereba
aRzrdis Sesaxeb.

„adamianTa Semecneba yvelaze mniSvnelovan

siZneleebs mecnierebaTa im nawilSi awydeba,
romelic pirovnebis aRzrdasa da swavlebas exeba“.
/m. monteni/

mecnierebis ganmartebaSi, Cveulebriv, aisaxeba misi

sakvlevi obieqti. maSasadame, savsebiT naTelia, rom peda-
gogikis sakvlev obieqts, sakvlev sagans, aRzrda warmoad-
gens. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom garkveul periodamde,
aRzrdis cnebas ukavSirebdnen mxolod mozard Taobas,
vinaidan saaRmzrdelo-saganmanaTleblo procesebi swored
6
mozard Taobas exeboda. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, uwyveti
ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnis periodSi, romelic moicavs
adamianis aRzrda-ganaTlebas misi cxovrebis yvela peri-
odSi, dawyebuls skolamdeli aRzrdiT, Semdgom zogadi
ganaTlebis mravalgvari formiT, profesiuli da umaRlesi
ganaTlebiT, profesiuli ganviTarebiT (kvalifikaciis ama-
RlebiT), dabolos, zrdasrulTa motivirebuli ganaTle-
biT, cxadi xdeba, rom pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis
daniSnulebaa ara mxolod mozardi Taobis aRzrdis pro-
cesis kvleva, aramed, saerTod, adamianis aRzrdis pro-
cesis kanonzomierebebisa da Taviseburebebis dadgena misi
cxovrebis yvela etapze.
amasTanave, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom yoveli
sazogadoebrivi formacia, yoveli Taviseburi wyobis sax-
elmwifoc ki, aRzrdis winaSe gansakuTrebul, misi qveynis
politikuri kursis Sesabamis mizansa da amocanebs ayenebs
da, amis Sesabamisad, aRzrdis sistemasac sruliad Tavise-
buri saxe eZleva. am mimarTebiT aRzrdis sistemebi erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavdebian, rac SeiZleba aisaxos pedagogikis
gankerZoebul ganmartebaSi. amdenad, aq mocemuli peda-
gogikis zogadi ganmarteba sworia yvela droisa da epoqis
mimarT, sworia pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis ganmarteba,
magram masSi araa asaxuli aRzrdis ama Tu im sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSandoblivi Tviseba.

„nebismieri saxelmwifos safuZveli aris

misi axalgazrdobis ganaTleba“
/diogene/

amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom yoveli mecniereba, ro-

gorc Semecnebis garkveuli sfero, viTardeba, icvleba da,
maSasadame, ama Tu im terminis an cnebis ganmartebasa da
klasifikacias aqvs ara absoluturi, aramed fardobiTi
mniSvneloba, yoveli cneba mxolod erTi nabijia Semec-
nebis gzaze, yoveli cnebis ganmarteba WeSmaritia mxolod
7
mocemuli droisa da sivrcis pirobebSi. am kanonzomiere-
bidan gamomdinare, momavalSi, mecnierebis ganviTarebisa
da drois moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba Seicvalos ama
Tu im pedagogikuri terminis ganmarteba, misi Sinaarsi da
Taviseburebani, rac sruliad logikuri movlenaa. ufro
metic, mecnierebis ganviTarebis erTsa da imave etapzec,
sxvadasxva mecnieri, gamomdinare sakuTari msoflxedvidan,
sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartavs Tavad aRzrdis process. es
bunebrivicaa, vinaidan aRzrda imdenad farTo da yovlis-
momcveli cnebaa, rom Znelia konkretulad gansazRvro
igi. Tumca, yvela mecnieri Tanabrad Tanxmdeba, aRiarebs,
rom zogadi gagebiT aRzrda pirovnebis formirebis pro-
cesia. azrTa gansxvavebulobas iwvevs sakiTxi, Tu rogor,
ra gzebiT, ra saSualebebiT xdeba pirovnebis formireba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, pedagogika aris mecniereba aRzrdis
Sesaxeb. pedagogikis sagnis gansazRvris Semdeg, bunebrivia,
dgeba sakiTxi, rogori xasiaTis mecnierebaa pedagogika,
sinamdvilis kvlevis romel sferos miekuTvneba igi, sad
uWiravs adgili mecnierebaTa klasifikaciaSi _ socialur,
humanitarul, sabunebismetyvelo, Tu kidev romelime sxva
tipis mecnierebaTa Soris.
udavoa, rom nebismieri mecnierebis, maT Soris, peda-
gogikis mecnierebis xasiaTs, mis Sinaarssa da amocanebs,
Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs misive kvlevis obieqtis, sa-
gnis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebani da xasiaTi. swored sakv-
levi sagnis xasiaTis mixedviT xdeba mecnierebaTa klasifi-
kacia. amdenad, pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis zogadi
daxasiaTebisaTvis, aucilebelia gairkves misi sagnis _
aRzrdis arsi da kanonzomierebani.
aRzrda pedagogikis ZiriTad cnebas warmoadgens. Ziri-
Tad da uzogades cnebebs ki, Cveulebriv, kategoriebs
uwodeben. maSasadame, aRzrdas pedagogikis mecnierebi-
saTvis kategoriis mniSvneloba aqvs da, Sesabamisad, misi

8
arsisa da xasiaTis garkvevas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
pedagogikis mecnierebisaTvis.
kategoria (kategoria) berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs gam-
onaTqvams, braldebas, niSans. `kategoria ZiriTadi da
uzogadesi cnebaa, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnis da mov-
lenis uzogadesi da arsebiTi Tviseba, mxare, mimarTeba,
sinamdvileSi moqmedi obieqturi kanonzomiereba~. [diale-
qtikuri materializmi, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 221].
aRzrda pedagogikaSi farTo da viwro, specifikur-ped-
agogiuri gagebiT ganixileba.
farTo gagebiT aRzrda pirovnebis formirebis procesia.
pirovnebis formirebaSi igulisxmeba mTeli is procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac axaldabadebuli bavSvi gadaiqceva zr-
dadasrulebul, codniT, unariT da CvevebiT SeiaraRebul
adamianad. es ki SesaZlebelia ufrosi Taobis mier mo-
mavali TaobisaTvis socialuri gamocdilebis, sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, kulturis gadacemis saSualebiT. maSasadame,
aRzrdis procesi kulturis gadacemiT xorcieldeba.
ismis kiTxva _ ra aris is gza, xerxi, saSualeba, rom-
liTac SeiZleba momavali TaobisaTvis kulturis gadace-
ma, anu aRzrda? kulturis _ kacobriobis materialuri
da sulieri monapovris- momavali TaobisaTvis gadacema
SesaZlebelia mxolod ori _ swavlebisa da ganaTlebisa
gziT. maSasadame, aRzrda, rogorc procesi, Tavisi zogadi
gagebiT, ganaTlebasa da swavlebas gulisxmobs.
pirovnebis formirebaSi igulisxmeba misi fizikuri da
sulieri formireba, rasac, antikuri epoqidan moyole-
buli, harmoniul aRzrdas uwodeben. sulier formirebaSi
platoni da aristotele adamianis gonebriv, zneobriv da
esTetikur formirebas gulisxmoben. maSasadame, platonisa
da aristoteles mixedviT, harmoniuli aRzrda gulisxmobs
adamianis fizikur, gonebriv, zneobriv da esTetikur gan-
viTarebas.

9
 rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aRzrdas pedagogikaSi ga-
nixilaven farTo da viwro gagebiT. aRzrda viwro gagebiT
gulisxmobs adamianis pirovnuli maxasiTeblebis da qcevis
wesebis Camoyalibebis process, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gu-
lisxmobs im unarebis ganviTarebas, romelTa wanamZRvrebi,
SesaZleblobebis saxiT, adamians, rogorc biologiur in-
divids, dedis organizmidan dahyveba. savsebiT naTelia,
rom pirovnebisaTvis am unarebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs.
vinaidan aRzrda farTo gagebiT gulisxmobs bavSvis momza-
debas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis, mis harmoniul _
fizikur da sulier (gonebriv, zneobriv, esTetikur) Cam-
oyalibebasa da iseTi TvisebebiT SeiaraRebas, romelTa
saSualebiTac igi sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevri gaxdeba,
cxadia, rom farTo gagebiT aRzrdaSi, ganaTlebasa da
swavlebasTan erTad, viwro gagebiT aRzrdac moiazreba.

maSasadame, farTo gagebiT aRzrda mocavs viwro gagebiT

aRzrdas, ganaTlebasa da swavlebas (SemdgomSi termin aRz-
rdis qveS, yovelTvis moviazrebT farTo gagebiT aRzrdas
avt.). SevecadoT, davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani da maT
Soris arsebuli kavSirebi.
terminebi aRzrda da swavleba mecnierebaSi yofiTi me-
tyvelebidan damkvidrda. roca aRzrdasa da swavlebaze
vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom moiazreba ara mx-
olod saxelmwifos mier dagegmili da organizebuli saswav-
lo-saaRmzrdelo procesi, aramed yofiTi, sazogadoebrivi
procesebic, romlebic xorcieldeba ojaxsa da im social-
ur garemoSi, sadac mozardi cxovrobs. am procesSi igu-
lisxmeba konkretuli qmedebebi da RonisZiebebi, romelsac
mSobeli atarebs Svilis mimarT da, aseve, socialuri wris,
masmediis da sxva sainformacio saSualebebis gavlenebi
mozardze. aRzrda xorcieldeba sazogadoebis cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi, mag., fizikur aRzrdaze gavlenas axdens

10
kveba da yofiTi pirobebi, zneobriv aRzrdaze _ ojaxis
zneobrivi atmosfero, urTierToba megobrebTan (konfliq-
turi Tu megobruli), ufrosebis damokidebuleba mozard-
Tan da sxva. bunebrivia, yvela am procesis organizacia da
marTva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, amitom, aRmzrdelebs serio-
zuli Zalisxmeva sWirdebaT, raTa droulad SeniSnon mavne
zegavlenebi da miznobrivad warmarTon aRmzrdelobiTi
muSaoba bavSvis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis maqsimaluri
srulyofisaTvis. maSasadame, unda ganvasxvavoT, aRzrda,
rogorc obieqturi socialuri movlena da aRzrda, ro-
gorc saxelmwifos mier specialurad organizebuli pro-
cesi, razedac qvemoT gveqneba farTod saubari.

araferia codnaze uZvirfasesi, is yovelTvis gadaswonis

gancxromasac da yovelive sxva danarCensac
/platoni/;

ganaTleba. termini ganaTleba farTo pedagogiuri mniS-

vnelobiT pirvelad Sveicarielma mecnierma iohan pesta-
locim Semoitana. terminis Sinaarsi Seesabameboda mis
pirdapir mniSvnelobas _ “naTelis (uflis xatis) formire-
bas~. sulxan-saba orbeliani naTels ganmanaTlebels uka-
vSirebs: “naTeli _ ganmanaTlebeli, sinaTle; gaanaTla _
naTeli mohfina~ [sulxan-saba orbeliani, sityvis kona.].
rusulad ganaTleba -образование- xatis formirebas niS-
navs, germanulad _ ausbildung (bild-suraTi).
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom terminebi aRzrda da ga-
naTleba oficialur pedagogiur gamocemebsa da doku-
mentebSi me-18 saukunemde ar moixsenieba.
saqarTveloSi termin aRzrdas vxvdebiT me-10 sauku-
nis II naxevarSi, kerZod, arsen II kaTalikosis TxzulebaSi
~ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis cxovreba~. me-6
saukunis asureli mamis Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis aRweri-
sas igi wers: “aRzardes mravliTa moRvawebiTa da aswaves

11
mas yoveli werili Zueli da axali da Targmanebai maTi.~
[il. abulaZe, asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli
redaqciebi, gv. 64-143].
Tanamedrove gagebiT ganaTleba sistemuri, mecnieruli
codnis SeZenis procesi da Sedegia.
ganaTleba moiazrebs adamianis mier codnis dauflebas
da mis safuZvelze unarebisa da Cvevebis ganviTarebas,
kacobriobis mier ama Tu im sferoSi dagrovili gamoc-
dilebis mizanmimarTul SeTvisebas. maSasadame, ganaTleba
sazogadoebis kulturasTan mimarTebis Taviseburi da
aucilebeli formaa, ganaTlebis gareSe adamiani ver gax-
deba sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri. Tavisi pirdapiri
pedagogiuri mniSvnelobiT, ganaTleba codnis dauflebas
niSnavs. codnis gareSe ki adamianis samoRvaweo asparezi
Zalze SezRudulia. swored amas aRniSnavs xalxuri Tqma
_ “ucodinari adamiani xelfexSekruliao~. didi qarTveli
mwerali da sazogado moRvawe ilia WavWavaZe, romelmac
saqarTveloSi pirvelma gamosca pedagogikis saxelmZRvane-
lo (“pedagogiis safuZvlebi~), ganaTlebis Sesaxeb wers: “
WeSmariti ganaTleba ganviTarebuli gonebis da gawurTni-
lis zne-xasiaTis erTmaneTTan SeuRlebaa ganuyrelad, da
Tu kacs an erTi aklia, an meore, igi ganaTlebuli ar aris
da, Cvenis fiqriT, isev goneba ganuviTarebeli da zne-xas-
iaT gawurTvnili kaci sjobia, vidre goneba-ganviTarebu-
li da zne-xasiaT gauwrTvneli.~ [pedagogiuri Txzulebani,
Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 321].
ganaTlebis amgvari gagebis safuZvelze (ganaTleba cod-
nis SeZenis procesi da Sedegia), cxadia, mas unda hqondes
is ZiriTadi amocanebi, romelTa efeqturi gadawyveta
gansazRvravs ganaTlebis Sedegis ragvarobas, mis xarisxs.
ganaTlebis amocanebia:
• mecnieruli codnis, sinamdvilis ZiriTadi movle-
nebis arsebiTi mxareebisa da kanonzomierebebis SeTviseba;

12
 • codnis gaazrebulad, Segnebulad SeTviseba; codnaSi
arsebiTi da meorexarisxovani sakiTxebis gamoyofis una-
ris formireba (codna adamianis namdvili kuTvnileba unda
iyos);
• kritikuli analizis unaris formireba;
• codnis SeZenis unaris formireba (swavlis swavla),
dauRalavi Sromis Cvevebis Camoyalibeba, codnis SeZenis
optimaluri pirobebis SemuSaveba;
• codnis damoukideblad SeZenis unaris formireba;
• verbaluri da raodenobrivi azrovnebis unarebis
formireba;
• komunikaciuri unarebis formireba;
• SeTvisebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis unaris
formireba;
• msoflmxedvelobis formireba.

yovelive amis gamo SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ganaTleba

gansazRvravs adamianis sulier kulturas. ganaTlebis ga-
reSe adamianisaTvis miuwvdomeli iqneba sazogadoebis mo-
napovari misi ganviTarebis ama Tu im safexurze, igi ver
daakmayofilebs sazogadoebis moTxovnebs, rasac mohyveba
seriozuli problemebi adamianis cxovrebisa da SromiTi
mowyobis procesSi. amdenad, didia ganaTlebis roli da
mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis momzadebis xasiaTidan
da miznidan gamomdinare, ganaTlebis sami saxe arsebobs:
zogadi ganaTleba, umaRlesi ganaTleba da profesiuli ga-
naTleba.
saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTleba, evropuli sivrcis
Sesabamisad, sami safexurisgan Sedgeba: sabakalavro ga-
naTleba (240 krediti), samagistro ganaTleba (120 krediti)
da sadoqtoro ganaTleba (180 krediti).
profesiuli ganaTleba ki saqarTveloSi xuT safexurs
moicavs. I, II, da III safexuri erTiandeba sxvadasxva donis
13
profesiul kolejebSi da iq swavlis ufleba aqvT saba-
zo skolis kursdamTavrebulebs (9 klasi), Tumca SeuZlia
nebismieri asakisa da ganaTlebis mqone pirsac. Semdegi ori
safexuri (IV, V), SedarebiT maRali donea da iq swavlis
ufleba aqvT mxolod sruli saSualo ganaTlebis mqone
pirebs.
zogad ganaTlebas mozardi, ZiriTadad, saSualo skola-
Si eufleba. Cvens qveyanaSi saSualo skola sam safexurs
moicavs: dawyebiTi skola _ I-VI klasebi, sabazo skola _
VII-IX klasebi da saSualo skola _ X-XII klasebi.
zogadi ganaTleba warmoadgens pirovnebis ganaTlebu-
lobis safuZvels. mis gareSe SeuZlebelia specialuri ga-
naTlebis miReba. saSualo skola mozards aZlevs im cod-
nas, uviTarebs im unarebsa da Cvevebs, romlebic aucilebe-
lia yoveli adamianisaTvis ganurCevlad imisa, daeufleba
Tu ara igi momavalSi specialur ganaTlebas. saqarTvelos
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT zogadi ganaTlebis Si-
naarsSi gamoiyofa saswavlo sagnebis rva ZiriTadi jgufi:

1. saxelmwifo ena;
2. maTematika;
3. ucxouri enebi;
4. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi;
5. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi;
6. teqnologiebi;
7. esTetikuri aRzrda;
8. sporti.

sagnobrivi jgufebi aerTianebs momijnave disciplinebs

da, sagnobrivi kompetenciebis mixedviT, moicavs rogorc
savaldebulo, ise arCeviT sagnebs. zogadi ganaTlebis
samive safexurze sagnobriv jgufebSi Semavali sagnebi
iswavleba savaldebulo da/an arCeviTi saxiT. dawyebiT

14
safexurze sagnebs Soris integraciis xarisxi gacilebiT
maRalia, vidre sabazo da saSualo safexurebze, sadac
sagnebi ufro specializebulad iswavleba. [`erovnuli sas-
wavlo gegma~, 2011-2016 gv. 26-27]
ganaTlebis saxeebis Sinaarsi da amocanebi ganisaz-
Rvreba konkretul epoqaSi moqmedi aRzrdis mizniTa da
amocanebiT, maSasadame, sazogadoebis cvalebadobisa da
ganviTarebis doniT. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaloba-
ze, icvleba moTxovnebi profesiuli kadrebisadmi, rasac
Sesabamisi cvlilebebi mohyveba saSualo, profesiul da
umaRles ganaTlebaSi, Tumca, profesiuli da umaRlesi
ganaTlebis Secvla iwvevs zogadi ganaTlebis Secvlasac,
radgan es ukanaskneli zogad ganaTlebaze Sendeba. zog-
adi ganaTleba umaRlesi ganaTlebis iseT dasayrden da
aucilebel safuZvels qmnis, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia
profesiis mqone pirovnebis momzadeba, miT ufro maRali
kvalifikaciis mqone kadris. yovelive zemoTqmulidan ki
naTlad Cans ganaTlebis saxeebis urTierTkavSiri da urT-
ierTganpirobebuloba.
rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, kacobriuli codnis mo-
mavali TaobisaTvis gadacemis erT-erT gzas ganaTleba
warmoadgens. codna ki ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. Sesabamis-
ad, rTuli xdeba im sabaziso codnis SerCeva, romelsac
unda daeuflos momavali Taoba zogadi ganaTlebis pro-
cesSi. amasTan, rogori gulmodginebiTac ar unda iqnes
SerCeuli codnis moculoba zogadi ganaTlebisaTvis, igi,
mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, mainc izrdeba, rac
seriozul winaaRmdegobas qmnis moswavlis SesaZleblo-
bebTan, radgan, Sesabamisad, rTuldeba saswavlo procesic.
swored aman ganapiroba istoriaSi ganaTlebis sxvadasxva
Teoriis aRmoceneba. magaliTisaTvis movitanT formaluri
da materialuri ganaTlebis Teoriebs, saidanac SemdgomSi
gavrcelda klasikuri da realuri ganaTleba.

15
 „umecreba Cveni saSiSi mteria. masTan brZola mxolod
mecnierebas SeuZlian. ganaTleba, swavla, codna _
ai erTaderTi saSualeba, romelsac SeuZlian
wamali dasdos Cvens cxovrebas“.
/i. gogebaSvili/

formaluri ganaTlebis momxreTaTvis ganaTlebis mizans

formaluri azrovnebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda, xolo
materialuri ganaTlebis momxreTaTvis ki _ rac SeiZleba
meti codnis SeZena. TiToeuli maTganis ukiduresi calmx-
rivobis sawinaaRmdegod, XIX saukunis bolos, k. d. uSinskis
TaosnobiT, Seiqmna ganaTlebis Teoria, romelic orive
Teorias aerTianebda da ganaTlebis miznad saxavda ro-
gorc moswavlis mTeli SemecnebiTi Zalebis ganviTarebas,
ise rac SeiZleba meti faqtobrivi mecnieruli codnis,
misi sistemis dauflebas, vinaidan savsebiT naTelia, rom
veraviTar formalur operaciebs ver ganaxorcielebs mo-
swavle, Tu mas ar aqvs im faqtobrivi codnis minimumi,
romlis saSualebiTac unda ganaxorcielos esa Tu is gon-
ebrivi operacia.
ganaTlebis miznis zemoT aRniSnuli problema mTeli
sigrZe-siganiT dgas dResac. ganaTlebis mkvlevarebi, eqs-
pertebi, ganaTlebis politikis specialistebi da moqmedi
maswavleblebi ganaTlebis miznebis mudmiv ZiebaSi arian,
raTa ganaTlebisa da swavlebis xarisxma SeZlos sazoga-
doebis mzardi moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.
sazogadoebisaTvis ganaTlebis ganuzomlad didma mniS-
vnelobam istoriulad, swavlebisa da ganaTlebis sxvadasx-
va Teoria da mimdinareoba warmoSva, kerZod, Tanamedrove
saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi gvxvdeba ganaTlebis Semdegi
mimdinareobebi: idealizmi, egzistencializmi, pragmatizmi,
realizmi, perenializmi, eqsperimentalizmi, biheviorizmi,
konstruqtivizmi da sxv. TiToeuli es Teoria, gansx-
vavebul midgomas gvTavazobs ganaTlebisa da swavlebis

16
procesis xarisxis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT. xazgasmiTaa
aRsaniSnavi, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da epoqis Se-
sabamisad, ganaTlebisa da swavlebis Teoriebi da teqnol-
ogiebi mudmiv cvlilebebsa da ganviTarebas ganicdian, da
droisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moTxovnebTan Sesa-
bamisobaSi modian.
swavleba. swavlebac aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilia. mo-
zardis aRzrda da ganaTleba umTavresad swavlebis gziT
warmoebs. swavleba codnis gadacemis organizebuli proce-
sia.
am procesSi monawileobs maswavlebeli da moswavle.
amdenad, igi ormxrivi, magram erTiani procesia. erTi
mxriv, maswavlebeli gadascems moswavleebs codnas, xolo,
meore mxriv, moswavleebi iTviseben maswavleblis mier ga-
dacemuls. Tumca, swavlebis procesSi ar arsebobs calke
gadacema da calke SeTviseba. es erTmaneTisagan gansx-
vavebuli, magram urTierTTanmTxveuli procesebia. amas-
Tan, swavleba ar niSnavs mxolod codnis gadacemasa da
SeTvisebas. TviT codnis SeTvisebis procesi aRmzrdelo-
biT zegavlenebsac axdens bavSvze. kerZod, mas uviTardeba
inteleqtualuri unarebi _ azrovneba, mexsiereba, zepiri
da weriTi metyveleba, analizi, sinTezi da sxva, rac imas
niSnavs, rom swavleba moswavlis mier SemecnebiTi Cvevebis
SemuSavebas gulisxmobs.

„skola erTsa da imave dros unda swvrTnides kidec

bavSvsa da aswavlides kidec. wvrTna da swavla
xeli_xels gadabmuli unda vidodes skolaSi“.
/i. WavWavaZe /

amasTan, swavlebis procesSi maswavleblisagan bavSvi

iZens qcevis wesebs, umuSavdeba xasiaTi da msoflmxed-
veloba, mTlianad yalibdeba misi pirovneba. maSasadame,
igi aRizrdeba.

17
 swavlebis erTiani procesis xelmZRvanel figuras
maswavlebeli warmoadgens, magram moswavle rodia pasi-
uri, piriqiT, maswavleblis xelmZRvaneli roli aucile-
blobiT gulisxmobs moswavleTa aqtiurobas, swavlebis
iseTi meTodebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebas, romlebic
moswavleTa aqtivobas gaaZliereben. amis gareSe SeuZlebe-
lia warmatebuli swavleba. swored aqtivobis saSualebiT
xdeba moswavleTa mier codnis Segnebulad SeTviseba, rac
ganaTlebis mizans warmoadgens. vinaidan swavlebis pro-
cesSi monawileobs ori mxare _ gadamcemi da SemTvisebeli
erTdroulad, rac gulisxmobs maswavleblis da moswavlis
aqtiurobas erTdroulad, swavlebis procesi, Tu igi mim-
dinareobs (iTvleba, rom swavlebis procesi mimdinareobs
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavlec isevea CarTuli saswavlo
procesSi, rogorc maswavlebeli, anu igi ar aris pasiuri
msmeneli), TavisTavad interaqtiuria. maSasadame, sityvaTa
kombinacia “interaqtiuri swavleba~, rasac xSirad vxvdeb-
iT Tanamedrove pedagogiur terminologiaSi, tavtolo-
giaa da maTi erTad xmareba arasworia.

amrigad, swavleba aris maswavleblis mier moswavleTaT-

vis garkveul codna-CvevaTa gadacemisa da moswavleTa mier
am codna-CvevaTa SeTvisebis organizebuli, sxvadasxvagvari
da erTiani procesi.

„codna, swavla, ganaTleba, marto samkauli ki ar aris

kacisa, saWiroebaa rogorc puri, rogorc wyali“.
/i. WavWavaZe/

aRzrda viwro gagebiT gulisxmobs im unarebis ganviTa-

rebas, romlis wanamZRvrebi, SesaZleblobebi bavSvs dedis
organizmidan dahyveba, rogorc biologiur individs. es
unarebia: metyvelebis, azrovnebis (msjeloba, analizi, sin-
Tezi, daskvna, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba),
mosmenis, kiTxvis, zneobriobisa da eTikis (qcevis wesebis)
18
normebis dacvis, msoflmxedvelobis formirebis da a.S.
axaldabadebul bavSvs aqvs es SesaZleblobebi, magram
saWiroa maTi ganviTareba.
sakiTxis ukeT ganmartebisaTvis, saWirod migvaCnia gan-
vixiloT Tavad “unaris~ cneba fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi.
qarTul enciklopediaSi unaris Semdeg ganmartebas vxvdeb-
iT: “unari pirovnebis individualuri Taviseburebaa, ro-
melic warmoadgens garkeveuli saxis moqmedebis warmate-
biT ganxorcielebis subieqtur pirobas ... unaris Tanday-
olili wanamZRvaria individis anatomiur-fiziologiuri
Taviseburebebi, romelTa safuZvelze sxvadasxva saxis moq-
medebaTa ganxorcielebis procesSi yalibdeba TviT unari~.
prof. Salva CxartiSvilis ganmartebiT _ `niWi Sedgeba
unarebisagan. unari garkveuli moqmedebis niWad Sesatyvis
aqtivobaSi organizdeba da viTardeba. Semecnebis niWi, ro-
melic swavlaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs, gagebis, da-
kvirvebis, analizis, sinTezis, ganyenebis da ganzogadebis
unarTa erTianobas warmoadgens. adamianis inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobaTa ganviTareba, pirvel rigSi, am unarTa gan-
viTarebas gulisxmobs~ [pedagogika, Tbilisi, 1969 gv.89].
unaris zemoT motanili ganmartebebis ganxilvisas io-
lad davrwmundebiT, rom unaris cneba niWTan da intele-
qtTan mimarTebiT moiazreba. niWi ki, rogorc CvenTvis
cnobilia, arsebobs zogadi da specialuri. prof. S. Cx-
artiSvilis mixedviT, “zogad niWSi gulisxmoben goniere-
bas, rac inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebTan erTad dam-
axsovrebisa da warmodgenis unarsac moicavs. niWierebis
am saxes zogads imitom uwodeben, rom igi adamianis yvela
moqmedebaSi monawileobs. mis gareSe specialuri niWi, ra
didi monacemebic unda hqondeT maT, raime TvalsaCino
Rirebulebas ver Seqmnis~ [pedagogika, Tbilisi, 1969 gv.89].
am mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, advilad davaskvniT, rom
zogadi unarebi, faqtobrivad, zogadi niWis ganviTareba da
realizebaa, anu is zogadi azrovnebiTi operaciebia, rom-
19
lebic, rogorc wesi, yvela adamians aqvs potenciaSi da
romlis ganviTareba aRzrdis upirvelesi mizania. es un-
arebia: analizi, sinTezi, induqcia, deduqcia, asociacia,
damaxsovreba, abstraqcia da sxv.
movitanT zogadi unarebis kidev erT ganmartebas,
romelsac Sefasebisa da gamocdebis erovnuli centris
mier gamocemuli zogadi unarebis krebulSi vxdebiT: “ter-
mini zogadi unarebi gulisxmobs informaciis adekvaturi
aRqmisa da damuSavebis, logikuri msjelobis, movlenaTa
Soris arsebiTi mimarTebebis wvdomis unarebs. swored
esaa cxovrebiseul moTxovnebze saTanado reagirebis, anu
garemosTan adaptirebis safuZveli. nebismieri inteleq-
tualuri saqmianobis warmateba am unarebzea damokide-
buli. zogadi unarebi gansxvavdeba specialuri niWisagan,
romelic Tavs iCens ama Tu im konkretul sferoSi _ mag.,
maTematikaSi, musikaSi da a.S. zogadi unarebi, romlebic
vlindeba universaluri, intelqtualuri operaciebis (ana-
lizi, sinTezi, ganzogadeba, abstrahireba da a.S.) saxiT, adami-
ans TandaTan uviTardeba. am unarebs ayalibebs mecadineoba,
kiTxva, mecnierebasa da kulturasTan ziareba, adamianebTan
urTierToba. ase rom, abiturienti wlebis ganmavlobaSi
emzadeba am gamocdisaTvis saSualo skolaSi swavlisa da
sxvadasxva sferoSi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis miRebis
procesSi~ [zogadi unarebis testi, Tb. 2006]. sirogorc
vxedavT, zogadi unarebis formireba pirovnebaSi, mecni-
eruli TvalTaxedviT, aRzrdis ZiriTadi funqciaa.
garda am SesaZleblobebisa, adamians aqvs SeZenili
Cvevebi, Tvisebebi, zneoba, saqcieli. viwro gagebiT aRzrda
maTs sworad warmarTvasac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, viwro
gagebiT aRzrda bavSvis pirovnuli mxareebisa da qcevis we-
sebis Camoyalibebis procesia.
Tu viwro gagebiT aRzrda adamianis potenciaSi arse-
buli unarebis ganviTareba da adamianis pirovnuli mxaree-
bis formirebaa, maSin savsebiT naTelia, rom am procesSi
20
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor warimarTeba
misi ganaTleba da swavleba, kerZod, rogori Rirebulebis
mecnieruli codna iqneba SerCeuli mozardis ganaTlebis
procesSi da swavlebis rogori meTodebi da teqnologiebi
iqneba gamoyenebuli, vinaidan, adamianis potenciaSi arse-
buli zogadi unarebis ganviTareba da msoflmxedvelobis
formireba, swored ganaTlebasa da swavlebazea damokideb-
uli. ganaTlebisa da swavlebis ZiriTad funqcias, rogorc
aRvniSneT, codnis SeZena da mis safuZvelze adamianis po-
tenciaSi arsebuli fiziologiuri unarebis ganviTareba
warmoadgens. maSasadame, viwro gagebiT aRzrda, faqto-
brivad, pirovnebis formirebaa, romelic ganaTlebisa da
swavlebis gziT mimdinareobs.

`iseTi friad rTuli da yovlad Zneli saqme, rogorc

adamianis aRzrda da swavlebaa, xelidan gamouva
mxolod maT, visac asuldgmulebs gulwrfeli
siyvaruli moyvasTa mimarT. ~
/i. WavWavaZe/

amgvarad, unarebis ganviTareba mozardSi (aRzrda viwro

gagebiT) swavlebis mTeli uwyveti procesis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobs da igi verafriT ver miiRweva mokle droSi.
amasTan, swavleba aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis procesia, igi
aRmzdelobiT gavlenebs (unarebis ganviTarebas) TavisTav-
Si moicavs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, swavlebis procesSi
moswavle ara mxolod codnas iZens, aramed mas uyalibdeba
unarebi, Cvevebi, Sexedulebani, uyalibdeba msoflmxedv-
eloba, es ki ukve misi aRzrdaa. codnis SeZenis procesi
TavisTavad iwvevs zogadi unarebis _ logikuri azrovnebis,
analizis, sinTezis, ganzogadebis da sxva unarebis gan-
viTarebas, es ki ukve aRzrdaa. maSasadame, faqtobrivad,
pedagogikuri TvalTaxedviT, pirovnebis formirebaSi, anu
aRzrdaSi, mniSvnelovanwilad, swored zogadi unarebis
formireba moiazreba (viwro gagebiT aRzrda).

21
 amrigad, pedagogika aris mecniereba aRzrdis Sesaxeb, anu
aRzrdis viwro gagebiT, ganaTlebis da swavlebis Sesaxeb. e.i.
aRzrda farTo gagebiT moicavs aRzrdas viwro gagebiT, ga-
naTlebasa da swavlebas.

zemoTnaTqvami SeiZleba gamovsaxoT sqemis saxiT

• პედაგოგიკა - მეცნიერება აღზრდის შესახებ

• პედაგოგიკა - მეცნიერება აღზრდის, განათლებისა და სწავლების შესახებ

აღზრდა ფართო გაგებით - პიროვნების ფორმირების პროცესი

აღზრდა ვიწრო გაგებით განათლება

პოტენციაში არსებული უნარების ცოდნის შეძენის პროცესი და შედეგი
განვითარება

ზოგადი უნარების
განვითარება
სწავლება
ქცევის წესების ცოდნის გადაცემის ორგანიზებული
ჩამოყალიბება პროცესი

მსოფლმხედველობის
ფორმირება,
ზნეობრივი კულტურის
ჩამოყალიბება

maSasadame, kidev erTxel davazustoT, rom pedagogikis

mecnierebis ZiriTadi cnebebia: aRzrda farTo gagebiT, aRz-
rda viwro gagebiT, ganaTleba da swavleba.
vinaidan am cnebaTa Sesabamisi procesebi mozardis
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, zogierTi mecnieri ganviTare-
basac pedagogikis ZiriTad cnebad miiCnevs. vTvliT, es
mTlad zusti ar unda iyos, vinaidan ganviTarebis cne-

22
bas, sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, sxvadasxva mecniereba swavlobs.
aRzrdis organizebuli da mizanmimarTuli procesi xels
uwyobs adamianis zogadi unarebisa da pirovnuli mxaree-
bis ganviTarebas, mis yovelmxriv formirebas. am unarebis
ganviTarebis procesSi maswavlebeli gansazRvravs, gegmavs
ama Tu im unaris ganviTarebis saWiroebas yovel konkre-
tul procesSi. mag., zepiri da weriTi metyvelebis, ko-
munikaciis, damoukidebeli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis
da sxv. am unarebis ganviTarebisaTvis aRmzrdeli, maswav-
lebeli swavlebis procesSi arCevs sxvadasxva meTodsa da
teqnologias, swavlebis sxvadasxva principsa da Teorias,
raTa am meTodebiT xeli Seuwyos mis mier mizandasaxuli
unarebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom pedagogikis mecniereba ar swavlobs Tavad ganviTa-
rebis processa da mis kanonzomierebebs.
mecnierebaSi asxvaveben pirovnebis fsiqikur, fizikur
da zogad ganviTarebas.
fsiqikuri ganviTarebis qveS igulisxmeba rogorc
pirovnebis inteleqtis, nebis, emociis, aseve unaris,
moTxovnilebebis da xasiaTis ganviTareba. es yvelaferi
ki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganaTlebisa da swavlebis
gziT xdeba.
fizikuri ganviTareba aris mTeli organizmis ganviTa-
reba (kunTebi, moZraobis daxvewiloba da a. S.). fizikuri
ganviTareba bavSvisa da mozardis fizikuri aRzrdis meS-
veobiT miiRweva.
zogadi ganviTareba es aris fsiqikuri, fizikuri, zneo-
brivi da pirovnebis sxva Tvisebebis ganviTareba.
aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom swavlisa da aRz-
rdis procesi xels uwyobs adamianis zogad ganviTarebas,
magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom aRzrda da ganviTareba
erTi da igive cnebebia. adamianis biologiuri struqtu-
ra, inteleqtualuri Tu sxva adamianuri SesaZleblobani,

23
memkvidreobiTi monacemebisagan viTardeba. memkvidreo-
biTi monacemebi mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT arseboben
da isini SesaZlebel Zalad swavlebisa da ganaTlebis sa-
SualebiT viTardebian. maSasadame, individis ganviTareba
aRzrdis meSveobiT xdeba. aRzrda ara Tu xels uwyobs,
aramed gansazRvravs ganviTarebas.
aRzrdis amgvari daxasiaTebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia vim-
sjeloT mis arssa da kanonzomierebebze.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aRzrda Tavisi zogadi gage-
biT, arsiT, gulisxmobs socialuri gamocdilebis gadace-
mas. es ki imas niSnavs, rom aRzrdis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba
adamianis, sazogadoebis gaCenas. adamianis gaCena uSualod
emTxveva mis mier ganyenebuli azrovnebis dawyebis pro-
cess. (am SemTxvevaSi ar vgulisxmobT adamianis gaCenis
romelime Teorias. saubaria im faqtze, rom adamiani
gamoirCeva sxva cocxali organizmebisagan azrovnebiT,
anu azrovnebaa misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, SesaZloa,
adamians azrovneba gaCenis dRidan aqvs, SesaZloa Semdeg
SeiZina, am konteqstSi Cven sakiTxs ar ganvixilavT avt.).
ganyenebuli azrovnebis saSualebiT adamianma winaswar gai-
azra fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli xvalindeli
moTxovnileba. gaiazra da moifiqra am moTxovnilebis da-
kmayofilebisaTvis saWiro saSualebebi (iaraRi sakvebis mo-
sapoveblad, TavdacvisaTvis saWiro saSualebebi da a.S.)
da maTi damzadebis aucilebloba. cxadia, maTi damza-
debis da gamoyenebis rTuli xasiaTis procesis SeTviseba
SeuZlebeli xdeba specialuri miTiTebebis, darigebis da
swavlebis (am sityvis ara pedagogikur-mecnieruli, aramed
bunebriv-xalxuri gagebiT), e.i. gamocdilebis gadacemis,
aRzrdis gareSe, ra Tqma unda, misi pirvandeli gagebiT.
amas emateba mSoblebis mier SvilebisaTvis im umartivesi
yofiTi gamocdilebis swavleba, romelic aucilebelia
maTi fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis. bunebrivia, es procesebi

24
ar gulisxmobs aRzrdis cnobierad warmarTvas adamian-
ebis mier da mxolod adamianis, rogorc biologiuri or-
ganizmis gadarCenas emsaxureba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom codnis amgvari gadacema, gamocdilebis gaziarebis
Sedegad, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs codnis gaRrmavebasa da
gafarToebas, rac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZvelia.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeba aRzrdac,
romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze,
cxadia, gacnobierebul xasiaTs iRebs da igi sazogadoe-
bisaTvis upirveles prioritets warmoadgens, vinaidan sax-
elmwifos Zliereba da sazogadoebis keTildReoba swored
aRzrdasTan, momaval TaobasTan asocirdeba.
aRzrdis warmoSobis amgvari mecnieruli gagebidan, aR-
zrdis, rogorc obieqturi procesis xasiaTisa da bunebis
Sesaxeb, gamomdinareobs Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. aRzrda sazogadoebrivi, socialuri xasiaTis katego-

riaa, igi arsebobs mxolod da mxolod adamianTa sazoga-
doebaSi da cxovelTa samyarosaTvis igi sruliad ucxoa.

2. aRzrdis aRmocenebasa da mis ganviTarebas gansaz-

Rvravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done da moTxovnile-
bebi. aRzrda yovelTvis gansazRvrulia sazogadoebis
politikur-ekonomikuri wyobiT, formaciiT. rogoricaa
sazogadoeba, iseTia aRzrda, swored sazogadoeba gansaz-
Rvravs aRzrdis mizans, anu rogori moqalaqe surs mas
rom gazardos, ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes igi.
sazogadoeba (saxelmwifo) ara mxolod gansazRvravs aRzr-
dis mizans, aramed axorcielebs kidec am mizans, vinaidan
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebi saxelmwifos
struqturuli erTeulebia, swored am organoebis meSveo-
biT xdeba saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesebis (anu aR-
zrdis) regulireba da marTva.

25
 Tumca, es imas rodi niSnavs, TiTqos aRzrda umoqmedo,
pasiuri, neitraluri iyos sazogadoebis ganviTarebis do-
nis mimarT. piriqiT, igi rogorc sazogadoebis sulieri
aqtivoba, aqtiuri Zalaa, romelic xels uwyobs sazoga-
doebis politikur-ekonomikuri wyobis ganmtkicebasa da
ganviTarebas, moqmedebs mis xasiaTze, ganviTarebis tem-
pebze. aqedan naTeli xdeba aRzrdis uaRresad aqtiuri
roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. marTalia, rogoricaa
sazogadoeba, iseTivea aRzrdac, magram sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba, Tavis did nawilSi, Tavadaa damokidebuli aR-
zrdaze. adamianebma rom icxovron, sWirdebaT cxovrebi-
saTvis aucilebeli saarsebo materialuri pirobebi, rom-
lis dasakmayofileblad maT unda SeeZloT am pirobebis
(sacxovrebeli garemo, tansacmeli, sakvebi da a.S.) Seqmna,
unda SeeZloT saWiro nivTebisa da sakvebis warmoeba. sx-
vagvarad rom vTqvaT, imisaTvis, rom iarsebon, da ara
mxolod iarsebon, aramed ganviTardnen, maT unda gaaCndeT
garkveuli Teoriuli codna da warmoebiTi gamocdileba.

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sazogadoebis arsebobisa

da ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa momavali TaobisaT-
vis socialuri gamocdilebis gadacema. am codnisa da
gamocdilebis gadacemis erTaderT gzas ki aRzrda war-
moadgens. aRzrdis meSveobiT iTvisebs momavali Taoba
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ama Tu im safexurisaTvis Se-
sabamis socialur gamocdilebas, adamianuri arsebobis am
aucilebel pirobas. maSasadame, aRzrda TviT gvevlineba
aseT pirobad. swored amitomaa mecnierulad marTebuli
azri, rom aRzrdis gareSe Sewydeba saerTod sazogadoebis
ganviTareba. es debuleba gamarTlebas poulobs imitomac,
rom axaldabadebuli bavSvi, rogorc socialuri arsebis
nayofi, ganadgurdeba, zrdas ver daasrulebs specialuri
socialuri zrunvis, movla-patronobis, aRzrdis gareSe.
amas Tu davamatebT imasac, rom sazogadoebis ganviTa-
26
reba, mecnierebisa da teqnikis srulyofa da, saerTod,
teqnikur-kulturuli progresi bevradaa damokidebuli
adamianis momzadebasa da aRzrdaze, maSin gasagebi xdeba
aRzrdis ganskuTrebuli aqtiuri roli sazogadoebis wins-
vlis procesSi.
maSasadame, marTalia aRzrda, misi mizani da xasiaTi
gansazRvrulia sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikuri wyo-
biT, magram, amave dros, swored aRzrdaa is saSualeba,
romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da sru-
lyofas, rac, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis poli-
tikuri da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri donis cvlilebaSi
aisaxeba.

bazisi _ ganviTarebis yovel etapze warmoqmnili warmoebiT

urTierTobaTa erToblioba, romelic Seadgens sazogadoebis
ekonomikur struqturas, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formacias.
am ekonomikuri struqturis safuZvelze iqmneba iuridiuli
da politikuri zednaSeni (samarTlebrivi normebi, politikuri
Sexedulebebi, saxelmwifoebrivi organoebi), romelsac mohyveba
sazogadoebis religiuri, zneobrivi, mxatvruli da mecnieruli
Sexedulebebi, maTi Sesabamisi institutebi da dawesebulebebi.
zednaSeni aris yoveli konkretuli sazogadoebriv-eko-
nomikuri formaciis Sesabamisi ideologiuri urTierTobebis,
iuridiuli, politikuri, religiuri, zneobrivi, mxatvruli da
mecnieruli Sexedulebebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi dawesebulebebis
sistema.
aqvea aRsaniSnavi debuleba bazisisa da zednaSenis damokideb-
ulebis Sesaxeb. bazisi gansazRvravs, ganapirobebs zednaSens. aR-
mocendeba axali bazisi, aRmocendeba misi Sesabamisi zednaSenic.
ispoba bazisi, ispoba zednaSenic, magram es imas rodi niSnavs,
TiTqos zednaSeni umoqmedo, gulgrili, neitraluri iyos bazi-
sis mimarT. piriqiT, igi aqtiuri Zalaa, romelic xels uwyobs ba-
zisis ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas. bazisis mier gansazRvruli
zednaSeni TviT zemoqmedebs bazisze, mis xasiaTze, ganviTarebis
tempebze da bolos gardaqmnis mas.

27
 3. aRzrda, rogorc obieqturi procesi, sazogadoebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli aucilebeli da maradiuli mov-
lenaa. aRzrda yovelTvis iarsebebs sazogadoebis arsebo-
basTan erTad, igi sazogadoebaSi mudmivmoqmedi movlenaa.
aRzrdis maradiuloba pirdapir uTiTebs, rom aRzrda
obieqturi xasiaTis kategoriaa. obieqturi is movlena
an sagania, romelic arsebobs adamianisagan, misi nebisa-
gan damoukideblad. mag., realuri samyaro, masSi moqmedi
kanonebi an mimdinare movlenebi. aRzrdac, erTi mxriv,
amgvari obieqturobiT xasiaTdeba.
pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, romelsac ar hqonda
gaTviTcnobierebuli aRzrdis arseboba da, cxadia, misi
mizani, Sinaarsi da amocanebi, aRzrda mainc moqmedebda
TavisTavad, adamianTa nebisgan damoukideblad, vinaidan
adamianebi, gadarCenis mizniT, erTmaneTsa da momaval Tao-
bas gadascemdnen TavianT gamocdilebas, bavSvebi pirovne-
bebad (ara Tanamedrove gagebiT pirovnebisa avt.) iqceod-
nen specialuri aRmzrdelebis gareSe. es ki miuTiTebs
aRzrdis obieqturobaze.
Tumca, meore mxriv, aRzrda obieqturi kategoriaa
mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebis arsebobis pirobebSi,
mis gareSe ki aRzrda ar arsebobs, igi mxolod adamianis
Tanamdevi movlenaa. amdenad, aRzrda subieqturi xasiaTis
kategoriacaa.

4. aRzrda cvalebadi, istoriuli xasiaTis kategoriaa.

misi mudmivi xasiaTi sruliadac ar uTiTebs mis ucvl-
elobaze. aucilebloba da mudmivoba mxolod misi obieq-
turobiT gamoixateba. ramdenadac aRzrda gansazRvrulia
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis doniT, cxadia, rom igi ganic-
dis sistematur cvalebadobasa da ganviTarebas sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze. icvleba da viTardeba
aRzrdis Sinaarsi, mizani da amocanebi, formebi da a.S.

28
sruliad sxvadasxvagvari aRzrdis xasiaTiT ganirCeva erT-
maneTisagan dRemde arsebuli yvela sazogadoebrivi for-
macia.
aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom am mxriv, aRz-
rda icvleba da viTardeba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi
formaciis SecvliT, aramed igi ganviTarebas ganicdis ama
Tu im romelime formaciis wiaRSic, vinaidan formaciebi
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi arseboben da, cxadia,
am periodSi viTardeba sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba da yo-
fiereba, rasac uciloblad mohyveba aRzrdis ganviTareba
da Secvla. viTardeba aRzrdis sistema, icvleba formebi
da meTodebi, organizacia, gzebi da saSualebebi da a.
S. TiToeuli formaciis SigniT ucvleli rCeba mxolod
aRzrdis zogadi mizanmimarTuleba, romelic am sazoga-
doebisaTvis Sesaferisi adamianis momzadebas gulisxmobs.

5. aRzrda mizanmimarTuli procesia. aRzrdis mizans,

amocanebsa da xasiaTs, sazogadoebis ekonomikur-politi-
kuri wyobis Sesabamisad, gansazRvravs saxelmwifo. e. i.
winaswar, kanonzomierad gamiznulia, Tu saxelmwifos ro-
gori moqalaqis aRzrda surs.

6. aRzrda, rogorc sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis obieqturi

kategoria, klasobriv sazogadoebaSi klasobrivi xasiaTi-
saa.
aRzrdis, rogorc specialuri institutis warmoSoba
monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas ukavSirdeba, sadac arse-
bobda mkafiod gamoxatuli klasebi monebisa da monaT-
mflobelebisa. es aris pirveli iZulebaze damyarebuli
sazogadoeba. cxadia, monebis klasi uufleboa, mas mxolod
muSaxelad, iaraRad iyeneben. monaTmflobelTa klass gaba-
tonebuli mdgomareoba uWiravs da mxolod mas aqvs saSu-
aleba Tavs moaxvios Tavisi interesebi mTel sazogadoebas,

29
mis xelSia amis yovelgvari saSualeba, igia sakuTrebis
mflobeli, risi meoxebiTac xelSi uWiravs cxovrebis sa-
daveebi.
bunebrivia, gabatonebuli klasi ar daTmobs am mdgo-
mareobas, igi yovelgvar Rones ixmars, gzasa da xerxs
gamonaxavs, raTa SeinarCunos es upiratesoba. Tumca, am
sazogadoebaSi monaTmflobelebi umciresobas warmoad-
genen, absolutur umravlesobas monebi da Tavisufali
mosaxleoba warmoadgens. cxadia, am umravlesobis gamoy-
eneba da morCilebaSi moyvana iZulebiT, mxolod iaraRiT
SeuZlebelia. am sazogadoebis monapovaria is, rom man aR-
zrdas mianiWa absoluturi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba,
vinaidan mixvda, rom swored aRzrdaa umravlesobis mor-
CilebaSi moyvanis saSualeba umciresobis mier.
aRzrdam monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifoe-
brivi xasiaTi miiRo, rac kacobriobis udidesi monapovaria
aRzrdasTan mimarTebiT (monebs da Tavisufal mosaxleobas
araviTari saxelmwifo aRzrda ar exebaT, piriqiT, maT amis
aranairi ufleba ar aqvT. avt.).

karg adamianebad yalibdebian upiratesad

varjiSiT da ara bunebiT... aRzrda gardaqmnis
adamians da qmnis bunebas
/demokrite/

aRzrdis privilegirebul movlenad gamocxadebam gamoi-

wvia misi ganviTareba, gaCnda skola (qristeSobamde 2500w.),
gaCnda saxelmwifo saskolo sistema (qristeSobamde X_XI
saukuneebi.), magram aRzrda am periodSi uaRresad kla-
sobrivi iyo, rac imas niSnavda, rom aRzrdis saxelmwifo
sistema mxolod gabatonebuli klasis warmomadgenlebis
aRzrdas emsaxureboda.
istoriulad, aRzrdis klasobrivi xasiaTi, iSviaTi gam-
onaklisebis garda, gagrZelda burJuaziul epoqamde, vi-
dre ar gauqmda wodebrioba da sazogadoebam adamianis
30
fundamentur uflebebad ar gamoacxada Tavisuflebisa da
ganaTlebis ufleba. es is periodia, roca pedagogikis mec-
nierebis klasikosebis mier erTxmad iqna aRiarebuli say-
ovelTao ganaTlebis principi, romlis ZiriTadi ganacxadia,
rom swavlis ufleba da SesaZlebloba unda hqondes yvelas.

7. aRzrda organizebuli procesia.

radgan kanonzomierad igegmeba aRzrdis mizani da amo-
canebi, cxadia, aseve kanonzomierad unda igegmebodes
misi ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciac. esaa mowesrigebuli
(organizaciaqmnili) garemo _ skola, ojaxi, sazogadoeba.
amaTgan wamyvani, centraluri adgili uWiravs skolas,
radgan igi saxelmwifos mier specialurad Seqmnili sas-
wavlo _ saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebaa, sadac WeSmaritad
mowesrigebuli, organizebuli garemoa (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
Tavisi arsiT skola aseTi unda iyos. avt.). maSasadame,
ramdenadme mainc aseTive unda iyos ojaxic da sazoga-
doebrivi institutebic, raTa isini aRzrdis organizacias
warmoadgendnen.
organizaciaqmnili aRzrdis gageba upirispirdeba „Ta-
visufali aRzrdis“ Teorias, romelic uaryofs yovel-
gvar aRmzrdelobiT da saswavlo reJims, aRzrdis orga-
nizaciaSi moqcevas. „Tavisufali aRzrdis“ progresuli,
magram, Cveni azriT, ukiduresad mcdari Teoria gamoCe-
nili frangi ganmanaTleblis da klasikosis Jan_Jak rusos
„bunebrivi aRzrdis“ Teoriis araswori gagebidan amodis.
rusos „bunebrivi aRzrdis“ Teoria gaigivebulia „Tavi-
sufali aRzrdis“ TeoriasTan, rac ukiduresi Secdomaa.
aq, albaT, eyrdnobian rusos bunebrivi aRzrdis miznis
_ Tavisufali, aqtiuri adamianis aRzrdisaTvis saWiro
centralur pedagogiur debulebas, rom „bavSvma unda
gaakeTos is, rac mas surs“ da iviwyeben am centraluri
debulebis meore nawils, rom “bavSvs yovelTvis is unda
surdes, rac aRmzrdels surs, rom mas surdes“. es ki
31
aRzrdis organizacias niSnavs da ara bavSvis absolutur
Tavisuflebas.

8. aRzrda rTuli procesia. jer erTi, aRzrda aqtiuri

(urTierTaqtiuri) procesia, radgan bavSvi pasiurad ki ar
Rebulobs aRmzrdelobiT zegavlenebs, aramed aqtiurad
monawileobs masSi. igi aRzrdis ara mxolod obieqti, ar-
amed subieqticaa. bavSvi Tu aqtiuri ar iqneba, igi ver
miiRebs aRzrdis zegavlenebs. ase rom, aRzrda ramdenadme
TviTaRzrdasac gulisxmobs. meore, yoveli aRsazrdeli
gansakuTrebuli individualobiT xasiaTdeba, Taviseburi
monacemebi aqvs, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia aR-
zrdis procesSi, rac, cxadia, uaRresad arTulebs mas.
mesame, aRzrdis procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
asakobrivi Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebas, rac pedagogi-
kaSi zogadpedagogikur principadaa wodebuli. Tumca, am
principis srulad gaTvaliswineba Zalze rTulia, vinaidan
erT klasSi xSirad sxedan erTi da imave asakis moswav-
leebi, romelTa ganviTareba gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan,
aRmzrdels ki muSaoba uxdeba erTdroulad yvelasTan.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmZRvaneloze, romelic, cxadia,
gaTvlilia konkretul asakze, magram erTi da imave asakis
moswavleTa ganviTarebis done gansxvavebulia da es gansx-
vaveba ganpirobebulia individualuri monacemebiT. aseTi
xasiaTis problemebi maswavlebelma unda gadawyvitos in-
dividualuri midgomis principiT, rac sagakveTilo dro-
Si, erTdrouli muSaobis pirobebSi, seriozul sirTules
qmnis da, faqtobrivad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dauZlevel saaR-
mzrdelo amocanas warmoadgens. meoTxe, aRzrdis procesSi
ori komponenti monawileobs _ aRsazrdeli da aRmzrdeli
(cxadia, rom aRzrda marTvadi procesia da mas warmar-
Tavs aRmzrdeli. avt.), aRmzrdeli momavliT moqmedebs,
aRsazrdeli ki awmyoTi, dRevandeli dRiT cxovrobs. es
ki ara mxolod sirTules, aramed winaaRmdegobasac qmnis,
32
rasac didma qarTvelma fsiqologma da pedagogma dimitri
uznaZem „aRzrdis tragedia“ uwoda. cxadia, es winaaRmde-
goba aRmzrdelma unda daareguliros, rac misgan maRal
profesiul ostatobasa da codnas moiTxovs. mexuTe, aR-
zrdis mizani, misi cnobierad warmarTvis dRidan iyo da
aris harmoniuli pirovnebis aRzrda, rac gulisxmobs mis
fizikur da sulier, anu fizikur, gonebriv, zneobriv,
esTetikur da SromiT aRzrdas. Zneli warmosadgenia amaze
ufro urTulesi sxva raime procesi.
dabolos, cxadia, rom aRzrdis procesis sirTulis
dasaxasiaTeblad kidev uamravi argumentis motana Sei-
Zleba, magram amjerad mxolod zemoxsenebuliT davkmayo-
fildeT, vinaidan am sakiTxze msjeloba dausruleblad
SeiZleba da Sors wagviyvans.

`aRzrda-esaa keTili Tvisebebis SeTviseba~

/platoni/

aRzrdis amgvari daxasiaTebis Semdeg SeiZleba Camovay-

aliboT misi ganmarteba.
aRzrda aris adamianis harmoniulad formirebis, misi gon-
ebrivad, fizikurad, zneobrivad da esTetikurad Camoyali-
bebis da SromisaTvis momzadebis socialuri, mizanmimarTu-
li, kanonzomieri procesi, romelic mimdinareobs mtkiced
organizebul garemoSi aRmzrdelis xelmZRvanelobiT.
es aris aRzrdis zogadi ganmarteba, romelic met-nak-
lebad eTanadeba kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela dones,
dawyebuli monaTmflobeluri periodidan. amasTan, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom cnebaTa ganmartebebsa da kla-
sifikaciebs ara absoluturi, aramed fardobiTi mniSvn-
eloba aqvT. mecnierebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, ama Tu im
cnebis mniSvneloba ixveweba da zustdeba. amdenad, nebis-
mieri ganmarteba sworia mxolod mocemul momentisaTvis
da arasruli da SemosazRvrulia momavalTan mimarTebiT.

33
 dabolos, udavod unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mozardis
formirebaze, mis ganviTarebasa da qcevis wesebis SeZenaze
gavlenas axdens ara mxolod organizebuli aRzrda, ro-
melic ojaxsa da saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebSi
mimdinareobs, aramed mTlianad garemo, sadac igi cxov-
robs _ sazogadoeba, masmedia, TanatolTa wre da a.S. am
gavlenebs mozardi stiqiurad, yovelgvari mizandasaxulo-
bis gareSe ganicdis da Tu gavixsenebT, rom aRzrdis pro-
cesSi mozardi meqanikurad ki ar Rebulobs aRmzrdelis
gavlenebs, aramed Tavadac aqtiuria am procesSi, maSin
naTeli xdeba, rom mozardi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aq-
tiuri monawilea, rac, saboloo jamSi, seriozul kvals
tovebs mis pirovnebaze. pedagogikis Teoria, samwuxarod,
ver wyvets sazogadoebis cxovrebis organizaciis proble-
mebs, igi swavlobs aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da swavlebis or-
ganizacias ojaxSi, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo da kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.

`roca vaswavliT, TviTonac vswavlobT~

/seneka/

maSasadame, garemos, rogorc mozardis aRmzrdels (Tu

ar CavTvliT skolsa da ojaxs, rogorc garemos. avt.),
pedagogikis mecniereba ver akontrolebs. es ki serio-
zul safrTxes uqmnis saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo process.
swored amitom pedagogikis mecnierebis mesveurebsa da
praqtikos aRmzrdelebs, TavianTi moRvaweobis procesSi,
ara aqvT ufleba yuradRebis miRma datovon sazogadoe-
brivi cxovreba, masSi mimdinare movlenebi. vinaidan amis
gareSe isini verafriT ver moipoveben warmatebas aRzrdis
urTules saqmeSi.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aRzrda adamianis sicocxlis
bolomde mimdinareobs. adamianis codna_CvevebiTa da un-
ariT, qcevis wesebiT gamdidreba dausrulebeli procesia,

34
adamiani sicocxlis bolomde swavlobs (Tumca, swavlis
es procesi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ukve aRar saWiroebs aRmz-
rdels. is dafuZnebulia adamianis msoflmxedvelobaze,
mis saazrovno Cvevebsa da moTxovnilebebze, romlebic,
mas Tavis droze, aRzrdis procesiT gamoumuSavda. avt.).
Tumca, saskolo swavla swavlis sxva formebisagan imiT
gamoirCeva, rom igi maswavlebels mihyavs mis mier winaswar
dagegmili miznis Sesabamisad.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saskolo ganaTlebis mizans
warmoadgens ara mxolod codna-Cvevebis SeTviseba, aramed
codnis aTvisebis unaris ganviTarebac, vinaidan maswavle-
beli aRsazrdels cxovrebis bolomde ver gahyveba, in-
stituciuri swavla da ganaTleba dasrulebadi procesia.
swavla ki zrdasrulobis periodSic aucilebelia, vinaidan
profesiuli ganviTareba SeuZlebelia swavlis gareSe, ra-
sac damoukidebeli swavlis unari esaWiroeba.

garda amisa, sinamdvilis yvela mxare garkveul zegav-

lenas axdens adamianze, rac, cxadia, ukvalod ar Caivlis.
amasTanave, zrdasrulTa amgvari aRzrda _ Camoyalibeba
xdeba yvela viTarebasa da pirobebSi, yovelgvari mizan-
dasaxulobis gareSe, stiqiurad. amdenad, amgvari aRzrdac
eqceva mecnierebis interesis sferoSi da Tu aqamde peda-
gogikis mecniereba mxolod mozardis aRzrdis sakiTxe-
biT Semoifargleboda, ukanasknel aTwleulSi seriozulad
ganixileba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sakiTxebi da Seiqmna
kidec mecniereba andragogika, rogorc pedagogikis dar-
gi, romelic swavlobs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sakiTxebs.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianze sazogadoebis stiqi-
uri gavlenebis problemebi aqac saxeze gvaqvs. ubralod,
am SemTxvevaSi, SeSfoTebis safuZveli naklebia, vinaidan
saqme gvaqvs zrdadasrulebul, Camoyalibebul adamianTan,
romelsac aqvs sakuTari msoflmxedveloba, cxovrebis wesi
da arsebul viTarebaSi orientaciis unari.
35
 zemoT motanili msjeloba kidev erTxel adasturebs,
rom pedagogika aris mecniereba adamianis aRzrdis Sesaxeb.

`aRzrda, swavlasTan erTad, iqcevs saTanado

yuradRebas da, Cans, gonebrivi mxaris paralelurad
aukeTesebs moswavleTa zneobriv mxares~.
/i. gogebaSvili/

aqve unda SevCerdeT socializaciis cnebaze, vinaidan

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac adamianebi aRzrdisa da social-
izaciis cnebebs erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT ganixilaven,
rac, Cveni azriT, seriozuli xasiaTis Secdomaa da bun-
dovans xdis pedagogikis sakvlevi sagnis sakiTxs.
adamiani socialuri arsebaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
Tavisi cxovrebis pirvelive dReebidan CarTulia msgavs
individebTan urTierTobebSi. adamiani pirvel socialur
gamocdilebas jer kidev metyvelebis dawyebamde iRebs.
am procesebs, garkveuli niSniT, SeiZleba socializacia
vuwodoT. Tumca, es procesi sakmaod Sorsaa WeSmariti
socializaciisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom socializaciis termini farTod
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi, misi arsi dRemde ar aris
erTmniSvnelovnad ganmartebuli da gagebuli. Tavad ter-
mini _ socialis _ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da sazogadoebrivs
niSnavs. zogadi gagebiT „socializacia sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi CarTvisaTvis pirovnebis momzadebis procesia.
igi emyareba pirovnebis bunebrivi monacemebis ganviTare-
basa da gaTvaliswinebas. socializaciis Teoria arkvevs,
Tu ra socialuri faqtorebi qmnian pirovnebis ama Tu im
Tvisebas.“ [qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 9]
socializacia individis mier socialuri gamocdilebis
gaziarebisa da Semdgomi aqtiuri realizaciis procesi da
Sedegia. es procesi uwyvetadaa dakavSirebuli adamianTa
Soris urTierTobebsa da maTs erTobliv saqmianobasTan.
maSasadame, socializacia aris adamianis mier sazogadoe-
36
brivi codnis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis SeTvisebis
procesi im niSniT, rom mas SeeZlos sazogadoebaSi fun-
qcionireba da, amasTanave, grZnobdes Tavs sazogadoebis
srulfasovan wevrad.
individis socializaciis procesi SeiZleba iyos ro-
gorc regulirebadi, mizanmimarTuli da kontrolirebadi,
aseve, araregulirebadi, stiqiuri. Tumca, miuxedavad misi
amgvari xasiaTisa, socializacia ar SeiZleba iyos gagebu-
li, rogorc garegan zemoqmedebaTa martivi jami. igi indi-
vidze zemoqmedebis mTliani, erTiani procesia, romelic
iwvevs am individis adaptacias sazogadoebasTan. social-
izaciis procesis Sedegad individi iZens im codnasa da
unarebs, im RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelic im konkret-
uli sazogadoebis, epoqis maxasiaTebelia, romelSic cxov-
robs igi. aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom individi ar
aris socializaciis procesis mxolod obieqti, anu igi
pasiurad ki ar Rebulobs konkretuli sazogadoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, aramed igi am procesis subieqti-
caa, romelic SemoqmedebiTad moqmedebs urTierTobaTa
arsebul sazogadoebriv formebze da cvlis, srulyofs,
ganaviTarebs am formebs. amitom socializaciis procesi
miT ufro warmatebulia, rac ufro aqtiuria individis
monawileoba sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa SemoqmedebiT
gardaqmnaSi, romlis drosac icvleba moZvelebuli norme-
bi, Rirebulebebi da sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi axal,
Tanadroul formas Rebuloben. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom socializacias istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs.

axla SevecadoT gavarkvioT rogoria mimarTeba aR-

zrdasa da socializacias Soris. aRzrda Tavisi farTo
mniSvnelobiT, gulisxmobs pirovnebis formirebas, axald-
abadebuli bavSvis zrdadasrulebul, codniTa da unariT
SeiaraRebul adamianad Camoyalibebas, adamianad, romelic
sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri unda iyos da romelsac
37
sazogadoebis da, maSasadame, sakuTari cxovrebis gaum-
jobesebisa da ganviTarebis unari Seswevs. amasTan, aRzrda
mizanmimarTuli procesia, romelic mimdinareobs saaRmz-
rdelo instituciebSi.

`aRmzrdelebi ufro metad imsaxureben pativiscemas,

vidre mSoblebi, vinaidan es ukanasknelni gvaZleven
Cven mxolod sicocxles, xolo pirvelni _
Rirseul sicocxles~.
/aristotele/

am TvalsazrisiT aRzrda moicavs socializacias, ro-

gorc Tavis erT konkretul aspeqts. swored aRzrdis
procesi, Tavisi mizandasaxulobiTa da regulirebiT, qmnis
socializaciis process, xels uwyobs da gegmavs mas, rTavs
aRzrdis procesis mizandasaxul aqtivobebSi.
Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom oficialur saaRmz-
rdelo instituciebSi (skola, ojaxi, axalgazrduli orga-
nizaciebi da a.S. avt.), miuxedavad maTi organizebulobisa,
aRzrda da, maSasadame, socializaciac yvela SemTxvevaSi
ver atarebs mizanmimarTul da regulirebul xasiaTs. am
instituciebSi mimdinare procesebis didi nawili, cxadia,
regulirebulia aRmzrdelebis mier, magram mainc rCeba
urTierTobaTa formebi, mag., moswavleebs Soris, moswav-
leebsa da maswavleblebs Soris, moswavleTa dajgufe-
bebs Soris da sxva, romelTa kontrolireba yovelTvis
SesaZlebeli ver iqneba. amdenad, socialuri gamocdileba
SeiZleba iyos rogorc pozitiuri, anu aRzrdis miznebTan
TanmTxveuli, aseve negatiuri, anu aRzrdis miznebis sawi-
naaRmdego, stiqiuri.
miuxedavad am garemoebisa, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom aRzrdis procesi gegmavs da warmarTavs adamianis
socializacias, am ukanasknels ki individisaTvis udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs. amitom, skolis, ojaxis, yvela social-

38
uri instituciis da mTeli sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva da
gulisyuri mimarTuli unda iyos momavali Taobis aRzrdis
procesisaken.

`mxolod is, visac ZvelTan Sexebisas xelewifeba axlis

aRmoCena, Rirsia iwodebodes namdvil aRmzrdelad~.
/konfuci/

Cven ukve viciT, rom pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis

xasiaTs, amocanebs, Sinaarssa da zogad Taviseburebebs
gansazRvravs misi sakvlevi sagnis _ aRzrdis kanonzom-
ierebebi da xasiaTi. SeuZlebelia pedagogika ar iyos imave
kanonzomierebis mqone mecniereba, ra kanonzomierebis
mqonecaa misi sagani. amdenad, zemoT mocemuli aRzrdis
damaxasiaTebeli zogadi xasiaTis Taviseburebani SeiZleba
pirdapir gavavrceloT pedagogikaze.
Tuki aRzrda sazogadoebrivi, socialuri xasiaTis mov-
lenaa, maSin pedagogika, rogorc mecniereba, miekuTvneba
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa cikls. igi sazogadoebriv
movlenas swavlobs. aRzrda adamianis moRvaweobis suli-
er sferos miekuTvneba. pedagogikac, rogorc mecniereba,
Teoria, sazogadoebis cnobierebis garkveuli formaa, is-
eve rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba.
aRzrda istoriulobiT xasiaTdeba. icvleba aRzrdis
mizani da amocanebi, Sinaarsi da formebi. amis Sesabam-
isad, bunebrivia, icvleba da viTardeba pedagogikac. mas
gaaCnia Tavisi istoria. pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis
Camoyalibeba xangrZlivi istoriis Sedegia. mravali sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi pedagogiuri azri filosofiis CarCoebSi
viTardeboda. pedagogika ar iyo gamoyofili, rogorc az-
rovnebis calke dargi. misi calke mecnierebad gamoyofa
gviandel saukuneebs, kerZod burJuaziul epoqas miekuT-
vneba.

39
 Tavdapirvelad, damwerlobis Seqmnamde, pedagogiuri
azri viTardeboda sxvadasxva xalxis gamonaTqvamebsa da
msjelobebSi, e.w. „pedagogiur mcnebebSi“. xalxuri peda-
gogikis es sawyisebi gadmocemulia sxvadasxva eTnosis
zRaprebSi, TqmulebebSi, aforizmebSi, andazebSi, gamo-
canebSi, sabavSvo leqsebsa da simRerebSi da, raRa Tqma
unda, iavnanebSi.
SemdgomSi, damwerlobis SeqmnasTan erTad, am gamonaTq-
vamebma miiRo rCevebis, rekomendaciebisa da wesebis xa-
siaTi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT andazebi da
gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic qarTuli folkloris pirmSoa:
„swavla madlis dedaa, bedis gasaRebio“; „swavla codnis
Teslia da codna bednierebisao“; „swavlisagan gamdidreba
simdidreze umdidresi“; „ganaTleba bneleTis mociqulTa
mmusvreliao“ da sxva.
pirveli seriozuli pedagogikuri Sexedulebani gamo-
Tqmuli iyo monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi, kerZod,
Zvel aRmosavleTSi, magram pedagogiuri azris ganviTa-
rebam sakmaod maRal safexurs Zvel berZnul filoso-
fiaSi miaRwia. pedagogikuri Teoriis pirveli nimuSebi
am filosofiis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebis _ sokrates,
platonis, aristoteles, demokrites da sxva moazrovneTa
SromebSia mocemuli

`swavla da drodadro naswavlis gameoreba~ .

/konfuci/

pedagogiuri Teoriis SemuSavebaSi calke unda aRin-

iSnos pirveli saukunis romaeli moazrovnis mark fa-
bius kvintilianes damsaxureba, romelmac Tavis cnobil
traqtatSi `oratoris aRzrda“, faqtobrivad, pedagogikis
ZiriTadi principebi Camoayaliba. zogadad, monaTmflobe-
luri sazogadoebis filosofiaSi mocemulia pedagogiuri
Teoriis Camoyalibebis pirveli seriozuli cda.

40
 axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan saqarTve-
lo, ganaTlebisa da pedagogiuri ideebis mxriv, mowinave
poziciebzea msoflioSi. amas adasturebs iseTi saswavlo-
saganmanaTleblo kerebis arseboba, rogoricaa: kolxeTis
umaRlesi ritorikuli skola-akademia III-IV saukuneebSi,
ganaTlebis centrebi aTonsa da palestinaSi, petriwonis
seminaria bulgareTSi, gelaTis akademia, iyalTos akademia,
qarTveli humanisti moazrovneebis _ petre iberis, petri-
wis, SavTelis, xanZTelis, mTawmindelebis, iyalToelisa da
sxvaTa moRvaweoba da Sromebi.
„moindoma aSeneba monastrisa da daamtkica, romelica
gamoirCia madlman saRmrToman, adgilsa yovlad Sveniersa
da yovliTurT unikalursa, romelsa Sina viTarca meore ca
gardaarTxa taZari yovladwmindisa da ufrosaT kurTxe-
ulisa RvTismSobelisa... munve Semokriba kacni patiosanni
cxovrebiTa da Semkulni yovelTa saTnoebiTa ara TvisTa
samefoTa oden Sina povnilni, aramed qveyanasa kideTa, sa-
daTca esma vieTme sikeTe da sisrule, sulieriTa da sisru-
liTa saTnoebiTa aRsavsoba, iZia da kvalad gamoiZia, moiyva-
na da daamkvidrna mas Sina... mamuli lipariteTi, umkvdroT
darComili...“ [qarTlis cxovreba]

pedagogiuri Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi revoluciuri

mniSvneloba hqonda renesansis da Semdgom burJuaziuli
epoqis dadgomas, romelmac mTlianad uaryo feodaluri
sazogadoebis idealebi. mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kul-
turis ganviTarebam dRis wesrigSi axali adamianis momza-
deba daayena, ramac Tavisi dasabuTeba aRorZinebis (human-
izmis) epoqis pedagogikaSi miiRo. humanizmis pedagogika
feodalizmis klerikaluri, dogmatur-sqolastikuri peda-
gogikis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. aRsaniSnavia humanistebis
_ vitorino de feltres, rables, montenis, roterdame-
lis, moris, kampanelasa da sxvaTa pedagogiuri ideebi,

41
romelTac safuZveli moumzades pedagogikuri mecnierebis
Camoyalibebas.
S. nucubiZis azriT, qarTuli humanizmi SoTa rusTave-
lis vefxistyaosnis (XII s.) saxiT gacilebiT win uswrebs
evropuls.

`moaxsena: ege swavla CemTvis yovlad soflad Rirdes,

goniersa mwvrTneli uyvars, ugunursa gulsa gmirdes“
/rusTaveli/

SemdgomSi saqarTveloSi progresuli humanisturi idee-

bi ganviTarebulia s.s. orbelianisa da d.guramiSvilis di-
daqtikaSi.

...Tu kacsa codna ara aqvs gastanjavs wuTisofeli“.

/guramiSvili/.

magram pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba

uSualod ukavSirdeba gamoCenili Cexi moazrovnis ian amos
komenskis saxels. pedagogikis, rogorc damoukidebeli
mecnierebis istoria komenskisagan iwyeba.

„bavSvs ucxo enaze daawyebino swavla, igivea sanam

fexze gaivlis cxenze Sesva da misi Weneba aswavlo“.
/komenski/

komenskis Semdeg burJuaziuli pedagogika viTardeba

gamoCenili moazrovneebis j. lokis, J.J. rusos, i. pesta-
locis, a. distervegis, i. herbartis, k. uSinskis da sxvaTa
saxiT.

bavSvma unda akeTos is, rac mas surs, bavSvs yovelTvis

is unda surdes, rac aRmzrdels surs, rom mas surdes
/ruso/.

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Semdgom stadiebSi, XX sau-

kunis pirveli naxevridan, tradiciuli pedagogikis para-
42
lelurad, aRmocenda da dRis wesrigSi dadga iseTi peda-
gogiuri mimdinareobani, rogoricaa: pragmatistuli peda-
gogika (diui), eqsperimentuli pedagogika (holi, neimani),
moqmedebis pedagogika (lai), Sromis skolis pedagogika
(kirSenSteineri), fsiqoanalizis Teoria (froidi), Tavisu-
fali aRzrdis pedagogika da sxva.
saqarTvelo XIX saukunis dasawyisidan (1801w.) ruseTis
saxelmwifos qveSevrdomobis qveS moeqca, ramac sagrZno-
blad Seaferxa qarTuli mecnieruli da kulturuli az-
rovnebis ganviTareba. qarTvelma xalxma rusuli carizmis
winaaRmdeg uSedego brZolas Sealia Tavisi energia. se-
riozuli problemebi daudga ara mxolod qarTul peda-
gogiur azrovnebas, aramed qarTul skolasac, aRarafers
vityviT qarTul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze. magram, XIX
saukunis samociani wlebidan, ilia WavWavaZisa da iakob
gogebaSvilis meTaurobiT iwyeba qarTuli pedagogikuri
azrisa da qarTuli skolis aRorZineba. ganuzomlad didia
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-
doebis Rvawli am saqmeSi. qarTuli pedagogikis ganviTa-
rebaSi ilia WavWavaZesa da iakob gogebaSvilTan erTad
udidesi wvlili miuZRviT akaki wereTels, dimitri yifi-
ans, ioseb mamacaSvils, luarsab bocvaZes, niko cxvedaZes,
sergi mesxs da sxvebs.

„gazrda Svilisa iseTi movaleobaa,

rom sxva yvelaferi amas unda SevwiroT“.
/i. WavWavaZe/

XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan msoflioSi pedago-

giuri azri orad gaiyo, sabWoTa pedagogika da danar-
Ceni msoflios pedagogika. saqarTvelo, cxadia, sabWoTa
sivrceSi moeqca. sabWoTa pedagogikis ganviTareba dakav-
Sirebulia iseTi mecnierebis saxelebTan, rogorebic arian
makarenko, danilovi, esipovi, gruzdevi, babanski, skatkini
da sxvebi. am periodis qarTveli mecnierebidan aRsaniSna-
43
via g. TavzaSvili, g. kinaZe, d. yifSiZe, d. nikolaiSvili,
s. sigua, p. janeliZe, S. sixaruliZe, k. Wkuaseli, u. obo-
laZe, d. lorTqifaniZe, g. sixaruliZe, iv. Wkuaseli, v.
gagua da sxvebi.

pedagogikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi aerTianebs

integraciisa da diferenciaciis procesebs. integracia
xdeba iseT mecnierebebTan, rogoricaa filosofia, fsiqo-
logia, sociologia, fiziologia, politologia, ekonomi-
ka, maTematika da sxva.
droTa ganmavlobaSi aRzrdisa da swavla-ganaTlebis
Teoriisa da praqtikis farTod ganviTarebis Sedegad
moxda pedagogikis axali mimarTulebebisa da dargebis
formireba, ramac gamoiwvia diferenciaciis procesi. aR-
mocenda pedagogikur mecnierebaTa mTeli cikli, romelic
erTiandeba erT saerTo jgufSi da qmnis pedagogikur mec-
nierebaTa sistemas. es mecnierebebia: zogadi pedagogika,
skolamdeli pedagogika, saskolo pedagogika, umaRlesi
skolis pedagogika, pedagogikis istoria, saskolo higiena,
specialuri pedagogika, socialuri pedagogika, Sedarebi-
Ti pedagogika, koreqciuli pedagogika, asakobrivi peda-
gogika, kerZo sagnebis swavlebis meTodikebi, ganaTlebis
filosofia, ganaTlebis sociologia da sxva. sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze, es diferenciacia _ integraciis
procesi grZeldeba da sazogadoebis saWiroebebs pasuxobs,
Sesabamisad, pedagogikis mecnierebac icvleba da viTarde-
ba.
aseTia mokled pedagogikis mecnierebis ganviTarebis
gza da perspeqtivebi.

pedagogikis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. meTodologia

berZnuli sityvaa da, zogadad, niSnavs moZRvrebas mecni-
eruli kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb, an ufro konkretulad,
ama Tu im mecnierebaSi gamoyenebul kvlevis meTodTa er-
44
Tobliobas. farTo gagebiT ki, meTodologia moZRvrebaa
moRvaweobis struqturis, logikuri organizaciis, meTo-
debisa da xerxebis Sesaxeb. am gagebiT meTodologia yovel-
gvari moRvaweobis aucilebeli safuZvelia. esaa moZRvreba,
romelic qmnis msoflmxedvelobriv koncefcias yovelgvari
moRvaweobisaTvis. mecnierebisaTvis. e.i. meTodologia war-
moadgens SexedulebaTa mTlian sistemas sinamdvilisa da
misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

meTodologiuri sawyisebis istoria Zalian Zvelia. igi hqon-

daT, magaliTad, Zvel egviptelebs geometriis saxiT. isini
Tvlidnen, rom geometria aris yvelafris axsnis saSualeba.
meTodologiuri sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT Zlierad Zvel saber-
ZneTSi damuSavda. kerZod, aristotelesTan. aristotele Tavis
mier Seqmnil logikur sistemas aRiarebda WeSmariti mecnierebis
universalur iaraRad, rogorc TviTon ityoda “organonad~. misi
azriT, es logikuri sistema aris yvelafris axsnis saSualeba.
meTodologiis, rogorc damoukidebel moZRvrebad gamoyofa
dakavSirebulia frensis bekonis saxelTan. man wamoayena idea
mecnierebaTaTvis meTodTa sistemis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb da kide-
vac wamoiwyo aseTi sistema _ mecnierebisadmi induqciuri da
empiriuli midgoma.
Semdgomi safexuri meTodologiis ganviTarebaSi aris frangi
rene dekarte, magram imanuil kantamde meTodologiis proble-
mebi mainc Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebSi iyo CarTuli. kantma
ki pirvelma daafuZna meTodologiuri codnis gansakuTrebuli
statusi, roca ganasxvava erTmaneTisagan codnis obieqturi Si-
naarsi da forma. es xazi grZeldeba Semdeg klasikur germanul
filosofiaSi da umaRles safexurs hegelis filosofiur siste-
maSi aRwevs.
hegelis filosofiur sistemaSi meTodologia warmodgenilia
rogorc absoluturi ideis (sulis) racionaluri moRvaweoba
da Semdeg misgan nawarmoebi adamianis SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba.
e.i. cxadia daskvna, rom SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba aris yvelafris
axsnis saSualeba. magram, rac mTavaria, hegelis, da saerTod
klasikuri germanuli filosofiis, udidesi damsaxureba isaa,
45
rom man dialeqtika gamoacxada SemecnebiT da, saerTod, sulieri
moRvaweobis sayovelTao meTodad. e.i. ubralod rom vTqvaT,
dialeqtika aRiara movlenaTa kvlevis universalur saSualebad.
(dialeqtika _ moZRvreba bunebis, sazogadoebis da azrovnebis
ganviTarebis uzogadesi kanonebis Sesaxeb).

maSasadame, ubralod rom vTqvaT, meTodologiur

safuZvlebSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilisadmi midgomis (misi
ama Tu im movlenis SeswavlisaTvis avt.) zogadi gzebisa
da saSualebebis erTianoba, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia
movlenis an misi konkretuli mxaris mecnieruli kvleva.
bunebrivia, rom yoveli mecniereba Tavisi sagnis Seswav-
lisaTvis garkveul meTodologiur safuZvlebs, xedvebs
eyrdnoba da amis safuZvelze arCevs Tavisi sagnis kvlevi-
saTvis saWiro konkretul gzebs, xerxebsa da saSualebebs.
maSasadame, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierebis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis swori meTodologiuri safuZvlis SerCevas,
vinaidan aramecnieruli meTodologiuri safuZvlis SemTx-
vevaSi araswori iqneba is gzebi da saSualebebi, romliTac
xdeba ama Tu im movlenis kvleva da, Sesabamisad, araswori
iqneba is daskvnebic, romlebic am kvleviT miiReba. e.i.
SeuZlebelia mcdari iyos meTodologiuri safuZveli da
swori iyos mecnierebis mier miRebuli daskvna. swored
amitomaa rTuli mecnierebis ganviTareba.
mecnierebi sxvadasxva meTodologiiT awarmoeben ama Tu
im movlenis kvlevas da es asec unda iyos, magram maT-
gan, zogi meTodologiuri safuZveli sworadaa SerCeuli,
zogi arasworad da Sedegic arasworia. samwuxarod, so-
cialur mecnierebebSi kvlevis araswori Sedegebi sakmaod
gvian iCens xolme Tavs, mas Semdeg, roca sazogadoeba
gamocdis ama Tu im kvlevis monapovars. gansakuTrebiT
sazianoa sazogadoebisaTvis pedagogikis mecnierebis aras-
wori kvlevis Sedegebi, vinaidan pedagogikis mecnierebas
saqme aqvs mozardi Taobis formirebasTan da aq daSvebuli

46
Secdomebi xSirad gamousworebel daRs asvams mozardis
pirovnebas. amitom pedagogikis mecnierebis mkvlevari Za-
lze frTxilad unda moekidos meTodologiis arCevasa da
daskvnebis gamotanas, vidre raime Teoriul mosazrebas
wamoayenebs, mravalgzis unda gadaamowmos igi. mecnier-
mkvlevars unda axsovdes isic, rom swori meTodolo-
giuri safuZveli arasakmarisi pirobaa swori daskvnebis
misaRebad. saWiroa misi sworad momarjveba, mecnieruli
Cvevebisa da kulturis floba, raTa kvlevis Sedegi WeS-
maritad mecnieruli iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,
rom swori meTodologiuri safuZveli swori mecnieruli
daskvnebis miRebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
Tu meTodologia, zogadad, qmnis msoflmxedvelobriv
koncefcias yovelgvari moRvaweobisaTvis, mecnierebisaT-
vis da igi warmoadgens SexedulebaTa mTlian sistemas
sinamdvilisa da misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, maSin, cxa-
dia, rom pedagogikisa da, saerTod, yvela mecnierebis
meTodologiuri safuZveli filosofia unda iyos. fi-
losofiaa swored is mecniereba, romelSic WeSmaritebis
Secnobisa da samyaros ganviTarebis axsnis uamravi xedva
da mimdinareoba arsebobs. konkretul mecnierebaTa mier
sakiTxebis gadawyveta, WeSmaritebis dadgena, ama Tu im
movlenaTa axsna, didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu
romel filosofiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs esa Tu is mec-
nieri da rogor iyenebs am Teorias Tavisi mecnierebis
kvlevis procesSi.
mainc, konkretulad rogor da raSi iyenebs pedagogika
filosofias? movitanT ramdenime magaliTs.
filosofia aRiarebs sinamdvilis movlenaTa da saganTa
Soris sayovelTao kavSirs. am kanonze dayrdnobiT peda-
gogika aRzrdas ara rogorc damoukidebel, izolirebul
movlenas, aramed sxva sazogadoebriv movlenasTan, mag.,
garemosTan kavSirSi ganixilavs. e.i. mkvlevarisaTvis ukve

47
winaswaraa cnobili, rom aRzrda, rogorc obieqturad
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi movlena, aucileblad kavSirSi
iqneba sxva movlenebTan da amitom misi kanonzomierebis
sworad gamokvleva SeuZlebelia sxva movlenebTan kavSiris
gareSe. roca es kavSiri cnobilia praqtikosi aRmzrdel-
isTvis, cdilobs ra igi aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZiebebis
gatarebas, man aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos is sxva
movlenebi da faqtorebi, romlebTanac konkretulad Sexe-
ba aqvs mozards.
dialeqtikis erT-erTi kanoni aRiarebs TandaTanobiTi
raodenobrivi cvlilebebis Tvisebriv cvlilebebSi gadas-
vlas. Tvisebrivi cvlileba, marTalia, naxtomia, revolu-
ciaa, magram igi xdeba ara erTbaSad, aramed TandaTano-
biTi raodenobrivi cvlilebebis Sedegad. eyrdnoba ra am
uzogades kanons, pedagogika eZebs pedagogiur RonisZie-
baTa iseT mTlianobas, romelic TandaTanobiTi zemoq-
medebis gziT moaxdens bavSvSi, misi aRzrdis amocanebis Se-
sabamisad, romelime Tvisebis Camoyalibebas an gardaqmnas.
e.i. aRmzrdelma, maswavlebelma ukve imTaviTve icis, rom
bavSvSi ama Tu im axali qcevis an azrovnebiTi Tvisebis
Camoyalibeba (mag. wera-kiTxva, nawarmoebis ganxilva-anal-
izi) SeiZleba ara erTbaSad, aramed masSi TandaTanobiTi
cvlilebebis SetaniT da eZebs RonisZiebaTa mTel jaWvs,
romelic uzrunvelyofs am gziT Tvisebrivi cvlilebis
moxdenas. bavSvis adamianad Camoyalibeba swored aseT
gardaqmnaTa Sedegia.
aseve, bavSvSi umiznod Camoyalibebuli miuRebeli qce-
vis normis an Tvisebis aRmofxvra SeiZleba ara erTi xelis
mosmiT, winadadebiT an gafrTxilebiT, aramed garkveu-
li drois ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiTi RonisZiebebis
gatarebis gziT. aRmzrdelma an mkvlevarma winaswar icis
ra es kanoni, mas zrunva uxdeba mxolod am RonisZiebebis
SerCevisaTvis.

48
 filosofiis es ori kanoni, cxadia, gamoiyeneba ara mx-
olod aq moyvanili ori magaliTis mimarT, aramed yvela
viTarebaSi. aseulobiT magaliTis motana SeiZleba diale-
qtikis sxva kanonebis gamoyenebis Sesaxebac.

pedagogikis kvlevis meTodebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, yovel

mecnierebas kvlevis zogadi meTodologia aqvs. kvlevis
obieqtisa da meTodologiis Sesabamisad, esa Tu is mec-
niereba Tavis sferoSi Semaval movlenaTa kanonzomiere-
bebs, maTs amsaxvel procesebs ikvlevs specialuri konkre-
tuli gzebiTa da saSualebebiT, meTodebiT. am SemTxvevaSi
meTodi movlenaTa kvlevis, mecnieruli Semecnebis gzaa,
saSualebaTa da xerxebis sistemaa. pedagogikis mecniere-
baSic, zogad meTodologiaze dayrdnobiT, SerCeulia kv-
levis konkretuli meTodebi. es meTodebia: dakvirveba,
eqsperimenti _ upiratesad bunebrivi, anu pedagogiuri
eqsperimenti, saskolo dokumentaciis Seswavla da saubari.
dakvirveba niSnavs Sesaswavl movlenaze (saganze) bune-
brivi, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT dakvirvebas (am sityvis Cveu-
lebrivi gagebiT) da mis Sesaxeb faqtebis Segrovebas im
zomiT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos ganzogadeba, daskvnis gamo-
tana da kanonzomierebis dadgena. dakvirveba, sxva meTo-
debTan SedarebiT, farTod gamoiyeneba pedagogikaSi. igi
pedagogiuri kvlevis umTavresi da upiratesi meTodia,
radgan SesaZleblobas aZlevs mkvlevars sakvlevi obieqti
Seiswavlos bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, riTac misgan miRe-
buli Sedegi met-naklebad realuri da sworia.
garda amisa, dakvirveba SeiZleba Catardes klasSi gakveTi-
lis msvlelobisas, klasgareT skolaSi, skolisgareT saswav-
lo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebaSi, ojaxsa da sazogadoebriv
wreebSi, sadac ki uxdeba yofna bavSvs. amasTanave, special-
ist mkvlevris garda, dakvirveba SeuZlia Caataros maswav-
lebelma an skolis sxva romelime TanamSromelma, mSobelma

49
da bavSvis megobarmac ki, cxadia, kvlevis miznis Tavise-
burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
dakvirvebis ori saxe arsebobs _ TviTdakvirveba da
sxvaTa dakvirveba, romelTa arsi naTelia da ganmarte-
bas ar saWiroebs. pedagogikaSi, umTavresad, sxvaTa da-
kvirveba gamoiyeneba. dakvirvebis warmoeba aucileblad
moiTxovs winaswari gegmis Sedgenas. dakvirvebis gegmaSi,
Cveulebrivi gegmisagan gansxvavebiT, ar SeiZleba ganisaz-
Rvros kvlevis dasrulebis zusti vada, miT umetes, roca
sakvlevi obieqti bavSvis sulieri cxovrebis romelime mx-
ares warmoadgens, radgan mkvlevarisaTvis ucnobia, rodis
aRmocendeba dasakvirvebeli movlena da Tan ara erTxel,
aramed ramdenjerme.
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom dakvirvebis dros ar xdeba
movlenis xelovnurad gamowveva da mkvlevari iZulebu-
lia elodos mis bunebrivad aRmocenebas. es dakvirvebis
garkveuli naklia. naklia agreTve isic, rom dakvirveba
movlenas garegnuli gamoxatviT Seiswavlis, rac xSirad am
movlenis arss ver swvdeba. amis gamo, dakvirvebis garda,
pedagogikaSi sxva meTodebic gamoiyeneba. saerTod, unda
gvaxsovdes, rom pedagogika kategoriulad uaryofs ama
Tu im meTodTa univesalizaciis yovelgvar cdas da, sa-
pirispirod amisa, meTodTa nairsaxeobis princips icavs.
dakvirvebaSi Tavsdeba saskolo dokumentaciis Seswav-
lisa da saubris meTodebi. saskolo dokumentaciis Ses-
wavlis meTods, vfiqrobT, misi saTauridan gamomdinare,
ganmarteba ar esaWiroeba. aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT igi Zalze martivia, vinaidan
zustad SegviZlia davgegmoT kvlevis periodi da, amas-
Tan, es kvleva ar gulisxmobs adamianebTan urTierTobas,
rac gamoricxavs subieqturobas kvlevis procesSi. Tumca,
sandoobis TvalsazrisiT, am kvlevis Sedegebi naklebad
sandoa, vinaidan mkvlevars ar aqvs informacia saswavlo
dokumentaciis Semdgeneli adamianebis, maTi obieqturo-
50
bisa da keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi dokumen-
ti, romelsac met-naklebad SeiZleba daveyrdnoT kvlevis
procesSi, moswavlis saSinao davalebis rveulia, romelSic
naTlad Cans saswavlo procesis dadebiTi mxareebi da na-
klovanebebi.
rac Seexeba saubris meTods, unda aRvniSnoT, rom is
erTaderTi meTodia, romlis saSualebiTac mkvlevari
SedarebiT zustad swvdeba movlenis arss da mis gamomwvev
mizezebs. magram am meTods maswavleblebi da mkvlevrebi
SedarebiT iSviaTad mimarTaven, vinaidan igi moiTxovs mas-
wavlebelsa da moswavles Soris ndobis faqtors, rac ar
aris iolad mosapovebeli.
eqsperimenti xelovnur pirobebSi mimdinareobs da niS-
navs cdis dayenebas saswavlo procesSi. es meTodi XIX
saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi dainerga
pedagogikaSi. misi CatarebisaTvis aucilebelia eqsperimen-
tatori, cdis msvlelobisaTvis saWiro aRWurviloba da,
rac mTavaria, cdis piri. eqsperimentis upiratesoba isaa,
rom misi saSualebiT mkvlevars SeuZlia movlenis xelovnu-
rad gamowveva, magram swored es xelovnuroba warmoad-
gens pedagogikaSi eqsperimentis naklsac. movlenis kvleva
xdeba arabunebriv viTarebaSi, is mowyvetilia sxva, masTan
kavSirSi myof movlenebs. amave dros, cdis piri, icis ra,
rom masze axdenen eqsperiments, veRar aris bunebriv piro-
bebSi da cdilobs aCvenos kargi Sedegi. Sedegad eqsperi-
menti movlenas ver swvdeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, ris
gamoc Seicavs cdomilebebs da naklebad sandoa. amitom,
pedagogikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba fsiqolog a.f. lazurskis
mier Semotanili bunebrivi, anu pedagogiuri eqsperimenti.
misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, marTalia, mkvlevari,
kvlevis gegmisa da miznis mixedviT, Tavad iwvevs Sesas-
wavl movlenas, maSasadame, ayenebs cdas, magram ise, rom
amis Sesaxeb araferi icis cdis pirma. e.i. pedagogiuri
eqsperimenti, faqtobrivad, movlenas swavlobs bunebriv
51
mdgomareobaSi, rac zrdis mis sandoobas. Tumca, eqsperi-
ments xSirad teqnikuri sirTuleebi axlavs.
rogorc cnobilia, pedagogika socialuri mecnierebaa
da, maSasadame, misi kvlevis meTodebic socialur mec-
nierebaTa kvlevis meTodTa jgufidan aris SerCeuli. am
garemoebebidan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove periodSi Sesa-
Zlebelia pedagogikuri kvlevis meTodebis sxvadasxvagvari
klasifikacia. Tumca, upirvelesad mainc unda aRiniSnos,
rom socialuri kvlevis meTodebs, Cveulebriv, or Ziri-
Tad jgufad yofen: raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvlevis
meTodebad. maTi saerTo mizania socialur fenomenTa
gageba da axsna, Tumca, amisTvis gansxvavebul teqnikas
mimarTaven, kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodsa da tips iyeneben.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodebi kvlevis iseTi meTodebia,
romlebic ZiriTadad kvlevis sawyis, ZiebiT etapze gamoi-
yeneba. kvlevaSi monawile pirTa jgufi ufro mcirea.
amgvari kvlevis mizania, uzrunvelyos problemis siRrm-
iseuli gageba da misi Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis dadgena.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodebs mivakuTvnebT, erTi
mxriv, fokus-jgufisa da CaRrmavebuli intervius meTo-
debs (rodesac kvlevis mizani TvalsaCinoa avt.) da meo-
re mxriv proeqciul meTodebs (rodesac kvlevis mizani
ar aris TvalsaCino avt.): asociaciuri, situaciis das-
rulebis, situaciis agebis da eqspresiul meTodebs. re-
spodenti mkvlevris mier aranairi TvalsazrisiT ar aris
SezRuduli, piriqiT, misi mizania, respodentis daxmarebiT
problemis irgvliv arsebuli SeZlebisdagvarad meti axali
Tvisebrivi maCvenebeli aRmoaCinos. Sesabamisad, struqtu-
ruli TvalsazrisiT, raodenobrivi kvleva ufro metad
aris organizebuli, vidre Tvisebrivi. Tvisebrivi kvlevis
dizaini yalibdeba da ixveweba Tavad kvlevis procesSi.
raodenobrivi kvlevis yoveli aspeqti ki detalurad mo-
fiqrebuli da organizebulia.

52
 raodenobrivi kvlevis mizania, zustad gansazRvros sakv-
levi problemis ukve dadgenili Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis
raodenobrivi maCveneblebi, maT Soris proporciuli urT-
ierTmimarTeba da sxva.
raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi, Tavis mxriv, or jgu-
fad iyofa. esenia kvlevis deskriptuli (dakvirveba da
gamokiTxva) da mizez-Sedegobrivi (eqsperimenti) meTodebi.
advilad warmosadgenia, rom is saSualebebi, romelTa dax-
marebiTac xorcieldeba raodenobrivi kvleva (testi, kiTx-
vari, anketa), xSirad zRudavs respodents mkvlevris mier
mofiqrebuli savaraudo pasuxebiT. Tavad mkvlevari ki
SezRudulia imdenad, ramdenadac is manipulirebs ZiebiTi
kvlevis farglebSi mopovebuli Tvisebrivi monacemebiT.
pedagogikur kvlevas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasi-
aTebs, kerZod, is, rom kvlevam pedagogikaSi SeiZleba Za-
lian didi masStabebi miiRos, roca mas mecnier-mkvlevrebi
axorcieleben, magram, meore mxriv, ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom pedagogiuri kvleva mudmivi, praqtikulad uwyveti
procesia, romelsac saswavlo procesSi Tavad maswavle-
beli axorcielebs aRzrdaSi, ganaTlebasa da swavlebaSi
moswavleTa saWiroebebis Sesabamisad. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme
gvaqvs yoveldRiur empiriul kvlevasTan, romlis gareSec
pedagogikis mecnierebis ganviTareba sruliad warmoud-
geneli iqneboda, vinaidan cnobilia, rom mecnieruli Teo-
riis ganviTarebis erT-erT gzas misi praqtikasTan ukuka-
vSiri warmoadgens.
nebismieri saxis pedagogiuri kvlevis Catareba moiTxovs
kvlevis gegmis Sedgenas, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes
Semdeg aspeqtebs:

1. yoveli kvlevis dawyebas win unda uswrebdes dak-

virvebis Temis gansazRvra da mecnieruli hipoTezis Se-
muSaveba;

53
 2. kvleva unda mimdinareobdes winaswar gansazRvruli
gegmiT, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes kvlevis amocanas,
kvlevis etapebs, kvlevis organizaciis yvela saWiro pi-
robebis momzadebasa da gegmazomier gamoyenebas;
3. kvleva unda mimdinareobdes maqsimalurad bunebriv
pirobebSi;
4. kvlevis mimdinareobis procesi da Sedegebi unda fiq-
sirdebodes maqsimaluri sizustiT rogorc Canawerebis,
aseve vizualuri formiT;
5. unda damuSavdes kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monace-
mebi rac SeiZleba meti sizustiT, Tanadrouli statisti-
kur-maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT;
6. mkvlevarma, kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT unda Sei-
muSaos daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic xels Seu-
wyoben pedagogikis Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebas.
dabolos, pedagogikaSi kvlevis meTodebi, saSualebebi
da xerxebi urTierTisagan izolirebulad ar arseboben.
isini urTierTs avseben da, mkvlevris mier sworad gam-
oyenebis SemTxvevaSi, aRzrdis ganaTlebisa da swavlebis
procesebis siRrmiseul Semecnebas, pedagogikuri Teoriis
Semdgom ganviTarebas emsaxurebian.
pedagogikis mecnierebis wyaroebi. pedagogikis mecniere-
ba, romelsac pedagogikis zogad Teoriasac uwodeben, sau-
kuneebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda da viTardeboda. es Teor-
ia mudmivad cvladi da ganviTarebadia, vinaidan viTardeba
Tavad adamiani da adamianTa sazogadoeba, romelic yvela
mecnierebas da adamianuri cxovrebis yvela sferos axal
moTxovnebs uyenebs. mecnierebis ganviTarebis am proce-
sebs, cxadia, gansazRvravs is konkretuli sferoebi, e.w.
wyaroebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqmedeben ama Tu im
mecnierebaze. ra unda iyos am TvalsazrisiT pedagogi-
kis mecnierebis, pedagogikis Teoriis Seqmnisa da ganviTa-
rebis wyaroebi? am sakiTxze fiqrs bunebrivad mivyavarT
aRzrdis warmoSobasTan, adamianis pirvel saaRmzrdelo
54
nabijebTan, im konkretul qmedebebTan, romlebic xalxur
yofaSi Camoyalibda da rasac xalxur pedagogikas uwode-
ben. cxadia, swored xalxis naazrevi aRzrdis sferoSi,
swored xalxuri pedagogiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens
im umdidres wyaros, romelmac udidesi gavlena iqonia
mecnieruli pedagogikis Camoyalibebaze. xalxuri aRzr-
dis tradiciebma nel-nela kacobrioba miiyvana pirvel sas-
wavlo dawesebulebamde, pirvel skolamde (qristeSobamde
XXV saukune, egvipte), romelmac civilizaciis ganviTare-
basTan erTad, Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis saxe miiRo
saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebaTa farTo qseliT.
bunebrivia, saskolo pedagogiur _ praqtikuli gamoc-
dileba seriozul gavlenas axdens pedagogikis Teoriis
ganviTarebaze. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom is urT-
ierTkavSiri, rac arsebobs pedagogiur praqtikasa da peda-
gogiur Teorias Soris, ormxrivia. erTi mxriv, pedagogi-
kuri Teoria qmnis pedagogiur praqtikas da, meore mxriv,
pedagogiuri praqtika aviTarebs da aRrmavebs pedagogikis
Teorias.
pedagogiur saqmianobas, bunebrivia, sWirdeba garkveuli
meTodologia, garkveul mosazrebaTa sistema, romelTa
safuZvelzec iqmneba saskolo ganaTlebis esa Tu is forma.
am meTodologias, cxadia, qmnian adamianebi, moaz-
rovneebi, vinc mudmivad CarTulia da mudmivad fiqrobs
am sakiTxebze. swored maTi naazrevi qmnis aRzrdisa da
ganaTlebis sakiTxebis istorias, rasac pedagogikis isto-
rias vuwodebT da rac Zalze amdidrebs da aviTarebs
pedagogikis Teorias. maTi CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans,
aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs, rom mas Semdeg, rac adamianma
gaacnobiera aRzrdis mniSvneloba sazogadoebis ganviTa-
rebisTvis, TiTqmis arc erTi filosofosi ar yofila,
romelsac sakuTari pozicia ar daefiqsirebina am sakiTx-
Tan mimarTebiT. maTs ricxvs miekuTvnebian iseTi didi
moazrovneebi, rogorebic arian: sokrate, platoni, aris-
55
totele, kvintiliane, konfuci, komenski, ruso, pestalo-
ci, loki, uSinski, distervegi, sulxan-saba, guramiSvili,
vaxtang VI, gogebaSvili, WavWavaZe, vaJa fSavela, bocvaZe
da sxvebi da sxvebi. maSasadame, pedagogikis Teoriis kidev
erT wyaros pedagogikis istoria warmoadgens.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pedagogikis Teoriisa da misi
ganviTarebis xelSemwyob wyaroebs Soris arsebobs ukuka-
vSiri, maTi urTierTqmedeba (da ara romelime maTganis
calmxrivi zemoqmedeba. avt.), rac xels uwyobs orive mx-
aris ganviTarebas.
„vsZebne da ver vpove ra mjobni am swavla-codnisa“.
/d. guramiSvili/
es urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba gamoisaxos sqemis saxiT:

დიდაქტიკა

დიდაქტიკა –
• განათლებისა და სწავლების თეორია
• სწავლების პროცესის არსი და
კანონზომიერება
დიდაქტიკის კითხვები:
ვინ აღვზარდოთ –
განათლების მიზანი
რა ვასწავლოთ –
განათლების შინაარსი
როგორ ვასწავლოთ –
• სწავლების დიდაქტიკური და
ზოგადპედაგოგიური პრინციპები
• სწავლების მეთოდები და ტექნოლოგიები
• სწავლების ორგანიზაციის ფორმები
• ცოდნის აღრიცხვა, შემოწმება და შეფასება
ვინ უნდა ასწავლოს –
მასწავლებელი
• ცოდნა- საგანი, პედაგოგიკური
დისციპლენები
• პიროვნული თვისებები

56
 pedagogika da sxva mecnierebebi. rogorc ukve vnaxeT,
aRzrda kacobriobisaTvis umniSvnelovanes da urTules
movlenas warmoadgens. misi upirvelesi sirTule swored
isaa, rom mas saqme aqvs adamianTan, rogorc fsiqo-
fiziologiur da rogorc socialur arsebasTan. cxadia,
pedagogikis mecniereba damoukideblad, sxva mecnierebebis
monapovrebis (kanonebis) gamoyenebis gareSe, ver moaxerxebs
am movlenis Seswavlasa da ganxorcielebas. pedagogikis
meTodologiur safuZvels, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT fi-
losofia warmoadgens. amitom, bunebrivia, pedagogika Ta-
vis Teoriul da praqtikul moRvaweobaSi mTlianad eyrd-
noba filosofias.
pedagogiuri saqmianobis procesi verafriT ver ganx-
orcieldeba fsiqologiis gareSe, kerZod, aRzrdisa da
swavlebis procesi warmoudgenelia mozardis asakobrivi
da individualuri ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
iseTi fsiqikuri procesebis Taviseburebebis gaTval-
iswinebis gareSe, rogorebicaa, yuradReba, mexsiereba, az-
rovneba, interesi, motivacia, ganviTerba da sxv., romlebic
fsiqologiis mecnierebis Seswavlis sferos warmoadgenen.
maSasadame, pedagogika seriozulad eyrdnoba fsiqologiis
monacemebs.
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi aucilebelia mozar-
dis janmrTelobis dacva, rac imas niSnavs, rom pedagogi-
kam aucileblad unda gamoiyenos fiziologiisa da medici-
nis monacemebi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom skolaSi yvela
mecnierebis safuZvlebi iswavleba da mniSvnelovania maTi
swavlebis meTodikebis Seqmna, naTeli xdeba, rom peda-
gogika kavSirSia am mecnierebebTanac.
aseve SeiZleba davasabuToT pedagogikis kavSiri sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferosTan. magram es srulia-
dac ar niSnavs imas, rom es mecnierebebi swavloben aRz-

57
rdis process an pedagogika swavlobs romelime maTganis
kvlevis sagans. pedagogikis mecnierebas aqvs kvlevis da-
moukidebeli obieqti, kerZod, aRzrda da am fenomens igi
ikvlevs da axorcielebs sxva mecnierebebis daxmarebiT,
maTTan kavSirSi, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im faqtze,
rom aRzrdis procesi ar mimdinareobs izolirebulad,
sxva movlenebisagan gancalkevebiT, igi kavSirSia rogorc
sazogadoebriv garemosTan, aseve bunebriv, genetikur mo-
nacemebTan.
pedagogika, rogorc kulturis nawili.. termini cultura
laTinuri warmoSobisaa da damuSavebas, movlas, ganviTa-
rebas, ganaTlebas niSnavs. pedagogika, rogorc mecniereba,
rogorc codnaTa jami adamianis moRvaweobis erTi konkre-
tuli sferos, aRzrdis Sesaxeb, kacobriuli kulturis
nawils warmoadgens. igi adamianuri yofis garkveuli sfe-
ros Seswavlasa da ganviTarebas emsaxureba. pedagogikuri
kultura adamianis gaCenis dRidan iqmneba da viTardeba.
kacobriobam, uZvelesi droidan dRemde, aRzrdisa da ga-
naTlebis uamravi Teoria da praqtikuli paradigma Seqmna,
romelTac ara mxolod mecnierul-pedagogikuri, aramed
kulturuli Rirebuleba aqvT. pedagogikis mecniereba kv-
lavac agrZelebs aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis problemebisa
da ganviTarebis srulyofis gzebis Ziebas.

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra aris pedagogikis mecnierebis sagani;

2. ra aris pedagogikis ZiriTadi cnebebi;
3. ra aris aRzrda (farTo gagebiT);
4. ra aris aRzrda (viwro gagebiT);
5. ra aris swavleba;
6. ra aris ganaTleba;

58
 7. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda istoriuli xasiaTis mov-
lenaa;
8. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda socialuri xasiaTis kat-
egoriaa;
9. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda zednaSenuri xasiaTis kat-
egoriaa;
10. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda mizandasaxuli procesia;
11. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda aucilebeli da maradiuli
movlena;
12. rogor gesmiT aRzrdis procesis sirTule;
13. kvlevis ra meTodebs iyenebs pedagogika;
14. rogor ganmartavT dakvirvebas;
15. dakvirvebis ra saxeebs icnobT;
16. rogor gansazRvravT eqsperiments;
17. rogor gesmiT socializaciiis procesi;
18. ra mimarTebaa aRzrdisa da socializaciis proce-
sebs Soris;
19. rogor daaxasiaTebdiT pedagogikis kavSirs sxva mec-
nierebebTan.

59
 Tavi II
pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebi

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

ra aris pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebi;

rogoria istoriulad azrTa sxvaoba am faqtorTa pirovne-
baze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb;
rogoria aRorZinebis epoqis ZiriTadi Sexedulebani
pirovnebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb;
rogoria klasikuri pedagogikis warmomadgenelTa pozicia
pirovnebis formirebis procesze;
ras fiqroben qarTveli pedagogebi da sazogado moRvaweebi
pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebze;
ras niSnavs mozardis asakobrivi periodizaciis cneba;
rogoria asakobrivi periodizaciis istoriuli ganviTareba;
ra mniSvneloba aqvs asakobriv periodizacias swavla _ aR-
zrdis procesSi;
ra aris adamianis individualuri Taviseburebani;
ra mniSvneloba aqvs individualuri Taviseburebebis gaT-
valiswinebas swavla-aRzrdis procesSi.

pirovnebis formirebis procesi _ axladdabadebuli

bavSvis zrdadasrulebul, codniTa da unarebiT SeiaraRe-
bul adamianad Camoyalibeba _ garkveuli faqtorebis ze-
moqmedebiT mimdinareobs. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra faq-
torebi gansazRvravs adamianis pirovnebad formirebas,
pedagogikis problemuri sakiTxia. am sakiTxis gadawyvetis

60
ragvaroba, metwilad gansazRvravs pedagogiuri moRvaweo-
bis da, maSasadame, pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis mimar-
Tulebis sakiTxsac. zogadad, faqtorebi, romelTa meSveo-
biTac xdeba pirovnebis formireba, SeiZleba iyos aRzrda,
garemo, romelSic mozards uxdeba yofna da is genetikuri,
memkvidreobiTi Taviseburebani, romlebic axalSobils
dabadebidan dahyveba.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom garemos cnebas orgvari mniSvn-
eloba aqvs _ erTia is garemo, romelSic mozardis aRzrda
organizebulad mimdinareobs, mag., skola, ojaxi da amitom
amgvari garemos zemoqmedebas mozardze, Cveulebriv, aRz-
rdas vuwodebT. meore ki, is garemoa, romelic mozardze
aramizanmimarTulad da araorganizebulad, stiqiurad mo-
qmedebs. aseT garemod gvevlineba sazogadoeba, megobarTa
wre, masmediis saSualebebi. cxadia, am ukansaknelTa kontro-
lireba aRzrdis miznis Sesabamisad, praqtikulad SeuZlebe-
lia.
naTelia, rom pedagogika aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da swav-
lebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebs gadaWris imis mixedviT, Tu ra rols
akuTvnebs igi aRzrdas, garemos da memkvidreobiTobas bavS-
vis pirovnebis formirebis procesSi.
pedagogikur praqtikaSic amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs, vinaidan aRmzrdeli da maswavlebeli TavianT muSaobas
iseTi geziT warmarTaven, rogor Tvalsazriszedac dganan
isini am problemis gadawyevtisas. igia, agreTve, muSaobaSi
maTi rwmenis gamomuSavebis umTavresi berketi. amitomaa, rom
pedagogikis istoriaSi bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
faqtorebis sakiTxi yovelTvis problemur, pirvelxarisxo-
van sakiTxad iTvleboda.
pedagogikis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili klasikosi am
sakiTxs mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs Tavis moZRvrebaSi da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maszed agebs Tavis pedagogiur sistema-
sac. Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom Cvens amocanasac am sakiTx-

61
is, kerZod, pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis, gare-
mosa da memkvidreobis rolis gansazRvra warmoadgens. es ki
aucilebad moiTxovs sakiTxis mokle istoriul mimoxilvas,
radganac pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoria am sakiTxis ir-
gvliv mimdinareobaTa da SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvaobiT xa-
siaTdeba.
dRemde arsebuli mimdinareobani da Sexedulebani
pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Semdeg
jgufebad daiyos:
pirveli _ mimdinareobaTa da SexedulebaTa is jgufebi,
romlebic ugulebelyofen aRzrdis rols, araraobamde da-
hyavT igi pirovnebis formirebis procesSi da yvelafris
ganmsazRvrelad Tandayolili ideebi, memkvidreobiT gad-
mocemuli monacemebi an bavSvis bunebrivi Taviseburebebi
miaCniaT;
meore _ pirvelis sruliad sawinaaRmdego, materialis-
turi Semecnebis Teoriaze dafuZnebuli e.w. „sufTa dafis“,
aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoria;
mesame _ am ori jgufis meqanikurad SemaerTebeli da
Semarigebeli konvergenciis Teoria;
meoTxe _ amaTgan gansxvavebuli frangi materialistebis
Sexedulebani, romlebic am sakiTxis gadawyevtaSi sruliad
sxvagvar da Tavisebur Sexedulebebs ayenebdnen, romelTa
meoxebiT isini gamouval wreSi moeqcnen aRzrdisa da gare-
mos rolis sakiTxis garkvevisas;
mexuTe _ im klasikosTa Sexedulebani, romlebic, ase Tu
ise, samive faqtors aqceven yuradRebas da umravles SemTx-
vevaSi wamyvan rols aRzrdas akuTvnebdnen.

aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi or jgufad iyo-

fa: aRzrdis rolis uaryofa idealisturi ideologiis
safuZvelze da aRzrdis rolis uaryofa materialisturi
ideologiis safuZvleze. am Teoriebis warmomadgenel-

62
ebi amtkicebdnen, rom pirovnebis zogadi da individual-
uri Tvisebebis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT
da memkvidreobiT, xolo aRzrda memkvidreobiT miRebul
midrekilebaTa gamovlinebis garegani pirobaa.
idealisturi sawyisiT aRzrdis rolis araraobamde
damyvani Teoriis fesvebi antikur filosofiaSia. igi Tan-
dayolili ideebis aRiarebiT iwyeba (ix. platoni, Tavi V)
da Semdeg yovelTvis sxvadasxva formiT gvevlineba. Tan-
dayolili ideebis pirveli seriozuli ganmcxadebeli ber-
Zeni filosofosi, obieqturi idealizmis warmomadgeneli,
platoni iyo. platonis filosofiis Tanaxmad, adamians
dabadebidan Tan dahyveba ideebi, romlebic ar arian SeZe-
nilni grZnobaTa organoebis saSualebiT. gamodioda ra sen-
sualizmis winaaRmdeg, platoni asabuTebda, rom grZnobebi
ar SeiZleba iyvnen WeSmariti codnis wyaro, radganac isini
ver scildebian saganTa samyaros (ontologiur) sazRvrebs.
WeSmariti codnis wyaros warmoadgens ukvdavi sulis mier
ideaTa samyaros mogoneba, romelsac Wvretda igi mokvdav
sxeulSi Casaxlebamde. maSasadame, platonis mixedviT, adami-
anis pirovnebis formireba, mis mier codnaTa jamis daufle-
ba ganpirobebulia Tandayolili ideebiT da ara aRzrdiT. es
ideebi gansazRvraven mis Camoyalibebas. aqedan cxadia, rom
platonis mier ugulebelyofilia aRzrdis wamyvani roli
da igi raRac Tandayolili, mzamzareuli ideis mogonebis
xelSemwyob saSualebad aris gamocxadebuli.
axal filosofiaSi Tandayolili ideis Taviseburi Teo-
ria wamoayena rene dekartem, romelic Semdeg ingliseli fi-
losofosis, jon lokis kritikis obieqti gaxda.
aRzrdis rolis uarmyofelma memkvidreobiTma Teoriam
Tavisi dasabuTeba pesimistur filosofiaSic miiRo. gansa-
kuTrebuli siZlieriT gamoixata igi germaneli folosofo-
sis _ Sopenhaueris mier. Sopenhaueri asabuTebs, rom aRz-
rda uZluria, usargebloa, radgan memkvidreobiT miRebuli

63
Tvisebebi mihyvebian adamians mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
misi azriT, aRzrdas SeuZlia ramdenamde gaamdidros adami-
ani codniT, magram ar SeuZlia misi mimarTulebis Secvla.
bunebiT kargi adamiani, Sopenhaueris mixedviT, ar SeiZleba
cudi Tvisebebis matarebeli gaxdes arawesieri magaliTebiT
da cudi aRzrdiT. misi mixedviT, aRzrda aramcTu uZluria,
aramed uazrobacaa, radganac dabadebis Semdeg bavSvSi erT-
baSad iCens Tavs misi momavali Tvisebebi da aRmzrdelebis
araviTar zemoqmedebas ar SeuZlia Secvalos igi. xasiaTis
kanonebi, Sopenhaueris saboloo daskvniT, iseve ucvlelia,
rogorc bunebisa. amgvarad icavs igi memkvidreobis fatal-
istur xasiaTs.

aRzrdis rolis ugulebelyofis materialisturi Teo-

riis safuZvels warmoadgens e.w. biologiuri nativisturi
Teoria. nativizmis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi arian g. men-
deli (1822_1884w.w.), germaneli fiziologi da fsiqologi
evald peringi (1834 _1918w.w.), amerikeli sociologia da ped-
agogi edvard Torndaiki (1874 _1949w.w.) da sxv. maTi azriT,
adamianis esa Tu is fsiqologiuri funqcia Tandayolilia,
imTaviTvea mocemuli. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, axaldabadebuli
bavSvis zrdadamTavrebul adamianad Camoyalibebis procesi
ganisazRvreba memkvidreobiT Tandayolili Tvisebebis sru-
lyofiT, romlis SesaZleblobasac TviT organizmi atarebs
garemosa da aRzrdis raime arsebiTi gavlenis gareSe. nativ-
izmis mixedviT, organizmis Tandayolili SesaZleblobani
ganviTarebis procesSi ar ganicdian araviTar Tvisebriv cv-
lilebebs. aRzrda da garemo xels uwyobs mxolod maT ram-
denadme dasrulebuli formiT gamomJRvanebas. rac Seexeba
am gamomJRavnebuli formis niSandobliv Tvisebriv mxareebs,
isini ukve imTaviTve atareben mas.
sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma, vfiqrobT, aRzrdis wminda
meqanisturi gagebaa. amitom, pedagogikaSi nativizmi mxolod

64
memkvidreobiTobis ganmsazRvreli rolis aRiarebamde dai-
yvanebada, Sesabamisad, igi memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli
TvisebebiT bavSvis bunebis gansazRvras pirvel adgilze
ayenebs.
cnobilia, rom yvela organizmi gamravlebisas Tavis ms-
gavs STamomavlobas iZleva. Tavisi msgavsi saxeebis warmoebis
organizmis am unars uwodeben swored, memkvidreobiTobas.
„memkvidreobiToba (memkvidruloba) warmoadgens cocxal
organizmTa Tvisebas, SeinarCunos da gadasces Semdeg Tao-
bebs winaprebisagan miRebuli niSan_Tvisebebi da ganviTa-
rebis Taviseburebani. memkvidreobiToba ganpirobebulia
ujredis materialuri struqturebis mier memkvidruli in-
formaciis gadacemiT Taobidan TaobaSi.
memkvidruloba unda ganvasxvavoT memkvidreobisagan, rac
warmoadgens memkvidruli informaciis gadacemas Taobidan
Taobaze. memkvidruli informaciis realizacia ontogenezi-
sis sxvadasxva stadiaze mimdinareobs gansazRvrul saarsebo
pirobebSi. amitom organizmis ganviTareba damokidebulia
ori faqtoris _ genotipisa da garemos moqmedebaze“ [qar-
Tuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 6, gv. 565].
maSasadame, yovel memkvidrul Tvisebas bavSvi genis sa-
SualebiT iRebs. geni berZnuli sityvaa da dabadebas, gaCe-
nas niSnavs. genetika memkvidreobiTobas gansazRvravs, ro-
gorc cocxali organizmis Tvisebas, romliTac igi Tavisi
cxovrebisaTvis da ganviTarebisaTvis garkveul pirobebs da
am pirobebze garkveul reagirebas moiTxovs. memkvidreobi-
Toba organizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi yalib-
deba.
genetika (Zv.berZn. γενητως —- vinmesgan warmoSoba, warmoqmna) –
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis memkvidreobiTobas, anu winaprebis
unars gadascen Tavisi niSan-Tvisebebi da ganviTarebis Tavisebure-
bebi momvdevno Taobas. am samecniero disciplinis saxelwodeba
xmarebaSi Semoitana ingliselma naturalistma uiliam betsonma
1905 wels.

65
 XX saukunemde pedagogika, cxadia, Sors iyo memkvidre-
obiTobis aseTi swori gagebisagan da eyrdnoboda memkvi-
dreobiTobis calmxriv Teorias. am safuZvelze ki adamia-
nis ganviTareba, misi azrovnebis Camoyalibeba mxolod mem-
kvidreobiTi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. am Teoriis
warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, aRzrda uZluria, radgan mas
ar SeuZlia Secvalos an gadaagvaros bavSvSi memkvidreobiT
gadmocemuli Tvisebebi. aRzrdas ar SeuZlia Secvalos ada-
mianis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. aseve arafers ambobs da
TiTqmis sruliad ugulebelyofs es Teoria garemos rol-
sac.
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi memkvidreobisaTvis
gadamwyveti rolis mikuTvneba kidev ufro Zlier formebSi
iqna warmodgenili XІX saukuneSi germaneli mecnierebis _
fric miulerisa da e. hekelis mier Camoyalibebuli bioge-
netikuri kanonis safuZvelze. es kanoni asabuTebs, rom or-
ganizmis ganviTarebis istoria iyofa or monaTesave, erT-
maneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul Stod _ ontogeniad, anu
individis ganviTarebis istoriad da filogeniad, anu organ-
uli jgufis ganviTarebis istoriad. ontogenia warmoadgens
mokle da swraf gameorebas /rekapitulacias/ filogeniisas,
romelic ganpirobeulia memkvidreobis fiziologiuri fun-
qciebiT da SeguebiT.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi moxda cda am kanonis pedagogikasa
da fsiqologiaSi gadatanisa da es gadatana ganxorciel-
da kidevac biogenetikuri kanonis damaxinjebiT. Tumca,es
kanoni TviTonve moicavda ukiduresi xasiaTis Secdomebs.
biogenetikuri kanonis pedagogikaSi gadatana gaxda reaqci-
uli Sexedulebis safuZveli, romlis mixedviTac, fsiqikis
ganviTareba fatalisturadaa ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT
gadmocemuli gansakuTrebuli unariTa da TvisebiT, ise rom,
sruliad uaryofilia fsiqikis ganviTarebaze sazogadoe-
brivi garemos gansazRvruli gavlena. aqedan pedagogikaSi

66
savsebiT umarTebulod gamotanilia daskvna: Tu ontogenia
warmoadgens mokle da swraf gameorebas filogeniisas, ma-
Sin aRzrda da swavleba, cxadia, iZulebulia morCilad mi-
hyves ganviTarebis am stadiebis cvalebadobas da Seeguos
maT. faqtia, rom aseTi formulirebis dros, sruliad zed-
metia laparaki aRzrdisa da garemos wamyvan rolze.
aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli, Cveni azriT, pesimisturi da
reaqciuli Teoriebi gaxda, erTi mxriv, safuZveli pedagogi-
kis mecnierebis uaryofisa. pedagogikis nacvlad XIX sauku-
nis miwurulSi pedagogikis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebad
Seiqmna mecniereba _ pedologia.
pedologiis Camoyalibebis safuZvlebi ukavSirdeba
amerikeli stenli holis (1846_1924 w.w.) saxels, romelic
pirovnebis ganviTarebis biogenetikur Tvalsazriss izi-
arebda. holis mier SemuSavebuli rekapitualiciis Teo-
ria efuZneboda e.hekelis mier formulirebul biogeneti-
kur kanons. holi iyo amerikaSi asakobrivi da pedagogiuri
fsiqologiis fuZemdebeli.
termini pedologia berZnuli sityvebidan _ pais, paidos –
bavSvi da logos momdinareobs da niSnavs moZRvrebas bavSvis
Sesaxeb. es termini holis mowafem, o. kristiansenma SemoiRo.
pedologiur moZraobaSi gaerTianebulni iyvenen biologebi,
pedagogebi, pediatrebi, sociologebi, fsiqologebi, anTro-
pologebi. igi bevr qveyanaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. pedologiis
evropeli warmomadgeneli edvard klaparedi iyo. igi pedo-
logias or nawilad _ Teoriul da gamoyenebiT nawilebad
hyofda. Teoriuli pedologia Seiswavlida ontogenezis
fundamentur kanonzomierebebs, xolo gamoyenebiTi pedo-
logia _ saswavlo_aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebis damuSvebisa
da danergvis, fsiqikuri ganviTarebis donis garkvevas.
SemdgomSi, XІX saukunis miwuruldan da XX saukunis 50_
ian wlebamde pedologiis warmomadgeneli bevri TvalsaCino
moRvawe iyo, maT Soris _ amerikeli jeims bolduini (1861_1934

67
w.w.), frangi alfred bine (1857_1911w.w), germanelebi ernst
moimani (1862_1915 w.w.) da karl grosi (1861_1946 w.w.), magram
isini biogenetikur xazTan erTad, aRzrdasa da garemosac
seriozul rols aniWebdnen da, Sesabamisad, Cveni naSromis am
qveTavebSi, kerZod, aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebis
warmomadgenlebSi, maTi ganxilva, cxadia, mizanSewonili ar
iqneba.
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, pedologia bevr qveyanaSi gavr-
celda. maT Soris _ sabWoTa kavSirSic da, maSasadame, saqa-
rTveloSic. pedologia anketebisa da testebis meTodebiT
awarmoebda moswavleTa da maTi mSoblebis kvlevas da miznad
isaxavda daesabuTebina, rom swavlaSi mowafeTa warumate-
bloba, maTi qcevis calkeuli defeqtebi ganpirobebulia
memkvidrebiTi da socialuri faqtorebiT.
pedologebs mindobili hqondaT skolis xelmZRvanelo-
bisa da moswavleTa aRzrdis umniSvnelovanesi funqciebi,
dakisrebuli hqondaT klasebis dakomleqteba, saskolo re-
Jimis organizacia, moswavleTa warumateblobis mizezebis
gamorkveva, profesiis gansazRvra maTTvis, vinc skolas
amTavrebs da sxva. faqtobrivad, mTeli saswavlo procesis
warmarTva „skolisa da pedagogis pedologizaciis Tvalsaz-
risiT“. pedologebi usvamdnen bavSvebs SekiTxvebs ise, rom
ar iTvaliswinebdnen maTi codnis dones, garemos, romelSic
isini izrdebodnen, maTs praqtikul gamocdilebas da am
standartul, kazuistikur SekiTxvebze miRebuli pasuxebis
mixedviT, xuTiode wuTis ganmavlobaSi gamohqondaT daskvna
bavSvebis niWierebisa da uniWobis Sesaxeb.
pedologiis Teoria da praqtika sabWoTa kavSirSi dagmes
centraluri komitetis 1936 wlis 4 ivlisis dadgenilebiT
„gansaxkomis sistemaSi pedologiur damaxinjebaTa Sesaxeb“.
am dadgenilebiT crumecnierebad iqna gamocxadebuli pedo-
logia da misi kanonebi. aRdgenil iqna pedagogika da peda-
gogebi, likvidirebuli iqna pedologTa rgoli skolebSi da
aRikveTa pedologiuri saxelmZRvaneloebi.
68
 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom pedologebi, miuxedavad maTi
radikalizmisa, iyvnen pirveli mecnierebi, romlebic See-
cadnen mecnierebis poziciidan ganexilaT genetikis roli
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, da, rom ara genetikisadmi
gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba da zogierTi maTganis
mier aRzrdis rolis savsebiT ugulebelyofa, es mecniereba
namdvilad imsaxurebda seriozul yuradRebas.
saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pedologiis mec-
nierebis warmomadgeneli iyo dimitri uznaZe. man 1939 wels
gamosca wigni „pedologia“. igi seriozul yuradRebas uT-
mobda genetikis sakiTxebs, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom d.
uznaZe aRzrdasa da garemosac mniSvnelovan rols akis-
rebda. igi swored aRzrdas, „saTanado zemoqmedebaTa orga-
nizacias“, aniWebda gadamwyvet rols bavSvis Sinagani mona-
cemebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tandayolili ideebiTa da memkvidreobiT adamianTa be-
dis ganpirobebas mkacri protesti filosofiaSi unda mieRo
da man miiRo kidevac igi materialistur filosofiaSi. am
mxriv CvenTvis upirvelesad aRsaniSnavi da sainteresoa in-
gliseli filosofosi da pedagogi jon loki. igi pirovnebis
formirebis faqtorebis gadawyvetis empiristuli Teoriis
fuZemdebelia. empiria _ empeiria _ laTinuri sityvaa da cdas
niSnavs. lokis materialisturi Semecnebis Teoria, Tumca
araTanmimdevruli, magram bunebrivi uaryofaa Tandayoli-
li ideebis filosofiisa [ix. j. loki, Tavi V avt.]. misTvis
pirovnebis formirebaSi gadamwyveti roli adamianis gamoc-
dilebas, gare samyaros aRqmas eniWeba. lokisTvis araviTari
Tandayolili idea ar arsebobs da ararsebuli arc SeiZleba
iyos raime codnis wyaro. adamianis codnis wyaros, lokis
mixedviT, warmoadgens obieqturi samyaros zemoqmedeba ada-
mianis grZnobaTa organoebze. loki icavs adamianuri codnis
cdiseul, grZnobad xasiaTs. igi bavSvis suls sufTa dafas
adarebs da Semecnebis TeoriaSi materialisturi sensualiz-

69
mis warmomadgenlad gvevlineba. aRzrdis rolis uarmyofe-
li Teoriebis kritikis dros, misive filosofiidan gamomdi-
nare, loki TviT aviTarebs ukiduresad calmxriv Teorias.
Tavisi „sufTa dafis“ empiristuli TeoriiT, loki aRzrdis
yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebamdis da memkvidreobis rolis,
rogorc pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi garkveuli faq-
toris, TiTqmis srul ugulebelyofamde midis.
lokis mixedviT, bavSvebs dabadebidan ar dahyvebaT ara-
viTari idea an raRac gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobiTi Ta-
viseburebani, romliTac isini erTmaneTisagan principulad
gansxvavdebodnen. misi azriT, yvela axaldabadebuli bavSvi
aRWurvilia iseTnairi SesaZleblobebiT da monacemebiT,
romlebic savsebiT sakmarisia maTi pirovnebis srulfaso-
vnad CamoyalibebisaTvis. bavSvis sufTa goneba TandaTano-
biT ivseba „warwerebiT“, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor moqmdebs
masze obieqturi sinamdvile. aq bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva:
Tuki obieqturi sinamdvilis, sagnebis zemoqmedeba gansaz-
Rvravs bavSvis gonebis „warwerebiT“ Sevsebas, e.i. mis mier
codnis SeZenas, an ufro farTod rom vTqvaT, misi pirovnebis
formirebas, maSin raRa SuaSia aRzrda? saidan gamogvyavs, rom
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi loki aRzrdas yovlisSem-
Zle kategoriad Tvlida? marTalia, lokis mixedviT bavSvis
grZnobaTa organoebze sinamdvilis zemoqmedebiT ivseba misi
sufTa goneba, magram am zemoqmedebis regulatorad, zemoq-
medebis odenobisa da xasiaTis warmmarTvelad igi aRzrdas
Tvlis. aRzrdazea damokidebuli ra farglebSi, ra zomiT
da rogori TaviseburebebiT imoqmedebs obieqturi sinamd-
vile bavSvis sulze. aRzrda gansazRvravs axaldabadebuli
bavSvis Camoyalibebas. „cxra meaTedi im adamianebisa,“ wers
loki, „romlebsac Cven vxvdebiT, rom warmoadgenen iseTebs,
rogoric isini arian-keTilebi an borotebi, sasargebloni
an usargebloni-maTi aRzrdis Sedegia. swored igi qmnis did
sxvaobebs adamianTa Soris.“ [джон лок, мысли о воспитании,

70
педагогические сочинея, 1939 gv.72] esaa swored lokis calmx-
rivoba. man aRzrda yovlisSemZled gamoacxada.

`cudad aRzrdil kacSi simamace gadadis uxeSobaSi,

swavluloba-pedantizmSi, sityvamaxviloba-gauTlelobaSi,
gulTbiloba-mliqvnelobaSi~.
/j. loki/

mainc sainteresoa, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod lokisaTvis

memkvidreoba da aqvs Tu ara mas raime mniSvneloba adamianis
pirovnebis formirebaSi. loki arasdros misula memkvidre-
obis rolis srul uaryofamde. piriqiT, adamianTa Camoyali-
beba, maT mier codnis, unarisa da Cvevebis SeZena SeuZlebeli
iqneboda maTSi dabadebiTve arsebuli niWierebis, memkvidre-
obiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebis, maTi gansakuTrebuli kon-
stituciis gareSe. memkvidreobiT gadmocemul TvisebebSia
swored SesaZlebloba adamianis mier yvelafris aTvisebisa.
„Cven vibadebiT iseTi niWierebiTa da ZalebiT, romlebSic
mocemulia TiTqmis yvelafris aTvisebis SesaZlebloba da
romlebsac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT wagviyvanon imaze
Sors, risi wamodgenac Cven TviTon SegviZlia: magram am
Zalebis varjiSs SeuZlia mxolod mogvces Cven unari da
daxelovneba raimeSi da wagviyvanon srulyofisaken, Sors.“
[джон лок, мысли о воспитании, педагогические сочинея, 1939
gv.131]
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rogorc zogierTi avtori fiqrobs,
rom lokis empiristuli Teoria pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi ar ayenebs aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobas? odna-
vadac ara. lokis mixedviT, adamianTa Soris arsebuli gan-
sxvaveba mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia. adamianebi
TavianTi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT imdenad ar gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom aRzrdam ar uzrunvelyos
maTi gaTanabreba. am mxriv, maTSi TiTqmis Tanabari SesaZle-
blobania. memkvidreobiToba, rogorc adamianis srulyofis

71
aucilebeli safuZvelTagani, adamianebSi ar warmoadgens
iseT gansxvavebul gansakuTrebulobas, romlis winaSe qeds
ixrides aRzrda.

„ganaTleba qmnis gansxvavebas adamianTa Soris“.

/j. loki/

daaxloebiT aseve SeiZleba iTqvas garemos rolis Sesaxe-

bac bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. loki sak-
maod did rols akuTvnebs garemos, gansakuTrebiT, organi-
zebul sazogadoebriv garemos. Tumca, mis mier garemosadmi
yuradRebis gamaxvileba odnavadac ver uaryofs debulebas,
rom loki aRzrdas yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis. marTa-
lia, igi asabuTebs garemos did rols pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi, magram aRzrdasTan SedarebiT igi imdenad daqvem-
debarebulia, ramdenadac mis gavlenas adamianze TiTqmis
mTlianad warmarTavs da sZlevs aRzrda. saboloo jamSi,
aRzrda gansazRvravs misi moqmedebis TiTqmis yvela Sedegs.
amas Tu davumatebT imasac, rom loki, rogorc filosofosi,
Zalian xSirad garemos qveS TviT aRzrdasac gulisxmobs,
maSin gasagebi xdeba pirovnebis formirebis procesSi misi
aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoria.
amgvarad, TiTqmis Tanabrad scdebian is avtorebi,
romelTa mixedviT loki araviTar mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs
memkvidreobasa da garemos da amitom sruliad gverds uvlian
am mxriv lokis Sexedulebis mimoxilvas da mxolod aRzrdis
rolze laparakoben. aseve, is avtorebic, romlebic aRzr-
dis gverdiT xazgasmiT asabuTeben lokis mier pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi memkvidreobisaTvis garkveuli rolis
mikuTvnebas da ar acxadeben mas aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis
Teoriis warmomadgenlad. es ukanasknelni amis aRiarebis
safuZvlad iReben, albaT, lokis zogierT iseT gamoTqmas,
romliTac igi scnobs adamianTa memkvidrul gansakuTrebu-
lobas im zomiT, rom adamianis es gansakuTrebuloba gamo-

72
hyavs, erTi mxriv, misi warmatebis sawindrad. loks marTlac
aqvs amgvari gamoTqmebi, magram es calkeuli gamoTqmebi ar
SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad mTeli misi moZRvrebis xasi-
aTis axnas. es moZRvreba ki mTlianad dabejiTebiT lapara-
kobs aRzrdis ganuzomlad did SesaZleblobebze. lokis
Sexedulebani xom iyo, erTi mxriv, im idealisturi Teoriis
amosavali, romelic aRzrdas aramc Tu pirovnebis, aramed
TviT sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis Secvlis upirveles da
umTavres faqtorad acxadebda. rac Seexeba mis zogierT
SemTxveviT gamoTqmas memkvidruli TvisebebisaTvis sakmao
rolis miniWebis Sesaxeb, igi araa tipuri lokis moZRvrebi-
saTvis da SeiZleba lokis pedagogiuri moZRvrebis zogi-
erTi aspeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli winaaRmdegobiT aixsnas,
rac misi araTanmimdevruli materialisturi filosofiis
Sedegia.
nativizmi da empirizmi erTmaneTTan sruliad sawinaaR-
mdego or, ukiduresad calmxriv debulebas aviTarebs.
erTi yvelafers adamianis Sinagan faqtorebs, xolo meore
yvelafers garegan faqtorebs, aRzrdasa da garemos akuT-
vnebs. cxadia, orive Teoria, ukiduresad calmxrivi da
mcdaria. Sesabamisad, maT nacvlad germaneli fsiqologis,
viliam Sternis (1871_1938 w.w.) mier pedagogikasa da fsiqo-
logiaSi konvergenciis Teoria iqna wamoyenebuli. konvergen-
cia laTinuri sityvaa (convergere) da qarTulad miaxloebas,
Sexvedras niSnavs. empiristuli da nativisturi Teoriebis
Secdomebis daZlevis cda, orives gamaerTianebeli sinTe-
turi Teoriis Seqmnisa, pirvelad biologiur mecnierebaSi
ganxorcielda da adamianis ganviTarebis, misi pirovnebis
formirebis asaxsnelad gamaxvilebuli iqna yuradReba ro-
gorc Sinagan, memkvidreobiT gadmocemul faqtorebze, ise
garegan faqtorebzec. esaa swored konvergenciis ZiriTadi
dedaazric.

73
 konvergenciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvis pirovnebis Cam-
oyalibebas gansazRvravs rogorc Sinagani, ise garegani faq-
torebic Sinaganis gareganTan SeTanxmebis gziT. es Teoria
cdilobs Searigos nativisturi da empiristuli Teoriebi.
amis mixedviT, ganviTareba Sinagan monacemTa garemosTan
konvergenciaSi mdgomareobs. v. Sterni aRniSnavs, rom ada-
mianis sulieri formireba warmoadgens ar mxolod Tandayo-
lil TvisebaTa gamovlenasan gareSe zemoqmedebaTa ubralod
miRebas, aramed Sinagan midrekilebaTa ganviTarebis gareSe
pirobebTan konvergencias, SeTanxmebas. Tanac, aRniSnuli
konvergencia dasturdeba ara mxolod mTeli organizmis
mimarT, aramed misi calkeuli funqciebis mimarTac. adamia-
nis arc erTi Tviseba ar momdinareobs misi mxolod Sinagani
monacemebidan an mxolod garemo pirobebidan, aramed yvela
misi funqcia da Tviseba Sedegia garegani da Sinagani faq-
torebis gaerTianebis, anu konvergenciisa.
memkvidruli Tvisebebi ver ganviTardeba garemos
moTxovnebTan aqtiuri damTxvevis (Sexvedris) gareSe da,
piriqiT, verc aqtiuri garemos zemoqmedebiT ganviTardeba
iseTi memkvidruli Tvisebebi, romelTac ar aqvT ganviTa-
rebis potencia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bevri mozardis
potenciuri niWi ver ganviTarda imis gamo, rom ver Sex-
vda am niWis ganviTarebisaTvis Sesaferis garemo-pirobebs
da piriqiT, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos garemos zemoqmedeba,
igi verafers miaRwevs, Tu mozards potenciaSi, genetikaSi
ar aqvs is niWi, romlis ganviTarebasac cdiloben. cxadia,
am SemTxvevaSi garemos cnebaSi igulisxmeba organizebuli
garemo, anu aRmzrdelebis mier organizaciaqmnili garemo.
maSasdame, aucilebelia orive faqtoris _ Sinaganisa da
gareganis damTxveva.
konvergenciis Teoria, mxolod ubralod, meqanikurad
aerTebs or ukiduresad calmxriv Teorias, aRiarebs, rom
garegani da Sinagani faqtorebi aucilebeli faqtore-

74
bia, magram raSi mdgomareobs maTi kavSiri, rogoria maTi
urTierTzemoqmedebis sfero, romels ra roli ekuTvnis
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, igi pasuxs ver iZleva. Tvi-
Ton Sterni nativisturi da empiristuli Teoriuli SeTanx-
mebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom Tu ori erTimeoris mowinaaRm-
dege Teoriidan TiToeuli eyrdnoba seriozul safuZvels,
maSin WeSmariteba orives SeerTebaSi unda mdgomareobdes.
konvergencia, erTi SexedviT, swor Tvalsazrisze dgas, ma-
gram sinamdvileSi, rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod ekleqtikurad
aerTianebs nativistur da empiristul Teoriebs.
am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, aqve unda aRiniSnos qarTveli
fsiqologis, dimitri uznaZis pozicia, romelic avtors
gadmocemuli aqvs naSromSi „pedologia“ da romelsac
„koincindenciis Teoria“ hqvia. es Teoria uznaZem v. Ster-
nis Teoriis sapirispirod wamoayena. d. uznaZis azriT, ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli, Sinagani da garegani movlena ver Se-
qmnis iseT harmoniul kavSirs, romelic ganviTarebas gamoi-
wvevs. individis yovelgvar maxasiaTebels aucileblad See-
sabameba garemoSi arsebuli Sesabamisi movlena, mag., Tvalis
struqturis Sinagani funqciis daxasiaTeba SeuZlebelia
sinaTlis (garegani) fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebis gareSe, ma-
Sasadame, Tvalis Sinagani struqtura da funqcia pirdapir
miuTiTebs im garegan garemoebebze, romelTa gareSe misi
ganviTareba warmoudgenelia. aqedan gamomdinare, „Sinaganis
cneba ukve Seicavs Tavis SinaarsSi imas, rasac gareganad Tv-
lian da, piriqiT, gareganisa imas, rasac Sinaganad Tvlian.
es imas niSnavs, rom am cnebaTa Sinaarsis urTierTisagan
gamoTiSva sruliad mouxerxebelia da, maSasadame, Cven wi-
naSe Sinaganisa da gareganis, Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis
cnebaTa koincindenciis erTianobis faqti dgas“.
Tu Sinagansa da garegans Soris aseTi erTianobaa, maSin
savsebiT naTelia, rom Sinaganis ganviTarebas xeli unda
Seuwyos aRzrdam, anu gareganis imgvarma organizaciam,

75
romlis saSualebiTac SeirCeva Sinaganze saTanado gare-
gani zemoqmedeba. Sesabamisad, es zemoqmedeba adamianis so-
cialuri wris mier modificirebul garemoSi mimdinareobs.
aseT garemos d. uznaZe „asakobriv garemos“ uwodebs. e.i.
asakobrivi garemo, socialurad organizebuli garemoa da,
rogorc viciT, aRzrdis procesis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxa-
siaTebelia. amgvari garemo garkveuli asakobrivi jgufis
Sesatyvisi fsiqofizikuri Zalebis Sesabamisi unda iyos. d.
uznaZis azriT, erTi mxriv, bavSvis ZalTa ganviTareba masze
moqmed asakobriv garemozea damokidebuli, xolo, meore
mxriv, piriqiT, TviTon asakobrivi garemos Sinaarsi bavSvis
ZalTa ganviTarebis doniT ganisazRvreba.
rogorc vxedavT, d. uznaZe pirovnebis ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvidreobiTobis ganxilvisas,
samive faqtors udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
aRzrdis rolis sakiTxma Taviseburi gadawyveta miiRo
XVIII sakuneSi frangi materialistebis moZRvrebaSi. XVIII
saukunis frangulma filosofiam, am mxriv, didi nabiji ga-
dadga win imiT, rom mecnierulad daayena problema adamianisa
da garemos damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, romlis garkveviTac
SeiZleba mxolod pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi aRzrdis rolis
sakiTxis mecnierulad gadaWra. garemos rolis amgvari xe-
dviT, es Teoria manamde arsebul yvela moZRvrebaze maRla
dadga. aqedan, bunebrivia, rom aRzrdasTan erTad, am moZ-
Rvrebam gaamaxvila yuradReba, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadaWarbe-
buladac ki, garemos rolis sakiTxze. aq SedarebiT gamon-
akliss helveciusi warmoadgens, romelic aRzrdas yovlis-
SemZle kategoriad Tvlis, magram Cven visaubrebT mTlianad
franguli materializmis, rogorc mimdinareobis Sesaxeb. am
mimdinareobis irgvliv saerTo, zogadi daskvnebis gakeTeba,
cxadia, SeiZleba.
frangul materialistur moZRvrebaSi mocemulia aRzr-
dis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebis kritika, riTac igi gansa-

76
kuTrebiT zrdis Tavis damsaxurebas progresuli kacobrio-
bis istoriisadmi. frangebi aRzrdas, pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi, udides rols akuTvneben. maTi moZRvrebis mixed-
viT, normaluri adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi Tavisebure-
bebiT da niWierebiT erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian im
zomiT, rom erTi gankuTvnili iyos gonebrivi muSaobisaT-
vis, batonobisaTvis, xolo meore _ fizikuri muSaobisaT-
vis, monobisaTvis. adamianTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba maT
aRzrdisa da garemos rols miaweres, gamoacxades ra aRz-
rda, erTi mxriv, yovlisSemZle kategoriad. helveciusi amt-
kicebs, rom adamianebi erTnairi unariT ibadebian da Semdgom
maT Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da uTanasworoba mxolod da
mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia, aRzrdas SeuZlia yvelaferi. aqve
unda SevniSnoT, rom aRzrdaSi helveciusi gulisxmobs ara
mxolod mSoblebisa da maswavlebelis moRvaweobas, aramed
sazogadoebriv_politikur wyobasac. mTavari damrigebeli
bavSvisa, helevciusis mixedviT, aris mmarTvelobis forma,
maswavlebelebi da moswavleebi erTnairad emorCilebian am
aRmzrdels.

`cudad naswavli ufro daSorebulia sibrZnisgan,

vidre-sruliad uswavleli.~
/Jan Jak ruso/

helveciusis es gadaWarbeba Seaswora Semdgom deni di-

drom, romelmac xazi gausva aRzrdis rolis sazRvrebis
Semofargvlas da im droisaTvis ramdenime swori azri ga-
naviTara: „Tqven amtkicebT, mimarTavs is helveciuss, rom
aRzrdas SeuZlia yvelafris gakeTeba, umjobesia vTqvaT,
rom aRzrdis saSualebiT Zalian bevris miRweva SeiZleba“.
miuxedavad progresuli Teorisaa, frangi materialiste-
bi gamouval wreSi moeqcnen da Tavi veRar gaarTves aRzrdi-
sa da garemos rols, maTi urTierTobis sakiTxs. gamodian ra
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi aRzrdis rolis gadam-

77
wyveti mniSvnelobidan, isini askvnian, rom aRzrdis meSveo-
biT SesaZlebelia adamianTa Sexedulebebis Secvla, keTili
garemos Seqmna da aseTi mSvidobiani gziT sazogadoebrivi
wyobilebis gadakeTebac. Tumca, meore mxriv, isini asab-
uTeben, rom adamiani garemos produqtia. aqedan bunebrivia
daskvna, rom adamianTa SecvlisaTvis, wesieri aRzrda_gana-
Tlebis SemoRebisaTvis, aucilebelia garemos Secvla. ma-
Sasadame, erTi mxriv, aRzrda gvevlineba garemos Secvlis
mTavar Zalad da, meore mxriv, garemos Secvlaa aucilebeli
piroba aRzrdisa da adamianis Secvlisa. aqve unda iqnes xa-
zgasmuli, rom frangi materialistebi adamianis bunebriv
Taviseburebebs, memkvidreobiT gadmocemul Tvisebebs, ara-
viTar rols ar akuTvneben da am mxriv adamianebs Tanaswo-
rad acxadeben.
pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,
aucilebelia SevCerdeT aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebze,
vinaidan swored maT moumzades safuZveli klasikur peda-
gogikas, swored am epoqis TvalsaCino moRvaweebma daam-
kvidres humanizmis ideebi filosofiaSi da, Sesabamisad,
pedagogikur azrovnebaSi. renesansis klasikur samSoblod
XІV_XVІ saukuneebis centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa iT-
vleba (Tumca dRes mecnierebaSi bevrs saubroben aRmosav-
lur renesanszec, kerZod, qarTul renesansze, romelic XІІ
saukunis dasasruls daiwyo SoTa rusTavelis „vefxistyaos-
niT“, somxur (XІІ_XІІІ ss.), Cinur (VІІІ_XІІІ ss). da sxva qvey-
nebis renesansebze.
termini renesansi (renessance) franguli sityvaa da
aRorZinebas niSnavs. termini mecnierebaSi XVІІІ saukunidan
damkvidrda. rodesac aRorZinebaze saubroben, igulisxmeba
antikuri kulturis, antikuri Rirebulebebis aRorZineba,
romelsac Sua saukeneebis religiur_asketuri msoflmxed-
veloba uaryofda da krZalavda. amavdroulad, am periodSi
evropaSi viTardeba qalaquri kultura, Cndeba kapitalis-

78
turi wyobilebis sawyisebi, xdeba mecnieruli aRmoCenebi.
es procesebi, bunebrivia, iwvevs axali ideebis, axali mso-
flmxedvelobis warmoSobas, axali funqcia eniWeba Tavad
adamians. dRis wesrigSi dgeba aqtiuri, TavisTavadi adamia-
nis pirovneba, romlis ideali ukve veRar Tavsdeba feoda-
lur-wodebrivi urTierTobebis, saeklesio_asketuri Sua
saukuneebis moralis CarCoebSi. aman gamowvia Rirebuleba-
Ta gadafaseba. axali ideologiis Semqmnelni TavianT Teo-
riebs saxarebisa da bibliis interpretaciebze amyarebdnen,
romelTa mixedviT, adamiani samyaros centria (SemdgomSi
anTropocentrizmi, berZ., antropos – adamiani), RmerTma igi
yvela qmnilebis meufed da Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna.
maSasadame, adamiani Semoqmedia da igi am qveyanaSive (gansx-
vavebiT asketizmisagan) bednierad unda cxovrobdes, unda
Seimecnebdes da unda qmnides, unda zrunavdes samyaroze.
„am epoqis moazrovneebma _ italielebi _ p. verjer-
io (1350_1444 w.w.), m. vejio (1406_1456 w.w.), e. pikolomini
(1405_1464 w.w.), l. bruni (1369_1444 w.w.); ingliselebi _
T. mori (1478-1535w.w.), r. aSami (1515-1568w.w.); espaneli _
x. vivesa (1492-1540w.w.); frangebi_f.rable (1494-1553w. w.),
m. monteni (1533-1592w.w.); germanelebi _ r. agrikola (1443-
1485w.w.), i. reixlini (1455-1522w.w.); holandieli_erazm ro-
terdameli (1466-1536w.w.), vitorinio de feltre (1378-
1446w.w.) _ zeciuri adamianis moralur ideals daupirispires
miwieri, bunebriv moTxvnilebebze kanonieri uflebis mqone,
„harmoniuli adamianis kulti“ [qarTuli enciklopedia, t.
8, gv. 155]. yovelive es ki araferia, Tu ara humanizmis idea,
romelic sicocxlismoyvarul, xalisian, suliTa da xorciT
Zlier adamians aRiarebs. maSasadame, humanizmi (humanuus _
adamianiseuli, adamianuri, ganaTlebuli) renesansis epoqis
ZiriTadi kulturul-msoflmxedvelobrivi mimarTulebaa,
romelmac Sua saukuneebis mistikurad gagebul adamianis
kults miwieri, amqveyniuri adamianis ideali daupirispira

79
da misTvis zrunva sayovelTao miznad gamoacxada. amasTan,
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom humanistebma TavianT moZRvre-
bas safuZvlad saxareba da biblia daudes, maSasadame, maTi
amqveyniuri adamiani RvTismosavi unda yofiliyo.
„adamianurobisa da kacTmoyvareobis motivebi uZvelesi
droidan iCenda Tavs yvela eris folklorul, mxatvrul_
literaturul masalaSi, eTikur_filosofiur koncefcieb-
Si. humanizmi, rogorc sistemuri mimdinareoba, warmoiSva
renesansis epoqaSi da wamyvan msoflmxedvelobriv da kul-
turul nakadad iqca. farTo azriT, humanizmi istoriulad
cvalebad SexedulebaTa sistemaa, romelic ZiriTad Rireb-
ulebad Tvlis adamianis pirovnebas, aRiarebs mis uflebas
bednierebaze, Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobasa da yovelgvari
unaris gamovlenaze. maTi azriT, adamianis keTildReoba
socialuri interesebis avkargianobis Sefasebis sazomia,
xolo Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, samarTlianobisa da
kacTmoyvareobis principi _ adamianTa Soris urTierTobis
normebia“ [qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 11. gv. 695].
aRorZinebis epoqis es msoflxedva imdroindel aRzrdis
sistemis Teoriul safuZvlad iqca. Sua saukuneobrivi aR-
zrda da swavleba atarebda religiur_dogmatur xasiaTs.
skolebSi gamefebuli iyo sqolastika, usityvo morCile-
ba, avtoritarizmi. srulad ignorirebuli iyo moswavlis
pirovneba. aRorZinebis msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi idea,
rom adamiani samyaros gvirgvini da centria, Semoqmedia da
aqvs Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis ufleba, gadatanili
iqna aRzrdis sistemaSi da moswavle gamocxadda swavla_aR-
zrdis centrad, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom saswavlo_saaRmz-
rdelo procesi unda aigos bavSvis interesebis, misi indi-
vidualuri da asakobrivi Taviseburebebis, misi pirovnebis
pativiscemis safuZvelze (moswavleze centrirebuli swav-
leba).
antikuri aRzrdis harmoniuli pirovnebis miznis Sesabam-
isad, saWiroa bavSvis mravalmxrivi _ fizikuri, gonebrivi,
80
zneobrivi, esTetikuri ganviTareba. bavSvi unda iyos gana-
Tlebis mizani da ara saSualeba. gamomdinare aqedan, human-
istebis mier swavla_aRzrdis procesSi Semotanili iqna is-
eTi ZiriTadi principebi, rogoricaa realuri mecnieruli
codnis swavleba (maTematika, astronomia, bunebismcodneoba
da sxv.), SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis, samyaros Semecnebis una-
ris ganviTareba (m. monteni, f. rable, vetorino de feltre
da sxv.), TvalsaCinoebiT, uSualo dakvirvebiT swavleba, da-
moukidebeli muSaobis, swavlis unaris ganviTareba, TviT-
moqmedebisa da aqtiuri azrovnebis ganviTareba, swavlis
dawyeba mSobliur enaze, Semdgom mezobeli erebis enebis da
bolos, laTinurisa da berZnulis swavleba (m. monteni), es-
Tetikuri grZnobebis ganviTareba xatvis, musikisa da Zerw-
vis saSualebiT da sxv.
gansakuTrebulia humanistebis wvlili zneobrivi aRzr-
dis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi, romlis gareSe, maTi azriT, uaz-
roa nebismieri codna. zneobrivi aRzrdis umTavres saSu-
alebad maT religia da aRzrdis piradi magaliTi miaCndaT.
rogorc vxedavT, humanistebis (renesansis epoqis moaz-
rovneebis) moZRvrebaSi dasmulia aRzrdisa da swavlebis
yvela is ZiriTadi principi, romlebzec agebulia Taname-
drove pedagogika. aRorZinebis pedagogikis ZiriTadi idee-
bi gaxda safuZveli klasikuri pedagogikis ganviTarebisa,
kerZod maTi ideebi aisaxa i.a. komenskis, jon lokis, J .J.
rusos, i.pestalocis, k.uSinskis, i.gogebaSvilis da sxvaTa
SemoqmedebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebis
pedagogikur ideebSi ver vxvdebiT pirovnebis formirebis
faqtorebis _ aRzrda, garemo, memkvidruli Tvisebebi
_ sakiTxis specialur dasmas da maTi rolis sistemur
gadawyvetas, maTi pedagogiuri naazrevi gvaZlevs safuZvels
vifiqroT, rom isini samive faqtors aRiareben da maTgan up-
iratesobas aRzrdas aniWeben. amaze metyvelebs aRzrdisa da
swavlebis procesze maT mier mowodebuli iseTi sakiTxebi,
81
rogoricaa:swavlebis dawyeba mSobliur enaze, Semoqmedeb-
iTi azrovnebis, samyaros Semecnebis unaris ganviTareba,
TvalsaCinoebiT, uSualo dakvirvebiT swavleba, swavlis un-
aris ganviTareba, swavlebis principebi, saswavlo gegemebi,
moswavlis interesebis gaTvaliswineba swavlebaSi da sxva.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, humanistebis es ideebi daedo
safuZvlad klasikuri pedagogikis Camoyalibebas, riTac
renesansis epoqis moazrovneTa wvlili kacobriuli azris
winaSe udidesia. pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis,
garemosa da memkvidreobis rolis sakiTxis gadawyveta kla-
sikosTa naazrevSi mocemulia am saxelmZRvanelos VTavSi
da amjerad aq aRar ganvixilaT. maTi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi samive faqtors seriozuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba da maTi umravlesoba wamyvan rols aR-
zrdas akuTvnebs.
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis, garemosa da
memkvidreobis rolis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT
qarTveli moazrovneebisa da sazogado moRvaweebis,
i.gogebaSvilis, i.WavWavaZis, a.wereTlis, s.mesxis da sxvaTa
Sexedulebebs am TemasTan mimarTebiT.
maTi pozicia, imdroindeli saqarTvelos politikuri md-
gomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ruseTis qveSevrdomoba), fiq-
sirdeboda mxolod sakuTari saxsrebiT daarsebul period-
ul gamocemebSi. imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli mas-
wavleblebi da sazogado moRvaweebi pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi samive faqtors Tanabrad aniWebdnen mniSvnelobas,
an zog SemTxvevaSi, romelime maTganis upiratesobas usvamd-
nen xazs. Cven am TavSi, cxadia, ver ganvixilavT TiToeul
maTgans da vikmarebT mxolod am zogad ganmartebas. aRar
SevCerdebiT cnobili moRvaweebis _ iakob gogebaSvilisa da
ilia WavWavaZis naazrevze aRzrdis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT,
vinaidan es calke ganxilvis Temaa da SemogTavazebT maTi
TanamebrZolis, SesaniSnavi pedagogisa da aRmzrdelis, Ju-

82
rnal „ganaTlebis“ redaqtorisa da gamomcemlis, luarsab
bocvaZis pedagogiur Sexedulebebs. am sakiTxis ganxilvamde,
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mkiTxveli icnobdes l.bocvaZis
mosazrebas zogadad aRzrdis miznis Sesaxeb. aRzrdisa da
misi miznis Sesaxeb luarsab bocvaZe werda: „mizani aRz-
rdisa yovelTvis cvalebadi yofila, sxvadasxva dros igi
sxvadasxva saxiT warmogvidgeba Tvalwin. swavla-aRzrdis
mizani istoriulad yovelTvis ganisazRvreba sazogadoe-
brivi cxovrebis pirobebiT weswyobilebiT, romelic mu-
dam cvalebadi iyo. rogorc ki sazogadoebrivi formebi da
pirobebi Seicvleboda, ise aRzrdis mizanic mas egueboda
da Sesaferisadac icvleboda. aRzrdis miznis cvalebado-
bac cxadi iqneba CvenTvis maSin, Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba
sazogadoebrivi formebis cvalebadobac. yoveli faqti am
dargSi cxadad gviCvenebs, rom cvlileba da evolucia swav-
la-aRzrdis saqmeSi wyvdiadiT moculi iqneba yvelasaTvis,
sanam TviT sazogadoebis cvlilebas ar gamovikvlevT“. [l.
bocvaZe, „socializmi da saxalxo ganaTleba“].
rac Seexeba pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebs, bocvaZe
sastikad ilaSqrebda nativizmis winaaRmdeg pedagogikaSi da
amtkicebda, rom yovlad SeuZlebelia bavSvis ganviTarebis
gansazRvra memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli TvisebebiT. misi
azriT, marTalia, es Tvisebebi garkveul rols TamaSoben
pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi, magram isini ar arian gadamwyvet-
ni am procesSi. igi usafuZvlod Tvlis bavSis niWierebis
gansazRvris cdas. „Znelia ganisazRvros bavSvis niWierebis
zomiereba sazogadod. SeiZleba, rom bavSvis uniWobis mizezi
iyos bavSvis sulieri Zalis gvian gaxsna an sxva SemTxveviTi
mizezebi“. [Jurnali „mwyemsi“, 1893, #12, gv.10].
marTalia bocvaZem uaryo memkvidreobiTi faqtorebis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, magram mTlianad uaryofamde ar
misula, igi mas garkveul rols aniWebs da xSirad asaxelebs
swavlaSi bavSvis CamorCenis an warmatebis meorexarisxovan

83
mizezTa Soris. is ar eTanxmeba empiristul Teorias da
Secdomad Tvlis memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis mniSvnelobis
uaryofas. misTvis „...bavSvi ar Seadgens TABULA RAZA-s,
TeTr qaRalds, rac zogierTebs hgoniaT da romelzedac
SeiZlebodes yvelafris dawera, rac gsurT. aq didi gavlena
aqvs memkvidreobasac“. [Jurnali „ganaTleba“, 1911w, #6, gv.
123].
marTalia, bocvaZe meorexarisxovan mniSvnelobas aniWebs
memkvidreobiT gadmocemul Tvisebebs, magram, misi azriT,
isini aucileblad angariSgasawevni arian. aRmzrdels, wers
bocvaZe, xSirad aqvs saqme marTlac ara marto SeZenil Tvise-
bebTan, aramed memkvidreobiT gadmocemul TvisebebTanac da
amitom bavSvis suli, misi mixedviT, ar warmoadgens „TeTr
qaRalds“, romelsac araviTari kvali ar emCneva.
bocvaZem savsebiT sworad gadaWra pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebis rolis
sakiTxi, mas ar mianiWa am procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-
ba, magram es Tvisebebi gamoacxada aRzrdis xelSemwyob faq-
torebad. misi azriT, memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tvisebebi aR-
zrdisa da garemos zegavleniT Tavisebur formaSivlindeba.
marTalia bocvaZem uaryo TABULA RAZA-s aRzrdis yovlis-
SeZleobis Teoria, magram amiT igi sruliadac ar amcirebs
aRzrdis rols pirovnebis formirebis procesSi. bocvaZe
aRzrdas wamyvan rols aniWebs am procesSi. misi azriT, um-
Tavresad aRzrdazea damokidebuli, Tu ganviTarebis ra
gzas daadgeba bavSvi. marTalia, bavSvSi arsebobs garkveuli
bunebrivi wanamZRvrebi, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvise-
bebi ganviTarebisaTvis, magram isini ar arian srulqmnilad
Camoyalibebulni, aramed mxolod SesaZleblobania, romle-
bic SeiZleba ganviTardnen da Camoyalibdnen (an piriqiT) aR-
zrdis SemweobiT. aRzrdasa da garemoebazea damokidebuli,
Tu ranair mimarTulebas miiReben es memkvidreobiT gadmo-
cemuli Tvisebebi.

84
 bavSisagan, bocvaZis azriT, SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT keTili
an boroti adamiani imis da mixedviT, Tu rogor aRvzrdiT
mas da, amave dros, aRzrdis procesSi ramdenad gaviTval-
iswinebT mis bunebriv, memkvidreobiT gadmocemul Tvisebebs.
rogorc sanTels SegviZlia mivceT esa Tu is forma, iseve aR-
zrdis SemweobiT bavSvisagan SegviZlia gamoviyvanoT ama Tu
im Tvisebis mqone adamiani. „bavSvi Tavisi cxovrebis pirvel
xanebSi, gamxlval sanTels hgavs, rogorc am sanTels Segvi-
Zlia mivceT esa Tu is saxe, forma, ise bavSisaganac SegviZlia
gamoviyvanoT keTili Tu cudi adamiani, imis mixedviT, Tu
ragvari memkvidreobis patronia igi. gonivruli aRzrdiT
bavSvs adamianad gavzrdiT da memkvidreobiT Tandayolils
cud mxaresac SeusustebT“ [l. bocvaZe, Jurnali „ganaTle-
ba“ 1913, #4, gv. 309]. misi azriT, aRzrdam unda SeZlos bavSv-
Si yvela SesaZleblobis keTilSobil grZnobaTa aRmoCena da
xeli Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas. SeiZleba am grZnobaTa erTi
nawilis gamowveva advilad moxerxdes da meorisa _ ufro
Znelad, magram sabolood wesierad dayenebuli aRzrda amas
usaTuod SeZlebs.
rogorc vxedavT, bocvaZe pirovnebis formirebis pro-
cesSi wamyvan rols aniWebs aRzrdas, magram, amave dros, mis
gverdiT, memkvidreobiT gadmocemul TvisebebTan erTad,
asaxelebs garemos rolsa da mniSvnelobasac. misi azriT,
udidesi mniSvneloba adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis aqvs im
garemos, romelSiac uxdeba mas cxovreba. am garemos qveS
bocvaZes esmis adamianis garemomcveli buneba Tavisi mra-
valferovanebiT. bavSvi Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ec-
noba rogorc bunebis, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Ta-
viseburebebs. yovelive es gavlenas axdens masze. amitom,
bocvaZis azriT, bavSvis ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs rogorc garemomcel bunebas, iseve sazogadoebas, wres,
romelSiac cxovrobs igi. marTalia, organizebuli aRzrdis
procesi gansazRvravs bavSvis Camoyalibebas da aRzrdazea

85
damokidebuli, Tu ranairi Tvisebebis mqone adamiani Seiqmne-
ba igi cxovrebaSi, magram organizebuli aRzrdis Sedegi, misi
samarTliani SexedulebiT, bevradaa damokidebuli sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis pirobebze. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis es
pirobebi metad did rols TamaSoben pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi da warmoadgenen am mTliani jaWvis erT-erT mTa-
var rgolTagans.
zemoTqmulidan advili dasanaxia, rom bocvaZe adamianis
ganviTarebisaTvis xazs usvams aRzrdis, garemos da memkvi-
dreobis urTierTkavSirs, magram amaTgan mainc wamyvan rols
aRzrdas aniWebs.
pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxis gansazRvrisas ar SeiZle-
ba ar ganvixiloT karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis Sexed-
ulebani pirovnebis formirebis procesze. rogorc cnobi-
lia, karl marqsi, germaneli filosofosi, gaxldaT social-
isturi ideologiis fuZemdebeli da misi moZRvreba sabWoTa
kavSiris da misi banakis qveynebis ideologiuri safuZveli
iyo 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi. sabWoTa biurokratiuli manqana
da mecniereba mis ideebs yvela sferoSi ganixilavda ro-
gorc erTaderT absolutur WeSmaritebasa da mecnierul
sazoms. cxadia, gansakuTrebuli simZafriT marqsis ideo-
logia aisaxeboda socialur mecnierebebSi da maT Soris,
upirveles yovlisa, pedagogikaSi, vinaidan swored aRzrda
gansazRvravs umeteswilad momavali Taobis ideologiur
momzadebas. CvenTvis, amjerad, marqsistuli Sexedulebebi
sainteresoa, rogorc istoriuli fragmenti kacobriuli
azris ganviTarebis istoriidan aRzrdasTan mimarTebiT,
romelmac, faqtobrivad, gansazRvra sabWoTa moqalaqis
fenomeni, romlisganac postsabWoTa sivrce jerac ver gaTa-
visuflebula.
marqsis mier pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi aRzrdis
rols safuZvlad udevs adamianisa da garemos damokide-
bulebebis sakiTxis miseuli xedva. Cveulebriv, marqsis-
tul filosofiasa da pedagogikaSi nebismieri problemis
86
Camoyalibeba warmoebs manamde arsebuli Teoriebis kriti-
kis safuZvelze. marqsisa da engelsis mixedviT, am sakiTxSi
materialisturi moZRvrebis mTavari Secdoma is iyo, rom
garemosa da adamianis urTierTobis da damokidebulebis
ganxilvisas, isini adamians ganixilavdnen rogorc aRzrdisa
da garemos pasiur produqts da ar cnobdnen adamianis aq-
tiur da revoluciur rols garemosa da Tavisi sakuTari
bunebis gardaqmnis procesSi. winaaRmdeg amisa, marqsis-
tuli pedagogika adamians ixilavs ara rogorc garemos pa-
siur produqts, aramed rogorc aqtiur arsebas, moRvawes,
romelic Sromis procesSi garemosTan mimarTebiT aqtiur
zemoqmedebas axdens masze Tavisive damzadebuli iaraRebiT,
ucvlis mas saxes da am procesSi icvlis sakuTar bunebasac.
adamianTa ganviTareba, maTi pirovnebis Camoyalibeba, yov-
elTvis xdeboda da xdeba adamianTa sazogadoebriv_SromiTi
moRvaweobis pirobebSi. aseTi Sromis procesSi adamiani Seic-
nobs bunebas, mis kanonebs da imsaxurebs mas Tavisi miznebi-
sTvis. marqsi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs am process: „Sroma
aris, uwinares yovlisa, procesi adamiansa da bunebas Soris,
procesi, romelSiac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebiT
mosaSualeobs, awesrigebs da kontrols uwevs nivTierebaTa
cvlas Tavissa da bunebas Soris. bunebis nivTierebas TviT
adamiani upirispirdeba rogorc bunebis Zala, mas moZrao-
baSi mohyavs Tavisi sxeulis bunebrivi Zalebi: mklavebi da
fexebi, Tavi da xeli, raTa bunebis nivTiereba Tavisi saku-
Tari arsebobisaTvis formiT miiTvisos. roca is am moZrao-
bis saSualebiT gareSe bunebaze zemoqmedebas axdens da cv-
lis mas, igi imave dros cvlis Tavis sakuTar bunebasac. igi
aviTarebs sakuTar bunebaSi mTvlemare sxvadasxva unars da
am bunebis ZalTa laR moZraobas, Tavis sakuTar nebas umor-
Cilebs“ [k. marqsi, kapitali, t. I, 1954, gv. 227].
maSasadame, adamiani zemoqmedebs garemoze, bunebaze iara-
Rebis saSualebiT, cvlis mas da, amave dros, icvlis sakuTar
bunebasac. warmoebis iaraRebis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas-
87
Tan erTad icvlebian da viTardebian adamianebic, icvleba
maTi warmoebiTi gamocdileba, maTi Cvevebi da unari, maTi
fsiqologia. amgvarad, ara mxolod garemo moqmedebs ada-
mianze, aramed adamianic axdens zemoqmedebas garemoze da
amiT Tavis Tavzedac. maSasadame, adamianebi ar arian garemos
avtomaturi produqtebi, maTi cxovrebis pirobebis pasiuri
namoqmedarni, aramed adamianebi TavianTi SromiT xels uwy-
oben da qmnian am pirobebs. aseTia adamianis revoluciuri
praqtikis marqsistuli gageba.
marqsi foierbaxis Sesaxeb TezisebSi uTiTebs, rom mate-
rializmis mTavari nakli isaa, rom igi sagans, sinamdviles,
grZnobadi gamcdilebis sferos mxolod ganWvretis formaSi
ixilavs da ara adamianis grZnobadi moqmedebis formaSi, ara
praqtikaSi, subieqturad. igi adamianis moqmedebas ar uc-
qeris rogorc sagnobriv moqmedebas. mesame TezisSi marqsi
pirdapir wers, rom „materialisturi moZRvreba, rom adami-
anebi garemoebisa da aRzrdis produqtebi arian, maSasadame,
Secvlili adamianebi sxvagvari pirobebisa da Secvlili aR-
zrdis produqtebi arian, iviwyebs, rom garemoebas swored
adamianebi cvlian da rom aRmzrdeli TviT unda aRizardos.
yovelTvis didi yuradRebas vaqcevT imas, rom ar gamovides
am momentebis danawevreba. ar SeiZleba laparaki calke gare-
mos adamianze da adamianis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
aseve ar SeiZleba calcalke erTisa da meoris cvlilebebze
laparaki. es procesebi urTierTTanmTxveuli procesebia.
ara danawevrebulad, aramed „garemoebaTa da adamianTa mo-
qmedebis cvlilebebis TanmTxeva SeiZleba mxolod warmov-
idginoT da racionalurad gavigoT rogorc revoluciuri
praqtika“. [k. marqsi da f. engelsi, „saxalxo ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb“, 1948, gv. 76].
es revoluciuri praqtika aris garemosa da adamianis cva-
lebadobis da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi wyaro. aRzrda ki araa
erTaderTi gza xalxis Sesacvlelad da axali wyobilebis

88
Sesaqmenald, aramed revoluciuri praqtika aris saSualeba
garemoebis, TviT adamianis bunebis Secvlisa da axali wyo-
bilebis damyarebisac: „am komunisturi Segnebis masobrivi
warmoSobisaTvis, ise TviT miznis misaRwevad aucilebe-
lia xalxis masobrivi Secvla, rac SesaZlebelia mxolod
praqtikul moZraobaSi, revoluciaSi; amgvarad, revolu-
cia aucilebelia ara marto imisaTvis, rom araviTari sxva
saSualebiT ar SeiZleba gabatonebuli klasis Camogdeba,
aramed imisaTvisac, rom Camomgdeb klass mxolod revolu-
ciaSi SeuZlia CamoiSoros mTeli Zveli sibilwe da SeiZinos
axali sazogadoebis Seqmnis unari“ [k. marqsi da f. engelsi,
„saxalxo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“, 1948, gv. 77].
revoluciuri praqtikiT damyarebul sazogadoebriv
wyobaSi aRzrda wamyvan rols asrulebs pirovnebis Camoya-
libebis procesSi. maszea damokidebuli srulfasovani mo-
qalaqis momzadebis amocana, bavSvis Camoyalibeba. aRzrdas
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis momavlisaTvis,
misi ganviTarebisaTvis. marqsi wers: „rogorc ar unda iyos,
muSaTa klasis ufro Segnebul nawils kargad esmis, rom
misi klasis, maSasadame kacobriobis momavali, damokide-
bulia mozardi Taobis aRzrdaze“ [k. marqsi, „instruqcia
droebiTi centraluri sabWos delegatebs“]. aq ukve naT-
ladaa xazgasmuli ama Tu im sazogadoebriv wyobaSi aRzr-
dis wamyvani roli mTeli sazogadoebis momavlisaTvis da,
maSasadame, cxadia, misi yoveli wevris CamoyalibebisTvisac.
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom aRzrdis xasiaTi TviTaa ganpiro-
bebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobiT, warmoebiTi urTierTo-
biT, romlis wevri pirovnebis formirebasac gansazRvravs,
ZiriTadad, aRzrda. aRzrdis xasiaTis ganmapirobebeli es
sazogadoebrivi wyoba aZlevs mas adamianis ganviTarebisaT-
vis wamyvani Zalis Tvisebebs, rac uzrunvelyofs swored
adamianis pirovnebis Camoyalibebas aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da
mimarTulebis Sesabamisad. „warmoebas, romelsac marTavs

89
mTeli sazogadoeba gegmobrivad da sazogadoebrivi in-
teresiT, miT umetes dasWirdeba yovelmxriv ganviTarebu-
li niWis mqone adamianebi, romelTac eqnebaT unari warmoe-
bis sistemaSi orientirebisa, Sromis danawileba, romelic
ukveSeryeuli manqanis mier erTs glexad aqcevs, meores _
meCeqmed, mesames ki fabrikis muSad da meoTxes birJis spe-
kulantad, srulebiT gaqreba. aRzrda axalgazrdebs miscems
saSualebas, swrafad ecnobodnen warmoebis mTel sistemas,
is miscems maT nebas, morigeobiT gadadiodnen warmoebis
erTi dargidan meoreze sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis an
maTi sakuTari midrekilebebis mixedviT. amgvarad, aRzrda
gaaTavisuflebs maT im calmxrivobisagan, romliskenac am-
Jamad TiToeuls aiZulebs Sromis Tanamedrove danawileba“
[k.marqsi da f. engelsi, „saxalxo gaanTebis Sesaxeb“, 1948,
gv. 129]. am citataSi Cans rogorc sazogadoebis roli, ise
ama Tu im sazogadoebriv formaciaSi aRzrdis wamyvani roli
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi.
aRiarebs ra marqsistuli filosofia aRzrdis wamyvan
rols, igi ar uaryofs amave dros memkvidreobiTobasac. mar-
qsi da engelsi, maTi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar uaryofen,
erTi mxriv, adamianSi arsebul bunebriv Zalebs, sasicocxlo
Zalebs, rom es Zalebi maTSi arseboben midrekilebaTa da ni-
WierebaTa saxiT, rom adamianebi warmoadgenen moRvawe bune-
briv arsebebs. magram es Zalebi, _ weren marqsi da engelsi
_ arseboben adamianebSi Canasaxebisa da unaris, instiqtebis
saxiT. aRzrdas ar SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios adamianTa
bunebriv sxvadasxvaobas, grZnobaTa organoebis Tavisebure-
bas da sxv.

`materialurad gabatonebuli klasi

sulieradac gabatonebulia~.
/k. marqsi/

marqsistuli pedagogikis mixedviT, aRzrdas ar Seu-

Zlia yvelafris gakeTeba. im bavSvisagan, romelic bunebisa-
90
gan araa dajildoebuli kargi smeniT, ar aRizrdeba kargi
musikosi. am Tvisebebs ver miscems aRzrda da maswavlebeli.
yovelgvari cda aseTi bavSvisagan kargi musikosis miRebisa
marcxiT damTavrdeba, magram es sruliadac ar amcirebs aRz-
rdis wamyvan rols. aRzrdis Sedegad aseTi bavSvisagan kargi
Tu ara, rigiTi musikosi mainc gamova, am dros sxva bunebrivi
niWierebani SeiZleba sruliad Cakvdes masSi. aRzrdis Sede-
gad yalibdeba emociebi, Sexedulebebi, msoflmxedveloba,
zneoba, Cvevebi da sxva.
sazogadoebrivi garemo gansazRvravs, magram ar gamor-
icxavs memkvidreobas adamianis formirebaSi. memkvidreoba
moqmedebs adamianis ganviTarebisa da Camoyalibebis pro-
cesze, magram ara ganmsazRvrelad. sazogadoebrivi garemosa
da aRzrdis zegavleniT, memkvidreoba iRebs gamovlinebis
Tavisebur formas. adamiani, marTalia, ibadeba monaceme-
biT da wanamZRvrebiT, magram es ukanaskneli ar aris srul-
qmnili, is ar aris Camoyalibebuli unari, idea, Sexeduleba
an xasiaTi, aramed aris ganviTarebis potenciuri SesaZle-
bloba, wanamZRvrebi mxolod. gamomdinare aqedan, marqsis-
tuli pedagogika bavSvs ar Tvlis „sufTa dafad“, romelze-
dac yvelafris dawera SeiZleba da akritikebs empiristul
Teorias.
amrigad, marqsistuli pedagogika asabuTebs pirovnebis
formirebis porcesSi aRzrdis wamyvan rols ise, rom mis
gverdiT xazs usvams garemos maorganizebel rols da
garkveul mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis memkvidreobiT da
bunebriv Taviseburebebs.

91
 moswavlis asakobrivi Taviseburebani

mozardis ganviTarebis asakobrivi

periodizaciis istoriisaTvis

mozardis asakobrivi Taviseburebebis Seswavlas safuZv-

lad udevs misi ganviTarebis periodizacia, anu mozardis
asakis periodebad dayofa. qarTveli fsiqologis, dimitri
uznaZis (1886 _ 1950 w.w.) azriT, periodizaciis mTavari
mizani mozardis cxovrebis im drois monakveTebis dawese-
baSi mdgomareobs, romelnic, miuxedavad maTi xangrZlivobi-
sa, ganviTarebis mimdinareobis calke erTeulebs, mis calke
safexurebs warmoadgenen.
ganviTarebis periodizaciis safuZvlad sxvadasxva av-
tori sxvadasxva faqtors miiCnevs. zogadad, es faqtorebi
SeiZleba sam jgufad daiyos:
pirveli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, mozardis
ganviTarebas gansazRvravs biologiur momwifebasTan daka-
vSirebuli Tandayolili faqtorebi _ biogenetikuri Tval-
sazrisi;
meore jgufis warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, ganviTarebas
gansazRvravs socialuri faqtorebi, mag., garemo da aRzrda
_ sociogenetikuri Tavlsazrisi;
mesame jgufis warmomadgenlebi ganviTarebas ukavSireben
socialurisa da biologiuris erTiani zemoqmedebis faq-
tors _ interaqciuli Tvalsazrisi.
pirveli jgufis warmomadgenlebisaTvis ganviTarebis
safuZveli garkveul biologiur niSanSia, mag., fizikuri
organizmis zrdis periodebi (Straci), kbilebis amosvlisa
da mocvlis niSani (blonski). meore jgufis warmomadgenel-
TaTvis ganviTarebis safuZveli mxolod socialuri gare-
moa, magram isini naklebad azusteben am socialuri garemos
zemoqmedebis pirobebs. mesame jgufis warmomadgenelTaTvis

92
ganviTarebis safuZvels bavSvisa da garemos damokidebule-
ba warmoadgens (lev vigotski).
d. uznaZis azriT, vigotskis Teoria, TiTqos, ufro mis-
aRebia, magram garemosTan bavSvis damokidebulebis period-
ul Secvlas, garemos Seswavla esaWiroeba. amasTan, garemo
imTaviTve mzamzareuli saxiT aris mocemuli. igi araviTar
angariSs ar uwevs TviTon bavSvs. aseTi garemo ki, d. uznaZis
azriT, SeuZlebelia bavSvis ganviTarebis faqtorad CaiT-
valos.
gansxvavebiT am mecnierebisagan, Tavad d. uznaZe mozar-
dis ganviTarebis periodebad dayofas socialuri garemosa
da biologiuri wanamRvrebis mTlianobas udebs safuZvlad.
sakiTxis ganxilvis procesSi igi iwyebs „asakobrivi garemos“
cnebis dazustebas. cocxali organizmis Sinagani SesaZle-
blobani mxolod Sesatyvisi gare pirobebis niadagze pou-
loben realizacias. bavSvi dabadebisTanave cxovrebas iwyebs
ara fizikur, realurad arsebul garemoSi, aramed adamianis
mier organizebul socialur garemoSi. adamianebi, bunebriv-
ia, garemos organizebas bavSvis asakis Sesabamisad axdenen.
maSasadame, bavSvis organizmze gamRizianeblis saxiT moq-
medebs socialuri wris mier gansazRvruli da saxeSecvlili
fizikuri sinamdvile, romelic xels uwyobs mis ganviTare-
bas.
ganviTarebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori swored bavSvis
bunebrivi asakobrivi monacemebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi so-
cialuri garemos urTierTzemoqmedebis procesia, uzna-
Zis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, bavSvis ganviTareba mxolod
Sinaganisa da gareganis arsebiTi koincidenciis niadagzea
SesaZlebeli. ganviTareba maSinaa SesaZlebelia, Tu garemos
zemoqmedeba mxolod cocxali organizmis Sinagan ZalTa gan-
viTarebis mocemul dones Seesatyviseba.
maSasadame, asakobrivi garemos saTanado asakis Sinagan Ses-
aZleblobaTa done gansazRvravs. „erTi mxriv, bavSvis ZalTa
ganviTareba masze moqmed asakobriv garemozea damokidebu-
93
li, xolo, meore mxriv, piriqiT, TviTon asakobrivi garemos
Sinaarsi bavSvis ZalTa ganviTarebis doniT ganisazRvreba“
[d. uznaZe, bavSvis fsiqologia, 2003, gv. 35_36].
ramdenadac TiToeul asaks garkveuli specifikuri Ta-
viseburebebi axasiaTebs, cxadia, asakobrivi garemoc amdenad
garkveuli da specifikuri unda iyos. gamomdinare aqedan, d.
uznaZe, asakobriv periodizacias, ama Tu im periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli asakobrivi garemos Taviseburebebs udebs
safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, gamohyofs dedis muclis, axalSobi-
lobis, dedis ZuZus, adreuli bavSvobis xanas, skolis winare
periods, pirvel, saSualo da ufros saskolo periods.
Tavdapirvelad, istoriul konteqstSi asakobrivi gare-
mos SemuSavebis procesi, adamianis mier stiqiurad, mecnier-
ulad dasabuTebuli organizaciis gareSe mimdinareobda.

kacobriobis istoriaSi pirveli asakobrivi periodizacia

antikuri periodis didma moazrovnem, aristotelem war-
moadgina: 1) dabadebidan 7 wlamde; 2) 7 wlidan sqesobrivi
momwifebis dawyebamde, 14 wlamde; 3) 14 wlidan 21 wlamde.
aristotele asakobriv ganviTarebas safuZvlad bunebrivi
ganviTarebis princips udebda.
SemdgomSi, mozardis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani peri-
odizacia ekuTvnis Cex pedagogs, pedagogikis mecnierebis
fuZemdebel ian amos komenskis (1592_1670 w.w.). komenskim
mozardis ganviTarebaSi 4 safexuri gamohyo:
1) dabadebidan 6 wlamde _ bavSvoba, dedobrivi skolis
periodi;
2) 6 wlidan 12 wlamde _ yrmoba, mSobliuri enis anu daw-
yebiTi skolis periodi;
3) 12 wlidan 18 wlamde _ siWabuke, yrmoba, laTinuri enis
anu gimnaziis periodi;
4) 18 wlidan 24 wlamde _ mowifuloba, akademiebisa da
mogzaurobis periodi.

94
 komenskim asakobriv ganviTarebas safuZvlad daudo
bunebisSesabamisobis principi, „adamiani aRiara bunebis
movlenad da misi ganviTarebis periodebi dRisa da wlis
periodebis analogiad miiCnia. bavSvoba miemsgavsa dilasa da
gazafxuls, axalgazrdoba _ SuadResa da zafxuls, mowifu-
loba _ saRamosa da Semodgomas, sibere _ Ramesa da zamTars“.
[g. TavziSvili, rCeuli pedagogiuri Txzulebani, 198, t. II].
savsebiT originaluri asakobrivi periodizacia mogvca
frangma ganmanaTlebelma Jan_Jak rusom (1712_1778 w.w.).
man asakobriv periodizacias ganviTarebis Sinagani procesi
(biogenetikuri Teoria) daudo safuZvlad. igi Tvlida, rom
ganviTarebis procesi Sinaganad aris gansazRvruli bunebis
mier. aRzrda unda Seesabamebodes am unarebs. amis mixedviT
zrdis sxvadasxva stadiaze sxvadasxva unari viTardeba. amis
mixedviT, rusom ganviTarebis 4 stadia gamohyo:
1) Cviloba, dabadebidan 2 wlamde _ fizikuri ganviTa-
rebis periodi;
2) bavSvoba, 2 wlidan 12 wlamde _ Sinagan grZnobaTa gan-
viTarebis periodi;
3) gviani bavSvoba, 12 wlidan 15 wlamde _ gonebrivi gan-
viTarebis periodi;
4) mozardoba, 15 wlidan 25 wlamde _ zneobrivi, anu „vne-
bebisa da qariSxlebis“ periodi.
bavSvis gonebrivi ganviTarebis periodi daudo asako-
briv periodizacias safuZvlad germanelma mecnierma, peda-
gogikisa da fsiqologiis mecnierebebis seriozulma mkvl-
evarma iohan herbartma (1776_1841 w.w.). man gamohyo Semdegi
periodebi: 1) dabadebidan 3 wlamde;
2) 4 wlidan 8 wlamde;
3) 8 wlidan 15 wlamde;
4) 15 wlis Semdgom ganviTarebis dasasrulamde.
qarTveli mecnieris, pedagogikis istorikosisa da Teo-
riis mkvlevaris, giorgi TavziSvilis cnobiT, bavSvis gan-

95
viTarebis asakobrivi periodizacia saqarTveloSi pirvelad
sulxan_saba orbelians (1658_1725 w.w.) moucia. sulxan_sabam
mozardis ganviTareba Semdeg periodebad dahyo:
1) Cviloba, dabadebidan 5 wlamde;
2) usuaroba, 5 wlidan 10 wlamde;
3) ninveloba, 10 wlidan 15 wlamde;
4) yrmoba, 15 wlidan 20 wlamde.
zrdasrulTa asakebad sulxan_sabas miaCnia: Wabuki, 20-30
ww., sruli, 30_50 ww., Semdeg moxucebuli, beri, mixrwnili
(mxcovani).
samwuxarod, ar aris cnobili ris safuZvelze axdens sulx-
an-saba periodizacias. g. TavziSvilis azriT, is bavSvis asako-
brivi ganviTarebis periodebs ukavSirebs swavla_ganaTlebis
im safexurebs, romlebic misi drois saqarTveloSi iyo cno-
bili, kerZod, xuT wlamde _ swavlebis wina periodi, xuTidan-
aTamde _ dabali ganaTleba, aTidan-TxuTmetamde _ saSualo
ganaTleba, TxuTmetidan ocamde _ maRali ganaTleba.
XІX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukuneSi bavSvis ganviTa-
rebis asakobrivi periodizaciebi TandaTanobiT seriozul
Teoriul da eqsperimentul safuZvlebs emyareba. am peri-
odizaciebis avtorTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans. TiToeuli
maTgani emyareba Cven mier zemoT warmodgenil TeoriaTagan
romelimes. davasaxelebT ramdenime maTgans: k. haTCinsoni
(biofsiqikuri ganviTareba), arnold gezeli (1880_1961 w.w.),
edvard klaparedi (1873_1940 ww.) (biofsiqikuri ganviTa-
reba), p. blonski (1884_1939 w.w.), vigotski (1896_1934 w.w.)
(bavSvis da garemos damokidebulba) da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, mozardis ganviTarebis asakobrivi pe-
riodizacia sakmaod rTuli da mravalkomponentiani Temaa.
misi warmodgena calmxrivad, mravali faqtoris gaTval-
iswinebis gareSe, SeuZlebelia. Tanamedrove mecniereba,
eqsperimentuli kvlevis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, mudmivad
azustebs da akonkretebs bavSvis ganviTarebis faqtorebis
urTules sakiTxebs.
96
 Cven zemoT ukve ganvixileT qarTveli mecnieris, dimitri
uznaZis savsebiT originaluri Teoria ganviTarebis asako-
brivi periodizaciis Sesaxeb. amjerad SemogTavazebT kidev
erTi qarTveli mecnieris, SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTveloSi
pedagogiuri fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, Salva CxartiSvi-
lis (1914-1980w.w.) mier damuSavebul moswavlis asakobriv da
individualur Taviseburebebs, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom mas
yvelaze farTod aqvs warmodgenili TiToeuli asakisaTvis
pedagogiur-aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZiebani, romlebic xels
uwyoben mozardis normaluri ganviTarebis process.

ganviTarebis asakobrivi fazebi da swavlebis

pedagogiuri safexurebi

es qveTavi motanilia saxelmZRvanelodan -

„pedagogika“, 1969w. Tbilisi.

adamianis cxovrebis mTeli gza SeiZleba davyoT sam Ziri-

Tad periodad. es periodebia mozardoba, mowifuloba da
moxucebuloba. pirveli periodi moicavs cxovrebis wlebs,
romelTa ganmavlobaSi adamiani zrdisa da ganviTarebis
procesebSi imyofeba. mis dasawyisSi axalSobili bavSvi dgas,
xolo boloSi _ sakmaod momwifebuli da Camoyalibebuli
pirovnebaa. mowifuloba daaxloebiT 21 wlidan 50 wlamde
grZeldeba. misi Tavi da bolo ise mkacrad ar gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan, rogorc mozardobisa da moxucebulobis
pirveli da ukanaskneli fazebi.
pedagogikas, mis Teorias da praqtikas, adamianTan saqme
aqvs pirvel rigSi, misi fsiqo-fizikuri ganviTarebisa da
socialuri formirebis procesSi. igi, cdilobs, mecnierul
safuZvelze agebuli saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo SemoqmedebaTa
gziT es procesi daiqvemdebaros da winaswar gansazRvruli
miznis Sesabamisad warmarTos. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

97
dRevandel pirobebSi mozardis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad
swavla-aRzrdas mihyavs.
Cven amJamad mozardis xanis mxolod im monakveTis asako-
brivi Taviseburebani gvainteresebs, romlebic skolis saz-
RvrebSi Tavsdeba.
swavlebis safexurebi mozardis sulieri ganviTarebis
umniSvnelovanes asakobriv asakobriv fazebTan aris Se-
fardebuli, magram isini yvela punqtSi erTmaneTs mainc ar
emTxveva. dawyebiTi skolis zeda sazRvarTan axlos, 11_12
wlebSi, mTavrdeba bavSvobisa da mozrdilobis periodi iw-
yeba. saSualo skolis zeda klasebSi Tavis dasasruls aRw-
evs mozrdilobis xana da mozardi Wabukobis periodSi Sedis.
dawyebiT skolaSi swavlis manZilze modis bavSvobis ori pe-
riodi _ saSualo da ufrosi anu gviani bavSvobis periodebi.
mozrdilobis xana, romelsac gardamaval periodsac uwode-
ben, Tavis mxriv or periodad anu xanad _ winapubertatad da
pubertatad iyofa.

`iseTi sistema, romelic SeuZlebels xdis

pedagogikis ZiriTadi wesis Sesrulebas:
aswavle ise, rom savsebiT gasagebi iyos, _
uaryofs, Zirs uTxris yovelgvar pedagogikas~.
/i. gogebaSvili/

asakobrivi ganviTarebis safexurebi erTmaneTisgan gamoi-

yofa metnaklebi sicxadiT, asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fsiqofizikuri TaviseburebebiT, romelnic, pirvel rigSi,
mozardis garesinamdvilesTan damokidebulebaSi _ qcevaSi
iCens Tavs. amitom mozardis asakobrivi ganviTarebis perio-
debis dadgena qcevaSi SeniSnul mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa
safuZvelze xdeba.mozardi ganviTarebis erTi ZiriTadi peri-
odidan meore ZiriTad periodSi gadasvlas maSin axdens, roca
igi axali _ misTvis aqamde ucxo _ qcevis aqtebis ganviTarebas
iwyebs. ganviTarebis im fazebidan, romlebic saskolo swav-

98
lebis periodze modis, yvelaze mkveTrad mozrdiloba anu
gardamavali xana gamoeyofa wina asaks _ bavSvobas. misi zeda
sazRvari ase cxadi ar aris, mozrdili mokle droSi momxdari
mZafri cvlilebebis gziT ar gadadis WabukobaSi.
ganviTarebis fazebi yvela mozrdilTan erT qronolo-
giur asakSi ar mimdinareobs. amitom qvemoT moyvanili qro-
nologiuri dayofa SemTxvevaTa meti raodenobis niadagzea
nawarmoebi. ris gamoc mas mxolod saorientacio mniSvneloba
SeiZleba mivceT. misgan zeviT an qveviT gadaxras, erTi wlis
farglebSi mainc, xSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT. zogierTi asakis
xangrZlivobaze cxovrebis pirobebi da klimatic mniSvnelo-
van gavlenas axdens. didi qalaqebis mozardebi ufro adre
toveben bavSvobas da gadadian mozrdilobis asakSi. vidre
ganapira raionebis soflis mcxovrebni. am mxriv qalebsa da
vaJebs Sorisac TvalsaCino gansxvavebaa. bavSvobis periodi-
dan gasvlis Semdeg qalebi yovelTvis win uswreben vaJebs:
erTi wliT an wlinaxevriT maTze adre iwyeben da amTavreben
yovel momdevno asaks.
zemoaRniSnul garemoebaTa gamo erTsa da imave saswavlo
klasSi xSirad gvxvdebian mozardebi, romelnic asakobrivi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodSi imyofebian. es garemoeba
yovelTvis unda axsovdes maswavlebels, radgan xSirad yove-
li asaki Tavisebur midgomas moiTxovs.
roca mozardis ama Tu im asakis xasiaTis Sesaxeb vlapara-
kobT, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT misi
fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da volituri Taviseburebani,
romelnic am asakisTvis specifikuri qcevis ragvarobas
gansazRvraven. socialuri ganviTarebac volitur sferoSi
momxdari cvlilebebis saxiT iCens Tavs. radgan mis Sesabam-
isad icvleba qcevis motivebi da miswrafebis sagani: erTic
da meorec sul ufro met saocar Sinaarss Rebulobs.

99
 cxrili I

asakobrivi qronologi- saswavlo klasebi

ganviTarebis fazebi uri asaki

qalebi va- qalebi- vaJebi-

Jebi sTvis sTvis
bavSvobis saSualo 7_9 7-9 I daII I da IIIII ,
bavSvobis 9 _ 11 9-12 III da V IV da V

mozrdilo- momwifebis 11 _ 13 12-14 V da VI VI da VII

bis winare 13 _ 15 14-16 VII da VIII da IX
(winarepu- VIII
bertati)
momwifebis
(pubertati)
Wabukobis 15 _ 20 16-21 IX da X X

aRvniSnavT, rom im periodisaTvis, rodesac S. CxartiSvi-

li am naSroms werda, swavlis dawyebis asaki 6-7 weli iyo da
saSualo skolaSi swavlebis xangrZlivoba 10 wels Seadgenda.
pedagogikis mecnierebaSi miRebulia mozardobis xanis
Semdegi periodizacia : I _ sabavSvo bagis asaki (dabadebidan
3 wlamde); II _ sabavSvo baRis asaki ( 3 wlidan 6 wlamde); III
_ umcrosi saskolo asaki (6 wlidan 10_11 wlamde); IV _ sa-
Sualo saskolo asaki (11 wlidan 14-15 wlamde); V _ ufrosi
saskolo asaki (15 wlidan 17_18 wlamde); da VI _ umaRlesi
skolis asaki (17_18 wlidan 22_23 wlamde).

1. bavSvobis periodi
es is periodia, romelic ZiriTadad moicavs asaks dabade-
bidan 11_12 wlamde. am periodidan saskolo pedagogikisaT-
vis gansakuTrebiT dawyebiTi skolis asakia saintereso. mis
pirvel etapze _ bavSvisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebe-
lia swavlisTvis momwifeba da yvela im unar-Cvevebis im do-

100
nemde ganviTareba, rac aucilebelia Tanamimdevruli swav-
lisa da codna-Cvevebis saTanado moculobiT dauflebisaT-
vis. mecnierebam da xangrZlivma pedagogiurma gamocdilebam
daamtkica, rom 6 wlis asakSi bavSvi ukve mzadaa swavlisaTvis
da aqedan iwyeba saskolo asaki.

„bavSvma Tavdapirvelad Tavis dedaenazed

unda gaixsnas goneba da ucxo enis swavlas
mxolod maSin mihyos xeli, roca Tavis
dedaenazed sakmaod gawvrTnili iqneba“.
/i. WavWavaZe/

gviani bavSvobis periods, romelic Cveulebriv swavlebis

mesame da meoTxe wlebze modis, bednieri bavSvobis periods
uwodeben. am saxelwodebas igi imsaxurebs imis gamo, rom
bavSvi Tavis garemosTan kargad Seguebulia da misi cxovreba
yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe, didi Sinagani harmoniiTa da
xalisiT mimdinareobs. misTvis jer sruliad ucxoa sulieri
tkivilebi da Sinagani konfliqtebi, romlebic zogjer so-
cialur urTierTobaSi wamoWril siZneleebs mosdevs Sede-
gad.
aTi wlis mozardi jer kidev namdvili bavSvia, misi bavS-
voba naTlad Cans rogorc sxeulis agebulebasa da saxis
gamometyvelebaSi, ise sulier ganwyobilebaSi, mosazrebebsa
da miswrafebebSi, sxvebTan tolebTan da ufrosebTan misi
damokidebuleba, misi qcevis Sinaarsi da manerebi mTlianad
bavSvuria. igi ukritikod aRiarebs ufrosebis avtoritets
da maT yvela brZanebasa da gankargulebas samarTlianad Tv-
lis. amitom es asaki saaRmzrdelo muSaobas raime siZneles
ar uqmnis, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi sasacilo ener-
giisa da aqtivobis Seukavebeli moTxovnilebiT Sepirobe-
bul celqobas, romelic Cevulebriv wminda gulubryvilo
xasiaTs atarebs.
miuxedavad amisa, xalisiT savse, tkbili, gulubryvilo
da udardeli bavSvoba Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba da
101
male Sinagani gardaqmnebiT garTulebul, xolo ufro gvian
_ sazogadoebrivi movaleobebis SegnebiTa da pasuxismge-
blobis grZnobiT gamsWvalul cxovrebas uTmobs adgils.
mainc ra fizikuri da sulieri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba
10-11 wlis mozardi? harmoniuloba fizikur ganviTarebaSic
iCens Tavs. sxeulis agebulebaSi daculia sruli simetria:
mTeli organizmi da calke kidurebi erTmaneTTan propor-
ciul mimarTebaSi viTardebian. Tavs iCens didi sasicocxlo
energia, romelic gamoixateba moZraobis, aqtivobis Zlieri
tendenciiT. amitom am asakis bavSvebi yvela saxis aqtivobaSi,
Tu es ukanaskneli maT SesaZleblobebs Seesatyviseba, did
xalissa da kmayofilebas pouloben. isini TamaSSic sixaruls
ganicdian da swavlaSic bednierad grZnoben Tavs. moZraobis
Zlieri tendencia xSirad iqceva gakveTilze celqobisa da
wesrigis msubuqi darRvevis mizezad, rasac maswavleblebi
gansakuTrebuli didi simkacriT ar unda moekidon. bavSvs
gakveTilzedac unda mieces am tendenciiT Seqmnili daZabu-
lobisagan gaTavisuflebis xanmokle SesaZlebloba, raTa man
Semdeg mecadineobaSi gulisyuriT CarTva SeZlos.
10_11 wlis bavSvebi amayoben im didi da jansaRi sasicocx-
lo energiiT, romelsac TavianT TavSi grZnoben. isini
xSirad ejibrebian erTmaneTs sirbilSi, xtomaSi, WidaobaSi.
amave mizezis gamo gansakuTrebiT izidavs maT fizkultu-
ris gakveTilebi da itacebT ambebi sportisa da fizikurad
Zlieri pirebis warmatebaTa Sesaxeb. maTi moZraobebic wina
asakis bavSvis moZraobebTan SedarebiT sakmaod daxvewili da
zustia.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, 10-11 wlis mozardi fiziku-
radac bavSvia. wina asakTan SedarebiT ZvalkunTovani sistema
sakmaod gamagrebulia, magram masSi jer kidev bevria xrti-
lovani qsovilebi. majis gaZvlovanebis procesi ZiriTadad
mxolod 12 wlisTvis mTavrdeba. gul-sisxlZarRvovani siste-
mac ar aris sakmaod ganviTarebuli, ris gamoc SeuZlebelia

102
misi fizikuri ZalisxmeviT gadatvirTva. tvinis masis zrda
da funqciuri ganviTareba isev grZeldeba, gansakuTrebiT
CamorCeba misi Semakavebeli SesaZleblobani.
III _ IVklasis moswavleTa inteleqtualuri SesaZle-
blobanic sakmaod ganviTarebulia, raSic gansakuTrebuli
roli saskolo swavlebas miuZRvis. magram azrovneba jer isev
mainc konkretul-sagnobriv xasiaTs atarebs da azrovnebiT
operaciebs mxolod TvalsaCino masalaze awarmoebs, rasac
angariSi unda gaewios swavlebis procesSi. TvalsaCinoeba
gamoyenebuli unda iqnes yvelgan movlenaTa mniSvnelobisa
da urTierTmimarTebis axsnisa da gagebis saqmeSi. mozardi
mxolod axla iwyebs da maswavleblis daxmarebiT axerxebs
TvalsaCinod warmosadgen movlenaTa zogadi da specifi-
kuri niSnebiT definicias.

`sazogadod bavSvis Cvil da sust gonebas erTsa

da imave dros mxolod erTi siZnelis atana SeuZlian.
Tu mas erTad daawyebineb ors an sams saqmesa,
advilaT SeiZleba mas goneba Cawydes da daumaxinjdes.
amitom pedagogikaSi arsebobs erTi kanoni,
romelic amgvarad gamoixateba: erTbaSad bavSvs
mieces marto erTi siZnele~.
/i.gogebaSvili/

mas umuSavdeba garemosamyarosadmi erTgvari realistu-

ri ganwyobileba, ris gamoc fantaziasa da sinamdviles mkve-
Trad mijnavs erTmaneTisagan da iswrafvis gaecnos xedvisa
da Sexebis formaSi mocemul obieqtur movlenebs. es gare-
moeba qmnis bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisaTvis xelsayrel
fsiqologiur pirobebs. amasTan erTad, ganviTarebas iwyebs
kauzaluri azrovneba, romelic bunebis movlenaTa mizezo-
brivi urTierTobis wvdomis SesaZleblobas iZleva. magram
yvelaferi es mainc Sorsaa namdvili logikuri azrovnebisa-
gan da misi ganviTarebisTvis, rac momdevno asakis funqcias
warmoadgens, mxolod xelsayrel niadags qmnis.

103
 meTerTmete wels ganviTarebas iwyebs kritikuli da-
mokidebuleba rogorc sakuTari Tavisadmi, ise sxva pirebi-
sadmi. magram konkretul-sagnobrivi azrovneba aqac zeda-
pirulad aRqmuli movlenebis SefasebiT kmayofildeba da
mozards SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs xasiaTis ZiriTad Sina-
gan Taviseburebebs miswvdes. am asakis mozardebi TavianT
Tavsac da sxvebsac, pirvel rigSi, fizikuri monacemebis
mixedviT afaseben. vaJebi fizikur Zalas, sxeulis moqni-
lobas, moZraobis siswrafesa da sizustes Tvlian pirvelx-
arisxovan Tvisebad, xolo gogonebi silamazisa da qcevis
manerebis mixedviT msjeloben erTmaneTze. gonebriv mona-
cemebs, romlebic saswavlo warmatebaSi iCens Tavs, jerje-
robiT, meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba eZleva. III _ IV klasSi
maswavlebelTa xasiaTis Sinagani, ZiriTadi Taviseburebanic
miuwvdomeli rCeba. TviT moswavleebsac ZiriTadi sxeulis-
agebulebisa da qcevis garegani monacemebis mixedviT afase-
ben. sportul unarsa da sportisadmi damokidebulebas aqac
gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba eZleva. moswavleebi, ra Tqma
unda, maswavlebelTa Sinagan bunebas, misi xasiaTis sikeTes,
saqmisadmi siyvarulsa da pativiscemas, mis mSobliur siT-
bosa da TanagrZnobasac ganicdian uSualod, magram maT jer
kidev ar SeuZliaT es Tvisebebi calke gamoyon da sagangebo
msjelobis da Sefasebis sagnad aqcion.
fizikuri energiis moWarbeba da jansaRi sicocxlis Seg-
rZneba gviani bavSvobis asakis mozards mxiarul ganwyo-
bilebas uqmnis da xalisians, celqsa da mousvenars xdis. es
garemoeba, im iumoris grZnobasTan erTad, romelic am asakSi
iCens Tavs, xSirad iqceva fizikuri naklis mqone adamian-
ebis rogorc mozardis, ise zrdadasrulebulis, Seubrale-
beli dacinvis safuZvlad. igi xSirad, sxva iseTi, bavSvurad
suleluri, qcevis mizezic xdeba, romelic yovelgvari gan-
zraxvis gareSe did usiamovnebas ayenebs vinmes. aRmzrdelma
aseTi SemTxvevebi unda gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom rogorme

104
mozards sxvisi sulieri mdgomareoba daanaxos da misdami
TanagrZnoba ganuviTaros. am mimarTulebiT, mocemuli Sem-
Txvevis Sesatyvisad mofiqrebuli, Tbili da mgrZnobiare
saubari gacilebiT met efeqts iZleva, vidre sasjelis rome-
lime zoma.
III _ IV klaselebs gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovnileba aqvT
TamaSze, radgan mecadineobis procesSi maTi gaZlierebuli
funqciuri Zalebis mxolod erTi nawili gamoiyeneba. amitom
TamaSi aucilebeli xdeba mozardis srulyofili ganviTa-
rebisTvis. skolam imdeni davaleba unda misces moswavles
saxlSi Sesasruleblad, rom TamaSisTvis saWiro dro darCes.
magram mocemuli davaleba maswavlebelma moswavles yov-
elTvis unda mosTxovos da Seumowmos, raTa igi sistematur
Sromas SeaCvios da keTilsindisieri gaxados.
I _ II moswavleTa yuradRebas TviTon swavlis procesi
da skolis garegani mowyobiloba ipyrobs, maSin roca III _
IV klaselebTan izrdeba interesi skolis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis, moswavleebisa da maswavleblebis, kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo muSaobis, swavlebis organizaciisa da
xarisxis mimarTulebiT. bavSvebi aRweren TavianT damokide-
bulebas amxanagebTan, TavianT sazogadoebriv muSaobas,
biblioTekas, kabinetebs, maswavlebelTan damokidebulebas,
maTTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso gakveTilebs da a.S.
erTi sityviT, III _ IV klasebis moswavleebi ukve Sez-
rdili arian saskolo cxovrebasTan, romelic maT Tavisken
izidavs da did kmayofilebas aniWebs.

2. mozrdilobis asakis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani

mozrdilobis asaks gardamaval asaksac uwodeben, radgan
igi bavSvobis mdgomareobidan mowifulobis mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlis periodad iTvleba. es asaki daaxloebiT 11_12
wlidan iwyeba, 15_16 wlebSi mTavrdeba da saSualo skolis

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V _ VIII klasebs moicavs. 15_16 wlamde mozardi mxolod
sqesobriv momwifebas aswrebs. fizikuri, gonebrivi da so-
cialuri momwifebis procesebi Wabukobis mTel manZilze
grZeldeba da ZiriTadad am asakTan erTad mTavrdeba. ami-
tom saxelwodeba „gardamavali’’ momwifebis mxolod erT
aspeqtze miuTiTebs. sxva aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT, gansa-
kuTrebiT socialuri momwifebis TvalsazrisiT, Wabukobac
gardamavali asakis erT fazad _ damTavrebul fazad _ unda
iqnes miCneuli. pirovnebis fizikuri da sulieri srulyofis
procesi Semdegac grZeldeba, magram arsebiTad igi mainc Wa-
bukobaSi mTavrdeba.
S. biuleri momwifebis periods damTavrebulad Tvlis,
rogorc ki sqesobrivi aparati mova funqcionirebisTvis mza
mdgomareobaSi. es mosazreba SeiZleba sworad CavTvaloT mx-
olod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momwifebis cnebaSi sqesobrivi sru-
lyofis biologiur process vigulisxmebT. individis sqeso-
brivi momwifeba srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom igi socialura-
dac momwifda rogorc pirovneba da sazogadoebis srulfa-
sovani wevri gaxda. mozardi, ufro xSirad gogona, am mxriv
zogjer adre, 10_11 welSi, amTavrebs momwifebas, magram
rogorc socialuri, ise gonebrivi ganviTarebis mxriv, igi
am drosiTvis isev bavSvs warmoadgens. amitom, roca mozar-
dis momwifebis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, saWiroa mivuTiToT, ra
aspeqtebi gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi yovel konkretul momentSi.
sqesobrivi momwifebis procesi Zlier zegavlenas axdens
mozardis sulieri cxovrebis mimdinareobaze, mis sulier
ganwyobilebasa da interesebze, masTan dakavSirebiT zogi
iseTi miswrafeba Cndeba, romelic sqesobrivi movlenis
saxiT ar ganicdeba. magram mozardis sulier cxovrebaSi
TvalsaCino adgils ikavebs, amitom mozardis asakis yvela
Taviseburebas ver gavigebT, Tu misi sqesobrivi momwifebis
procesi ar miviReT mxedvelobaSi.
mozardis inteleqtualuri da socialur-volituri gan-
viTareba sqesobrivi momwifebis procesTan dakavSirebiT
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arc iwyeba da arc mTavrdeba. mas Tavisi sakuTari, am bi-
ologiur kanonzomierebaze dauyvaneli mimdinareobis gza
aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, es gza mainc Tavisebur saxes iRebs
im monakveTSi, romelSic mas sqesobrivi momwifebis procesi
erTvis da mihyveba. es Tavisebureba inteleqtualuri ganvi-
Tarebis tempis aCqarebaSic iCens Tavs da socialur_voli-
turi momwifebis saqmis garTulebaSic mJRavndeba.
SevCerdeT am asakis zog ufro damaxasiaTebel Tavise-
burebaze:
a) sqesobrivi momwifebis procesi biologiuri kanonzom-
ierebis mixedviT mimdinareobs, magram masze zegavlenas ax-
dens gareSe faqtorebic, gansakuTrebiT kvebis xasiaTi, kli-
mati da temperatura, meti mniSvneloba ukanasknelT aqvT.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekvadorTan axlo mdebare tropi-
kuli qveynebis mcxovreblebSi, zomieri sartylis mcxovre-
blebTan SedarebiT, 1_2 wliT adre iwyeba da mTavrdeba es
procesi.
sqesobrivi momwifebis mimdinareoba da masTan dakavSire-
buli yvela movlena, sqesobrivi jirkvlebis funqcionireba-
zea damokidebuli. am jirkvals ori sadinari aqvs igi Sinagani
da garegani sekreciis saxiT or funqcias asrulebs. garegani
sekrecia organizmis gamravlebas emsaxureba, xolo Sinagani
sekreciis hormonebi Tavisi specifikuri qimiuri Sedgeni-
lobiT sqesobriv momwifebas iwvevs da yvela kerZo SemTx-
vevaSi gamravlebisTvis saWiro aqtivobis moTxovnilebas aR-
Zravs, riTac Sesatyvisi moqmedebis ganwyobis aRmocenebasac
uzrunvelyofs. es hormonebi, gadadian ra sisxlSi, mTel
organizmze araCveulebrivad Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen.
mis aseT gavlenas nervuli sistemac ganicdis. igi Sinagani
sekreciis jirkvalTa sistemaSic iwvevs SesamCnev cvlile-
bebs: zogierTi jirkvlis muSaobas _ asustebs, zogierTisas
kidev _ aZlierebs. pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTareba mTlianad am jirkvlebis funqciebzea damokide-

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buli. mdedrobiTi sqesis cxovels rom mamrobiTi sasqeso
jirkvlebi gadavunergoT da mamrobiTi sqesis cxovels _ md-
edrobiTis, TiToeuli maTgani Tavis pirvandel saxes Seicv-
lis da sawinaaRmdego sqesis niSnebs SeiZens: bevri mxriv,
dedali mamals daemsgavseba da mamali _ dedals, ara marto
garegnulad, aramed qcevis xasiaTis mixedviTac.
sqesobrivi momwifebis dasawyisSi, sanam jer kidev bavS-
vuri organizmi da misi nervuli sistema sqesobrivi jirkv-
lebis hormonebiT „Sezavebuli sakvebis“ miReba gadamuSave-
basa da am ukanaskneli gziT gamowveul cvlilebebs SeeCve-
odes, individSi iqmneba uCveulo, SemdegSi ganumeorebeli,
sxeulebrivi da sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic gardama-
vali asakis pirveli fazisTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenebSi
iCens Tavs. mozardi ganicdis erTgvar Sinagan agznebulebas,
ukmayofilebas, mousvenrobas, fizikuri da sulieri Zalebis
moqanculobas, rac mis qcevaSi, garesinamdvilesTan mis urT-
ierTobaSi Taviseburad gamovlindeba. amasTan, sasicocxlo
energiis meti nawili momwifebis procesze ixarjeba, ris
gamoc Tavs iCens sisxlnakleboba da Zlierdeba daRlilo-
bisken midrekileba.
aRniSnul garemoebaTa gamo mozrdilis qceva bavSvis
qcevisgan TvalsaCinod gansxvavebuli da emociuri for-
miT mimdinareobs: masSi xSirad igrZnoba ukmayofileba da
gulcivoba, uxeSoba da jiutoba, rac sruliad ucxo ar aris
wina asakis bavSvisaTvis. am TaviseburebaTa gamo S. biul-
eri sqesobrivi momwifebis pirvel fazas „negatiuri fazis“
saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs, xolo meore fazas, romelSic ga-
batonebul mdgomareobas dadebiTi mimarTulebis emociuri
ganwyobilebebi ikaveben, „pozitiur fazas“ uwodebs. saerTo
monacemebis mixedviT „negatiuri faza“, normaluri ganvi-
Tarebis SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze ufro gamokveTil saxes go-
gonebTan 12_13, xolo vaJebTan 14_15 wlebSi aRwevs. am asakSi
mozrdilebi, rogorc es maTi dRiurebidanac Cans, TavianTi

108
zogierTi moqmedebis uazrobasa da usafuZvlobas, amCneven
TavianTi uxeSobis, gulcivobis, jiutobis uadgilobas da
cdiloben gaxdnen ufro sxvanairebi, ufro ukeTesebi, ma-
gram Sinagan impulsebs, romelnic maT aqeTken ubiZgeben, ver
imorCileben, amitom maTSi sakuTari Zalebisadmi rwmenac
Sesustebulia.
am fazaSi gogonebi Zalian advilad eqcevian sqesobrivad
garyvnili elementebis gavlenaSi, zogjer iwyeben naadrev
sqesobriv cxovrebas, saiTkenac maT erTgvar biZgs aZlevs
akrZalulisadmi cnobismoyvareobac, rac am asaks gansa-
kuTrebiT axasiaTebs. amas sxva avtorebic adastureben, ami-
tom am mimarTulebiT didi yuradReba da zrunvaa saWiro,
gansakuTrebiT skola-internatebsa da iseT dawesebule-
bebSi, sadac gardamavali asakis gogonebs erTad uxdebaT
cxovreba. erT gogonas, romelic vinmes zegavleniT swor
gzas ascda sxvebic advilad SeuZlia gaiyolios.
b) mozrdilis saerTo emociur ganwyobilebaSi erTgvari
Crdili sakuTari sxeulis Taviseburi konstruqciis gancda-
sac Seaqvs. momwifebis pirveli niSnebis gamoCenasTan erTad
irRveva proporciuloba sxeulis agebulebaSi, romelic gvi-
ani bavSvobisTvis iyo damaxasiTebeli, da mozardi swrafad
iwyebs zrdas simaRleSi; magram jer mxolod kidurebi iz-
rdeba, xolo TviTon sxeuli isev winandel zomebs inarCu-
nebs. es iwvevs sxeulis agebulebaSi proporciis darRvevas,
rasac pubertatelis disharmonias uwodeben. disharmonias
aZlierebs Tavis nawilebis sidideTa normaluri urTierT-
mimarTebis darRveva, rac saxes arasasiamovno gamometyvele-
bas aZlevs. radgan cxviris, nikapis da yurebis zrdas aqvs
adgili, saxis nakvTebi uxeSi, mouqneli Cans, sxeulis moZ-
raobebic kargavs elastiurobas, sizustes; bavSvebi ufro
uxeSi, aCqarebuli da nervuli xdebian. sakuTari sxeulis
aseTi Taviseburebani, roca yuradRebas Tavisken iqceven,
mozardSi iwvevs ukmayofilebas, rasac zogjer, samwuxarod,

109
windauxedavi sayvedurebiT, dacinviTa da SeniSvnebiT, gansa-
kuTrebiT aZliereben ufrosebi. aseTi ram ufro maSin xdeba,
roca mozardi, imis gamo, rom sakuTari moZraobebs Tavisu-
flad ver flobs, raimes wamoedeba, gatexs an gaafuWebs. igi
xedavs, rom cdebis miuxedavad, ufro daxvewili da faqizi
moZraobebi ar gamoudis, ris gamoc ganwyobileba ufuWdeba,
anCxlobs, brazobs da rogorc Tavisi Tavis, ise sxvebis uk-
mayofilo rCeba, asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aweuli gaRiz-
ianebadoba Zalas matebs mis aseT ganwyobilebas.
mozardi zemoaRniSnul movlenebs ise mtkivneulad ar
ganicdida, Tu mas ecodineboda rom yvelaferi es gar-
damaval movlenas warmoadgens da asakTan erTad gaivlis.
ufrosebma, mSoblebma da maswavleblebma mas es unda aux-
snan da sayvedurebis, dacinvis nacvlad meti TanagrZnobiT
moekidon. isini maT moZraobaTa damuSaveba daxvewaSi yovel-
gvari sayvedurebisa da gakilvis gareSe unda moexmaron. am
mxriv meti yuradReba marTebT maswavleblebs, romelnic
Sromis swavlebas xelmZRvaneloben.
12 wlidan SesamCnevad viTardeba da magrdeba kunTebi, ma-
gram gardamaval asakSi izrdeba mxolod kunTebis boWkoebis
sisqe-diametri, ise rom kunTebis agebuleba umniSvnelod
icvleba. kunTebis ganviTarebas Tan mosdevs sakuTari Za-
lebis cnobiereba da xSirad metismetad gadafaseba. es
iwvevs sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa gazviadebul warmodgenas,
rac zogjer sakmaod didi usiamovnebis mizezi xdeba.
mozrdilobis asakSi, gansakuTrebiT mis meore naxevarSi,
mozardis ZvalkunTovani sistema imdenad momagrebulia, rom
SeiZleba igi CarTul iqnes SromiTs saqmianobaSi, magram, ra
Tqma unda, amisTvis aucilebelia winaswar gaviTvaliswinoT
yvela is fsiqo-fizikuri Tavisebureba, romelic am asaks
axasiaTebs. pirvelyovlisa, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is
garemoeba, rom mozardi cnobil garemoebaTa gamo advilad
iRleba da SeuZlebelia misi Zalebis dauzogavad gamoyeneba.

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 mozrdilis guli ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeba, vidre
mTeli sxeulis masa. gulis kunTebis moculoba mozrdilis
asakSi ormagdeba, maSin roca mTeli sxeulis masa 1,5_jer
matulobs. arteriebis diametrebis zrda CamorCeba gulis
kunTebis zrdas, sisxlZarRvebis sanaTurebi (diametris si-
dide, romelic sisxlis gamtarianobas gansazRvravs) gulis
moculobasTan SedarebiT mcire xdeba. amasTan, gaZliere-
bul funqcionirebas iwyebs farisebri jirkvali, ris gamoc
izrdeba sisxlis wneva da guls metad daZabul mdgomareo-
baSi uxdeba muSaoba.
sisxlZarRvTa sanaTurebis siviwrove aferxebs sisxlis
sakmao raodenobiT mimoqcevas da tvini ver Rebulobs sak-
mao raodenobis sisxls, rac iwvevs misi muSaobis unaris
daqveiTebas, mozardis advilad daRlisa da da sizarma-
cisken midrekilebas, xSirad aqvs adgili pulsaciis Sesus-
tebas. amitom gardamaval asakSi mozards unda avaridoT
metismeti datvirTva da daRla, rac emociebiT mdidar moq-
medebaSi mis mier subieqturad arc ki ganicdeba, magram obi-
eqturad uaryofiT Sedegebs mainc iZleva. ase mosdis mas,
magaliTad, TamaSSi, laSqrobaSi da iseTi wignebis kiTxvaSi,
romelic gansakuTrebiT itacebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mozardis
garegani gamometyveleba icvleba, SesamCnevi xdeba tuCebisa
da xelebis galurjeba an kidev saxis Zlieri gawiTleba an
gafiTreba. gulis muSaobaSi Tavs iCens ariTmia, gulis „fri-
ali“, rac janmrTelobas sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnis.
mozardi am asakSi aucileblad unda SevaCvioT siaruls,
mecadineobisa da muSaobis dros swor da Rrma sunTqvas,
radgan mozrdilis organizmi gaZlierebuli zrdisa da ni-
TierebaTa cvlis gacxovelebis gamo Jangbadis gacilebiT
met raodenobas moiTxovs, vidre zrdadasrulebulis orga-
nizmi.
mozrdilis Tavis tvini rogorc moculobis, ise wo-
nis mixedviT zrdadasrulebulisas uaxlovdeba. amitom am

111
mimarTulebiT raime SesamCnev cvlilebebs ar ganicdis. ma-
gram funqciurad jer araa dasrulebuli. man ganviTarebis
kidev sakmaod grZeli gza unda ganvlos imisTvis, rom yvela
mxriT momwifdes da srulyofili funqciuri struqtura mi-
iRos. mozrdilobis asakSi didi intensivobiT mimdinareobs
im nervuli gzebis ganviTareba, romelnic Tavis tvinis cal-
ke nawilakebs erT mTlian sistemaSi aerTianeben. funqciur
formirebas ganicdis Tavis tvinis specifikuri adamianuri
areebi, gansakuTrebiT Sublis, safeTqlisa da Txemis nawile-
bi. izrdeba Tavis tvinis qerqis kontroli qerqqveSa aree-
bze. romelnic instiqtur da emociur moZraobebs ganageben.
ZiriTadad qerquli procesebi _ agznebisa da Seka-
vebis procesebi _ ar aris gawonasworebuli. pirveli mniS-
vnelovnad sWarbobs meores, ris gamoc myari da mudmivi
SekavebiTi reaqciebis gamomuSaveba Zneldeba. agznebis pro-
cesebi xSirad iseTi ZaliT mimdinareobs, rom mozards Zala
ar hyofnis Seakavos isini maSinac ki, roca aSkarad xedavs,
rom maT niadagze mizanSeuwoneli moqmedeba viTardeba. ag-
znebis procesebi erTbaSad aRmocendeba da didi energiiT
viTardeba, magram swrafad cxreba. zogjer mozardi TavSe-
kavebis did SesaZleblobasac amJRavnebs, magram aseT qcevas
adgili mxolod maSin aqvs, roca TavSekavebas misi romelime
ZiriTadi tendenciis realizacia moiTxovs.
swavlisa da cxovrebis is pirobebi, romlebSic mo-
zardi dawyebiTi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gadadis did
moTxovnebs uyenebs nervul sistemas, am moTxovnaTa gav-
leniT, axali sacxovrebo-saswavlo pirobebis zegavleniT
mimdinareobs mozrdilis nervuli sistemis formireba da
im zemoaRniSnul naklovanebaTa daZleva, romelTac mis mo-
qmedebaSi aqvs adgili.
g) mozrdilis emociuri cxovrebac Taviseburi xdeba, aR-
gznebisa da gaRizianebadobis aweuli done, rac gardamavali
asakisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, yvelaze met gavlenas suli-

112
eri cxovrebis emociur mxareze axdens. zegavlena, pirvel
rigSi, emociur movlenaTa mimdinareobis dinamikaSi iCens
Tavs: es movlenebi mozardSi advilad, sruliad umniSvnelo
sababis niadagzedac Cndeba da didi ZaliTa da sicxoveliT
mimdinareobs, mozardis yvela moqmedeba, Sinagani iqneba igi
Tu garegani, grZnobebis Zlieri sicxoveliTaa gamTbari.
sixaruli, mwuxareba, aRSfoTeba, mrisxaneba masSi swrafad
warmoiqmneba da xSirad mTel cnobierebas ipyrobs.
saskolo warmatebis Sefaseba da ufrosebis mier gamoy-
enebuli saaRmzrdelo RonisZiebaSi _ waqezeba da sasjeli _
13_15 wlis mozardSi gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad gamoxatul
afeqtur reaqciebs iwvevs, vidre sxva romelime asakis mo-
zardSi. gansakuTrebiT did aRSfoTebas ginicdis mozardi,
roca xedavs an hgonia, rom ufrosebi, romelnic misi aRz-
rdis saqmes ganageben, mas usamarTlod eqcevian: arasworad
afaseben mis codnasa da saqciels, usafuZvlod SeaqvT eWvi
misi pirovnebis zneobriv siwmindeSi an kidev iseT sasjels
adeben, romelic TviTon mas daumsaxureblad eCveneba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi mozards saerTo negatiuri ganwyobileba Cveu-
lebrivze metad uviTaredeba da igi tlanqi, uxeSi, jiuti,
Jiniani xdeba ufrosebis mimarT. xSirad ufrosebi mozar-
dis afeqtur reaqiebze afeqturi reaqciebiTve upasuxe-
ben, rasac saaRmzrdelo muSaobaSi didi ziani Seaqvs. roca
mozrdili afeqtur an saerTod emociurad agznebul md-
gomareobaSi imyofeba, aRmzrdeli mas didi moTminebiTa da
simSvidiT unda Sexvdes, rom masze dadebiTi zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos. aRmzrdelis nervuli gaRizianeba, misi sianCxle
da xmaaweuli laparaki kidev ufro aRizianebs mozards da
maT urTierTobas iseT xasiaTs aZlevs, romelic sruliad
uvargisia pedagogiuri muSaobisaTvis.
mozrdilTa umravlesobisaTis damaxasiaTebelia emo-
ciur ganwyobilebaTa swrafi cvla: erTi ukiduresobidan
meore ukiduresobaSi moulodneli gadasvla. gardamavali

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asakis vaJi an gogona, romelic rame (SeiZleba umniSvnelo)
SemTxvevis gamo mTeli Tavisi arsebiT xarobs, xalisobs,
erTbaSad, moulodnelad, ubralo sababis gamo, sruliad
sawinaaRmdego emociur mdgomareobaSi gadadis, metismetad
ganawyenebuli, damwuxrebuli, Seuracxyofili an gabrazebu-
li xdeba, imis mixedviT, Tu ra iyo misi ganwyobilebis Secv-
lis sababi, magram imisTvisac mcire mizezia saWiro, rom igi
isev kmayofili da mxiaruli gaxdes.
mozrdili aqtivobaSic amJRavnebs am Taviseburebas: erT
SemTxvevaSi igi didi xalisiT, energiiTa da gatacebiT mo-
qmedebs, meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive moqmedebisadmi yovel-
gvar interess kargavs da Tavis TavSi misi gagrZelebisaTvis
saWiro Zalas veRar poulobs.
gardamavali asakis bolos aseTi kontrastulad cvaleba-
di emociuri ganwyobilebis adgils ufro myari da poziti-
uri xaiaTis emociuri ganwyobilebebi ikaveben.
mozrdilis emociur cxovrebaSi ganviTarebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, ufro mniSvnelovani arsebiTi xasiaTis sxva cvlile-
bebic xdeba. es cvilebebi Sinaarseuli xasiaTisaa. im biolo-
giuri, inteleqtualuri da volituri gardaqmnebis safuZ-
velze, romelTac momwifebis periodSi aqvs adgili, moz-
rdilSi sruliad axali, wina asakisTvis yovelmxriv ucxo
grZnobebi, emociebi iCens Tavs. mSoblebic da maswavleble-
bic unda iyvnen am cvlilebis kursSi, rom maT gardamavali
asakis yvela Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba da mozrdilis
emociuri aRzrdis swori xelmZRvaneloba SeZlon.
SevCerdeT am mimarTulebiT momxdar, asakis Taviseburebis
gagebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovan zogierT cvlilebaze.
mozrdilis sulier cxovrebaSi sakmaod mZlavr nakadad
iWreba emociuri gancdebi, romelnic dasabams sqesobrivi
momwifebis procesSi iReben. es gancdebi, pirvelad mxolod
axla iCens Tavs da gardamavali asakis mozardis fsiqikaze
Tavisebur daRs asvams.

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 bavSvi sqesobrivi momwifebis dasawyisamde sqesobrivi
cxovrebisadmi iseTive cnobismoyvareobas iCens, rogorc
yvela sxva movlenisadmi. igi mis namdvil bunebas, mis azrs,
mis mniSvnelobas ver swvdeba da arc raime cnobier aRZvras
da miswrafebas grZnobs am mimarTulebiT. sxvebis sqesobrivi
cxovrebis farulad TvalTvali, rasac bavSvi xSirad awar-
moebs, masSi ar iwvevs sqesobriv aRtyinebasa da emociur
aRZvras. ukansaknelTa gamowveva SeuZlia am mimarTulebiT
naxulisa da gagonilis mogonebas, mas Semdeg, roca bavSvi
sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi gadava.
gardamaval asakSi mdgomareoba arsebiTad icvleba. mo-
zardSi pirvelad iCens Tavs uSualod momwifebis proces-
Tan dakavSirebuli, metad Tu naklebad gacnobierebuli
emociuri xasiaTis gancdebi, romelnic mis mTlian fsiqikur
struqturaSi sakmaod TvalsaCino adgils ikaveben.
gardamaval asakSi didi gardatexa xdeba inteleqtua-
luri ganviTarebis gzaze: Tavs iCens azrovnebis axali,
ufro maRali formebi da mimarTulebani, momwifebiswinare
asakidan mozardi swrafi tempiT iwyebs gadasvlis Tval-
saCino, konkretuli azrovnebidan abstraqtul ganyenebul
azrovnebaze. igi asakis winsvlasTan erTad, sul ufro ad-
vilad axerxebs iseTi Sinaarsebisa da obieqtebis wvdomas,
romelnic moklebulni arian TvalsaCino xasiaTs da grZno-
bad WvretaSi _ aRqmisa da warmodgenis formebSi _ uSualod
ar gveZlevian. misTvis axla pirvelad xdeba gasagebi mimar-
Tulebebi, romelnic ara TvalsaCinod micemul obieqtebs
Soris arseboben.
es garemoeba ariTmetikis swavlebidan algebrisa da
geometriis swavlebaze gadasvlis did SesaZleblobas iZle-
va da im fizikur da qimiur movlenaTa SecnobisaTvis saWiro
fsiqologiur pirobebs qmnis, romelnic TavianTi bunebis
gamo grZnobis organoebisaTvis saerTod miuwvdomelni
xdebian. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenebis _ istori-

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uli, literaturuli da enobrivi movlenebis _ ganzoga-
doebul cnebaTa formaSi asaxvac mxolod am asakidan xdeba
SesaZlebeli, radgan movlenaTa arsebiTi mxare, saerTod,
mxolod TvalsaCinoebidan gamocalkevebul ganmazogadebel
azris formaSi Seicnoba.
ganyenebas, abstraqcias pirveli saskolo asakis bavSve-
bic mimarTaven, magram ganviTarebis am safexurze igi maRal
logikur operacias ar warmodgens. cxra_aTi wlis mozardi
advilad axerxebs aRqmuli an warmodgenili sinamdvilis
rTuli Sinaarsidan erTi an ramdenime TvalsaCino _ aRqmadi
an warmodgenadi _ niSani gamoyos da sagangebo yuradRebisa
da msjelobis sagnad aqcios. magram aseTi abstraqciis gziT
gamoyofili da ganyenebuli movlena Tavis bunebiT iseTive
TvalsaCino da konkretulia, rogoric sinamdvilis mTeli
is grZnobadi monakveTi, romlisganac igi iqna gamocalkev-
ebuli. amitom aseT abstraqcias TvalsaCino, konkretuli
mocemulobidan ar gavyavarT. igi Tavis operacias aRqmisa
da warmodgenis sferoSi awarmoebs ise, rom am sferos far-
glebSi rCeba.
gardamavali asakidan abstraqcia sul sxva mimarTulebas
iRebs. igi iqceva im ZiriTad operaciad, romelic logi-
kuri bunebis cnebaTa SemuSavebisaTvis xdeba aucilebeli.
mas grZnobadi samyarodan gadavyavarT azrebis samyaroSi,
im azrebis samyaroSi, romlebic obieqturad mocemuli
sinamdvilis movlenaTa calkeuli klasebis saerTo da ar-
sebiT Tvisebebsa da kanonzomierebebs asaxaven. abstraqcia
aq TvaliT danaxuli, grZnobadad mocemuli, sinamdvilidan
gonebiT miwvdomilis ganyenebas axdens. zedapirul grZno-
bad niSnebs gverdiT tovebs, xolo gonebiT miwvdomils,
azrs, romelic mocemuli movlenis arsebiT mxares asaxavs,
xelSi iWers da moxmarebisaTvis awvdis Semdgom operaciebs,
romlebmac dasrulebuli logikuri bunebis mqone cnebebi
unda SeimuSavon. aseTi abstraqcia imave dros ganzogade-

116
bacaa, radgan misi proeqti yovelTvis zogadi mniSvnelo-
bis matarebelia da mocemuli klasis movlenaTa yvela eg-
zemplars erTnairad asaxvs. mxolod amgvari abstraqciis
gziTaa SesaZlebeli, magaliTad, mozardi wertilis, xazisa
da sibrtyis specifikur Taviseburebebs miswvdes da es mov-
lenebi erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad ganasxvavos. manam, sanam
moswavles aseTi logikuri abstraqciis unari SeumuSavde-
bodes, es sami movlena misTvis mxolod formiTa da sididiT
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, radgan yoveli xiluli _ aR-
qmuli da warmodgenili _ wertili, mZime xazi da sibrtye
organzomilebiania da amdenad sibrtyis sxvadasxva formis,
sididis monakveTebs warmoadgenen. mxolod mozrdilobis
asakidan SeiZleba imis gaazreba, rom sibrtyes ori ganzo-
mileba aqvs, xazs _ erTi, xolo wertili moklebulia yov-
legvar sivrciTs ganzomilebas. amitom am ori ukanasknelis,
xazisa da wertilis, grZnobadi aRqma SeuZlebelia. analo-
giur movlenaTa gagebis SesaZleblobaTa momwifebas gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTematikis mecnierebaTa safuZv-
lebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. meore mxriv, am mecnierebaTa safuZ-
vlebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels azrovnebis am
formis ganviTarebas.
zemoaRniSnuli garemoeba specifikur amocanas ayenebs
V-VII klasebis maswavlebelTa winaSe. am klasebis moswav-
leTa azrovneba arsebiTad axla iwyebs aRqmisa da warmod-
genis grZnobadi Sinaarsebis tyveobidan ganTavisuflebas
da abstraqciis logikuri operaciebis warmoebas, rac jer-
jerobiT yovelTvis warmatebiT ver xorcieldeba. amitom
igi xSirad isev TvalsaCinoebas ubrundeba. amis gamo Sesas-
wavli movlenis namdvili azri mas Semecnebis gareT rCeba.
amas Sedegad mosdevs V-VII klasebis moswavleTa saswavlo
warmatebis erTgvari daqveiTeba, rasac sagrZnoblad uwyobs
xels asakis meore Tavisebureba _ daRlilobisa da sizarma-
cisken midrekileba. amiT aixsenaba is garemoeba, rom mom-

117
wifebiswinare asakSi inteleqtualur ganviTarebas saswavlo
warmatebis zrdis nacvlad misi daqveiTeba mosdevs Sedegad.
am siZnelidan moswavleTa gamoyvanas maswavlebeli mx-
olod maSin SeZlebs, Tu igi kvaldakval mihyveba maTi az-
rovnebis muSaobas da yovelTvis igrZnobs, sad da ra xa-
siaTis daxmarebis gaweva sWirdeba maT. igi xSirad unda
amowmebdes, moswavle marTla azrovnebs, Tu gazepirebuli
sityvebiT laparakobs, ganyenebul da zogadi mniSvnelobis
azrebs miwvda, Tu mis nacvlad warmodgenis xatebi gaiCina da
isev aRqmadi sinamdvilis sferoSi darCa. maswavlebeli, ro-
melic ase adevnebs Tvalyurs moswavleTa azrovnebis muSao-
bas, mocemuli momentisaTvis saWiro meTodur RonisZiebas
yovelTvis advilad ipovis.
mozrdilobis asakSi ganviTarebas iwyebs damoukidebeli,
kritikuri azrovneba. mozrdili cdilobs iqonios sakuTari
azrebi da Sexedulebebi, gamoTqvas sakuTari msjelobebi
da moZebnos sakuTari argumentebi im pirTa Sexedulebebis,
msjelobisa da argumentebis sawinaaRmdegodac ki, romlebic
aqamde misTvis umaRles avtoritetebs warmoadgenen. igi kri-
tikulad ekideba ufrosebis, mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis
mosazrebebs, wakiTxul wignebSi ganviTarebul Sexedulebebs
da xSirad hgonia, rom maTSi Secdomebi da umarTebulo azre-
bia. roca igi zogjer Secdomebs marTlac poulobs da amas
sxvebic aRiareben, gnsakuTrebul kmayofilebas ganicdis da
kritikul azrovnebas ufro meti SeupovrobiT aviTarebs.
magram mozrdilis damoukidebeli da kritikuli az-
rovneba momwifebiswinare periodSi mainc, araa srulyofili
da metwilad moklebulia saWiro logikur safuZvelsa da
argumentacias. azrovnebis aseT mimarTulebas aZlierebs
am asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, jiutobisa da negativizmis
safuZvelSi arsebuli ufrosebisadmi bavSvuri morCilebi-
sagan ganTavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaken mimarTuli
tendencia.

118
 damoukidebeli da kritikuli azrovneba pirovnebis
maRal inteleqtualur Tvisebas warmoadgens. maswavlebelma
xeli unda Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas. xSirad ufrosebi, aR-
mzrdelebic ki abuCad igdeben da dacinvis sagnad aqceven
mozardis mier ama Tu im debulebis kritikuli pozicie-
bidan damoukidebeli ganxilvis cdebs, romlebic pirvel
xanebSi mainc, xSirad metismetad zerele da usafuZvlo
Cans. aseTi moqmedeba ufrosebis mxridan CanasaxSive axSobs
am Zvirfas Tvisebas da inteleqtualuri aRzrdis saqmes
did zians ayenebs. mozards frTxilad unda vuCvenoT Sec-
domebi, romelTac msjelobaSi uSvebs da mivuTiTod swor
gzaze ise, rom misi pirovneba Seuracxyofili ar darCes.
meore mxriv, mas zomierebis grZnobac unda ganuviTarod,
rom kritikulma gamwyobilebam masSi jansaRi saxe ar dakar-
gos. es ukanaskneli garemoeba usaTuod unda iqnes miRebuli
mxedvelobaSi imis gamo, rom gardamaval asakSi mozardis az-
rovneba Sinasamyarosken axdens Semobrunebas da dakvirvebis,
msjelobisa da Sefasebis sagnad, sakuTarTan erTad, irgvliv
myofi adamianebis, maT Soris mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis
sulier, zneobriv Tvisebebsac aqcevs.
amave asakSi iRviZebs azrovnebis axali mimarTuleba,
romelsac garkveuli azriT msoflmxedvelobrivi an fi-
losofiuri mimarTuleba SieiZleba vuwodoT. bavSvobis
asakSi, mozardi kmayofildeboda sinamvilis calke monakve-
Tis, calkeuli sagnebisa da movlenebis garSemo mopovebuli
codniT, romelic mis cnobierebaSi cal_calke, erTmaneT-
Tan SeukavSirebeli fragmentebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.
axla, gardamaval periodSi, pirvelad Cndeba movlenaTa
urTierTkavSirebisa da samyaros mTliani suraTis Seqm-
nis moTxovnileba. mozrdili iwyebs Taviseburad fiqrs
qveynierebis dasabamsa da dasasrulze, samyaros usazRvro-
baze, sicocxlis azrze, sikvdilze da saerTod iseT prob-
lemebze, romelTac filosofiurs uwodeben. marTalia, misi

119
fiqrebi da Ziebani am mimarTulebiT pirvel xanebSi subieq-
turi miswrafebebiTa da grZnobebiTaa aRZruli, gamsWval-
uli, ris gamoc erTgvar mistikur xasiaTs atarebs, magram
momdevno wlebSi, swavlebis zegavleniT TandaTanobiT Tavi-
sufldeba subieqturi momentebisagan da marqsistuli mso-
flmxedvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel formas iRebs.
azrovnebis am Taviseburebebis gamo iq, sadac swavla _ aR-
zrdis saqme saTanado simaRleze araa dayenebuli, mozrdili
Tu igi Sesafer garemoSi moxvda, advilad iRebs rwmenas sa-
myaros RvTaebrivi warmoSibisa da sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb
da Sedis ama Tu im religiur seqtaSi, romlis moTxovnebsac
igi guldasmiT icavs da asrulebs, amitom skola gardama-
vali asakis moswavleebs am sakiTxSic meti sifrTxiliT unda
moekidos.
gardamaval asakSi mozardis sulier cxovrebaSi xdeba
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gardatexa, romelic gadamwyvet
zegavlenas axdens misi pirovnebis Sedgom ganviTarebaze.
cxovrebis am periodis dasawyisamde bavSvis mTeli yur-
adReba garesinamdvilis movlenebiskenaa mimarTuli da ami-
tom pirovnebis Sinagani _ sulieri mxareebi iSviaTad xdeba
misi ganviTarebis sagani. mozrdilobis asakSi mdgomareoba
arsebiTad icvleba. axla individi im emociuri, inteleqtua-
luri da volituri cvlilebebis safuZvelze, romlebic so-
cialuri cxovrebis zegavleniT mimdinareobs da droSi sqe-
sobrivi momwifebis process mosdevs Tan, erTbaSad axdens
Semobrunebas Sinagani samyarosken da dakvirvebis, msjelo-
bisa da Sefasebis sagnad pirovnebis Taviseburebebs xdis.
pirvelad igi sxva adamianebis fsiqikur bunebas ukavSirdeba,
afasebs, magram Semdeg yuradReba TavisTavze gadmoaqvs da
sagangebod swavlobs ra sakuTar fsiqikur Tvisebebs, saku-
Tari pirovnebis fsiqologiuri Semadgenlobis Rirebule-
baTa TvalsazrisiT gadasinjvas iwyebs. mozrdilobis asakis
dasawyiSi bavSvi dakvirvebebsa da SefasebebSi subieqtri
momentebi Warbobs, magram asakobrivi periodis bolosaTvis
120
isini sakmaod obieqtur xasiaTs Rebuloben. jer dakvirvebis
sagnad ufro martivi da zedapirulad mocemuli movlene-
bi iqceva, magram Semdeg yuradReba gadadis iseTi rTuli
struqturis Tvisebazedac, rogorsac warmoadgens xasiaTi.
ukanasknelis namdvili bunebis wvdomas mozardi gardamaval
asakSi mainc iSviaTad axerxebs da igi, Cveulebriv, cxovrebis
momdevno periodis amocanad rCeba.
azrovnebis sakuTari Tavisken mimarTvada TviTdak-
virvebisa da TviTTaviseburebis aqtebis warmoeba mozardis
socialur _ volituri momwifebis dasawyisze miuTiTebs
da pirvels rigSi, masSi pirovnuli Tvisebebis ganviTarebis
saqmes emsaxureba. TviTdakvirveba, TviTSefaseba da TviT-
kritika TviTaRzrdsaTvis saWiro fsiqologiur pirobebs
qmnis da mozards am mimarTulebiT aqtivobis did SesaZle-
blobas aZlevs, Tu amaSi mas skola da ojaxic uwevs xelmZ-
Rvanelobas.
sakuTari fsiqikuri Tvisebebis gacnobierebisa da obi-
eqturi Sefasebis saqmeSi mozards did daxmarebas uwevs
ufrosebis SeniSvnebi, Sefasebebi, romlebic misi qcevis ama
Tu im Sinagan mxares exeba. aseT daxmarebas gansakuTrebiT
moiTxoven V-VII klasebis moswavleebi, romelTac TviTcno-
bierebisa da TviTSefasebis moTxovnileba didi aqvT, magram
SesaZleblobani _ codna, gamocdileba da dakvirvebis unari
_ jer kidev sakmaod ar aqvT ganviTarebuli _ ar hyofniT.
mozardis azrovnebis im nakads, romelic sxvisi an saku-
Tari pirovnebis sulier TvisebaTa gacnobierebasa da Se-
fasebas isaxavs miznad, gansazRvruli azriT, fsiqologiur
_ eTikuri azrovneba SeiZleba vuwodoT da ganvasxvavoT
azrovnebis im nakadisagan, romelic miimarTeba ra mSven-
ieri, diadi da amaRlebuli movlenebisaken, esTetikuri az-
rovnebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba.
azrovnebis es ukanaskneli mimarTulebac gardamaval
asakSi iCens Tavs da viTardeba ra esTetikur grZnobasa da
gemovnebasTan erTad, sakmaod SesamCnev aRorZinebas aRwevs.
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mozardis msjeloba, romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebebs exeba,
met SemTxvevaSi maRali esTetikuri obieqtebis adekvatur
Sefasebas ver axdens da subieqturi xasiaTis Secdomebidan
araa Tavisufali. xSirad igi wina planze wamoswevs nawar-
moebis iseT mxares, romelic mis ZiriTad esTetikur Rire-
bulebas ar Seicavs. magram esTetikuri azrovnebis ganviTa-
rebis saqme mainc dawyebulia da axla saTanado garemo da
maswavlebelia saWiro imisaTvis, rom igi swrafi nabijebiT
wavides win. am ukanasknelisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, aucilebe-
lia esTetikuri gemovnebis gamomuSaveba, radgan esTetikuri
msjeloba faqtiurad maszea dafuZnebuli.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom mozardi am periodSi
pirvelad grZnobs bunebasTan urTierTobas da eZleva mis am-
aRlebul da gamafaqizebel zemoqmedebas. mas SeuZlia mTeli
saaTebi dahyos bunebaSi ganmartoebiT da misi lamazi, diadi,
amaRlebuli peizaJebis zegavleniT aRZrul keTilSobilur
tkbobas mieces. amitom mas gansakuTrebiT itacebs bunebaSi
laSqroba, eqskursiebi da turistuli mogzaurobani, bunebi-
sa da xelovnebis mSvenierebis gancda nanaxisa da gagonilis
sxvebisaTvis gaziarebisa da sxvebTan erTad Sefasebis wy-
urvils iwvevs, rac esTetikur msjelobaTa warmoebisaTvis
saWiro impulss iZleva da mis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
gardamavali asakis ZiriTad Taviseburebas is volituri
procesebi _ tendenciebi, interesebi, moTxovnilebebi da
miswrafebani gansazRvraven, romlebic mozardSi momwifebis
dasawyisTan dakavSirebiT iCens Tavs. azrovnebis is mimar-
Tulebanic, romlebzedac zemoT gvqonda laparaki, am pe-
riodSi aRmocenebuli Semecnebis Taviseburi interesebiT
aris Sepirobebuli. is ZiriTadi gardatexa, romelic qcevis
mimarTulebasa da xasiaTSi vlindeba, arsebiTad damokide-
bulia am asakis volitur Tvisebebze. es ukanaskneli qmnis
aRzrdis saqmeSi im siZneleebsac, romelic gardamavali
asakisaTvis specifikur movlenad iTvleba.

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 zogierTi moTxovnilebisa da interesis Sesaxeb Cven asa-
kis emociuri da inteleqtualuri bunebis daxasiaTebis
dros mogvixda laparaki da amitom maTze aq ganmeorebiT
aRar SevCerdebiT. ganvixilavT mxolod im xasiaTis cvli-
lebebs, romelTac aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT meti mniSvneloba
aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloT bavSvobis datovebisa da
mowifulobaSi gadasvlis fsiqologiuri tendencia, romelic
mravali, erTimeoresagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli saxiT
iCens Tavs, magram yvelaze mkveTrad mainc ufrosebisadmi
bavSvuri morCilebis winaaRmdeg „ajanyebisa“ da sruli da-
moukideblobis, Tavisuflebis mopovebisaken mimarTuli
miswrafebis saxiT mJRavndeba. am tendenciis momzadebaSi
monawileobas iRebs yvela is biologiuri, fizikuri da sul-
ieri xasiaTis cvlileba, romelTac momwifebis winare asak-
Si _ winapubertetSi aqvs adgili. am cvlilebebSi mozardi,
grZnobs ra fsiqofizikuri Zalebis erTbaSad mozRvavebasa
da simwifis moaxloebas. fsiqologiurad didi manZiliT us-
wrebs win namdvil asaks da TavisTavs ufro momwifebulad da
srulyofilad ganicdis, vidre amas faqtiurad aqvs adgili.
amitom igi ufrosebisagan iseT moqcevas, rogorsac misi nam-
dvili asaki da fsiqo_fizikuri SesaZleblobani moiTxoven,
erTgvar damcirebad da Seuracxyofad Tvlis. meore mxriv,
xSirad TviTon aRmzrdelebic, mSoblebica da maswavleble-
bic angariSs ar uweven im did fizkur da sulier gardatexas,
romelsac gardamavali asakis pirvel fazaSi aqvs adgili da
mozardTan damokidebulebaSi arsebiTad arafers cvlian:
mozrdil winapubertetulsac iseve uyureben da eqcevian,
rogoc mas bavSvobis asakSi uyurebdnen da eqceodnen. roca
ufrosebis aseT saqciels mozrdili winaaRmdegobas uwevs
ufrosebi zogjer administraciuli wesiT, diqtatoruli
zemoqmedebis gziT cdiloben aiZulon igi isev winandel
bavSvur mdgomareobas daubrundes. aseT viTarebaSi mozar-

123
di marTla iwyebs ajanyebas im ufrosebis winaaRmdeg, rom-
lebic mas aqamde xelSeuxebel avtoritetebad miaCnda. amiT
ukve irRveva normaluri damokidebuleba, romelsac manamde
aRmzrdelsa da aRsazrdels Soris qonda adgili da mozrdi-
lis aRzrdis saqme sagrZnoblad garTulebul siZneleebSi
eqceva.
amgvarad, gardamaval asakSi, xSirad, aRmzrdelsa da aR-
sazrdels Soris arsebul urTierTobas amwvavebs da mt-
kivneuls xdis is garemoeba, rom, erTi mxriT, mozardi Tavis
Zalebs metismetad gadaWarbebiT afasebs da gacilebiT met
uflebebs, Tavisuflebasa da damoukideblobas moiTxovs,
vidre es mas faqtiurad SeiZleba mieces, xolo meore mxriT,
ufrosebi mis Zalebs metismetad amcireben da mozards Ta-
visuflebas, damoukideblobas imdensac ki ar aZleven, rac
mas misi fsiqo_fizikuri mdgomareobis mixedviT ekuTvnis,
aseT SemTxvevaSi mozardi, gardamavali asakis pirvel fa-
zaSi mainc, roca agznebisa da gaRizianebadobis done maRla
aris aweuli, mkveTrad cvlis ganwyobilebas da ufrosebTan
mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebiT uxeSi, jiuti da Jiniani xdeba.
ar SeiZleba skolam da ojaxma mozards, romlis asaki 13_14
wlebTanaa axlos, imdeni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba
mianiWon, ramdensac igi moiTxovs, aseTi ram, umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi, misi aRzrdis saqmes daRupvis piramde miiyvanda.
amitom uxeSobas, jiutobasa da Jinianobas mozardi maSinac
amJRavnebs, roca mas ise eqcevian, rogorc mis asaks Seef-
ereba. magram es movlenebi uaRresad Serbilebuli saxiT
iCens Tavs iq, sadac ufrosebis mozardTan damokidebuleba
swor pedagogiur taqtzea dafuZvnebuli.
gardamaval asakSi mozardi, jer kidev araa Sinaganad
momwifebuli imisaTvis, rom zrdadamTavrebulisTvis dam-
axasiaTebeli srulfasovani qcevis aqtebi damoukideblad
ganaxorcielos da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis saWiro
gzebi TviTonve ipovos. amitom igi xSirad saxifaTo biliks

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mihyveba da cdilobs iseTi ram gaakeTos, romelSic Tavs ise
ganicdis TiTqos zrdadasrulebaSi gadadga fexi. amasTan
erTad, xSirad trabaxobs iseTi TavgadasavliT, romelsac
saerTod ar hqonia adgili mis cxovrebaSi. gogonebi zogjer
erTmaneTs damajereblad uyvebian TavianT Tavze ambebs va-
JTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tvi-
Tonve Txzaven, rom warmosaxvaSi mainc ganicadon TavianTi
srulyofileba.
mozardi iq, sadac aRmzrdelobisagan misi ZiriTad ten-
denciebis Sesatyvis sulier sazrdos ver Rebulobs da Ta-
visi uxeiro, asakisaTvis naadrevi da gaumarTlebeli moq-
medebis gamo mxardaWeris nacvlad wyromas imsaxurebs, iseT
wres eZebs, romelic mis midrekilebebs TanagrZnobiT Sex-
vdeba da misi Tavisufali gaSlis fsiqologiur situacias
Seuqmnis. amitom igi yovelTvis im adamianebs rodi ukavSird-
eba, romlebic mas naklovan da sust mxareebze miuTiTeben
da cxovrebis swori gzisken mimarTaven. igi ufro imaTken
iltvis da ixreba vinc mas damoukideblobisa da Tavisu-
flebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi aqezebs, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebisa da aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT sulelur moqmedebas
uwonebs da iseT qcevaSi TanaugrZnobs, romelSic mas zrd-
adamTavrebulis mdgomareobaSi yofnis iluziebi uCndeba da
kmayofilebas ganicdis. amitom gardamavali asakis mozardi
advilad SeiZleba swor gzas ascdes, Tu misi ganviTareba
pedagogiurad gamarTlebuli aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeb-
iT ar mimdinareobs.
gardamavali asakis mozardi aRmzrdelis mier naCveneb
gzas rom umtkivneulod gahyves, amisaTvis aucilebelia aR-
mzrdelma angariSi gauwios mis ZiriTad tendencias, Tavi-
suflebisa da damoukideblobisaken miswrafebis safuZvelSi
arsebul tendencias. man saaRmzrdelo muSaoba am tendenci-
aze unda daafuZvnos, mozards agrZnobinos rom mas ise aRar
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvs, mis pirovnebas angariSs uwevs, mis
Seuracxyofas, damcirebas, iqac ki, sadac amis sababi arse-
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bobs, erideba da saaRmzrdelo RonisZiebebs masTan SeTanx-
mebiT isaxavs da axorcielebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi mozrdili
gacilebiT ufro advilad mihyveba aRmzrdels, vidre im Sem-
TxvevaSi, roca mis daqvemdebarebas diqtatoruli brZanebi-
sa da gankargulebebis eniT cdilobs. aRzrdis saqmis mt-
kice da ganuxreli xelmZRvaneloba srulebiT ar moiTxovs
aRmzrdelis mkacri diqtatoris formaSi Sesvlas, rogorc
es zogierT mSobelsa da maswavlebels hgonia, piriqiT, aseT
rames aRzrdis saqmisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT gardmaval asakSi
didi zianis motana SeuZlia. Tbil megobrul urTierTobaSi
mozards ise vakeTebinoT is, rac Cven gvinda da aRzrdis amo-
canebs Seesatyviseba, rom TviTon darwmunebuli iyos, moq-
medebs yovelgvari garegani iZulebis gareSe, Tavisuflad
da damoukideblad.
gardamaval asakSi, gansakuTrebiT mis meore fazaSi, Tavs
iCens da Semdeg sul ufro Zlierdeba kidec aRzrdis Tval-
sazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone erTi tendencia,
romlis realizacia mozardis Tavisuflebisa da damoukide-
blobisken miswrafebasac aZlevs sazrdos da sazogadoe-
brivad Rirebuli pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmesac exma-
ureba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is tendencia, romelic mozards
moraluri Rirebulebisken mimarTavs da Sinaganad aiZulebs
zneobrivi normebi SeiTvisos da maRali idealebi iqonios.
es tendencia adamianis TanSobil bunebriv struqturaSi
araa mocemuli. igi masSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zegav-
leniT aRmocendeba da Tavis saTaves adamianur kulturaSi
iRebs. mozardi, romelic zneobriv idealebs etaneba da cdi-
lobs moralur normebs daeqvemdebaros, Tavis Tavs bavS-
vuri mdgomareobidan uzomod amaRlebuladac ganicdis da
ufrosebisganac srul damoukideblobasa da Tavisufleba-
sac grZnobs. amitom moraluri aRzrdis saqme bavSvobis da-
tovebisa da zrdadamTavrebulis mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis
bunebriv tendenciazedac SeiZleba davafuZnoT, ramdenadac

126
es tendencia mozardis moralur nabijebSic poulobs Tavis
realizacias. mozardi uaRresad kmayofili rCeba, roca igi
Sinagani impulsebis Sekavebasa da sazogadoebrivi Tvalsaz-
risiT Rirebuli saqmis gakeTebas axerxebs.
zneobrivi normebis praqtikuli SeTviseba maRali ide-
alebisken miswrafeba did winaaRmdegobas awydeba mozrdi-
lis fsiqo_fizikuri bunebidan momdinare impulsebis saxiT,
riTac gansakuTrebiT mdidaria es asaki. es winaaRmdegoba
xSirad asakisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konfliqtebis safuZveli
xdeba. wesieri aRzrdis pirobebSi mozardi cdilobs maRa-
li Rirebulebis miznebs mihyves da sakuTari pirovnebis
sazogadoebrivi fasi awios. magram Sinagani impulsebi mas
sxva mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs da xSirad igi Tavis TavSi Zalas
ver poulobs imisaTvis, rom maT mier Seqmnili dabrkoleba
gadalaxos da dasaxul mizans miaRwios. mozrdili, ufro
metad, cxovrebis meore fazaSi grZnobs, rom nebisyofa ar
yofnis da xSirad TviTon hkidebs xels sakuTari nebisyo-
fis aRzrdis saqmes, raSic mas skolamac da ojaxmac didi
daxmareba unda gauwion. gardamavali asakis pirvel fazaSi
_ winapubertetSi mozardis idealebi TvalsaCino xasiaTs
atareben da romelime konkretuli individis saxiT ari-
an warmodgenili. mozards surs gaxdes iseTi, rogoricaa
romelime misi megobari, ojaxis wevri, naTesavi, mezobeli,
wakiTxuli wignis gmiri an kidev sxva romelime cnobili
pirovneba. am asakis mozardi xSirad erTdroulad sul sx-
vadasxva bunebisa da saqmianobis ramdenime pirovnebaSi xe-
davs Tavis idealebs. erTisa mas gambedaoba da vaJkacoba mo-
swons, meorisa _ sportuli niWi da warmateba itacebs, xolo
mesames pativiscema da Sromismoyvareoba izidavs. 11_12 wlis
vaJebis idealebs Soris karg fexburTelobas gansakuTrebiT
sapatio adgili ukavia. Cvens SekiTxvaze ra urCevnia gaxdes:
saxelganTqmuli maswavlebeli, cnobili mecnieri Tu iseTi
fexburTeli, rogoric mixeil mesxi da slava metrevelia,

127
12_13 wlis vaJebis metma nawilma sruliad uyoymanod mesxisa
da metrevelis mdgomareoba irCia.
gardamavali asakis meore fazaSi, pubertetSi calkeul
pirobebSi gamosaxuli aseTi idealebis gverdiT Tavs iCens
konkretuli individebidan gancalkevebuli, ganyenebuli da
ganzogadebuli idealebi, rac abstraqtuli azrovnebis gan-
viTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mozardi, xSirad, Tavis ide-
als, romlis Sinaarssac maRali pirovnuli Tvisebebi Sead-
gens, sityvierad gansazRvravs ise, rom vinmeze ar miuTiTebs.
magram aseTi ram mainc SedarebiT ufro iSviaTad iCens Tavs.
mozardisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenad igi mxolod Wabu-
kobis asakSi iqceva.
mozrdilobis asakSi arsebiTad mTavrdeba sqesobrivi mom-
wifebis biologiuri procesi, magram socialur_volituri
momwifebis dasasruli am asakidan jer kidev Sorsaa. social-
ur_volituri momwifeba gulisxmobs sazogadoebis materi-
lur, moralur da sulier kulturasTan Sezrdas, am kul-
turis normebis mixedviT damoukidebeli moqmedebisaTvis
mzadyofnas, amitom igi mozardobis mTel periods moicavs.
am periodis xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli im
sazogadoebis kulturuli cxovrebis doneze, romlis sru-
luflebiani wevric Semdeg mozardi TviTon unda gaxdes.
primitiul sazogadoebaSi, romelic axla sul ufro iSviaTi
xdeba, socialuri momwifeba daaxloebiT emTxveva mozar-
dis biologiur_ seqsualur momwifebas, romelic saTanado
fizikur srulyofasac gulisxmobs. amiT aixsneba is gare-
moeba rom primitiuli kulturis xalxebs, bevrgan mozardi
fizikur_sqesobriv momwifebis dasrulebisTanave oficial-
urad momwifebis dResaswaulebis ceremoniebiT SehyavT se-
qsualuri cxovrebis sferoSi. Cveni kulturis pirobebSi,
fizikur_sqesobriv momwifebasa da socialur_volitur
srulyofas Soris xuTi_eqvsi weli maincaa.
gardamaval asakSi xSirad mozardi metismetad impulsur
arsebad gvevlineba, magram amis mizezi aris ara nebisyo-
128
fis daqveiTeba, aramed impulsebis swrafi aRorZineba, rac
asakis TaviseburebebiTaa Sepirobebuli. gardamaval xanaSi
nebisyofis ganviTarebis saqme sakmaod swrafi nabijebiT
midis win, magram Sinagani impulsebi (gansakuTrebiT am asakis
pirvel fazaSi), romelnic maRali miznebis ganxorcielebis
saqmes eRobebian win, ufro SesamCnevad mZlavroben, ris ga-
moc maTi daqvemdebareba xSirad imaze ufro mtkice nebisyo-
fas moiTxovs, vidre es mozrdils aqvs.
mozrdilis nebisyofa, rom bavSvis nebisyofasTan Sedar-
ebiT sagrZnoblad maRla dgas, amas yvelaze metad maTi qce-
vis motivebis urTierTSedareba mowmobs. gardamavali asakis
manZilze sul ufro mcirdeba subieqturi_grZnobiseuli
motivebis xvedriTi wona da mis nacvlad izrdeba iseTi mo-
tivebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moTxovnaTa
niadagze aRmocendeba da garkveul obieqtur Rirebulebebs
asaxavs.
gardamavali asakis bolos mozardi aRar aris is, rac am
asakis dasawyisSi iyo. am xnis manZilze igi SesamCnevad icv-
leba rogorc fizikuri agebulebis, ise sulieri SesaZle-
blobebis mxriv. axla kidurebisa da sxeulis sxva nawilebis
sidideTa Soris proporciuli mimarTeba TiTqmis aRdgenil-
ia. iSviaTad iCens Tavs negatiuri reaqciebi da ganwyobile-
bani. agznebisa da gaRizianebadobis maRali done, romelic
am asakis pirveli fazisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sagrZno-
blad daqveiTebulia. jiutoba da Jinianobac mniSvnelovnad
Senelebulia da mozardi isev cnobs da mihyveba avtoritets,
romelic misi moraluri da inteleqtualuri upiratesobis
niadagze iqna aRiarebuli am xnis manZilze. nebisyofac ise
momagrebulia. rom mozardi SedarebiT advilad axerxebs
gaumarTlebeli impulsebis Sekavebasa da Tavisi Tavis mar-
Tvas, ris gamoc SesaZlebeli xdeba mas amieridan imaze gac-
ilebiT meti Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba mieces, vidre
momwifebis winaperiodSi eZleoda, amisTvis saWiro pirobas
inteleqtis ganviTarebis miRweuli donec qmnis: mozardi
129
axla gacilebiT advilad erkveva movlenaTa mimdinareobaSi,
vidre am asakis dasawyisSi axerxebda. mas adamianuri urT-
ierTobanic ufro sworad esmis da sazogadoebrivi val-
debulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Segnebac sakmaod win aqvs
wamoweuli. asakis bolosTvis TviTkritikis unaric sakmaod
ganviTarebulia, rac mozards did SesaZleblobas aZlevs
TviTaRzrdis saqmes Caudges saTaveSi. magram, raTqma unda,
gardamavali asakis bolosac araa mozrdili fsiqologiu-
rad da socialurad ise momwifebuli, rom mas sruli Ta-
visufleba da damoukidebloba mieces da raime seriozuli
sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeloba daekisros. mas amisTvis jer
arc codna_Cveva da gamocdileba hyofnis da arc nebisyofa.
magram TviTon axlac ver axerxebs yovelTvis Tavisi Zalebis
adekvatur Sefasebas da xSirad iseTi ramisken miuwevs guli,
rac mis SesaZleblobas mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. amis gamo
igi zogjer uaRresad saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi igdebs Tavs.
iq, sadac aRzrda Tavidanve swor gzaze iyo dayenebuli,
gardamavali asakis bolosTvis ojaxsa da skolas mozardis
pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi yvelaze mTavari siZneleebi
ukve gadalaxuli aqvT da moepovebaT mtkice safuZveli im-
isTvis, rom momdevni wlebSi aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba sru-
liad umtkivneulod da didi nayofierebiT warmarTon.

3. Wabukoba.
Wabukobis asaki 15_16 wlidan iwyeba da daaxloebiT
20_21 wlamde grZeldeba. am asakze modis qalebisaTvis ori,
xolo vaJebisaTvis erTi ukanaskneli saswavlo weli. qaliS-
vilebTan 15_sa da 16 wlebs Soris, xolo vaJebTan 16_sa da
17 wlebs Soris aris mokle, momwifebis Semdgomi agznebis
faza, romelic pirvelma a. buzemanma aRwera da „axalgazr-
dobis krizisis“ saxelwodebiT aRniSna. igi xasiaTdeba erT-
gvari aweuli aRgznebadobiT, emociuri daZabulobiTa da
motoruli mousvenrobiT, riTac momwifebiswinare asaks _
winapubertets gvagonebs. mozardis nebismieri yuradRebis
130
koncentraciis unari qveiTdeba, saskolo swavlebasTan da-
kavSirebuli interesebis xarjze izrdeba skolis gareT
mimdinare movlenebisadmi miswrafebebi da SesamCnevi xdeba
rogorc sportul, ise gonebriv warmatebaTa Semcireba. ma-
gram aseTi mdgomareoba didxans ar grZeldeba, male dgeba
sicocxlis xalisiTa da maRali idealebiT aRvsili Wabuko-
bis dReebi, rac momavals mimzidvel ferebSi saxavs da mo-
zardSi didi, naTeli cxovrebis molodins aRviZebs.
am asakSi fizikuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebiTac xdeba
Taviseburi cvlilebebi, sxeuli Tanabarzomierad, propor-
ciulad viTardeba, ris gamoc sxeulis agebuleba ufro da
ufro harmoniuli xdeba. qaliSvilebi 16-17 wlebSi, xolo va-
Jebi 18-19 wlebSi iReben TavianTi sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTeb-
el tipiur gamosaxulebas qalebs ubrundebaT gardamavali
periodis pirvel fazaSi dakarguli moZraobis sinarnare da
graciozuloba, xolo vaJebis moqmedebaSi tlanqi da uxeSi
moZraobebi TandaTan qreba. orive sqesis saxec ufro moZra-
vi, faqizi da gamometyveli xdeba. magram fizikuri ganviTa-
reba am asakSi mTlianad mainc ar mTavrdeba. simaRleSi zrda
da fizikuri ZalRonis mateba Wabukobis sazRvrebs iqiTac
sakmaod didxans grZeldeba.
fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT Wabukoba aris msoflmxed-
velobis Camoyalibebis, xasiaTis ZiriTad TaviseburebaTa
formirebis, TviTcnobierebis sabolood ganviTarebisa da
qcevis ZiriTadi principebis dadgenis periodi. Cveulebriv,
cxovrebis amave periodSi warmoebs mTeli sacxovrebo mimar-
Tulebis gansazRvra _ profesiis SerCeva da daufleba.
adrindeli Wabukoba warmoadgens didi da daZabuli in-
teleqtualuri Sromis _ swavlis periods. saSualo skolebis
ukanaskneli klasis moswavleebi xSirad skolaSi da skolis
gareT mecadineobas 10_11 saaTs andomeben. samuSao saaTebis
ricxvi kidev ufro izrdeba gamocdebis wina periodebSi da
TviTon gamocdebisaTvis gankuTvnil dReebSi. es imas niSnavs,
rom mozardi axla Segnebulad emzadeba momavali cxovrebi-
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saTvis da TiTqmis mTel energias am samzadisisaTvis saWiro
aqtivobas axmars. iq, sadac aRzrdis saqme Tavidanve swori
gziT midioda, mozards aseTi cxovrebisaTvis saWiro fizi-
kuri Zalac aqvs da sulieri simtkicec moepoveba. igi axla
wina asakTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro Rrmad ganicdis
codnis safuZvliani aTvisebisa da skolis warmatebiT dam-
Tavrebis sazogadoebriv Rirebulebas da im valdebulebebs,
romlebic am mimarTulebiT dgeba mis winaSe.
mozardi Wabukobis asakSi iwyebs pirvelad namdvil mec-
nierul problemur azrovnebas, ris gamoc xdeba saswavlo
sagnisadmi interesis gadazrda mecnierebisadmi interesSi.
yoveldRiuri sistematiuri mecadineoba, gansakuTrebiT
iseT sagnebSi, rogoric maTematikuri da sabunebismetyvelo
disciplinebia, saSualo skolaSi azrovnebis ganviTarebi-
saTvis saWiro yvela pirobas qmnis. misi SemweobiT araTval-
saCino_abstraqtuli azrovneba adreuli Wabukobis asakSi
aRwevs individis bunebrivi SesaZleblobiT gansazRvrul
simaRles. amave periodSi sruldeba agreTve xatovani _ sax-
eebSi gaSlili_ azrovnebis ganviTarebis procesic. 16_17
wlidan gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT ganicdis aRmavlobas
daskvniTi azrovnebis unari, rasac gadamwyveti mniSveloba
aqvs logikuri azrovnebis sabolood gamarTvisa da im mov-
lenebis SemecnebisaTvis, romlebic uSualo dakvirvebisaT-
vis yovelTvis miuwvdomeli rCeba.
qaliSvilebisa da Wabukebis azrovneba mozrdilebis az-
rovnebisagan gansxvavdeba organizebulobiT, Tanmimdevro-
biTa da safuZvlianobiT. maTi azrovnebis organizebuloba,
upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba unariT, romliTac isini
saswavlo sagnis calke danayofebs codnis erT mTlian mwy-
obr sistemaSi aerTianeben, ufro zogadi da kerZo danay-
ofebis urTierTmimarTebas swvdebian da faqtebisa da cne-
bebis swor klasifikacias awarmoeben.

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 adamiani arc erT asakSi araa Sinaganad ise Zlier mimar-
Tuli momavlisaken, rogorc Wabukobis periodSi. bavSvi ar-
sebiTad awmyoTi cxovrobs, xolo moxuci_ warsuliT. moz-
rdilisa da momwifebulis fsiqika, miuxedavad imisa, rom
msubuq fantazias Tu seriozul fiqrebs xSirad gadahyavs
isini momavalSi, sxvadasxvanairad, magram ZiriTadad mainc,
awmyoTia dakavebuli. sul sxva mdgomareoba aqvT Wabukebsa
da qaliSvilebs, romlebic ukve emzadebian Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobis aqamde nanatr „samyaroSi gadasafre-
nad“. maT win, axlo momavalSi aqvT yvelaferi, rac cxovre-
bas, TviTon maTive azriT, azrsa da Rirebulebas aZlevs. iq
egulebaT maT patiosani da Tavdadebuli SemoqmedebiTi Sro-
mis safuZvelze sayovelTaod aRiarebuli dideba da sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis gzaze mopovebuli TvalsaCino warmate-
bebi, gulwrfeli siyvarulis uzado nayofi da maRali ojax-
uri sitkbo, bedniereba. damoukidebeli cxovrebis gzaze
gasvlis didi wyurvili da cxovelmyofeli fantazia aseT
warmosaxvas Wabuki qaliSvilebisa da vaJebis yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis Cveulebriv movlenad xdis. moswavleebisaTvis,
romlebic adreuli Wabukobis asakSi Sedian,damaxasiaTebeli
xdeba maRali SemarTeba daromantikuli ganwyobileba. maRa-
li SemarTeba gamoixateba miswrafebaSi_daisaxos didi mizne-
bi da survilSi_mTlianad mieces am miznebis ganxorcielebis
saqmes. magram es jer kidev ar niSnavs aseTi miznebis marTla
dasaxvas da maTi ganxorcielebis amocanebisadmi sakuTari
Zalebis realur daqvemdebarebas. jerjerobiT es TiTqmis
mxolod cxoveli survilia, romelic mozardis romanti-
kul ganwyobilebasedeba safuZvlad. aq romantikul ganwyo-
bilebad gulisxmoben mzadyofnas grZnobiT Seferadebuli
ocnebisaTvis, roca mTeli Zalebi mimarTuli iqneba rome-
lime sasaxelo saqmis Sesrulebisaken. aseTi romantika axal-
gazrdas ayenebs fxizel mdgomareobaSi, aniWebs cxovrebis
xaliss da uzrdis moTxovnebs sakuTari Tavis mimarT. magram

133
masSi arsebobs cxovrebisagan mowyvetili ocnebebisadmi
SeCvevis safrTxe, rac Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli, rom
axalgazrdaSi praqtikuli moqmedebis unari ar daqveiTdes.
Wabukobis sawyis etapze imdenad ganviTarebulia Sen _ is
umaRles doneze Secnobis unari, rom mozardi axla advilad
axerxebs sxvis sulSi Caxedvas, sxvebis gancdebis gagebas,rac
safuZvlad edeba faqiz socialur damokidebulebaTa gan-
viTarebas: Wabukebi da qaliSvilebi adamianebs, romlebic
raime garemoebis gamo mZime sulier tkivilebs ganicdian,
Rrma TanagrZnobiT ekidebian da TavianTi SesaZleblobis
mixedviT uangaro daxmarebas uweven. amave niadagze ufro
maRal safuZvelze adis megobroba, viTardeba altruistu-
li tendeciebi da izrdeba konkretul socialur usamarT-
lobaTa winaamRdeg brZolisaken miswrafeba.
nebisyofis ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebriv kulturas-
Tan Sezrdis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs imas, rom Wabukebi TviTonve cdiloben gare sinamd-
vilis movlenaTa momenturi zemoqmedebis tyveobidan gan-
Tavisufldnen da TavianTi qcevis miznebi iseT movlenebs
daukavSiron, romelnic obieqtur Rirebulebas atareben da
sazogadoebriv kulturas erTvian.
Wabukebsa da qaliSvilebs saSualo skolaSi swavlebis man-
Zilze, gansakuTrebiT damamTavrebel klasSi,gadasawyveti
aqvT uaRresad mniSvnelovani problema_profesiis arCevis
problema. am problemis ase Tu ise gadawyvetam unda gansaz-
Rvros mTeli maTi Semdgomi cxovrebis gza da sazogadoe-
brivi mniSvnelobis unari, romelsac maTi yvela fsiqo_
fizikuri SesaZlebloba unda moxmardes. profesiis Sesaxeb
xSirad mozrdilebic fiqroben, magram maTi arCevani am
mimarTulebiT zerelea da im motivebs ar iTvaliswinebs,
romelTa safuZvelzedac Semdeg marTla mouxdebaT profe-
siis SerCeva. amitom isini sruliad ubralo SemTxvevis gamo
uars amboben profesiaze, romelic aqamde moswondaT da

134
irCeven sxva,mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul specialobas, ro-
melic Tavis mxriv, male sxva profesiiT SeiZleba Seicvalos.
Wabukobis asakSi profesiis SerCeva uaxloes amocanaTa
rigSi dgeba: damamTavrebeli klasis moswavleebs TviTon
cxovreba aiZulebs seriozulad moekidnon am saqmes. Tu
mozrdili profesiis SerCevis dros ufro xSirad TviTon
profesiis ama Tu im garegani TaviseburebiTaa gatacebu-
li da sakuTar SesaZleblobas angariSs ar uwevs, Wabuki,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari SesaZleblobisa da profesiis
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCevs spe-
cialobas. am mxriv masze did zegavlenas axdens im pirTa
rCeva_darigeba, vinc mas maRal avtoritetad miaCnia. iq, sa-
dac skola moswavles sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa Semecnebis
saqmeSi saTanado daxmarebas uwevs, moswavle advilad irCevs
profesias,romelSic mas meti warmatebiT SeuZlia imuSaos.
magram,profesiis SerCevis saqmeSi WabukTa SesaZleblobani
metismetad ar unda gadavafasoT. xSirad iseTi SemTxvevebic
gvxvdeba, roca damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle am sakiTxs
Tavis winaSe seriozulad ar ayenebs da safuZvliani awon_da-
wonvis saqmed ar xdis. zogi ise airCevs ama Tu im profesias,
rom masTan mimarTebaSi sakuTar SesaZleblobebs saerTod
ar iTvaliswinebs; profesia moswons, magram imaze, rom Tu
ris gakeTeba SeuZlia mas am mimarTulebiT, ar fiqrobs.iseTi
moswavleebic gvxvdebian, romlebic saSualo skolas ise am-
Tavreben, rom ara aqvT gadawyvetili cxovrebis romel gzas
daadgnen,da elodebian SemTxvevas, romelic maT erT rome-
lime garkveul mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs. aRniSnul garemoe-
baTa gamo Wabukebsa da qaliSvilebs didi daxmareba sWird-
ebaT, raTa gadawyviton sakiTxi, Tu saiT unda gaagrZelon
TavianTi cxovrebis gza. pirvel rigSi skolam unda izrunos
imisTvis, rom moswavle garkveuli profesiuli orientaci-
iT gascildes mis sazRvrebs. esaa wminda movaleoba skolisa,
romelic mozards aTi wlis manZilze amzadebs cxovrebi-

135
saTvis. es dro sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom naTeli
gaxdes skolisTvisac da moswavlisTvisac, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis romel dargSi CarTos moswavlem Tavisi Zalebi,
rom rogorc qveyanas, ise Tavis Tavs meti warmateba da kmay-
ofileba moutanos.

mozardis individualuri Taviseburebani

aRzrdisa da ganviTarebis procesSi

moswavlis individualuri Taviseburebani, romlebic

aadvileben an abrkoleben misi sasurveli mimarTulebiT aR-
zrdisa da ganviTarebis saqmes, SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad:
erT jgufs TanaSobili monacemebi apirobeben, xolo meore
jgufs cxovrebis gzaze SeZenili Tvisebebi qmnian.
aRzrdisa da ganviTarebis urTierTbis sakiTxis garkvevi-
saTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mozardis im indi-
vidualur Taviseburebebs, romlebic TanSobil monaceme-
bzea dafuZnebuli. maTgan SeiZleba gamovyoT sami jgufis
movlenebi, romlebic did rols asruleben aRzrdisa da gan-
viTarebis procesSi. esenia: niWiereba, aqtivobis bunebrivi
done da agznebisa da Sekavebis TanSobili midrekilebani.
1. niWi aris bunebriv monacemTa erTianoba, romelic
ama Tu im moqmedebis aTvisebasa da SesrulebaSi iCens
Tavs. rac ufro advilad, swrafad, srulyofilad iTvisebs
da axorcielebs individi mocemul moqmedebas, miT ufro
didi niWi moepoveba mas am moqmedebis mimarTulebiT. niWi
mocemulia Canasaxis formaSi SesaZleblobis saxiT. realur
Zalad igi iqceva Sesatyvisi codna_Cvevis miRebis procesSi,
am codna_ Cvevis miRebisaTvis saWiro aqtivobis meSveobiT.
marto niWi verafers ver gaakeTebs, Tu igi saTanado wvrT-
nisa da varjiSis gziT ar ganviTarda. maTematikis genialuri
niWic rom hqondes kacs, seriozuli maTematikuri amocanis
winaSe absoluturad uZluri aRmoCndeba, Tu winaswar saTa-

136
nado codna_Cvevas araa dafuZvnebuli. did niWs didi saqmis
realur SesaZleblobad xdis didi codna, wvrTna da varji-
Si. am ukanasknelTa gareSe igi unayofo Tesls emsgavseba.
niWi Sedgeba unarebisagan. unarebi garkveuli moqmedebis
niWad Sesatyvis aqtivobaSi organizdeba da viTardeba. Se-
mecnebis niWi, romelic swavlaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs,
gagebis, dakvirvebis, analizis, sinTezis, ganyenebisa da gan-
zogadebis unarTa erTianobas warmoadgens. adamianis in-
teleqtualur SesaZleblobaTa ganviTareba, pirvel rigSi,
am unarTa ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.

„ra aris niWi, Tu kaci xels ar Seuwyobs da Sromas

moerideba? marTalia, marto SromiT, Tu sul uniWoa
adamiani, bevrs verafers gaarigebs, magram patara
niWis patrons ki SeuZlia swavliT gaadidos
es uniWi da anayofieros.
niWs zrda, wvrTna, gaxsna da gaSla unda“.
/a. wereTeli/

ganasxvaveben zogad da specialur niWs. zogad niWSi

gulisxmoben gonierebas, rac zemoT dasaxelebul inteleq-
tualur SesaZleblobebTan erTad damaxsovrebisa da war-
modgenis unarebsac moicavs. niWierebis am saxes zogads
imitom uwodeben, rom igi adamianis yvela moqmedebaSi
monawileobs. mis gareSe specialuri niWi, ra didi monace-
mebic unda hqondeT maT, rame TvalsaCino Rirebulebas ver
Seqmnis.
specialuri niWi ewodeba unarTa iseT erTobliobas,
romelic mxolod erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT aqtivobas
edeba safuZvlad da mis warmatebiT gaxorcielebas uzrun-
velyofs. aseTia, magaliTad, xatvis, musikis, poeturi Semoq-
medebis da sasceno gardasaxvis niWi. maTi moqmedebis areebi
viwrod aris SemosazRvruli, magram isini zogierT sxva saxis
aqtivobaze mainc axdenen gavlenas. magaliTad, musikaluri
smena, rac musikaluri niWis ZiriTad unars warmoadgens,

137
ucxo enaze zepiri metyvelebis srulyofilad dauflebis
saqmesac uwyobs xels. igi swrafad swvdeba am enis speci-
fikur aqcentuaciasa da tonalobas da moswavles swori
gamoTqmis dauflebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
niWTa Soris yvelaze mTavaria inteleqti, radgan misi
monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia raime seriozuli saqmis
gakeTeba. am niWis mixedviT adamianebi TvalsaCinod gansx-
vavdebian erTmaneTisagan. gansxvaveba ZiriTadad Tavs iCens
niWierebis xarisxSi, rac SeiZleba gaizomos specialurad
Sedgenili amocanebis saSualebiT. adamiani, romelsac in-
teleqti SesamCnevad aklia, araa normaluri, maSin, roca
specialuri niWis uqonlobas pirovneba normis sazRvre-
bidan ar gahyavs. inteleqtualuri niWis xarisxis mixedviT
adamianTa mTeli masa iyofa sam jgufad. ZiriTadi jgufi,
romelSic adamianTa udidesi nawilia moqceuli, Tavsdeba
normis SigniT. adamianTa umniSvnelo nawili eqceva normis
qveviT, xolo mxolod erTeulebs aqvT bedniereba normis
zeviT iyvnen. normis zeviT, talantobisa da geniosobis sax-
iT, niWierebis ori umaRlesi safexuria, xolo normis qveviT,
debilobis, inbecilobisa da idiotizmis saxiT, sami dabali
safexuri gamoiyofa. idioti inteleqtualuri niWis uda-
bles safexurze imyofebaxolo geniosi mis umaRles safex-
urze dgas. is adamianebic, romlebic Tavisi niWis mixedviT
normis SigniT Tavsdebian, TvalsaCinod gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisagan. zogi maTgani debils uaxlovdeba, zogi kidev
_ talants. ZiriTadi masa ki maT Soris moqceul safexurze
Tavsdeba.
inbecili da miT umetes, idioti, skolaSi swavlas ver
axerxebs. maTi gonebrivi sisuste indenad aSkarad Cans, rom
isini arc ki SehyavT skolaSi. normalur bavSvTa Soris, gan-
sakuTrebiT pirvel klasebSi zogjer debilsac vxvdebiT, ma-
gram isic mihyveba normalur skolaSi aRebul swavlis etaps,
ris gamoc male an sul tovebs saswavlebels an kidev, sadac

138
amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, gadadis debilebisaTvis spe-
cialurad Seqmnil skolaSi.
Cveulebriv, skolebSi swavloben inteleqtualur Sesa-
ZleblobaTa mixedviT normaluri bavSvebi, romelTa Soris
Zalian iSviaTad, magram mainc, SeiZleba talanti da geniosic
iyos, magram isini saSualo skolis sazRvrebSi Zneli Sesa-
mCnevni arian, radgan skolaSi maRal akademiur warmatebas
saSualo niWis moswavlec miaRwevs, Tu igi Tavidanve did
sibejiTes gamoiCens.

„axalgazrda norC-grZnobas eWirveba varjiSoba

misTana sagnebze, romelic mis axlos,
mis garSemo aris, romelsac kargad icnobs
da romelzedac TviTonac SeuZlia sja“.
/a.wereTeli/

inteleqtualurma aRzrdam mosawavleTa bunebrivi in-

teleqtualuri monacemebis maqsimaluri ganviTareba unda
uzrunvelyos. maswavlebelma rom inteleqtualuri ganvi-
Tarebis saqmes warmatebiT uxelmZRvanelos, aucilebelia
man moswavleTa individualuri inteleqtualuri SesaZle-
blobani gamoarkvios da yovel maTgans davalebis Sesruleba
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niWisa da unaris maqsimalur
doneze mosTxovos. erTi moswavlis codna SeiZleba „dam-
akmayofilebelze“ Sefasdes da es iyos am moswavlis didi
warmatebis maCvenebeli, maSin roca meore moswavlem Sei-
Zleba maRali Sefaseba miiRos, magram misi pasuxi mainc ar
iyos iseTi, rogoric mis niWsa da unars Seefereba. amitom
am ukanasknels kidev ufro meti unda moeTxovos, rom igi
Tavis SesaZleblobis Sesatyvisad ganviTardes.
sakmaod xSiria SemTxveva, roca mozards erTi romelime
saqmianobisaTvis saWiro SesaZleblobani aqvs ufro Warbad
mocemuli da misi niWierebis saerTo profils igi gansaz-
Rvravs, magram amis Sesaxeb TviTon araferi ar icis. aseTi

139
SesaZleblobani unda gamoirkves aRzrdis procesSi, raTa
mozardis profesiuli ganviTareba im mimarTulebiT war-
imarTos, romliskenac igi bunebrivadaa miwodebuli.
2. aqtivobis bunebrivi done ewodeba funqciobis ten-
denciis sidides, romelic yoveldRiur moqmedebaSi pou-
lobs Tavis realizacis. aqtivoba adamianis bunebrivi
Tvisebaa, ris gamoc mas ar SeuZlia xangrZlivad iyos
umoZraod, mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, fizikuri da suli-
eri moqmedebis gareSe, aqtivobaze mas iseTive gadaudebeli
moTxovnileba aqvs, rogorc_kvebaze, magram yvela adamians,
ise rogorc sakvebi ar hyofnis erTnairi moculobisa, erT-
nairi raodenobis aqtivobac ar akmayofilebs. erTi da imave
asakis erTnairad janmrTeli adamianebi rom SevadaroT am
mxriv erTmaneTs, maT Soris TvalsaCino gansxvavebas vnaxavT:
erTi adamiani dRe_Ramis ganmalobaSi sul ramdenime saaTis
aqtivobiT kmayofildeba da danarCen dros msubuq gar-
Tobasa da mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas arCevs, maSin
roca meores, Zilis saaTebis garda, unda mudam energiul
aqtivobaSi iyos da rame akeTos; umoqmedod yofna misTvis
erTgvar sasjels warmoadgens. pirveli SeiZleba meoreze
fizikurad ufro Zlieri da Ronieri iyos, rac imas niSnavs,
rom aqtivobis bunebrivi done ZalRonis sidideze arsebiTad
araa damokidebuli.
aqtivobis dabali done, pirvel rigSi, sizarmacis saxiT
iCens Tavs da pirovnebis cxovrebis mTel mimdinareobas
Tavisebur daRs asvams. dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom yvela
pirovnebas moqmedebis yvela sferoSi aqtivobis erTnairi
done ar aqvs. umetes SemTxvevaSi, vxvdebiT iseT adamianebs,
romelTac praqtikuli moqmedebis sferoSi aqtivobis done
didi aqvT, magram wminda innteleqtualuri anu Teoriuli
aqtivobis tendencia susti aqvT, didxans ar hyofniT da
amitom xangrZlivi gonebrivi muSaoba uZneldebaT. aseTi
pirebi praqtikuli moqmedebis sferoSi energiulebi arian.

140
magram inteleqtualur muaSaobaSi, kerZod, swavlis saqme-
Si, sizarmaces iCenen. SedarebiT ufro naklebad, magram
mainc iseT pirebsac vxvdebiT, romelTac inteleqtualuri
aqtivobis done maRali aqvT da amitom gonebrivi muSaobas
Tavis Tavze Zaldautaneblad gacilebiT ufro didxans da
didi xalisiT awarmoeben, vidre praqtikul saqmianobas.
maRal inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas yovelTvis axlavs
Tan inteleqtualuri aqtivobis maRali bunebrivi done,
ris gamoc swavlaSi zarmacebs niWiT sakmaod dajildoebul
moswavleTa Sorisac xvdebiT.
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis maRal dones didi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs swavlisa da gonebriv SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis
saqmisaTvis. amitom iq, sadac igi araa maRali bunebrivad,
xelovnurad unda iqnes aweuli garegani stimulebis zemoq-
medebis gziT. aseTi stimulebi, pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iyos
movlenebi, romlebic mozardSi Teoriul interes aRviveben,
movaleobis Segnebas aviTareben da codnis obieqturi Rire-
bulebisadmi pitiviscemas nergaven.
3. yvela mozardi aRmzrdelobiT zemoqmedebas, rasac
garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganviTareba unda mohyves Sede-
gad, erTnairad ar Rebulobs. zogi sakmaod advilad mihyve-
ba aRmzrdelis mier miTiTebul gzas da Tavis Tavze didi
Zaldatanebis gareSe axerxebs zurgi Seaqcios iseT movle-
nebs, romlebic mas am gzidan gadasvlisaken ubiZgebs. zogs
ki iseTi movlenebi ubiZgebs Tavisken, romlebTanac urTi-
erToba masSi aRzrdis miznebis sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebs
aviTarebs. sakmarisia erTma, magaliTad, Tambaqo an magari
sasmeli ramdenimejerme gasinjos an kide ramdenjerme mii-
Ros monawileoba mRelvarebiT savse, azartuli xasiaTis mo-
qmedebaSi da igi ise Rrmad Cajdes mis bunebaSi, rom Semdeg
mas veRar moscildes, Tu saqmeSi sxvebi droze ar Caerivnen.
meoris buneba aseT rames Znelad iTvisebs an kidev saerTod
ar Rebulobs maSinac ki, roca igi SemTxvevaTa gamo social-

141
urad arajansaR jgufSi xvdeba da am ukanasknelis zegav-
leniT maT SeCvevas sagangebod cdilobs. mozardis amgvari
individualuri Tvisebebi arsebiTadaa damokidebuli ner-
vuli sistemis im tipologiur Taviseburebebze, romlebic
pirvelad fiziologma i. pavlovma daadgina.
i. pavlovma ZiriTadi nervuli procesebis_ aRznebisa
da Sekavebis Zalis, wonasworobisa da Zvradobis mixedviT
daadgina nervuli sitemis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi, romlebic,
misive azriT, pirovnebis temperamentul Taviseburebebs
edeba safuZvlad da adamianebs TvalsaCinod ganaxvavebs
erTmaneTisgan. esenia: 1.Zlieri, gawonasworebuli, Zvradi,
swrafad moZravi tipi (sangvinikuri temperamenti); 2. Zlie-
ri, gawonasworebuli, naklebad moZravi, mSvidi da mZime tipi
(flegmatikuri temperamenti); 3.Zlieri agznebis, gauwonas-
worebeli, TavSeukavebeli tipi (qolerikuli temperamenti)
da 4. susti agznebisa da susti Sekavebis, inertuli tipi
(melanqolikuri tipi). i. pavlovis moZRvrebis mixedviT ner-
vuli sistemis es tipebi TanSobilia da cxovrebis pirobebis
zegavleniT umniSvnelod icvleba.
saswavlo_saaRmzrdelo muSaoba, romelic mozardis
pirovnebis garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas isaxavs
miznad, mozardis nervuli sistemis am ZiriTad individu-
alur Taviseburebebs unda daefuZnos, rom igi nayofierad
warimarTos. sxvadasxva tipis nervuli sistemis, sxvadasxva
temperamentis mozardebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi sul sxvanair
pedagogiur midgomas moiTxoven imisaTvis, rom erTnairi
warmatebiT aRizardon. saaRmzrdelo RonisZieba, romelic
flegmatikTan dadebiT Sedegs iZleva, qolerikis mimarT
SeiZleba zogjer saziano aRmoCndes.
Tu yvelafers, rac zemoT iTqva, gaviTvaliswinebT, cx-
adi gaxdeba, rom mozardisagan srulyofili adamianis gan-
viTarebis procesis marTva arsebiTad ekisreba aRzrdas,
romelic mizans warmatebiT mxolod maSin miaRwevs, roca

142
igi Tavis moqmedebaSi aRzrdis sazogadoebriv amocanebTan
erTad, mozardis asakobriv da individualur Tavisebure-
bebsac safuZvlianad gaiTvaliswinebs.

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra faqtorebi moqmedeben pirovnebis formirebaze;

2. romel jgufebad SeiZleba daiyos dRemde arsebuli
Teoriebi pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebis Sesaxeb;
3. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi empiristuli Teoriis mixedviT;
4. rogor moiazreba aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvi-
dreobis faqtorebis zemoqmedeba pirovnebis formirebaze
frangi materialistebis moZRvrebis mixedviT;
5. romelia aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi;
6. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas platonis azriT;
7. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas aristoteles azriT;
8. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas jon lokis TvalsazrisiT;
9. ras uwodebs jon loki tabula raza-s;
10. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas komenskis azriT;
11. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi biologiuri nativisturi Teoriis mixedviT;
12. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi pedagogikis klasikosebis azriT;
13. rogoria asakobrivi periodizaciis mokle istori-
uli mimoxilva;
14. ra faqtorebis safuZvelze xdeba asakobrivi peri-
odizacia pedagogikaSi;
15. romelia mozardobis periodis Sida asakobrivi fa-
zebi;
16. romel periods uwodeben “bednieri bavSvobis~ asaks
da ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba igi;

143
 17. rogor aisaxeba fiziologiuri cvlilebebi mozrdi-
lis emociur ganwyobaze;
18. rogorifizikuri cvlilebebi mimdinareobs mozrdi-
lobis periodSi;
19. azrovnebis rogori formebis Camoyalibeba mimdin-
areobs gardamaval asakSi;
20. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Wabukobis asaki;
21. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs adamianis individualur
Taviseburebebs;
22. ra aris inteleqti;
23. ra aris “aqtivobis bunebrivi done~;
24. ra aris temperamenti.

144
 Tavi III
aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi

„... aRzrdas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. bavSvi unda aRvzard-

oT morwmune, mosiyvarule, mSvidobis moyvaruli, simarTlis
moyvaruli, saTno, Tavmdabali, gaWirvebulTa damxmare, sam-
SoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli. bavSvi ar unda movwyvitoT bunebas;
buneba xom didi wignia, romlis kiTxva da gageba unda iswavlos
bavSvma. erT-erTi didi sakiTxi, romelsac aranakleb yuradRebas
aqceven, esaa aRsazrdelis Sromisadmi damokidebuleba.“

/saqarTvelos kaTolikos _patriarqi ilia II/

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

rodis aRmocenda istoriulad aRzrdis miznis prob-

lema pedagogiur azrovnebaSi;
ra aris aRzrdis mizani;
ras niSnavs harmoniuli aRzrda;
ra aris sulieri aRzrda; ra aris fizikuri aRzrda;
ra aris gonebrivi aRzrda; ra aris zneobrivi aRzrda;
ra aris esTetikuri aRzrda;
rogoria mimarTeba harmoniuli aRzrdis Semadgenel
nawilebs Soris.

roca sakiTxi dgeba ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formaciis

aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis garkvevis Sesaxeb, pirvel
yovlisa unda ganisazRvros, zogadad, aRzrdis mizani da
amocanebi, misi Sinaarsi da mimarTuleba.
aRzrda, rogorc socialuri instituti, kacobriobis
ganviTarebis adreul etapze ar SeiniSneba. am periodSi igi
Semoifargleboda mxolod socialuri gamocdilebis gada-
cemiT momavali Taobisadmi praqtikuli saqmianobis pro-
cesSi.

145
 sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, kerZod,
monaTmflobeluri periodis dasawyisSi, aRzrda gamoeyo
aRsazrdelis bunebrivad mimdinare socializaciis proce-
sebs da Camoyalibda, rogorc sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fos gansakuTrebuli funqcia, socialuri instituti, am
periodSi aRzrdas, rogorc socialur instituts, sazoga-
doebriv cxovrebaSi eniWeba gansazRvruli funqciebi, erTi
mxriv, gacnobierebuli da formulirebuli, meore mxriv,
latenturi, gaucnobierebeli, araformulirebuli.
saubari aRzrdis funqciebze, gacnobierebul aRzrdaze,
bunebrivia, niSnavs sazogadoebis mier aRzrdis miznis
sakiTxis dasmas, anu sazogadoeba acnobierebs, Tu rogori
adamianis momzadeba surs mas. yoveli sazogadoeba aRzr-
dis winaSe gansakuTrebul mizans ayenebs, im mizans, romelic
pasuxobs mis kulturul, ekonomikur da politikur ganvi-
Tarebis dones.

`aRzrdis erTiani mizani srulad SeiZleba

gamoixatos mxolod erTi sityviT _ zneobrioba~.
/herbarti/

aRzrdis miznis gacnobierebul, sistemuri saxiT gawer-

il formas, pirvelad antikur saberZneTSi vxvdebiT. es
iyo berZnebis erT-erTi udidesi damsaxurebaTagani sxva
damasaxurebaTa Soris, rac maT miuZRviT kacobriuli az-
ris winaSe. aTenisa da spartis aRzrdis sistemebis safuZ-
velze, im drois udidesma folosofosebma da pedagogebma,
platonma da aristotelem, Camoayalibes harmoniuli aR-
zrdis idea, romelic adamianis sulisa da sxeulis Tana-
barwonad ganviTarebas gulisxmobda. platonma da aristo-
telem, adamianuri sulis samgvari saxis (grZnobiTi, nebiTi,
gonivruli _ platoni; mcenareuli, cxoveluri, gonivruli
_ aristotele) aRiarebidan uSualod gamoiyvanes aRzrdis
sami Semadgeneli nawili _ fizikuri, gonebrivi, zneobrivi
da maTi Sexameba harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli pirovnebis
146
momzadebis aucilebel pirobad cnes. maT moZRvebaSi vr-
cladaa agreTve msjeloba esTetikuri aRzrdis Sesaxebac.
ase rom, platoni da aristotele harmoniul aRzrdaSi mis
oTx Semadgenel nawils _ fizikuri, gonebrivi, zneobrivi,
esTetikuri _ gulisxmoben.
revoluciuri mniSvnelobis mqone am daskvnamde isini, ro-
gorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTi mxriv, aTinuri da spartanuli
saxelmwifoebrivi saskolo praqtikis, xolo meore mxriv,
sakuTari filosofiuri xedvisa da saaRmzrdelo praqtikis
ganzogadebiT mividnen. Tu maTi moZRvrebis mixedviT aRzr-
dis oTx Semadgenel nawils sulieri da fizikuri aRzrdis
Sinaarsis mixedviT Sesabamis adgils mivakuTvnebT, naTeli
gaxdeba, rom sulieri aRzrdis qveS maT mier moiazreba (da
dRemde moiazreba) gonebrivi, zneobrivi da esTetikuri
aRzrda, xolo sxeulis aRzrdis qveS _ fizikuri aRzrda.
amrigad, aRzrdis, rogorc socialuri institutis mizans,
antikur epoqaSi warmoadgenda mozardis fizikuri, zneobri-
vi, gonebrivi da esTetikuri aRzrda, rasac, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, harmoniuli aRzrda ewodeboda.
am periodidan moyolebuli dRemde (da albaT momaval-
Sic avt.), aRzrdis mizans harmoniuli pirovnebis aRzrda
warmoadgens. es aris aRzrdis zogadi mizani, romlis am
formiT gansazRvra sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzom-
ierebidanaa amozrdili da misi arsebobis logikuri Sedegia,
rasac adasturebs is garemoeba, rom dRemde, sazogadoebaSi
Tanacxovrebisa da arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli kompeten-
ciebisa da moTxovnebis mixedviT, am mizans cvlileba ar ga-
nucdia.
marTalia, aRzrdis zogadi mizani - harmoniuli pirovnebis
aRzrda, Tavisi formiT yvela drosa da epoqaSi ucvlelia,
magram cxadia, rom misi Sinaarsi, anu codnaTa is jami, ro-
melic moiazreba am miznis TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis
mimarT, aucileblad icvleba da ganisazRvreba ama Tu im
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kulturuli, misi civilizaciis
147
donis Sesabamisad. amasTan, gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT,
rom jer kidev antikuri saberZneTidan, spartasa da aTi-
nadan moyolebuli, aRzrdis miznis Sinaarsi ganisazRvre-
boda im politikuri mizandasaxulobiTa da mimarTulebiT,
rogoric iyo qveynis politikur _ ekonomikuri wyoba. amis
sailustraciod sakmarisia gavixsenoT aristoteles azri,
rom yvelaze mTavari im RonisZiebaTa Soris, romlebic xels
uwyoben saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis dacvasa da SenarCune-
bas „es aris mozardi Taobis aRzrda saTanado saxelmwifoe-
brivi wyobilebis suliskveTebiT.“

maSasadame, aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi, sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis yvela etapze, ganisazRvreboda da ganisazRvre-
ba am sazogadoebis ekonomikur _ politikuri wyobiT. aRzr-
dis miznisa da amocanebis sworad gageba, yovel konkretul
SemTxvevasa da mimarTebaSi, am mecnieruli debulebidanaa
SesaZlebeli.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, Tuki aRzrdis mizansa
da amocanebs gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi wyoba, xolo
sazogadoebis ganviTareba, iseve rogorc materialuri sa-
mayarosi, obieqtur kanonzomierebas emorCileba, maSin aRz-
rdis mizani da misi amocanebic obieqturi xasiaTisaa. amitom
aRzrdis miznis mecnierulad gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebe-
lia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomiere-
bebis sworad Secnoba.
aqedanve aSkaraa, rom ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formaci-
isaTvis aRzrdis mxolod erTi, misTvis Sesabamisi garkveu-
li aRzrdis mizania damaxasiaTebeli da am sazogadoebrivi
formaciis CarCoebSi igi ucvlelia. amitom ukiduresi xasi-
aTis Secdomaa, roca zogjer msjeloben sazogadoebriv wyo-
baSi aRzrdis miznebis Seesaxeb. sazogadoebriv wyobaSi aRz-
rdis mxolod da mxolod erTi mizani dgas da igi Seicvleba
mxolod da mxolod am formaciis SecvlasTan erTad. amitom

148
kacobriobis formaciebis Sesabamisad, istoria erTmaneTis-
gan principulad gansxvavebul aRzrdis xuT mizans icnobs.

sxvagvarad dgas sakiTxi aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis

gagebisas. marTalia, rogorc aRzrdis mizani, iseve misi Si-
naarsi da amocanebic sazogadoebis ekonomikur-politikuri
wyobiTaa ganpirobebuli da yovelTvis mas Seesabameba, ma-
gram igi cvlilebas mxolod sazogadoebrivi wyobis Secvlis
gamo rodi ganicdis. saqme imaSia, rom aRzrdis Sinaarsi da
amocanebi cvalebadobas ganicdian ara mxolod sazogadoe-
brivi ekonomikuri formaciis Secvlis gamo, aramed TviT am
formaciis SigniTac, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze.
bunebrivia, rom aRzrdis Sinaarsi aRzrdis mizniTaa gan-
pirobebuli. amdenad, aRzrdis miznis gadawyveta miT ufro
warmatebuli iqneba, ramdenadac Rrma da moqnili, cxovreb-
iseuli yoveldRiuri Zvrebis Sesabamisi iqneba aRzrdis
Sinaarsi da amocanebi, misi meTodebi da xerxebi. swored
yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli Zvrebi, iqneba ekonomikuri,
politikuri, kulturuli Tu mecnieruli xasiaTisa, iwveven
aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis cvalebadobas, im dros
roca TviTon aRzrdis mizani ucvleli rCeba. amis naTeli
magaliTia mTeli msofliosa, da maT Soris saqarTvelosT-
vis aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis cvlileba ukanaskneli
ori aTeuli wlis manZilze, roca sul ufro da ufro mzardi
globalizaciis procesi da, Sesabamisad, swrafad cvladi sa-
bazro ekonomika, sruliad gansxvavebul moTxovnebs uyenebs
ganaTlebis process da aucileblobiT moiTxovs aRzrdis
Tu swavlebis Sinaarsis, meTodebisa da xerxebs cvlilebis
sakiTxs.

zemoT naTqvamidan bunebrivia daskvna, rom aRzrdis

mizani da amocanebi ganicdis cvalebadobasa da ganviTare-
bas sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad. yovel sazoga-

149
doebriv formaciaSi am sazogadoebis Sesabamisi aRzrdis
mizani iyo wamoyenebuli, magram sazogadoebrivi formaci-
is SecvlasTan erTad es mizanic icvleba. erTmaneTisagan
sruliad gansxvavebuli aRzrdis mizani iyo wamoyenebuli
pirvelyofil, monaTmflobelur, feodalur, buJuaziul,
socialistur da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.

pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, marTalia gaucnobiereblad,

magram mainc warmoebda aRzrda, romlis saSualebiTac moma-
vali TaobisaTvis unda eswavlebinaT sakvebis mopoveba da
nadirisagan Tavdacva. aRzrdas ar hqonda specializirebuli
funqcia. am sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gvian etapze, Temuri
wyobilebis periodSi, Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis
pirobebSi, aRzrdis amocanas Seadgenda Temis saqmianobis
Seswavla, Temis sakuTrebisa da Rirsebis dacva(sabrZolo
xelovneba, anu samxedro aRzrda), Temis wesebis Sesruleba
da dovlaTis dagrovebaze zrunva.
SemdgomSi, didi raodenobiT dovlaTis dagrovebam gva-
rebis xelSi gamoiwvia gvaris interesebis gamokveTa kerZo
interesebSi, da aRzrdam, rogorc zednaSenma, miiRo kerZo
xasiaTi.
monaTmflobelobis periodSi, gansxvavebiT pirvelyo-
filurisagan, aRzrda iRebs specializebul funqcias, igi
gacnobierebul xasiaTs atarebs da misi mizania sazogadoe-
bis privilegirebuli fenis, kerZod, monaTmflobelis aR-
zrda (monebisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi aRzrda ar arsebobs
avt.), oRond saxelmwifos politikuri saWiroebis niSniT.
am TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebuli aRzrdis sistemis
magaliTebi mogvces Zveli egviptis, indoeTis, CineTis, is-
raelis, SuamdinareTis, spartisa da aTinas saxelmwifoebma.
aRzrdis miznis gansxvavebuli modelebi gaiara Zvelma
romma miwaTmoqmedi meomris aRzrdidan, romelic icavda Ta-
vis SromiT nakveTs sagvarovno romSi, orator-patricis aR-

150
zrdamde respublikur romSi, da bolos, marTlqveSevrdomi
masis da imperiis erTgul moxeleTa momzadebis saxiT saim-
perio romSi, rasac aRzrdis Semdeg instituciur erTeule-
bamde mivyavarT _ ojaxuri aRzrdidan kerZo skolisaken da
am ukanasknelidan mTavrobis biurokratiuli skolisaken.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aRzrdis kerZo xasiaTma
მონათმფლობელურ საზოგადოებაში, misma privilegire-
bulobam gamoiwvia Tavad aRzrdis sistemebis ganviTareba.
aRzrdam miiRo saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi, rac imas niS-
navs, rom saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobas iRebs sakuTari
mosaxleobis(monaTmflobelTa Svilebis) aRzrdaze, gaCnda
skola, saxelmwifoebrivi saskolo sistema ( qristeSobamde
XXV s.), aRzrdis arsi da problemebi im periodSi moRvawe
udidesi moazrovneebis TvalTaxedvaSi moeqca, ramac aRzr-
dis mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi umaRles doneze aiyvana.

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, V saukunidan XIV sau-

kunemde, egreT wodebul Sua saukuneebSi, sazogadoebri-
vi cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva religiam, socialur-
politikur viTarebaSi saxelmwifos gverdiT gaCnda meore
mmarTveli organizacia eklesia, da, bunebrivia, gamomdin-
are aqedan, aRzrdamac religiuri xasiaTi miiRo. oficial-
uri saganmanaTleblo instituciis saxiT gaCnda samonasto,
sakrebulo da, mogvianebiT, samrevlo skolebi. Suasaukunee-
bis ganaTleba mxolod religiuri iyo da, Sesabamisad, aRz-
rdis mizans religiis usityvod morCili, araSemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis, Semsrulebeli da araSemoqmedi, uiniciativo
pirovnebis aRzrda iyo.
eklesiuri aRzrdis gverdiT, daqvemdebarebulad, magram
mainc arsebobs saero interesebi, romlebmac realizacia
saojaxo raindul aRzrdaSi miiRo da Svidi rainduli siqve-
lis saxiT Camoyalibda. swored es iyo is marcvali, romelic
ganviTarda Semdgom saukuneebSi.

151
 Sua saukuneebis aRzrdis sistemis yvelaze didi nakli
isaa, rom aRzrdam dakarga klasobrivi, privilegirebuli
xasiaTi _ saxelmwifoebrioba _ da miiRo wodebrivi, karCa-
ketili forma, ramac Seaferxa misi ganviTareba.

Sua saukuneebs Semdgom saukuneebSi mohyva aRorZinebisa

da burJuaziuli epoqebi, romelTa aRzrdis sistemebzec
ufro vrclad SevCerdebiT.
aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebma, (italielebi _ p. ver-
jerio (1350_1444 ww.), m. vejio (1406_1456 ww.), e. pikolo-
mini (1405_1464 ww.), l. bruni (1369_1444 ww.); ingliselebi _
T. mori(1478-1535), r. aSami(1515-1568); espaneli_x.vivesa (1492-
1540); frangebi_f.rable (1494-1553), m. monteni (1533-1592);
germanelebi _ r. agrikola(1443-1485), i. reixlini(1455-1522);
holandieli _ erazm roterdameli (1466-15360, vitorinio
de feltre (1378-1446)) Suasaukuneebis zeciuri adamianis
moralur ideals daupirispires miwieri, bunebriv moTx-
vnilebebze kanonieri uflebis mqone religiuri, harmoniuli
adamianis kulti da wamoayenes humanizmis idea, romelic si-
cocxlismoyvarul, xalisian, suliTa da xorciT Zlier ada-
mians aRiarebs. aRorZinebis epoqis es msoflxedva gadatani-
li iqna imdroindel saswavlo_saaRmzrdelo sistemaSi da,
Sesabamisad, aRzrdis miznis antikur harmoniul formaSi,
aRorZinebis epoqam Cado Tavisufali, aqtiuri pirovnebis
formirebis Sinaarsi, pirovnebisa, romelic samyaros gvirg-
vini da centria, Semoqmedia da aqvs Tavisuflebisa da Tanas-
worobis ufleba. moswavle gamocxadda swavla_aRzrdis
centrad, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom saswavlo_saaRmzrdelo
procesi unda aigos bavSvis interesebis, misi individual-
uri da asakobrivi Taviseburebebis, misi pirovnebis pativis-
cemis safuZvelze (moswavleze centrirebuli, Tanamedrove
terminiT, moswavleze orintirebuli swavleba).

152
 aRzrdis miznis istoriuli aspeqtiT ganxilvisas, aseve
ver auvliT gverds burJuaziuli epoqis aRzrdis mizans.
am epoqis pedagogiurma azrovnebam, antikuri periodis har-
moniuli aRzrdis oTx Semadgenel nawils, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, daumata mexuTe nawili
_ SromiTi aRzrda, rac wingadagmuli udidesi nabiji iyo
harmoniuli aRzrdis ideis dasrulebisaTvis. am epoqis pro-
gresuli pedagogikuri azorovnebis romel warmomadgenel-
sac ar unda mimarToT, es iqneba komenski, pestaloci, ruso,
furie Tu oueni _ yvelani mtkiced dganan am poziciaze da
pedagogiuri sferodan aRrmaveben mas. harmoniuli aRzrdis
sinonimad, SemoRebuli iqna termini yovelmxirivi aRzrda,
da, raRa Tqma unda, Seicvala da gaRrmavda misi Sinaarsi, mo-
ergo burJuaziuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebsa da saWiroe-
bebs.
amave dros, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul
monapovrad unda CaiTvalos aRzrdisa da ganTlebis sayov-
elTao principis aRiareba, rac imas niSnavs, rom ganaTlebis
ufleba unda hqondes yvelas da saxelmwifo unda zrunavdes
yvela moqalaqis ganaTlebaze Tanabrad, ganurCevlad warmo-
mavlobisa, sqesisa da erovnebisa.
mogvianebiT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebisave monapovaria
savaldebulo ganaTlebis principis aRiareba, riTac sax-
elmwifo ara mxolod ganaTlebis uflebas aZlevs yvela
moqalaqes, aramed avaldebulebs, da maSasadame, ufinansebs
garkveul safexuramde swavlas.
da bolos, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis damsaxurebaa kla-
sikuri pedagogikis Teoriis Camoyalibeba da pedagogikis
mecnierul doneze ayvana, rac manamde arsebuli pedagogi-
kuri Teoriebisa da praqtikis ganzogadebis, da amasTanave,
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis mimarT momavlis perspeqtivaSi
ganxilvis Sedegia.

153
 pedagogikis mecnierebis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba didi
Cexi moazrovnisa da moRvawis ian amos komenskis saxels, ma-
gram mis gverdiT, pedagogikis mecnierebis CamoyalibebaSi
udidesi wvlili Seitanes im periodis iseTma cnobilma moaz-
rovneebma, rogorebic arian j.loki, Jan-Jak ruso, i. pesta-
loci, i.herbarti, f.frebeli, a. distervegi da sxv.
burJuaziuli periodidan moyolebuli dRemde, harmo-
niuli aRzrdis qveS moiazreba pirovnebis gonebrivi, zneo-
brivi, esTetikuri, fizikuri da SromiTi aRzrda.

„bavSvs gulSi gamoukvanZeT misis patara samSoblo,

misi ena, gza mieciT, rom aramc Tu marto Seiswavlos,
aramed Seiyvaros kidec igi. igrZnos misi gansxvavebuli
Tviseba, gansxvavebuli xasiaTi“.
/disetervegi/

mas Semdeg, rac adamianma gaacnobiera sakuTari pasux-

ismgebloba momavali Taobis aRzrdis winaSe, aRzrdis miz-
nis sakiTxi, anu, rogori adamianis formireba surs saxelm-
wifos ama Tu im epoqaSi, Zalze mniSvnelovan da aqtualur
sakiTxad iTvleba. adamianuri goneba da fiqri ar cxreba am
problemis mogvarebis procesSi, sazogadoebebisa da sax-
elmwifoebis yuradReba mudmivad mimarTulia am urTulesi
sakiTxis gansazRvrisa da mogvarebis procesisaken, vinaidan
yvelasaTvis dResaviT naTelia, rom kacobriobis momavals
swored momavali Taobis ragvaroba gansazRvravs.

„ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:

vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao“.
/guramiSvili/

aqve unda ganvmartoT, rom Tanamedrove msoflioSi ter-

min „aRzrdis miznis“ nacvlad, damkvidrda termini „gana-
Tlebis mizani“. es garemoeba, vfiqrobT, aixsneba garkveuli
viTarebiT, kerZod, roca ganaTleba masobriv xasiaTs at-
arebs, roca kacobriobam aRiara ganaTlebis sayovelTaoba

154
da savaldebuloba, roca civilizaciis ganviTareba adami-
ans arsebobisaTvis seriozul moTxovnebs uyenebs da min-
imaluri ganaTleba adamianisagan moiTxovs unarebisa da
kompetenciebis sakmaod farTo CamonaTvals, bunebrivia,
dgeba sakiTxi saxelmwifoebis mxridan aqcentis gakeTebisa
ganaTlebis, da ara aRzrdis mizanze. sakiTxis amgvarad
dasmas, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs is faqti, rom Taname-
drove msoflio mobiluri da globaluria, ramac gamoiwvia
erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrceebis Seqmna da principSi,
erTgvarovani unarebisa da kompetenciebis saWiroeba ama
Tu im qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis. rasakvirvelia, TiToeuli
qveynisaTvis ganaTlebis Sedegs am qveynis kulturuli,
politikuri da ekonomikuri saWiroebebi gansazRvraven, ma-
gram erTiani globaluri moTxovnebisagan verc erTi qveyana
ver Tavisufldeba. maSasadame, ganaTlebis masobriv xasiaTs,
SeiZleba iTqvas, ewireba aRzrdis mizani. miuxedavad imisa,
rom swored ganaTlebisa da swavlebis procesi uyalibebs
adamians ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi arsebobisaTvis saWiro
unarebs, Cvevebsa da kompetenciebs, pirovnebis formirebis
procesis, aRzrdis mxolod ganaTlebamde dayvana, akninebs
aRzrdis Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas. ganaTleba, iseve ro-
gorc swavleba, aRzrdis gzas da saSualebas warmoadgens.
kacobriobis mizani momavali Taobis aRzrda unda iyos, rom-
lis miRwevis erT-erT, da ara erTaderT, gzas (Tumca mniS-
vnelovans) warmoadgens ganaTleba. swored aRzrdis miznis
Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba, mas eqvemdebareba ganaTlebis Si-
naarsi, iseve rogorc swavlebis meTodologia da saswavlo
procesis sxva komponentebic.

„eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin iwyeba, roca eri,

Tavis saubedurod, sakuTar istorias iviwyebs“.
/i. WavWavaZe/

maSasadame, aRzrdis mizani pirovnebis formirebis pro-

cesSi arsobrivi mniSvnelobis, filosofiuri kategoriis
155
mniSvnelobis mqonea da igi verafriT Seicvleba mxolod ga-
naTlebis mizniT.
sayuradeboa is faqti, rom 2006 wels evrokavSiris mier
SemuSavebul dokumentSi saganmanaTleblo politikis miz-
nis Sesaxeb, kompetenciaTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia damokidebulebebis kompetencias, romelic saqarT-
velos kvalifikaciis erovnul CarCoSi Rirebulebebis
saxeliTaa Setanili. es faqti TavisTavad imaze migvaniSnebs,
rom Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoeba yuradRebas amaxvi-
lebs aRzrdis fenomenze da cdilobs ganaTlebis aRmzrd-
elobiT mniSvnelobas gausvas xazi. Tumca, samwuxarod, es
erTi konkretuli nabiji sakiTxis arsobriv cvlilebaze ar
miuTiTebs.

roca xazs vusvamT aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis, misi

Sinaarsis ekonomikuri wyobiT ganpirobebas, ar unda davivi-
woT saerTod aRzrdis da kerZod misi Sinaarsisa da amo-
canebis pedagogiuri mxare. saqme imaSia, rom es pedagogiuri
mxare gvikarnaxebs konkretul pirobebSi aRzrdis Sinaarsis
gansazRvrisas angariSi gavuwioT da gaviTvaliswinoT baSvi-
sa da mozardis asakobrivi da individualuri Tavisebureba-
ni, skolis materialur-teqnikuri baza da maswavleblebisa
da aRmzrdelis momzadebis done.

„zogs hgonia, rom mamulis siyvarulis grZnoba

dedis muclidan dahyveba yovel axladSobils
da mis aRzrdaze zrunva saWiro araao, magram
es marTla ase rodia... patriotobasazogadoebam
da calke pirma unda danergon, aRzardon da daayenon
jerovan simaRlezed~.
/i.gogobaSvili/

harmoniuli aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis, gonebrivi,

zneobrivi, fizikuri, esTetikuri da SromiTi aRzrdis miznisa
da amocanebis, Sinaarsebisa da meTodebis gagebaSi pedagogi-

156
kuri azrovnebis istoriis manZilze arsebobda da arsebobs
gansxvavebuli koncefciebi, es gansxvaveba meTodologiuri
poziciebis gansxvavebulobis Sedegia. amjerad SevecdebiT
warmovadginoT TiToeuli maTgani Tanamedrove pedagogi-
kuri mecnierebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.

gonebrivi aRzrda bavSvsa da mozardSi SemoqmedebiTi az-

rovnebis Camoyalibebisa da mis niadagze rac SeiZleba meti
mecnieruli codnis mopovebisa da misი praqtikaSi gamoy-
enebis unaris formirebis kanonzomieri, mizandasaxuli, or-
ganizebuli procesia, romelic mimdinareobs organizebul
garemoSi aRmzrdelis, anu maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT.
gonebrivi aRzrdis gareSe SeuZlebelia sinamdvilis Sec-
noba da misi adamianTa sasargeblod gardaqmna _ gamoyeneba.
rac zogadad aRzrdis da mTeli sazogadoebrivi moRvaweo-
bis mizania.

`swavla yovlis sagnisa imisTana gzazed unda

iyos dayenebuli yovels pedagogiurad mowyobils skolaSi,
rom avarjiSos, ganamtkicos da gaaZlieros ara erTi
romelime gamartivebuli niWi, aramed sxva niWica
da daexmaros mTelis gonebis winsvlasa, ganviTrebasa~.
/i. gogebaSvili/

aqedan gamomdinare gonebrivi aRzrdis mizani zogadad

Segnebuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiTi moRvaweobisaTvis
momzadebaa.
es mizani uaRresad mravalmxriv da farTo Sinaars
moicavs, rac konkretizirdeba gonebrivi aRzrdis amocaneb-
Si. Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es amocanebi erTmaneT-
Tan aucilebel kavSirSi myofi, urTierTganmapirobebelni
da, amdenad, mTlianobiTi xasiaTisa arian.
• gonebrivi aRzrdis erT erT amocanas warmoadgens
mozardis SeiaraReba kacobriuli azris mier dagrovebuli
mecnieruli codnis ZiriTadi safuZlebiT. codnis es jami

157
saswavlo gegmebSi, programebSi da saxelmZRvaneloebSia
asaxuli. am umniSvnelovanesi dokumentebis Sedgenis erT-
erT principad miRebulia, rom mozardis saskolo swavlebis
periodSi mivawodoT misi asakisaTvis dasaZlevi rac SeiZle-
ba meti faqtiuri mecnieruli codna. skoladamTavrebuli
axalgazrda mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove donis
Sesabamis codnis safuZvlebs unda flobdes.
• gonebrivi aRzrdis Semdgomi amocanaa ganyenebuli da
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis unaris, SemecnebiTi Zalebis Cam-
oyalibeba- ganviTareba. ganyenebuli, logikuri azrovnebis
unaris gareSe, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneba saerTod mecni-
eruli codnis SeTviseba da miTumetes, rTul mecnierul
kombinaciebSi garkveva, daskvnebisa da ganzogadoebebis
Teoremebis, wesebisa da kanonebis arsis wvdoma. ganyenebuli
azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebis done, did nawilSi gansaz-
Rvravs mecnieruli codnis SeTvisebis moculobas da misi
gagebis siRrmis koeficientsac.
aseve mniSvnelovania kritikuli azrovnebis, codnaSi ar-
sebiTi da meorexarisxovani sakiTxebis gamoyofis unaris
formireba.
• civilizaciis Tanamedrove doneze, codnis didi ra-
odenobiT dagrovebis pirobebSi, SeuZlebelia aRzrdisa da
ganaTlebis amocanad, swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze, swav-
lis Sedegis saxiT daisaxos mTeli am codnis aTviseba da
kritikuli gaazreba. amdenad, gamomdinare Tanamedrove sa-
ganmanaTleblo sferos saWiroebebidan, gonebrivi aRzrdis
upirveles amocanas moswavleTaTvis zogadi unarebis gan-
viTareba warmoadgens, romelic ZiriTadad verbaluri da
raodenobrivi azrovnebis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT.
ganviTarebuli aqvs ra adamians saTanado doneze es unarebi,
igi advilad moaxerxebs ama Tu im sakiTxisa da Temis das-
wavlasa da gacnobierebas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gonebrivi
aRzrdis amocana codnis SeZenis unaris formireba, swavlis
swavlaa.
158
 • marTalia, moswavlis mier codnis SeTvisebis process
maswavlebeli xelmZRvanelobs, magram swavlebis erT-erT
amocanas, codnis damoukideblad SeTvisebis unaris Camoya-
libeba warmoadgens, rac swavlebis dasrulebisaTvis ZiriTa-
dad gadawyvetili unda iyos. fuWi iqneba skolis muSaoba,
Tu misgan gamosul axalgazrdas cxovrebisagan wamoyenebul
saWiroebaTa Sesabamisad ar SeeZleba codnis damoukideblad
SeTviseba. skola xom ver miscems yvela im codnas, rac mas
cxovrebaSi dasWirdeba. garda amisa, cxovrebis, mecnierebisa
da teqnikis ganviTareba misgan xom aucileblad moiTxovs
axali mecnieruli aRmoCenebis dauflebas. SromiTi praqti-
kuli saqmianobac wamoWris mis winaSe codnis gaRrmavebis da
arsebuli SromiTi tradiciebis gaumjobesebis gadaudebel
amocanebs. yovelive es SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu axlagazrdas
ara aqvs, codnis damoukideblad mopovebis unar-Cvevebi.
• gonebrivi aRzrdis შემდეგ amocanas gonebrivi Sro-
mis kulturis danergva warmoadgens. ZvelTaganve cnobilia,
rom gonebrivi Sroma uaRresad did kulturas moiTxovs. am
mxriv kacobriobas sakmao monapovrebi gaaCnia. pedagogi-
kaSi am monapovrebis kritikulad aTvisebis safuZvelze Se-
muSavebulia gonebrivi Sromis kulturis umaRlesi normebi.
adamiani ueWvelad unda idges am kulturis simaRleze. wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mokle droSi gamoifiteba adamianis
energia da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis unari. gonebrivi Sro-
mis kulturaze bevradaa damokidebuli rac SeiZleba mokle
droSi da naklebi energiis gaRebiT codnis Segnebulad da
SemoqmedebiTad SeTviseba. adamianis azrma da janma rom si-
jansaRe SeinarCunos, igi unda icavdes Sromis normebs, mis
reJims, unda SeeZlos SromiTi saaxeebis gegmazomieri mo-
nacvleoba, Sromisa da dasvenebis Sexameba, unda flobdes
sxvadasxvagvari literaturuli wyaroebis damuSavebis peda-
gogiurad racionalur meTodebs da sxva.
• gonebrivi aRzrdis am amocanebis urTierTkavSiriT,
aRzrdis mecnierul-pedagogiur principebze dayrdnobiT,
159
TandaTanobiT yalibdeba mozardis msoflmxedveloba, ro-
melic Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs adamianis mier codnis gamo-
yenebis, praqtikul SromiTi saqmianobis, da saerTod mTeli
misi moRvaweobis mimarTulebas. marTalia, adamianis zneo-
brivi, esTetikuri Tu SromiTi moRvaweobis mimarTulebas
msoflmxedveloba gansazRvravs, magram mis CamoyalibebaSi
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mecnierul codnas eniWeba. da am-
denad, msoflmxedvelobis formireba gonebrivi aRzrdis
amocanas warmoadgens.
msoflmxedveloba, ubralod rom vTqvaT, aris sinamd-
vilis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa mwyobri sistema, romelic
gansazRvravs sinamdvilisadmi adamianis, an adamianTa jgu-
fis midgomis da misi moRvaweobis mimarTulebas. amitom
msoflmxedvelobis aRzrda ara mxolod pedagogiuri, ar-
amed uaRresad didi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmea.
msoflmxedvelobis formirebaSi ZiriTad rols asrulebs
filosofiuri, mecnieruli, politikuri, zneobrivi da es-
Tetikuri Sexedulebani. aqedan gasagebia is udidesi yur-
adReba, romelic pedagogikaSi eTmoba msoflmxedvelobis
aRzradas da misi mecnierul-pedagogiurad gamarTuli sa-
Sualebebis gamoZebnas.

„viT usaWurvlod mamaci omSigan gulad lomobdes,

egre Wkviani uwvrTneli ver mixvdes, rasac ndomobdes“.
/d. guramiSvili/

• dabolos, gonebrivi aRzrdis amocanebs Soris mainc

gansakuTrebuli da sruliad Taviseburi adgili uWiravs
adamianis sulieri SesaZleblobebis, gonebrivi codnis praq-
tikaSi gamoyenebis unaris Camoyalibebas. am amocanis mniS-
vnelobaze saubris gagrZeleba sruliad zedmetia, radgan,
ubralod rom vTqvaT, araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs ada-
mianis mecnierul, moralur da esTetikur codnas, Tu igi
praqtikaSi ar gamoiyeneba. codnis Sinaarsis da Segnebulo-

160
bis maCvenebeli mxolod da mxolod pirveli moTxovnilebi-
sTanave misi praqtikaSi gamoyenebaa. amdenad, gonebrivi aRz-
rdis mizniT gaweuli mTeli muSaoba unayofo darCeba, Tu ar
iqna Camoyalibebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis unari.

fizikuri aRzrda fizikuri aRzrda bavSvsa da mozardSi

jansaRi organizmis Camoyalibebis kanonzomieri, mizandasax-
uli, organizebuli procesia, romelic mimdinareobs orga-
nizebul garemoSi aRmzrdelis xelmZRvanelobiT.
fizikuri aRzrdac harmoniuli aRzrdis aucilebeli
Semadgeneli nawilia, radgan jansaRi organizmis gareSe
SeuZlebelia sinamdvilis Semecnebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis
saWiro codnis (saerTod sulieri SesaZleblobebis) praq-
tikaSi gamoyeneba, misi realizacia.
aqedan gamomdinare fizikuri aRzrdis mizani aris jan-
saRi organizmis momzadeba im mizniT, rom adamians SeeZlos
kanonzomieri fizikuri da gonebrivi Sroma da sakuTari su-
lieri simdidris praqtikulad gamoyeneba ise, rom ziani ar
moutanos Tavis janmrTelobas da sicocxlis xangrZlivo-
bas.
Tavisi mizniT, fizikuri aRzrda pirdapir kavSirSia aRz-
rdis sxva Semadgenel nawilebTan. igi ara mxolod kavSirSia,
aramed ramdenadme ganapirobebs kidec gonebrivi, esTeti-
kuri Tu SromiTi aRzrdis warmatebebs.
fizikuri aRzrdis miznidan gamomdinare, gansazRvrulia
fizikuri aRzrdis amocanebi _ mozardis organizmis norm-
aluri ganviTareba, iseTi fizikuri moZraobiTi Tvisebebis
Camoyalibeba, rogoricaa siswrafe, moqniloba, ritmuloba,
koordinacia, gamZleoba, Zala, tanis axovneba, morfologi-
uri da funqcionaluri Tvisebebis ganviTareba, kunTebisa
da Zvlovani sistemis ganmtkiceba, nervuli sistemis muS-
aobis Tvisebrivi gaaqtiveba, moZraobis swrafi aRqmis, obi-
eqtaciis, drosa da sivrceSi swori da swrafi orientirebis,
sakuTari Zalebisadmi mtkice rwmenis, nebisyofisa da xasi-
161
aTis da sxva. fizikuri Tvisebebis ganmtkiceba-ganviTareba.
fizikuri aRzrdis amocanebis es mravalmxrivoba moiTxovs
fizikuri aRzrdis Sinaarsis, principebis, organizaciuli
formebisa da meTodebis mravalferovnebas da maT mTlian
sistemaSi moyvanas. fizikuri aRzrdis am miznisa da amo-
canebis miRweva SesaZlebelia mkafiod gansazRvruli saSu-
alebebis erTianobiTa da dacviT. am saSualebaTagan aRsan-
iSnavia _ jansaRi kveba, higienuri normebis dacva, sufTa
haeri, zomieri fizikuri aqtivoba, sportul-gamajansaxebe-
li varjiSebi. yovelive amas, cxovrebis jansaRi wesi hqvia
da Sesabamisad, ojaxisa da skolis upirvrlesi amocanaa, rom
aRzrdis procesSi mozards Seuqmnan janmrTeli saaRmzrde-
lo garemo.
da bolos, fizikur aRzrdas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWi-
ravs aRzrdis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris, vinaidan janmrT-
elobis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia aRzrdis sxva Semadgene-
li nawilebis srulfasovnad ganxorcieleba.
moraluri aRzrda. morali sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa
da sulieri kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi formaa.
igi aregulirebs adamianTa urTierTobebsa da qcevas da
efuZneba Tavisuflebisa da nebayoflobiTobis princips.
sityva morali-moralis- laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs
zneobas, zne-Cveulebebs.

„...spetaki zne saZirkvelia xalxis arsebobisa,

simtkicisa, keTildReobisa da warmatebisa“
/i.gogebaSvili/

morali sazogadoebrivi, socialuri xasiaTis kategoriaa,

igi ar arsebobs adamianis gareSe. am TvalsazrisiT yovel
sazogadoebaSi misi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisi morali
moqmedebs. amitom istoriulad, erTmaneTisagan princi-
pulad gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv formaciebSi, sruliad
gansaxvavebuli moraluri normebi moqmedebda.

162
 morali anu zneoba aris adamianTa qcevis wesebis nor-
maTa erToblioba, SemuSavebuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
ama Tu im safexurze, romelic awesrigebs adamianebs So-
ris da adamianis sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebas. aqve
unda aRvniSnoT, rom am termins xSirad iyeneben adamianis
zneobriobis maxasiaTeblad, rac ase ar aris. aucilebelia
gaimijnos terminebi _ morali da moraluri(zneobrivi).
moralis cnebiT eTikaSi, moralis Sesaxeb filosofiuri
mecnierebaSi, (laT. ethica _ wes-Cveuleba, xasiaTi) aRiniS-
neba sazogadoebis mier SemuSavebuli qcevis wesebisa da
normebis sistema, romelTa dacvis moTxovnas sazogadoeba
uyenebs adamians. xolo zneobrioba ki warmoadgens adamianis
moraluri Segnebis, moraluri SegrZnebebisa da moraluri
qcevis erTobliobas, romelic dakavSirebulia moraluri
normebisa da moTxovnebis dacvasTan. es gansxvaveba Zalze
mniSvnelovania pedagogikisaTvis, da kerZod, zneobrivi aR-
zrdis ganmartebisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare,zneobrivi aRzrda aris adamianis
pirovnebad formirebis erT_erTi umniSvnelovanesi peda-
gogiuri procesi da emsaxureba mozardis mier sazogadoe-
bis mier dadgenili normebisa da wesebis aTvisebas da dac-
vas. moraluri anu zneobrivi aRzrda aris mizanmimarTuli,
kanonzomieri, rTuli procesi bavSvsa da mozardSi zneo-
brivi qcevis wesebis Camoyalibebisa, romelic mimdinareobs
organizebul garemoSi maswavleblis, aRmzrdelis xelmZR-
vanelobiT.

„ori ram avsebs suls mudam axali da miT ufro

Zlieri gakvirvebiT da mokrZalebiT, rac ufro
xSirad da dabejiTebiT vazrovneb maTze, esenia:
varskvlaviani ca Cems zemoT da moraluri kanoni CemSi.~
/i. kanti/

bunebrivad dgeba kiTxva, Tu ra aris zneobrivi qceva. eTi-

kaSi ganixileba ori ZiriTadi zneobrivi kategoria _ sikeTe
163
da boroteba. zneobrivad iwodeba is qceva, romelic mimar-
Tulia sikeTis qmnisken.( cxadia, aq ver SevudgebiT Tavad
sikeTis cnebis garkvevas). amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom sikeTe SeiZleba SedegiTac gaizomos, magram pirovnebis
qmedeba, Sedegis miuxedavad, Tavad am qcevis motivis mixed-
viT, ar iyos zneobrivi. zneobrivia mxolod da mxolod is
qceva, romelic uangaroa, mimarTulia sxvisaken da ara saku-
Tari Tavisaken, sxvisi da ara sakuTari Tavis sakeTildReod.
maSasadame, zneobrivi aRzrda gulisxmobs mozardSi iseTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da msoflmxedvelobis formirebas,
rom igi Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT mimrTuli iyos sxva adamia-
nis, moyvasis uangaro daxmarebisa da mxardaWerisaken.
moraluri aRzrdis amgvari gagebidan uSualod gamom-
dinareobs moraluri aRzrdis mizanic. moraluri aRz-
rdis mizans warmoadgens moraluri Segnebis, moraluri
grZnobebisa da moraluri Cvevebis (qcevebis) mTlianobaSi
Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba.
moraluri aRzrdis mizani moraluri qcevis wesebiT mo-
zardis SeiaraRebaa. moraluri qcevis realizacias, bune-
brivia, ganapirobebs moraluri Segneba da moraluri grZno-
ba. swored am sami komponentis, moraluri Segnebis, moral-
uri grZnobis da moraluri Cvevebis (qcevis) erTianobaSi
Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba warmoadgens moraluri aRzrdis
mizans.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi
ganicdis cvalebadobasa da ganviTarebas sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad. bunebrivia, cvlilebas ganicdis
aRzrdis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilis, moraluri aRzr-
dis mizani da amocanebic. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom iseve
rogorc ar icvleba aRzrdis zogadi mizani _ harmoniuli
pirovnebis formireba, ar icvleba arc moraluri aRzrdis
zogadi mizani _ moraluri qcevis wesebiT mozardis Sei-
araReba. orive SemTxvevaSi icvleba aRzrdis Sinaarsi, rac
ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis kulturul-politikuri do-
164
nis cvlilebiT. swored am TvalsazrisiT unda ganvixiloT
moraluri aRzrdis mizani.
moraluri aRzrdis miznidan uSualod gamomdinareobs
moraluri aRzrdis Sinaarsi, romlis cnebis gageba peda-
gogikaSi emTxveva zneobrivi aRzrdis amocanebis gagebas.

„...mamuliSvilni TavisTavad rodi Cndebian, bunebiT

rodi ibadebian. imaT danergva unda Sesabamis niadagzed,
eWirvebaT gamozrda, damTavreba, ganmtkiceba“
/i. gogebaSvili/

moraluri aRzrdis ZiriTadi amocanebia: siyvarulis, pa-

tiosnebis, samarTlianobis, Srmomismoyvareobis, mSvidobis-
myofelobis, patriotizmisa da internacionalizmis, human-
izmis, sxvisi Rirsebis pativiscemis, nebisyofis, amxanagobisa
da megobrobis, vaJkacobisa da gmirobis, erovnuli siamayis
da piradi Rirsebis, ubraloebis, Tavmdablobisa da princi-
pulobis, yovelgvari sikeTisa da Rirseuli Tvisebebis aR-
zrda mozardebSi. zneobrivi aRzrdis am amocanebis warmate-
biT ganxorcielebisaTvis aRzrdis TeoriaSi SemuSavebulia
meTodTa mTeli sistema, (darwmuneba, miCveva, Seqeba, dasja,
da sxv.) rac Cinebulad uzrunvelyofs zneobrivad srul-
qmnili pirovnebis momzadebas. maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda
gamoiyos aRmzrdelis _ mSoblis, maswavleblis _ piradi mag-
aliTi, wigniereba da religiuri ganaTleba.

„jerovnul ,patriotul grZnobas sagangebo zrunva,

movla, yuris gdeba esaWiroeba. igi iseTi nazia,
rogorc kaklis xe, iseTi Rrma, rogorc
am kaklis xis fesvebi, iseTi maRali, rogorc misi wvero,
iseTi ganieri, rogorc misi totebi da ise nayofieri,
rogorc am kaklis xis kokrebi“
/i.gogobaSvili/

moraluri Segneba moralis erT-erTi arsebiTi Semad-

geneli elementia, romelic zneobriv grZnobasa da moqmede-

165
basTan erTad qmnis zneobriv fenomens da zneobis cnebas.
zneobrivi Segneba gulisxmobs im zneobrivi normebis cod-
nas, romliTac xelmZRvaneloben adamianebi mocemul isto-
riul da kultirul konteqstSi. igi warmoadgens moralis
idealur, subieqtur mxares. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
obieqturi kanonebi moralSi Rebuloben gamoxatulebas im
moTxovnaTa erTobliobis saxiT, romelTac sazogadoeba
uyenebs adamians, mis qcevas. samarTlebrivi kanonebisagan
gansxvavebiT, moraluri moTxovnebi uSualod masobrivi
Segnebis nayofia. SemdgomSi xdeba moralur SegnebaSi maTi
formireba dauwerel kanonebad, arapirovnul valdebule-
bebad, romelnic Tanabrad vrceldeba yvela adamianze. isi-
ni asaxaven sazogadoebriv nebasa da socialur-istoriul
aucileblobas. moraluri Segnebis es Tavisebureba Zvelad
zneobrivi moTxovnebis warmomavlobis da bunebis mraval
miTologiur da idealistur axsna-ganmartebas warmoSob-
da. eTika maT ganixilavda, rogorc RvTis nebas, brZanebas,
praqtikuli gonis apriorul kanons (kanti), “sufTa me-s~
sindisis brZanebas (fixte), zneobrivi grZnobis gamoxat-
ulebas da a.S. maSasadame, moraluri Segneba gulisxmobs
moralis arsis, moraluri Rirsebis gageba-gacnobierebas,
imis codnas, Tu ra evaleba pirovnebas, ra aris kargi da
ra _ miuRebeli. moraluri Segnebis Camoyalibeba mozardSi
skolis, ojaxis da skolis gareSe dawesebulebebis meSveo-
biT xdeba.

„CveulebiT raica saqme sWirdes,

keTili Tu boroti, zne igi ars~
/sulxan-saba orbeliani/

moralur grZnobaTa aRzrda gulisxmobs moraluri

principebisadmi, qcevisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebebis
Camoyalibebas. saWiroa ara marto moralis Sinaarsis, misi
principebis codna, aramed maTi Sinagani gancda. mozards
adreuli asakidanve, ufrosebis magaliTebisa da sworad
166
SerCeuli sabavSvo literaturis meSveobiT, unda gauCndes
gancda TanagrZnobisa, daxmarebisa, sikeTis qmnisa. zneobrivi
qceva, rogorc zneobriobis maCvenebeli, nebelobiTi pro-
cesia da misi aRsrulebisTvis aucilebelia sxvisi tkivilisa
da sixarulis Sinagani grZnoba, Sinagani gancda da am gancdis
safuZvelze qmedeba. sxvagvarad, am motivis gareSe, Tanadgo-
mas ar SeiZleba ewodos zneobrivi saqcieli. zneobrivi qceva
sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara pirovnebis Sinagani kategoriuli
imperativi, Sinagani pozicia, romlis mamoZravebeli Zalaa
sikeTe da Tanadgoma, survili cxovrebis yvela sferoSi
gamarTlebuli moqmedebisa.
moralur grZnobaTa aRzrda mozardSi ojaxidan iwyeba
da Semdgom srulyofas mis ganviTarebasTan erTad skolisa
da sazogadoebis meSveobiT aRwevs.
moraluri Cvevebi (qcevebi) yalibdeba Sesabamis qcevaTa
mravalgzis gameorebis Sedegad. adamians saWiroa hqondes
ara mxolod moraluri Segneba da grZnobebi, aramed am
Segnebisa da grZnobebis Sesabamisi qcevis unaric. es unar-
ic yalibdeba TandaTanobiT, adamianebTan urTierTobebis
procesSi, risi magaliTic mozardma mSoblebis, maswavle-
blebis, megobrebis da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisagan unda
aiRos.
mozardis zneobrivi Camoyalibeba skolis, ojaxisa da
skolis gareSe dawesebulebebis meSveobiT xdeba. am pro-
cesSi arsebiTia pirovnebis inteleqtualuri, emociuri da
nebelobiTi ganviTarebis erTianoba. swored am pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis ganviTareba qmnis adamianSi potencias,
rom Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze, sazogadoebrivi moralis
cvlilebis kvalobaze, airCios swori orientacia da Sein-
arCunos arsebiTi moraluri faseulobebi.
dabolos, adamianis zneobrivi ganviTareba da srulyofa
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze warmoebs, magram moraluri sax-
is ZiriTadi maxasiaTblebi yalibdeba bavSvobis, mozardo-
bisa da Wabukobis asakSi. SemdgomSi mimdinareobs ara im-
167
denad axali zneobrivi Tvisebebis SeZena, ramdenadac ukve
mopovebuli zneobrivi normebis srulyofa an uaryofiTi
mxareebis gamosworeba. amis gamo zneobriv ganviTarebaSi
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba TviTaRzrdas an aRzrdis xarve-
zebis gamosworebas.

„visa hqvian patrioti?“svams kiTxvas

i.gogebaSvili da pasuxobs:
„mas, visac sicocxlis umTavres sagnad gauxdia
mSobliuri qveynis bedniereba, vinc Tav-gamodebulad
da Seupovrad ebrZvis dauRalavad yovels dabrkolebas,
romelic mis samSoblo qveyanas warmatebis gzazed
gadaRobebia, visac mTlad dakargulad miaCnia
yoveli wami, romelic ar mouxmarnia mamulis
zrunvisaTvis, visac edagvis guli mamulis tanjviTa,
uxaris misi lxeniTa, vinc bednieria misi bednierebiT,
ubeduria misi ubedurebiT, da vinc mzad aris RimiliT
Seswiros mas Tavisi sicocxle“kokrebi“
/i.gogobaSvili/

esTetikuri aRzrda. esTetikuri aRzrdisa da amocanebis,

iseve rogorc mTeli misi Sinaarsis, gansazRvris meTodolo-
giur dasayrdens esTetika warmoadgens. esTetika (berZnuli
aisthetikos-grZnobadi) filosofiis dargia, romelic arkvevs
xelovnebisa da mSvenierebis bunebas, Rirebulebasa da saz-
riss. rogorc mecniereba ki, esTetika aris mecniereba ada-
mianis mier sinamdvilis esTetikurad aTvisebis kanonzom-
ierebaTa Sesaxeb. esTetikis am gagebidan gamomdinare, esTe-
tikuri aRzrda aris pirovnebis esTetikuri gemovnebisa da
idealebis Camoyalibebis sistema, sinamdvilis esTetikuri
aRqmisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis unaris gamomuSavebis
mizanmimarTuli, kanonzomieri procesi, romelic mimdin-
areobs organizebul garemoSi. amitom igi yovelmxriv gan-
viTarebuli adamianis aRzrdis aucilebeli Semadgeneli
nawilia. esTetikuri aRzrdis gareSe SeuZlebelia srulfa-
sovani pirovnebis momzadeba, romelsac SeeZleba sinamdvi-
lis sworad Semecneba da misi gamoyeneba-gardaqmna adami-
168
anisa da sazogadoebis sakeTildReod. esTetikurad Camouy-
alibebuli pirovnebisaTvis ki SeuZlebelia sinamdvilis
srulad aRqma da gageba, misi Semecneba, amitomaa swored igi
yovelmxrivi aRzrdis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili.
esTetikuri aRzrdis mizania sinamdvilis _ bunebis,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialuri urTierTobis, az-
rovnebis, xelovnebis mravalferovani dargebis _ mSvenieri
mxareebis danaxvisa da gancdis da maTi gagebis unaris Camoy-
alibeba da ganviTareba, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, esTetikuri
kulturis Camoyalibeba.
esTetikuri aRrzdis mizani Tavis ganvrcobas konkretul
amocanebSi poulobs. esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanebia:
• esTetikuri Segnebis formireba _ mxatvruli gan-
swavluloba, movlenebis da faqtebis , adamianuri cxovrebis
da mTlianad samyaros esTetikuri aRqma, warsulis kul-
turuli memkvidreobis aTviseba da Sedareba Tanamedrove
miRwevebTan;
• esTetikuri gZnobebis formireba _ emociur_mgrZno-
belobiTi gamoZaxili mSveniersa da maxinjze, amaRlebulsa
da mdabiurze da a.S. amasTanave, sakuTari grZnobebis marT-
vis unari;
• esTetikuri qcevisa da moqmedebis unar_Cvevebi _
sazogadoebri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi esTetikurad moq-
medebis unari.

„WeSmariti cxovreba ar arsebobs

xelovnebis gareSe“
/evripide/

aRsaniSnavia, rom esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanebi da sa-

Sulebebi xSirad emTxvevian erTmaneTs. magaliTad, esTeti-
kuri aRzrdis erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas xelovnebis
dargebi _ kino, Teatri, opera, musikaluri nawarmoebebi,
saxviTi xelovneba da sxva warmoadgens. yvelaferi es xels
uwyobs esTetikuri gemovnebisa da mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi
169
unaris Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebas. magram xelovnebis nawar-
moebebis gancdisa da gagebis unaris Camoyalibeba esTeti-
kuri aRzrdis amocanaTagania.
aq xazi unda gavusvaT erT garemoebas, xSirad SeiZleba
movisminoT TiTqos sinamdvilis mSvenier mxareebs adamiani
mxolod ganicdis da rac Seexeba mis gagebas, es TiTqos mS-
venierebis farglebs gareTaa. esTetikuris amgvarad gageba,
yovel SemTxvevaSi pedagogiuri poziciidan mainc, calmxriv-
ia. erTia ganicdide da emociur siamovnebas ggvrides xe-
lovnebis esa Tu is dargi, magaliTad, beThovenis mexuTe
simfonia, magram am gancdis sisrulisaTvis aucilebelia
misi Sinaarsis gageba, romlis elementebis konstruqcia da
mxatvrobis done hqmnis silamazes.
igive iTqmis mxatvrul literaturazedac. mxatvruli
literatura xels uwyobs esTetikuri gemovnebis, mSve-
nierebis gancdisa da gagebis unaris Camoyalibebas, magram
mxatvruli literaturis amgvarad gamoyenebis SesaZle-
blobis formireba, Tavis mxriv, esTetikuri aRzrdis amo-
canaa.
daaxloebiT igive iTqmis garemomcveli garemos, piradi
higienis Tu Sromis procesis Sesaxeb, rogorc esTetikuri
aRzrdis saSualebebze, bunebis umSvenieresi mxareebis Seg-
rZnebis, misi gagebis da mxatvrul saxeebSi warmodgenis una-
ris Camoyalibeba esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanaa, magram amave
dros TviT bunebis es mSvenieri mxareebi gvevlinebian misive
danaxvisa da gagebis saukeTeso saSualebad.

„zomiereba namdvili RmerTia, da vinc mas miagno,

am qveynadac cxonebulia“
/m.javaxiSvili/

170
 SromiTi aRzrda.
Sroma adamianis Segnebuli, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobaa
sakuTari materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebis dasakmay-
ofileblad. igi adamianis cxovrebis aucilebeli pirobaa,
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. Sromis saSualebiT
Seqmna adamianma is sulieri da materialuri kultura, rom-
lis gareSe Tanamedrove cxovreba warmoudgenlad migvaCnia.
swored amitom, pedagogikis, rogorc aRzrdis mecnierebis
promlematikaSi, pirovnebis Sromisadmi damokidebulebis,
SromiTi Cvevebis gamomuSavebis sakiTxebi, seriozul yur-
adRebas ipyrobs.
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, pirovnebis
SromiTi momzadebis sakiTxis dasma burJuaziul pedagogi-
kaSi moxda. misi progresuli warmomadgenlebi, ruso, oue-
ni, pestaloci, komenski, distervegi, uSinski, gogebaSvili
da sxvebi xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnen Sromis udides aRmzrd-
elobiT mniSvnelobaze pirovnebis formirebis procesSi da
gvTavazobdnen swavlebisa da Sromis SeerTebis sxvadsxva
nimuSs. am periodidan moyolebuli, pirovnebis harmoniuli
aRzrdis ideas, calke komponentad daemata SromiTi aRz-
rda. SromiTi aRzrdisadmi amgvari yuradRebis mipyrobas
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda pedagogikuri azrovnebis is-
toriaSi. miT ufro, rom aRzrdis verc erTi Semadgeneli
nawili, iqneba is gonebrivi Tu zneobrivi, esTetikuri Tu
fizikuri, ver ganxorcieldeba mozardis SromiTi aqtivobis
gareSe. da rac ufro mTavaria, adamianis Tavad Sromisadmi
damokidebuleba da SromiTi movaleoba, misi erT-erTi zneo-
brivi maxasiaTebelia, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom pirovnebis
zneobrivi aRzrda verafriT ver ganxorcieldeba SromiTi
Cvevebis gamomuSavebis, SromiTi movaleobis aRzrdis gareSe.
am TvalsazrisiT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SromiTi aR-
zrda, misi Sedegis arsidan gamomdinare, zneobriv aRzrdaSi
Tavsdeba.

171
 SromiTi aRzrdis calke gamoyofa, albaT, im faqtori-
Taa gamarTlebuli, rom misi racionaluri warmarTva iseve
saWiroebs im specialuri miznisa da amocanebis, ganxor-
cielebis gzebisa da meTodebis Seswavlas, rogorc harmo-
niuli aRzrdis romelime sxva Semadgeneli nawili. amasTan,
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tu harmoniuli aRzr-
dis sxva Semadgeneli nawilebis diferenciacia SesaZlebelia
fizikuri da sulieri aRzrdis niSnis mixedviT, SromiTi
aRzrdis mkveTrad mikuTvneba romelime maTganisaTvis Seu-
Zlebelia, radgan SromiTi aRzrda gulisxmobs adamianSi
gonebrivi da fizikuri SromiTi Cvevebis formirebas, aseve
Sromis esTetikis gancdas, da Sromis movaleobis Segnebas
(zneobrivi aRzrda). maSasadame, sruliad naTelia, rom Sro-
ma adamianisaTvis gansakuTrebuli fenomenia da igi spe-
cialur Seswavlas saWiroebs.
SromiTi aRzrda warmoadgens adamianis SromiTi saqmiano-
bisaTvis momzadebis mizanmimarTul, kanonzomer process,
romelic mimdinareobs organizebul garemoSi. SromiTi
aRzrda miznad isaxavs Sromismoyvareobis grZnobis, fizi-
kuri da gonebrivi SromiTi saqmianobisaTvis mzadyofnis
Cvevebis formirebas, SromisaTvis praqtikul da fsiqolo-
giur momzadebas.
bavSvis SromiTi aRzrda ojaxidan iwyeba, magram Sroma
bavSvisaTvis sistematur da savaldebulo xasiaTs saskolo
asakidan iRebs. swavla moswavlis Sromis ZiriTadi saxea.
swored amitom SromiTi aRzrda moswavleTa swavla-aRz-
rdis mTliani procesis ganuyofeli nawilia da, zogadad,
am procesis kanonzomierebiT aris ganpirobebuli. swavlis
procesSi moswavles uxdeba sxvadasxva saxis davalebis Ses-
ruleba, disciplinis dacva, sistematiuri, yoveldRiuri
muSaoba, rac misTvis gansakuTrebul sirTules warmoadgens.
„swavla TamaSi rodia, aramed seriozuli Sromaa, da es Sroma
bavSvs unda Seuyvardes“ _ ambobs k.d. uSinski. fizikuri da

172
gonebrivi SromiTi Cvevebis formireba warmatebiT maSin mim-
dinareobs, roca SromiTi saqmianoba Tavisi SinaarsiT swav-
lebas ukavSirdeba. amitom moswavleTa SromiTi aRzrdis
ZiriTadi pirobas warmoadgens maTi mravalmxrivi SromiTi
saqmianobis daqvemdebareba saswavlo- saaRmzrdelo proce-
sis amocanebTan. swored es igulisxmeba swavlisa da Sromis
SeerTebis zogadpedagogikur safuZvelSi.
gamomdinare aqedan, SromiTi aRzrdis ZiriTadi amo-
canebia: Sromis rolisa da mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba mo-
zardi Taobis mier; SromisaTvis mozardis fsiqologiuri
momzadeba; sxvadasxva asakis Sesabamisi Sromis saxeebis miza-
nmimarTuli SerCeva gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis unaris
gasaviTareblad; Sromisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebis
Camoyalibeba; sxvadasxva saswavlo ciklis (humanitaruli,
sabunebismetyvelo, samxedro-fizkulturuli) sagnebis mi-
xedviT mozardis SromiTi saqmianobis gansazRvra da ganx-
orcieleba yovelgvari SromiTi unar-Cvevebis formirebi-
saTvis; specialuri SromiTi disciplinis SemoReba; SromiTi
kulturis ganviTareba da sxv.
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, Sroma bavSvisaTvis ojaxSi iw-
yeba, rodesac igi TamaSobs. mas TamaSis procesSi uxdeba
sxvadasxva saTamaSos awyoba, saTamaSoebis movla, Senaxva
da SekeTeba. amave dros ojaxidanve iwyeba bavSvis CarTva
sayofacxovrebo SromaSi, rodesac mas ufrosebi avaleben
martiv, misTvis dasaZlev qmedebebs. SemdgomSi, swavlis daw-
yebasTan erTad, SromiTi valdebulebebis wre farTovdeba
da bavSvisagan seriozul Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. imisaTvis,
rom Sromam TandaTanobiT miiRos nebayoflobiTi xasiaTi da
ar gaxdes bavSvisaTvis iZuleba, profesor s.siguas azriT,
saWiroa mozardis Sromis procesSi daculi iqnes Semdegi
ZiriTadi pedagogiuri principebi :
• Sroma Tavisi xasiaTiT, SinaarsiT, xangrZliobiTa da
sirTuliT unda Seesabamebodes bavSvis asakobriv Tavise-

173
burebebsa da mis SesaZleblobis dones, Sroma ar unda iyos
mZime da momqancveli;
• Sroma, romelsac bavSvi eweva, mravalmxrivi da mra-
valferovani unda iyos. amave dros mtkiced unda iqnas
daculi Tanamimdevroba da Sromis sxvadasxva saxis iseTi
monacvleoba, romelic emyareba advilidan ufro rTulze
gadasvlis wess;
• Sroma-saqmianobas sistematiuri xasiaTi unda hqondes;
bavSvi yoveldRe unda eweodes gansazRvruli saxis Sromas.
Sromis unarisa da Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, Sromis Cvevebad
qceva mxolod sistematiuri varjiSis gziT SeiZleba;
• Sromas SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi unda hqondes. bavSvs
iseTi SromiTi davaleba unda eZleodes, romelic moiTxovs
teqnikuri da organizaciuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetas, Teo-
riuli codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebas;
• SromaSi mtkiced unda iqnes daculi Segnebulobis
principi im mxrivac, rom bavSvs unda esmodes, ra mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs mis Sromas sazogadoebisaTvis, misi megobrebisaTvis,
piradad misTvis. bavSvi unda xedavdes Tavisi Sromis nayofs
da mis gamoyenebas;
• SromaSi bavSvs xelmZRvaneloba da daxmareba unda
gaewios; farTod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli waxalisebis da,
agreTve, saWiroebis mixedviT, iZulebis zomebi.
bunebrivia, am pedagogiuri moTxovnebis dacva aRzrdis
procesSi aRmzrdelebis mxridan seriozul codnasa da
gamocdilebas moiTxovs. swored amitom, am saqmes skola,
ojaxi da sazogadoeba erToblivi ZalisxmeviT unda axor-
cielebdes.
dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT, rom harmoniuli aRzrdis
yvela Semdgenel nawils, gonebrivs, zneobrivs, esTetikurs,
fizikurs da SromiTs Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvs pirovnebis
ganviTarebisaTvis da arc erTi maTganis upiratesobaze sau-
bari ar SeiZleba. amasTan, harmoniuli aRzrdis Semadgene-
li nawilebis - gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri, fizikuri
174
da SromiTi aRzrda _ ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia izoli-
rebulad, maTi erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe. isini araTu
ar arseboben erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, aramed erT
mTlianobas qmnian pirovnebis harmoniuli aRzrdis proces-
Si. TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili emsaxureba ara mxolod
adamianis romelime specifikuri mxaris ganviTarebas, aramed
mTliani pirovnebis Camoyalibebas, misi yvela Zalisa da Ses-
aZleblobaTa yovelmxriv ganviTarebas.

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra aris aRzrdis mizani;

2. riTaa ganpirobebuli aRzrdis mizani;
3. rogoria aRzrdis mizani monaTmflobelur sazoga-
doebaSi;
4. rogoria aRzrdis mizani feodalur sazogadoebaSi;
5. rogoria aRzrdis mizani aRorZinebis epoqaSi;
6. rogoria aRzrdis mizani burJuaziul sazogadoe-
baSi;
7. ras niSnavs gonebrivi aRzrda;
8. ras niSnavs esTetikuri aRzrda;
9. ras niSnavs zneobrivi aRzrda;
10. ras niSnavs fizikuri aRzrda;
11. ras niSnavs SromiTi aRzrda.

175
 Tavi IV.
ganaTlebis sistema

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

ra aris ganaTlebis sistema;

romeli dawesebulebebisagan Sedgeba ganaTlebis sistema;
rogoria ganaTlebis sistemis warmoSobis istoria;
romel principebzea agebuli saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistema;
ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sisitemis sayovelTao xasiaTi;
ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis savaldebulo xasiaTi;
ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis saxelmwifoebrivi xasi-
aTi;
romeli dokomentebiT regulirdeba ganaTlebis sistema;
ra principebzea agebuli saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema.

mozardi Taobis aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis gadaWra

SeuZlebelia garkveuli organizaciis gareSe. organizaciis
aucilebloba TviT aRzrdis bunebidan gamomdinareobs. ga-
naTlebis sistema, zogadad, aseT organizacias warmoadgens.
sxvadsxva tipis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis da-
moukideblad arseboba jer kidev ar niSnavs ama Tu im qveya-
naSi ganaTlebis sistemis arsebobas.
skolis pirvel dasaxelebas qristesSobamde XXV sauku-
neSi vxvdebiT, Zvel egvipteSi, magram ganaTlebis sistemebi
mTel msoflioSi gvian, XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiqm-
na. ganaTlebis sistemis arsebobisaTvis saWiroa swavlebis
sxvadasxva safexurisa da tipis farTo saskolo qseli, maT
Soris garkveuli struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi urTier-
Toba, xelmZRvaneli organoebis wyoba da sxva. aqedan, cxa-

176
dia, msoflios qveynebis ganaTlebis sistemaTa istoriis
sxvadasxvagvaroba rogorc xangrZlivobis, ise Tvisebrivi
mxariTac.
ganaTlebis sistema aris saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawese-
bulebaTa erTianoba, agebuli saxelmwifos mier dadgenil
garkveul principebze.
maSasadame, ganaTlebis sistemis xasiaTs, nebismier qveya-
naSi, gansazRvravs ZiriTadad is principebi, romelsac igi
efuZneba. es principebi ki, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvrulia sax-
elmwifos politikuri kursiT ganaTlebis dargSi.
yvela qveyanaSi saxelmwifo Tavis politikas aRzrdis
dargSi saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis meSveo-
biT axorcielebs da, amdenad, ganaTlebis sistemas, mis yve-
la rgols politikis beWedi azis. ganaTlebis sistema ara
ubralod politikuri xasiaTisaa, aramed igi saxelmwifos
politikis nawilia. ganaTlebis sistemis xasiaTi da mimar-
Tuleba ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos saerTo miznebiTa da
amocanebiT.

„yoveli skola, gansakuTrebiT saxalxo,

deda-enazed unda iyos dafuZnebuli.
deda-eniT unda sazrdooba, miT unda viTardebodes.
TviT Rataki skola mZlavria, roca mas xalxSi fesvebi
aqvs gadgmuli deda-enis SeuvalobiT. TviT umdidresi,
yovelis mxriv Semkuli skola, uZluria, roca
am niadags moklebulia“.
/i.gogebaSvili/

cxadia isic, rom ganaTlebis sistemis mizani da mimar-

Tuleba, misi Sinaarsi da ganviTarebis done, saboloo jam-
Si, sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikuri wyobiTaa gansaz-
Rvruli. rogoricaa sazogadoeba, iseTivea misi ganaTlebis
sistema. ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc saswavlo-saaRmzrde-
lo dawesebulebaTa erToblioba, yovelTvis Seesabameba
sazogadoebis ekonomikur-politikur wyobas, Tumca, ganvi-

177
Tarebis donis mixedviT garkveul etapze SeiZleba ramde-
nadme CamorCebodes mas.
marTalia, ganaTlebis sistema gansazRvrulia sazogadoe-
bis ganviTarebis doniT, misi politikur _ ekonomikuri wyo-
biT, magram igi, amave dros, uaRresad aqtiuri Zalaa, xels
uwyobs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobis ganviTarebas, mec-
nierebisa da teqnikis progress.
ganaTlebis sistemis bunebis am mokle da zogadi daxa-
siaTebidan aSkaraa daskvna, rom msoflioSi moqmedebda da
moqmedebs erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli sistemebi.
erTi da imave formaciis qveynebSic ki, ganaTlebis sistemebi
Tumca ara principulad, magram mainc gansxvavdebian erTma-
neTisagan. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxvagvaria ga-
naTlebis sistemaSi moqceuli dawesebulebebis struqtura,
Sinaarsi da organizaciuli formebic ki.
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis kerebi uZvelesi droidan arse-
bobda. Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli berZeni istorikosebisa da
geografebis Canawerebi mowmobs, rom antikur saqarTvelo-
Si iyo „ayvavebuli qalaqebi“ SesaniSnavi „sazogadoebrivi
SenobebiT“, „gimnasionebiT“. antikuri gimnasionis memkvi-
dred SeiZleba CaiTvalos kolxeTis umaRlesi ritorikuli
skola III _ IV saukuneSi.
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas (326 w)
mohyva skolebis eklesiebTan gaxsna, ramac kidev ufro Seu-
wyo xeli qveyanaSi ganaTlebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, ucxo
dampyrobTa Semosevebma da, gansakuTrebiT ki, arabTa ba-
tonobam didi xniT SeaCera qveynis ganviTareba.
qarTuli kulturis aRorZineba da ganviTareba kvlav iw-
yeba IX-X-XI saukuneebSi, jer grigol xanZTelis cnobili
saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobiT tao _ klarjeTSi da, Semd-
gom, qveynis gareT, aTonisa da petriwonis monastrebSi, qa-
rTveli moRvaweebis ioane xursiZis (mTawmindeli), eqvTime
mTawmindelis(aToneli), grigol bakurianis Zis da sxva gan-
swavluli qarTvelebis dauRalavi RvawliTa da SromiT.
178
swored am viTarebam moumzada safuZveli qarTuli kultur-
is iseTi umniSvnelovanesi kerebis aRmocenebas saqarTvelo-
Si, rogorebic iyo gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebi XII sau-
kuneSi. magram, XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, jer monRolTa
batonobam, xolo Semdeg iranisa da osmaleTis Semosevebma
daaqveiTes da dasces kultura da ganaTleba saqarTveloSi.
XVII saukunis II naxevridan Seiqmna erTgvari pirobebi
saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturuli gamococxlebi-
saTvis. qarTveli mefeebis arCilis, vaxtang VI-isa da erekle
II-is mizanmimarTuli moRvaweobis Sedegad, XVIII saukuneSi
saxalxo ganaTlebis saqme xelisuflebis mzrunvelobis sa-
gnad iqca, ramac saTanado Sedegi gamoiRo _ 1755 wels gaix-
sna Tbilisis seminaria, xolo 1782 wels-Telavis seminaria.
ucxouri enebidan iTargmna da Seiqmna qarTuli original-
uri saxelmZRvaneloebi im periodisaTvis arsebul mecniere-
baTa yvela dargSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es seminar-
iebi, da gansakuTrebiT Telavis seminaria, Tavisi swavlebis
SinaarsiTa da mizandasaxulobiT warmoadgenda universite-
tis tipis pirvel qarTul saswavlebels saqarTveloSi. [qa-
rTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi-saqarTvelo].
ra Tqma unda, skolebis arseboba aramc da aramc ar niSnavs
ganaTlebis sistemis arsebobas, magram xelisufalTa amgvar
moRvaweobas ganaTlebis dargSi Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewo-
dos ganaTlebis sistemis wanamZRvrebi saqarTveloSi, da rom
ara sazogadoebis civilizaciis im donis istoriul-logi-
kuri aucilebloba, romelmac warmoSva mTel msoflioSi
ganaTlebis sistemebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi instituc-
iebis arseboba, Tamamad SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom saqarT-
veloSi, ganaTlebasTan mimarTebiT, uZvelesi droidan iyo
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba.
saxalxo ganaTlebis Semdgomi srulyofis Sesaxeb naTel
warmodgenas iZleva ioane bagrationis mier qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis mizniT Sedgenili
proeqti „sjuldeba“, anu „ivane batoniSvilis winadade-
179
ba giorgi XIII-isadmi mirTmeuli 1799 welsa“. reformis
RonisZiebaTa Soris „sjuldeba“ mniSvnelovan adgils uT-
mobs ganaTlebis dargs. „sjuldebis“ mixedviT, ganaTlebis
dargis xelmZRvaneloba saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis
saqmea. amitom igi saxelmwifom unda aiRos Tavis xelSi da
Seqmnas administraciuli dawesebuleba, rogorc saxelm-
wifo mmarTvelobis aparati: „iyos ganaTlebis moxele ese
igi skolebisa, sxva saswavleblisa da stambebis saqmeSi da
amasTan hyandnen xelqveiTni.“ es, faqtobrivad, ganaTlebis
iuridiuli uwyebaa Tavisi mmarTveliTa da xelqveiTebiT,
romlebmac unda uxelmZRvanelon ganaTlebis saqmes saxelm-
wifoSi. „sjuldebaSi“, amave dros, gamijnulia sasuliero
da saero ganaTleba da saero ganaTlebisaTvis gawerilia
konkretul, sxvadasxva rangis skolaTa qseli, swavlebis
Sesabamisi mizniTa da SinaarsiT. „sjuldebaSi“ xazgasmiTaa
naTqvami, rom skolis maswavleblebs jamagirs saxelmwifo
unda uxdides. [o.qinqlaZe, qarTuli demokratiuli peda-
gogikis Camoyalibeba, 1980]. yovelive es ki araferia, Tu ara
ganaTlebis sistema.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel
msoflioSi, misi saganmanaTleblo kulturuli istoriis
logikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, momwifda azri da Seiqmna
realuri modeli saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemisa, magram am
ideas ganxorcieleba ar ewera, vinaidan 1801 wels qarTl_
kaxeTis samefo ruseTs SeuerTda da ruseTis xelisufleba,
bunebrivia, ar dauSvebda kontrolis meqanizmebis xelidan
gaSvebas iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric ganaTlebaa.
Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmna XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis ganaTlebis sistemis SeqmnasTan
identificirdeba.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli sazogadoe-
ba arasdros Serigebia rusifikatorul reJims ganaTlebis
dargSi. qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis, dimitri yifianis,
iakob gogebaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, ioseb mamacaSvilis,
180
sergi mesxis da sxvaTa TaosnobiT, ruseTis xelisuflebis
seriozuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 1879 wels saqarT-
veloSi dafuZnda „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebeli sazogadoeba,“, romelmac, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
ruseTis ganaTlebis sistemis paralelurad, faqtobrivad
itvirTa ganaTlebis dargSi qarTuli saxelmwifo politi-
kis gatarebis, qarTuli ganaTlebis sistemis roli, da unda
iTqvas, rom am sazogadoebis yvela wevris (rac, albaT, mTel
qarTul inteligencias moicavs avt.) racionaluri, mizan-
mimarTuli da uangaro moRvaweobis Sedegad man STamomav-
lobas Seunaxa qarTuli ena, qarTuli damwerloba da mTeli
qarTuli kultura. amdenad, am organizacias, romelic 47
wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda qarTuli ganaTlebis
saqmes, Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos ganaTlebis sistema. igi
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdegac,
1927 wlis CaTvliT, funqcionirebda.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistema
sami ZiriTadi tipis dawesebulebisagan Sedgeba, pirveli _
skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebani _ sabavSvo baRebi da
baRebi; meore _ yvela tipis skola, es iqneba dawyebiTi, aras-
ruli saSualo Tu saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo, sxvadasx-
va tipis profesiuli Tu umaRlesi skola; mesame _ skolis ga-
reSe saswavlo _ saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebani _ moswavleTa
saxlebi, sabavSvo universitetebi, moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi
wreebi, sabavSvo Teatrebi Tu biblioTekebi da a.S. am dawe-
sebulebaTa erTianoba, dafuZnebuli garkveul principze,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qmnis swored ganaTlebis sistemas.
skolamdel ganaTleba saqarTveloSi gulisxmobs 2-dan
5 wlamde bavSvis aRzrdas. igi amJamad regulirdeba gana-
Tlebis saministros mier SemuSavebuli skolamdeli gana-
Tlebis standartiT.
zogadi ganaTleba saqarTveloSi sam safexurs moicavs:
dawyebiTi skola _ I-VI klasebi, sabazo skola _ VII-IX klase-

181
bi, saSualo skola _ X-XII klasebi da regulirdeba saqa-
rTvelos kanoniT zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.
profesiuli ganaTleba saqarTveloSi xuT safexurs moicavs.
I, II, da III safexuri erTiandeba sxvadasxva donis profesiul
kolejebSi da iq swavlis ufleba aqvT sabazo skolis kursdam-
Tavrebulebs (9 klasi), Tumca SeuZlia nebismieri asakisa da
ganaTlebis mqone pirsac. Semdegi ori safexuri (IV, V), Sedar-
ebiT maRali donea da iq swavlis ufleba aqvT mxolod sruli
saSualo ganaTlebis mqone pirebs. igi regulirdeba saqarT-
velos kanoniT profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.
umaRlesi ganaTleba saqarTveloSi evropuli sivrcis Se-
sabamisad aris struqturirebuli da regulirdeba saqarT-
velos kanoniT umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. erTian poli-
tikas umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi atarebs ganaTlebis
saministro. saqarTveloSi umaRlesi dawesebulebebi sami
saxisaa:
koleji _ umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba, ro-
melic axorcielebs akademiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis mx-
olod pirveli safexuris _ bakalavriatis _ saganmanaTle-
blo programas _ 240 krediti;
saswavlo universiteti _ umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebuleba, romelic axorcielebs pirveli (240 krediti)
da meore (120 krediti) safexuris umaRles saganmanaTleblo
programas/programebs (garda doqtoranturisa);
kvleviTi universiteti (umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebuleba, romelic axorcielebs samive safexuris _ bakala-
vriati, magistratura doqtorantura _180 krediti _ umaR-
les saganmanaTleblo programas/programebs);
axla ki, zogadad da sqematurad CamovTvaloT is princi-
pebi, romlebzec agebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema.
ganaTlebis sistemis principebi uSualod unda gamomdi-
nareobs im samarTlebrivi aqtebisa da regulaciebisagan,
romliTac gansazRvrulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi.
182
 1. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema agebulia sayovel-
Tao da, gansazRvrul farglebSi, savaldebulo swavlebis
principze.
sayovelTao swavlebis aRiareba burJuaziuli sazoga-
doebis monapovaria da igi kanoniT daculia Tanamedrove
msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi.
sayovelTao swavleba gulisxmobs yvela moqalaqis swav-
lis Tanabar uflebasa da SesaZleblobas sxvadasxva tipis
skolaSi.
savaldebulo swavleba gulisxmobs garkveuli saskolo
ganaTlebis aucileblad, savaldebulo wesiT miRebas. es
principi saqarTveloSi kanoniT ganxorcielebulia sabazo,
cxrawliani skolis farglebSi. saxelmwifo da ojaxi kanonis
winaSe pasuxismgebelia zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis saba-
zo safexuridan (I _ IX klasi) moswavlis ganTesvis SemTx-
vevaSi. cxrawliani ganaTleba uklebliv unda miiRos yvelam;
2. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema agebulia saxelm-
wifoebriobis principze, es niSnavs, rom skolas aarsebs,
afinansebs da ganagebs saxelmwifo. igi uzrunvelyofs sas-
wavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis sworad dagegmvasa, am
dawesebulebebis programul mTlianobas, maTi marTvis da
xelmZRvanelobis centralizebul sistemas da sxva.
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebaTa srul dafinansebas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi sajaro skolis garda arsebobs
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic aseve ax-
orcieleben zogadsaganmanaTleblo swavlebas da aqvT da-
moukidebeli safinanso politika. amasTan, saxelmwifo iRebs
valdebulebas vauCeris gansazRvruli odenobiT daafinan-
sos is moswavleebi, romlebic kerZo skolis moswavleebi
arian.
umaRlesi skolis pirveli da meore safexuri saxelmwi-
fos mier finansdeba kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT.

183
 3. skolis saxelmwifoebrioba SesaZlebels xdis, rom
ganaTlebis sistema erTiani iyos. swored erTianobaa am
sistemis ZiriTadi principi. erTianoba ki imas niSnavs, rom
mTel Cvens qveyanaSi swavleba warmoebs erTnairi erovnuli
saswavlo gegmiTa da programebiT. mcireodeni gansxvaveba
SeiZleba arsebobdes ama Tu im skolis saswavlo gegmaSi, ro-
melic regulirdeba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mier mowo-
debuli wesiT.
es principi uzrunvelyofs klasidan klasSi, skolis erTi
tipidan meoreSi, soflidan qalaqSi, an, piriqiT, yovelgvari
gamocdis an specialuri gasaubrebis gareSe Sesabamis klasSi
swavlis pirdapir gagrZelebas.
4. saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo politika icavs ga-
naTlebaze erovnebaTa sruli Tanasworuflebianobis prin-
cips. ganaTlebaze erovnebaTa Tanasworuflebianoba saqa-
rTvelos konstituciiTaa gansazRvruli. am mxriv yoveli
eri absoluturad SeuzRudavia. ufro metic, saxelmwifos
koncefcia erovnuli umciresobebis integraciisa Taname-
drove sociumSi gulisxmobs maTTvis gansakuTrebuli pro-
gramebis Seqmnisa da ganxorcielebis pirobebs saxelmwifo
enis Seswavlis politikis konteqsSi.
5. saqarTveloSi sajaro skolebSi swavlebas saero xa-
siaTi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi Tavisufalia religiuri
swavlebisagan.
Tumca arsebobs kerZo tipis saero religiuri skolebi,
sadac, garda erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
savaldebulo da arCeviTi sagnebisa, iswavleba religiuri
xasiaTis sagnebic.
6. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemaSi daculia mSob-
liur enaze swavlebis principi, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqa-
rTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri umciresobis moqalaqes
saxelmwifo uqmnis mSobliur enaze swavlebis pirobebs. amave
dros, mSobliuri ena da literatura centraluri saswavlo

184
sagania da mas saaTebis yvelaze meti raodenoba aqvs daTmo-
bili.
esaa is ZiriTadi principebi, romlebzedac agebulia saqa-
rTvelos ganaTlebis sistema.
dabolos, Tanamedrove qarTuli saganmanaTleblo siste-
ma jer kidev reformirebis procesSia da mizanmimarTulia
msoflio saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan integraciisaken.

აკადემიური განათლების სვეტი

* 185
 Tavi V
pedagogikis Teoriis
Camoyalibebis istoriisaTvis

platoni

antikuri saberZneTis filosofiuri azris sidiade,

romelSic sakmaod didi adgili pedagogikur Sexedulebebs
uWiravs, ganapiroba monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis eko-
nomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis mTelma sistemam.
saerTod monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis, da kerZod,
saberZneTis aRzrdis sistemis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi
niSnebi Taviseburad isaxeba platonis (aristokles), aris-
toteles, demokrites da sxva gamoCenili moazrovneebis
pedagogikur SexedulebebSi. es niSnebia umTavresad: sax-
elmwifos mier aRzrdisadmi, rogorc klasobriv dayofaze
dafuZnebuli iZulebis aparatisadmi udidesi yuradRebis
gamaxvileba, da maSasadame, aRzrdis klasobriv-saxelmwi-
foebrivi xasiaTi, aRzrdis, rogorc umravlesobis morCile-
baSi moyvanis umtkivneulo da saukeTeso saSualebis Sec-
noba, saxelmwifoebrivi saaRmzrdelo da saskolo sistemis
Seqmna, aRzrdisa da swavlebis dakanonebuli aucileblobis
aRiareba, aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis saxelmwifoebrivi
winaswargansazRvruloba, harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli
adamianis (gonebrivad, fizikurad, zneobrivad, esTetiku-
rad) momzadebis ideis wamoyeneba, aRzrdis saerTo sistemis
simkacre, (bunebrivia saSulebaTa mTeli arsenalisac), rig
SemTxvevebSi qal-vaJTa Tanabari aRzrda (gonebrivi gana-
Tlebis gamoklebiT), oratoris momzadeba, mtkice xasiaTis,
amtanianobis, qveynisa da saqmisadmi Tavdadebis aRzrda
da sxv. bunebrivia, saWirod ar vTvliT imis xazgasmas, rom
aRzrdis es sistema mxolod da mxolod monaTmflobelTa
kuTvnilebaa. esaa ZiriTadi foni, ramac gansazRvra aTenur

186
monaTmflobelur respublikaSi genialur moazrovneTa
mimarTuleba mecnierebis mraval dargSi, da cxadia, peda-
gogikur SexedulebebSic.
Zveli saberZneTis gamoCenil filosofoss, obieqturi
idealizmis fuZemdebels, platons (427-348w.w.) gansakuTreb-
uli adgili uWiravs sakacobrio azrovnebis istoriaSi. pla-
tonis filosofiur moZRvrebaSi sakmao TaviseburebiTaa
gadawyvetili mecnieruli azrovnebisaTvis saintereso mra-
vali sakiTxi. platonis moZRrebis uaRresad mdidar prob-
lematikaSi imdenad uxvadaa warmodgenili misi Sexedulebani
mozardi Taobis aRzrdis Sesaxeb, rom pedagogikuri Teoriis
Camoyalibebis dasawyisi, ufro sworad am Teoriis pirveli
mniSvnelovani monacemebi, swored mis saxelTanaa dakavSire-
buli. amitom pedagogikis istoria gverds ver auvlis pla-
tons da igi misi Seswavlis erT-erT obieqts warmoadgens.
platoni Tavisi filosofiuri xasiTis naSromebSi, um-
Tavresad `saxelmwifosa~ da `kanonebSi~, specialurad msj-
elobs pedagogikis uaRresad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. igi
cdilobs gaarkvios aRzrdis arsis, rolisa da mniSvnelo-
bis sakiTxi, misi saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi, gavlena sax-
elmwifoebriv wyobaze, misi mizani da amocanebi, aRzrdis
Semadgeneli nawilebi _ gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri,
samxedro-fizikuri aRzrdis saSualebebi da sxv.
aRzrdis am zogadi sakiTxebis gverdebiT, platoni Cerde-
ba swavlebis konkretul sakiTxebzec, kerZod, igi mimoixi-
lavs swavlebis Sinaarsis, saskolo sistemisa da, rig Sem-
TxvevaSi, swavla-aRzrdis meTodikur sakiTxebsac. platoni
imdenadaa dainteresebuli swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebiT, rom
pedagogikis istorikosis rolsac ki asrulebs. igi sakmaod
vrclad da naTlad agviwers aTenuri aRzrdis sistemas.
platonis mier aRzrdis sakiTxebiT agrerigad daintere-
seba nawilobriv ganpirobebulia misi cxovrebisa da moR-
vaweobis ramdenadme pedagogiuri xasiaTiTa da mimarTule-

187
biT; platons, monaTmflobeluri aristokratiis ideologs,
imdroindeli aTenis mdidari da cnobili gvaris STamoma-
vals, cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi sokrates mowafes, SesaZle-
bloba hqonda im droisaTvis Rrma ganaTleba mieRo. Tavisi
maswavleblis sikvdilis Semdeg platoni bevrs mogzaurobs.
samxreT italiasa da siciliaSi yofnis periodSi igi urTier-
Tobas amyarebs piTagorelebTan, ramac didi gavlena iqonia
mis Semdgom pedagogiur moRvaweobaze. rogorc cnobilia,
mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, platoni aTenSi aarsebs
skolas, romelmac akademiis saxelwodeba miiRo. am akademia-
Si, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cveulebriv saswavlo tipis dawesebule-
baSi, 30 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi eweoda pedagogiur
moRvaweobas platoni. umTavresad am periodSi ayalibebs igi
Tavis pedagogikur Sexedulebebs, romlis amosavals misive
filosofiuri sistema warmoadgens.
platonis filosofia obieqturi idealizmia. am filoso-
fiis mixedviT pirveladi da WeSmaritia ideaTa samyaro,
xolo meoradi, misi aCrdili da misgan nawarmoebia nivTebis
anu grZnobadi samyaro. platonis TvalsazrisiT, ideaTa
samyaros WeSmariteba mis mudmivobasa da ucvlelobaSi,
droisa da sivrcisagan damoukideblobaSi mdgomareobs, ma-
Sin roca grZnobadi samyaro, grZnobadi nivTebi araa myari
da ucvleli, piriqiT, ganicdis sistematur cvalebadobas.
swored amitom, adamianis garemomcveli samyaro mxolod
susti gamosaxuleba da aCrdilia ideaTa samyarosi.
am filosofiur safuZvelzea agebuli platonis Semec-
nebis Teoriac, romlis ZiriTadi arsi amqveyniuri samyaros,
e.i. nivTTa samyaros rogorc Semecnebis wyaros uaryofaSi
mdgomareobs. aqedan bunebrivia, rom platonisaTvis, ro-
gorc Semecnebis wyaro, gamoricxulia grZobadi organoebic.
misTvis adamianis codnis ucilobel safuZvels Tandayo-
lili ideebi warmoadgens. adamianis suli, sanam igi sxeulSi
Casaxldeba, Wvrets ideaTa samyaros, mas aqvs namdvili cod-

188
na, magram orgamizmSi Casaxlebisas kargavs, iviwyebs xolme
mas da SemdgomSi ideebis aCrdilebze _ amqveyniur nivTebze
dakvirvebis saSualebiT TandaTanobiT igonebs da aRadgens
namdvil codnas. maSasadame, Semecnebis saboloo mizani mo-
gonebis gziT ideaTa samyarosTan miaxloebaSi mdgomareobs.
swored am poziciebidanaa, rom platoni adamianis sulis
sam nawils asaxelebs _ gonivruls, nebiTs da grZnobads.
gonivrul suls Seesabameba sibrZne, nebiTs _ vaJkacoba,
xolo grZnobads _ zomiereba. sulisa da sikeTis am sam sax-
es ufardebs platoni adamianTa raRac sam ucvlel da myar
jgufs _ filosofosebs, romelTa movaleobaa mmarTveloba,
meomrebs, romelTa movaleobaa dacva, da xelosnebsa da vaW-
rebs. platonis Semecnebis Teoriidan gamomdinare, es tria-
da sabolood Semdeg saxes Rebulobs: gonivruli _ sibrZne
_ filosofosi _ mmarTveli, nebiTi _ vaJkacoba _ meomari
_ dacva, grZnoba _ zomiereba _ xelosnebi da vaWrebi _ xe-
losnoba da vaWroba.
platonis socialur-politikur SexedulebebSi aSkaradaa
gamokveTili demokratizmis, kerZod, aTenuri demokratiz-
mis Rrma siZulvili. am SemTxvevaSi igi Tavisdroindeli
konservatoruli aristokratiis tipuri warmomadgenelia.
platoni umorCilebs ra yvelafers gonebis sferos, mis
dros arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis nacvlad, ideal-
uri saxelmwifos Seqmnis Tavis gegmas ayenebs. platonis ide-
alur saxelmwifoSi gamarTlebuli da TiTqos dasabuTebu-
lia specialuri saqmianobiT sazogadoebis mudmiv jgufebad
dayofa, romelTa Soris TvalSeuvlebi kedlebia gavlebuli.
masSi adamianebi samudamod arian ganwiruli ama Tu im saqmi-
anobisaTvis: erTni _ gonebrvi moRvaweobisaTvis, meoreni _
fizikuri SromisaTvis da a.S.
idealistur filosofiur sistemazea agebuli da da-
fuZnebuli misi pedagogikuri Sexedulebanic, romelSic
platoniseburi filosofiis sistemis simwyobre TiTqmis

189
mTlianadaa SenarCunebuli. platonis pedagogikuri Sexed-
ulebebis idealisturi bunebis miuxedavad, filosofiur
sistemasTan yoveli pedagogiuri sakiTxisa da debulebis
Segueba swored pedagogiuri Teoriis xasiaTs aZlevs mas.
platonis pedagogikur Sexedulebebs, sakmaod didi isto-
riul-SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia platoni pedagogikuri
Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebisas uSualod Tavisi filoso-
fiuri sistemidan gamodis, magram amave dros uxvad sarge-
blobs piradi praqtikuli gamocdilebiTac da, rac mTavar-
ia, farTod iyenebs aTenuri da spartuli aRzrdis sistemas.
es erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli aRzrdis siste-
mebi ki Tavisi droisaTvis metad mdidari bunebisani iyvnen
da TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi mxareebis gaTvaliswineba
saukeTeso niadags uqmnida platons mwyobri da antikuri
saukuneebisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani pedagogikuri de-
bulebebis wamoyenebisa da dasabuTebisaTvis.
platoni SesaniSnavad iyenebs aTenuri aRzrdis sistemis
iseT mxareebs, rogoricaa harmoniuli (gonebrivi, zneobri-
vi, esTetikuri, fizikuri) aRzrda, saskolo sistema, asako-
brivi dayofa (garkveul farglebSi), swavlebis Sinaarsi da
sxv. xolo spartanuli sistemidan _ aRzrdisa da saerTod
saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis uaRresad saxelm-
wifoebriv xasiaTs, gamZleobis, amtanianobisa da vaJkacobis
aRzrdas, maSasadame, fizikuri aRzrdis rig saSualebebsac
da a.S.
aTenuri da spartanuli aRzrdis am mniSvnelovani mxa-
reebisa da sakuTari praqtikul-pedagogiuri gamocdilebis
misive Teoriul-filosofiuri safuZvlebidan ganzoga-
deba, sayuradRebos da sakmaod mecnieruls xdis platonis
calkeul pedagogikur Sexedulebebs.
pirveli sakiTxi, romelzec pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis
mimoxilvisas unda SevCerdeT, exeba mis mier aRzrdis proce-

190
sis bunebis gagebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom aRzrdis Sesaxeb fi-
losofiur naSromebSi gadmocemul SexedulebebSi (platons
swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb raime specialuri naSromi ar dauwe-
ria) igi specialurad ar Cerdeba am sakiTxze, magram misi
pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis dakvirvebiT Seswavla sruli-
ad naTel suraTs gvaZlevs aRzrdis platoniseburi gagebis
Sesaxeb. jer erTi, cxadi xdeba, rom platonisaTvis aRzrda
sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis movlenaa, rom igi aRzrdaSi bavS-
vze zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs. Cven ar SevudgebiT platonis
moZRvrebaSi socialuri da biologiuri problemebis ganx-
ilvas da mxolod davaskvniT, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis, roca
igi aRzrdis Sesaxeb msjelobs, mxolod bavSvis pirovnebis
Camoyalibeba aqvs mxedvelobaSi, rac safuZvels gviqmnis vi-
fiqroT, rom platonisaTvis aRzrda sazogadoebrivi xasi-
aTis movlenaa. Cven arc imis ganxilva migvaCnia saWirod, Tu
rogor esmis platons sazogadoebrivi movlenis arsi.
garda amisa, platonis moZRvrebidan kidev ufro Tval-
naTliv gamomdinareobs, rom aRzrda mas warmodgenili aqvs
rogorc organizebuli, ufro metic, mtkiced organizebu-
li procesi. amas asabuTebs isic, rom mozardis pirovnebis
CamoyalibebisaTvis platons surs Seqmnas aRzrdis mTeli
organizacia, mozardis momzadebis mTeli saskolo sistema.
qvemoT calke gveqneba farTo msjeloba platonis saskolo
sistemis, am sistemis TiToeuli rgolis amocanebisa da maTi
ganxorcilebis saSualebebis Sesaxeb da, vfiqrobT, isic sak-
marisi iqneba Cveni debulebis naTelsayofad, Tumca bevri
sxva azris motanac SeiZleboda.
amasTanave, odnav daeWvebasac ar iwvevs azri, rom pla-
tonisaTvis aRzrda mizandasaxul process warmoadgens.
platoni xom Tavis moZRvrebaSi gamokveTilad ayenebs aRz-
rdis mizans, romelic Tavisebur gamosaxvas poulobs saswav-
lo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis TiToeul rgolSi. igi,
wamoayenebs ra aRzrdis saboloo mizans, amave dros iZl-

191
eva garkveuli etapisaTvis am miznisadmi daqvemdebarebul
amocanebs. e.i. mis moZRvrebaSi cal-calkea gansazRvruli
saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo sistemis yoveli rgolis amocana,
romelTa ganxorcielebiTac srulyofas poulobs aRzrdis
saboloo mizani. aseTi mtkice logikuri kavSiris Semdeg
platonis mier bunebrivia aRzrdis, rogorc mizandasaxuli
procesis gageba.
da bolos, platonis moZRvrebaSi aRzrda warmodgenilia
rogorc aucilebeli xasiaTis matarebeli movlena, rom aR-
zrda-ganaTlebis miReba aucileblia bavSvisaTvis, raTa igi
moqalaqed iqces. marTalia swavla-aRzrdis aucilebloba
mxolod adamianTa garkveul jgufze vrceldeba, magram
platonis mier Camoyalibebuli mTeli aRzrdis sistema mx-
olod da mxolod monaTmflobelebis kuTvnilebaa da ara
sxva romelime klasisa. amitom monaTmflobelTa Svilebis
mxriv swavla-aRzrdis miRebis aucileblobis wamoyeneba sa-
Sualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom platonis mixedviT aRz-
rda sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aucilebel movle-
nas warmoadgens.
platonis filosofiuri sistemidan gamomdinare uSua-
lod misi koncefcia aRzrdis rolis sakiTxze.
cnobilia, rom aRzrdis rolis araraobamde damyvani
Teoriis fesvebi antikur filosfiaSia. igi Tandayolili
ideebis aRiarebiT iwyeba da Semdeg mudam sxvadasxva for-
miT gvevlineba. Tandayolili ideebis pirveli seriozuli
mqadagebeli ki platoni iyo.
platonis filosofiis Tanaxmad, adamians dabadebidan
dahyveba (ufro sworad, dabadebisas Causaxldeba) ideebi,
romlebic ar aris SeZenili grZnobaTa organoebis saSuale-
biT. adamianma TviTonac ar icis, ise moaqvs Tavis amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi im saganTa saxeebi, is ideebi, romelTac ukvda-
vi suli Wvretda mis dabadebamde. adamians Semdeg, Tavisi
amqveyniuri arsebobis procesSi, SeuZlia moigonos es saxee-

192
bi da ideebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, gamodioda ra sensualizmis
winaaRmdeg, platoni asabuTebda, rom grZnobebi ar SeiZleba
iyos WeSmariti codnis wyaro, radganac isini ver scildebi-
an movlenaTa samyaros sazRvrebs. WeSmariti codnis wyaros
warmoadgens ukvdavi sulis mier ideaTa samyaros mogoneba,
romelsac Wvretda igi mokvdav sxeulSi Casaxlebamde.
maSasadame, platonis Sexedulebebis mixedeviT, adamianis
pirovnebis formireba, mis mier codnaTa jamis daufleba gan-
pirobebulia Tandayolili ideebiT. es ideebi gansazRvravs
mis Camoyalibebas. aqedan cxadia, rom platonis filosofiis
mixedviT ugulebelyofilia aRzrdis wamyvani roli da igi
raRac Tandayolili, mzamzareuli ideebis xelSemwyob saSu-
alebad aris gamocxadebuli.
platonis azriT, adamianebi dabadebidanve gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan maTive memkvidreobis wyalobiT, romlis gan-
mapirobebeli RvTaebrivi sawyisia. adamianebi, wers igi Tavis
`saxelmwifoSi~, marTalia Zmebi arian, magram isini ar ari-
an Tanabari unariT aRWurvili. imdenad didia sxvaoba maT
SesaZleblobebSi, rom es sxvaoba apirobebs maT sxvadasxva
saqmianobaSi monawileobas. `erTni dabadebulni arian mmarT-
velobisaTvis, meoreni _ daxmarebisaTvis, xolo sxvebi _ mi-
waTmoqmedebisa da xelosnobisaTvis~. [Платон, Соч. III, 1863,
ст. 143.]
adamianTa mier memkvidreobiT miRebuli sxvadasxvaga-
vri monacemebi gansazRvravs maT mowodebas da adgils
sazogadoebaSi. am memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tavisebure-
bebis gardaqmna ar SeuZlia aRzrdas. es monacemebi RmerTis
naboZaria imTaviTve da aRzrdis gziT misi ramdenadme ga-
Zliereba SeiZleba mxolod. amitomaa, rom ama Tu im adamianis
daniSnuleba da adgili sazogadoebaSi misi dabadebidanvea
gansazRvruli. `RmerTi Semoqmedia da Tqven Soris, romleb-
sac aqvT ufrosobis unari, dabadebisas oqro Seuria, ris
gamoc isini Zalian Zvirfasni arian, sxvebs _ maT TanaSemweebs

193
_ vercxli, xolo miwaTmoqmedebs da sxva xelosnebs _ rkina
da spilenZi~ [iqve, gv. 193].
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom platonis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
Tandayolili monacemebiT principulad gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisagan ara mxolod adamianTa gamokveTili jgufebi,
aramed es sxvaoba arsebobs TiToeuli jgufis adamianTa
Sorisac.
ufro metic, niWierTa am zogadi kategoriis bavSveb-
Si platoni bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT (rogorc viciT es
Taviseburebebi RmerTis naboZaria) dabadebidanve ganasax-
vavebs maT metad viwro specialuri midrekilebiTac. ase
magaliTad, platonis azriT, imTaviTve ibadebian bavSvebi
maTematikis an sxva romelime saswavlo sagnis gansakuTreb-
uli niWierebiT da aseTad ver aqcevs maT aRzrda. amaze me-
tyvelebs platonis azri, rom `... bunebiT maTematikuri ni-
WiT dajildovebuli adamianebi yoveli mecnierebis advilad
amTviseblebi arian~ [хрестоматия по истории педагогики, 1935,
ст. 31. ]. dabolos, adamianSi Tandayolili monacemebis arse-
bobis platoniseburi gagebis damagvirgvinebelia misi Semde-
gi azri: `... garda amisa, es saukeTeso Semowmebaa _ dialeqti-
kuria Tu ara adamiani Tavisi bunebiT. is visac SeuZlia, ase
ganixilos mecnierebani, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT dialqti-
kuria, visac ar SeuZlia _ aradialeqtikuri~ [хрестоматия по
истории педагогики, 1935, ст. 39].
aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad arabunebrivad gvevlineba
zogierTi cnobili mkvlevris (mag. g. Jurakovskis) mtkiceba
platonis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis wamyvani rolis aRiarebis
Sesaxeb. ufro metic, Jurakovski Tavis naSromSi [очерки по
истории педагогики, ст. 17] saubrobs ra platonis moZRvre-
baSi aRzrdis wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb, saWirod Tvlis, spe-
cialurad aRniSnos, rom am moZRvrebaSi aRzrda ar aris
gamocxadebuli yovlisSemZle kategoriad. es, cxadia, uki-
duresi gadaWarbebaa.

194
 roca platonis filosofiuri sistemidan gamomdinare,
aRzrdis wamyvani rolis uaryofas vasabuTebT, es sulac
ar niSnavs platonis rogorc moazrovnis mier aRzrdis
rolis mTlian ugulebelyofas. piriqiT, platoni Tavisi
calkeuli msjelobebis dros araerTgzis miuTiTebs bavS-
vis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi aRzrdis did rolze,
Tumca amiT gverds uvlis Tavis filosofiur mrwamss. sx-
vagvarad SeuZlebelic aris. istoria xom mravlad icnobs
iseT moazrovneebs, romlebic uaryofen obieqturi realo-
bis, fizikuri sinamdvilis WeSmarit arsebobas da yovelgvar
arsebuls SegrZnebaTa kompleqsad, kombinaciebad acxade-
ben. aseTi ukiduresoba mravalia. magram ar aris moazrovne,
romelic Tavisi subieqturi msjelobis dros mTlianad
uaryofdes aRzrdas, ar aRiarebdes mis metnakleb mniSvn-
elobas, Tumca maTi Teoriul moZRvrebaTa sistemidan mx-
olod aRzrdis rolis uaryofis Sesaxeb daskvnis gamotana
SeiZleba.
Tu aseTi TvalTaxedviT mivudgebiT platons, vnaxavT, rom
mis msjelobebSi aRzrdas sakmao roli aqvs miniWebuli bavS-
vis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. roca platoni axladdabade-
buli bavSvis zrdadamTavrebul pirovnebad Camoyalibebis
Sesaxeb msjelobs Tavis `kanonebSi“, bavSvs sanTels adarebs
da gamoTqvams azrs, rom `Cvili bavSvi unda iZerwebodes
zustad iseve, rogorc sanTlisagan~ [Творения Платона,т.
XIV , `Законы~, 1923, ст. 5.]. maSasadame, rogorc sanTels Seu-
Zlia misces adamianma esa Tu is forma, aseve aRmzrdelze,
anu aRzrdazea damokidebuli bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyali-
beba. es xom tipuri magaliTia aRzdisaTvis didi rolis mi-
kuTvnebis Sesaxeb. aRzrdis aseT rolze SesaniSnavad msj-
elobs platoni agreTve `saxelmwifoSi~, sadac gamoTqvams
azrs, rom aRzrda-ganaTlebiT xdeba adamiani unariani ama
Tu im saqmisaTvis (es xom platonis filosofiis pirdapir
sawinaaRmdegoa). `... Cven gSobeT Tqven ... raTa beladebi da

195
mefeebi yofiliyaviT, rogorc piradad Tqveni TavisaTvis,
aseve mTeli qalaqisaTvis; Tqven mogeciT Cven saukeTeso
da srulyofili aRzrda da gagxadeT unariani erTisa da
meorisTvisac~ [Платон, соч.,ч. III, ст. 361-362].
garda amisa, aRzdisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWebaze
metyvelebs isic, rom platoni aRzrdas saxelmwifoebrivi
xasiaTis kategoriad Tvlis. platoni swored is moazrovnea,
romelmac pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi pirvelad
gausva xazi aRzrdis uaRresad politikur xasiaTs, rac mis
udides damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos. igi xSirad asabuTebs
aRzrdis metad Zlier gavlenas saxelmwifo wyobaze, saxelm-
wifoSi moqmed kanonTa xasiaTze da ayenebs moTxovnas aRzr-
dis saxelmwifo wyobasTan Seguebis Sesaxeb.
aRzrdis uaRresad saxelmwifoebriv xasiaTze miuTiTebs
platonis is msjeloba, romelSic igi asabuTebs aRzrda-
ganaTlebis miRebis aucileblobas yvelas mier, mSoblebis
survilisagan damoukideblad, radganac, misi azriT, `bavS-
vebi ufro metad saxelmwifos ekuTvnian, vidre TavianT mSo-
blebs~ [творение платона, т. XI, ст. 24,].
zemoTqmulidan marTebulad migvaCnia daskvna, rom pla-
tonis filosofiuri sistema pirdapiri uaryofaa aRzrdis
wamyvani rolis, mzamzareulad mocemuli ideebis mogonebisa
da mxolod aRdgenis raRac xelSewmyob saSualebadaa ga-
mocxadebuli, riTac pedagogiuri gagebiT, TiTqmis ararao-
bamdea dayvanili aRzrdis wamyvani roli. magram platoni
aRzrdis sakiTxebze msjelobis dros xSirad scildeba Ta-
visi filosofiis ZiriTad mimarTulebas da axladdabade-
buli bavSvis zrdadasrulebul adamianidan CamoyalibebaSi
aRzrdas sakmaod solidur mniSvnelobas akuTvnebs, magram,
saerTod, pedagogikur TeoriaSi platoni ganxiluli unda
iqnes rogorc aRzrdis wamyvani rolis uarmyofeli moaz-
rovne.
platonis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis rolis sakiTxis, an saer-
Tod misi pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas CvenSi
196
arsebuli pedagogikis Tu pedagogikis istoriis saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebi da specialuri literaturis nawili mniS-
vnelovnad scodavs. maTi umravlesoba an mTlianad gverds
uvlis platonis mier aRzrdis rolis garkvevas, riTac Cqma-
lavs platonis damsaxurebas am saqmeSi, an piriqiT, gadaWar-
bebulad afasebs mis Sexedulebebs aRzrdis rolis Sesaxeb.
platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi Taviseburadaa
gadawyvetili aRzrdis miznis sakiTxi. mis sasaxelod unda
iTqvas, rom aRzrdis mizans, misive filosofiuri mrwamsidan
gamomdinare, uSualod gansazRvravs `idealuri saxelmwifo-
Ti~. platonis moZRvrebSi aRzrdis mizani TiTqmis mTlianad
emTxveva saxelmwifos da kerZod `idealuri saxelmwifos~
mizans. masTan mtkice kavSirSia platonis Semecnebis Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac Semecnebis mizani ideebis samyarosTan
miaxloebaSi mdgomareobs. rogorc cnobilia, usasrulod
mraval ideaTa saTaveSi platoni sikeTis ideas aTavsebs. ai,
swored am sikeTis ideisadmi miaxloeba warmoadgens `ide-
aluri saxelmwifos~ mizans, romlis ganxorcielebaSic pla-
toni mniSvnelovan adgils aRzrdas aniWebs da, bunebrivia,
igive mizans ayenebs aRzrdis winaSe. platonis Sexedule-
bebSi naTlad Cans, rom aRzrdis gareSe `bevri daakldeba
adamians, raTa RvTaebrivi gamxdariyo!~ [Ттворение Платона,
ст. 41]. platonis es gamoTqma savsebiT gasagebia, radgan, misi
azriT, umaRles sikeTes RmerTi warmoadgens.
kidev ufro gamokveTilad ayalibebs platoni aRzrdis
mizans `saxelmwifoSi~, sadac wers: `ganvixiloT axla, ro-
gor Cndebian aseTi adamianebi da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyva-
noT isini cxovrebis gzaze ... es, cxadia, moxdeba ara Cxir-
kedelaobiT, aramed sulis maradiulobisaken warmarTviT,
e.i. arsamde amaRlebiT, romelsac Cven vuwodebT WeSmarit
filosofias~ [Платон, соч., ч. III, ст. 363-364].
platonis mier aRzrdis miznis amgvar gagebas kidev ufro
amdidrebs misi ganxorcielebisaTvis dasaxuli aRzrdis

197
zogadi amocanebi. mis mier wamoyenebuli aRzrdis amocanebi
afarToebs aRzrdis miznis Sinaarss da naTelyofs mis yvela
mxares. aq gansakuTrebiT unda gaesvas xazi im garemoebas,
rom platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi erTmaneTs emTx-
veva aRzrdis zogadi amocanebi da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi.
platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi aRzrdis TiToeuli
Semadgeneli nawilis ganxorcieleba aris aRzrdis miznis
warmatebiT gadawyvetis aucilebeli piroba, amitom igi sak-
mao yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis
daxasiaTebaze da maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro konkre-
tul saSualebebze.
metad didia platonis damsaxureba pedagogikuri az-
rovnebis winaSe aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis wamoyenebisa
da dasabuTebis saqmeSi. winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis
mier wamoyenebuli aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebi mxolod im
droisaTvis rodi asaxavda srulyofilad aRzrdis Sinaarss;
masze Sors sakmao xnis ganmavlobaSi ar wasula sakacobrio
azri, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT SromiTi, da kerZod,
fizikuri SromiTi aRzrdis gamoricxvas platonis mier,
rac savsebiT gamarTlebuli iyo misi rogorc aristokrati-
is warmomadgenlis ideologiiT. aRzrdis Semadgeneli
nawilebis gansazRvrisas platonis pedagogikur naazrevSi
uxvadaa gamoyenebuli aTenuri aRzrdis praqtikuli gamoc-
dileba, romelic TiTqmis umaRles formas warmoadgenda an-
tikuri sazogadoebis praqtikaSi. magram igi marto aTenuri
da spartanuli aRzrdis praqtikiT ar kmayofildeba da mas
amdidrebs sakuTari pedagogiuri gamocdilebisa da alRos
wyalobiT. garda imisa, rom platoni Teoriul safuZvlebs
uZebnis aRzrdis Semadgenel nawilebs, igi ufro gamokveTi-
li da srulyofili saxiT warmoadgens mas, vidre amas spar-
tanuli da aTenuri aRzrdis sistemaSi hqonda adgili.
platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi srulyofili
pirovnebis aRzrdis aucilebel Semadgenel nawilebad ga-

198
mocxadebuli da daxasiaTebulia bavSvis gonebrivi, zneo-
brivi, esTetikuri da fizikuri anu samxedro-fizikuri aR-
zrda. Zneli saTqmelia, Tu rogor esmis platons aRzrdis am
calkeul Semadgenel nawilebs Soris arsebuli aucilebeli
kavSiri, magram faqtia, rom am oTxi Semadgeneli nawilis
dasaxelebiT da TiToeuli maTganis miznisa da saSualebebis
gansazRvriT (unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrdis am Semadgeneli
nawilebis ganxorcielebiT SeiZleba mxolod aRzrdis miz-
nis gadawyveta) platonis moZRvrebaSi harmoniuli aRzrdis
ideaa wamoyenebuli, romlis qveS mas adamianis sxeulisa da
sulis Tanabari ganviTareba esmis. igi imowmebs aTenuri aR-
zrdis praqtikas da wers: `rogori iqneba es aRzrda? Zne-
lia moiZebnos xangrZlivi cdis gziT mikvleulze ukeTesi,
es xom sxeulisaTvis gimnastikaa, sulisaTvis ki musika~
[Педагогические возрение Платона и Аристотела, откритки из
произведении, `Гoсударство~ и `Зaкoны~, 1916 ст. 3.].
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sxeulisa da sulis Tanabrad
ganviTareba platonis mier mxolod zogadi formiT ki araa
gagebuli, aramed misi konkretuli saxiTaa warmodgenili,
ise rom sxeulisa da sulis ganviTarebaSi bavSvis gonebrivi,
zneobrivi, esTetikri da fizikuri srulyofaa nagulisxmevi.
aqedan, bunebrivia daskvna, rom pedagikuri azrovnebis is-
toriaSi pirvelad platonis filosofiaSi vxvdebiT harmo-
niulad Camoyalibebuli adamianis aRzrdis ideis seriozul
Teoriul dasabuTebas, rac sakmaod didi monapovari iyo
pedagogikuri TeoriisaTvis. es daskvna kidev ufro cxadi
xdeba, Tu cal-calke gavicnobT platonis Sexedulebebs
gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da fizikuri aRzrdis
Sesaxeb.
amasTan ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT harmoniuli aRzrdis
Sesaxeb platonis moZRvrebis Zalze seriozuli nakli, rac
SromiTi aRzrdis srul ugulebelyofaSi mdgomareobs.
platonis mier SromiTi aRzrdis es sruli ugulebelyofa

199
fizikuri Sromisadmi misi damokidebulebis Sedegia. fizi-
kuri Sromisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi platoni aris-
tokrati reaqcioneris tipuri gansaxierebaa. misi mTeli
moZRvreba fizikuri Sromisadmi zizRiTaa gamsWvaluli.
fizikuri Sroma mas adamianis sulieri mxareebis damaxin-
jebad miaCnia. fizikuri Sroma, misi azriT, ukargavs adamians
Semecnebis unars, ideaTa samyarosTan miaxloebis yovelgvar
saSualebas. amitomaa, rom platoni gamoricxavs aRzrdis
mTeli sistemidan (misi aRzrdis sistema xom mxolod privi-
legirebul fenebs gulsixmobs da ara xelosnebsa da monebs)
SromiT aRzrdas.
platonis pedagogikuri moZRvrebis niSandobliv mxares
warmoadgens aRzrdis procesSi bavSvis asakobrivi Tavise-
burebebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobis aRiareba, Tumca
mas specialurad ar moucia bavSvis asakobrivi periodizacia
da misi Teoriuli dasabuTeba, rac Semdgom misma mowafem ar-
istotelem mogvca. am mxriv yuradRebas imsaxurebs Tundac
platonis azri aRzrdis procesSi sqesobrivi Tavisebure-
bebis gaTvaliswinebis Sesaxeb. `unda ganisazRvros sagalo-
blebis xasiaTi, romliTac gansxvavdeba vaJTa sagaloblebi
qalTa sagaloblebisagan. aucilebelia SerCeul iqnes maTT-
vis Sesaferisi harmonia da riTmi. rogorc vaJTa, ise qalTa
sqess unda mivawodoT is nawarmoebebi, romlebic moicavs
orive am elements, e.i. harmonias da ritms. magram, amasTan,
qalebs unda mivawodoT is, rac Seesabameba maT sqesobriv
gansakuTrebulobas; es ki gamosarkvevia~ [Творения Платона,т.
XIV, ст.22].
platonis pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis umniSvnelovanes
mxares isic warmoadgens, rom bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibe-
ba, misi swavla-aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis ganxorciele-
ba mas SesaZleblad miaCnia mxolod sistematizirebuli da
organizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo
dawesebulebebis meSveobiT. platons Tavis moZRvrebaSi mo-
cemuli aqvs asakobrivi dayofis principze dafuZnebuli
200
mTeli saskolo sistema. marTalia platonis es saskolo
sistema araa mis mier Seqmnili _ igi sargeblobs misdro-
indeli aTenuri da spartanuli saskolo sistemiT, magram
orive am sistemis dadebiTi mxaris gaTvaliwineba da sin-
Tezis saxiT erTi mTliani formiT mocemac ki misi udidesi
damsaxurebaa. amasTan, Tu imasac aRvniSnavT, rom platonis
mier warmodgenili saskolo sistema moicavs bevr axals,
romelsac ar icnobda aTenuri da spartanuli aRzrdis sas-
kolo praqtika, maSin gasgebi xdeba platonis damsaxureba
pedagogikuri azrovnebis winaSe. amasac rom Tavi davaneboT,
platoni pirveli iyo, romelmac scada saxelmwifoebrivi
saskolo sistemis aucileblobis Teoriuli dasabuTeba da
aago kidec es sistema (Tumca isargebla spartanuli da aT-
enuri aRzrdis sistemiT) TiToeuli rgolis swavlebisa da
aRzrdis Sinaarsis gansazRvriT. faqtia, praqtikaSi rom ar
hqonoda adgili saskolo sistemis garkveul formebs da
cxovrebiT ar yofiliyo wamoyenebuli misi aucilebloba,
platoni ver mividoda mtkiced organizebuli saskolo
sistemis dasabuTebamde, magram es odnavadac ar amcirebs
mis damsaxurebas.
sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, isic sakmaria, rom sakacobrio
azrovnebis istoriaSi platonma pirvelma wamoayena skol-
amdeli sazogadoebrivi aRzrdis idea (sabavSvo baRi). maSa-
sadame, platonis saxelmwifoebrivi saswavlo-saRmzrdelo
sistemis meore rgols (pirveli sabavSvo bagaa, dabadebidan
3 wlamde) warmoadgens sabavSvo baRi 3-6 wlis asakis bavSvi-
saTvis. platoni, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqcevs ra gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas am asakis bavSvTa aRzrdas, iZleva mo-
sazrebebs sabavSvo baRis organizaciis, Sinaarsisa da prin-
cipebis Sesaxeb. igi mas iseve savaldebulod Tvlis, rogorc
saskolo sistemis sxva romelime rgols.
platonis mier mocemuli sabavSvo baRis Semdgomi sax-
elmwifoebrivi saskolo sistema aseTnairia: 7-12 wlis asakis
bavSvisaTvis _ skola, sadac swavloben kiTxvas, weras, anga-
201
riSs, musikasa da simReras, e.i. platonis pirveli safexuris
skola, winaaRmdeg spartanulisa da msgavsad aTenurisa,
umTavresad gonebrivi ganaTlebis skolas warmoadgens. am
skolas mosdevs 12-(15)16 wlis asakis bavSvTaTvis umTavresad
fizikuri aRzrdis skola-palestra („xuTWidelis“ skola).
palestris Semdeg, 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela agrZelebs
swavlas gonebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis da umTavresad praqti-
kuli mizniT swavloben ariTmetikas, geometriasa da astro-
nomias. 18-20 wlis asakSi isini gadian egreT wodebul efebTa
jgufs, sadac ukve warmoebs saboloo wrToba samxedro-
gimnastikur varjiSobebSi. amiT faqtobrivad mTavrdeba
platonis saskolo sistema, radgan Semdeg mxolod gansa-
kuTrebuli gonebrivi unaris mqone axalgazrdebi agrZe-
leben swavlas, danarCenebi ki (didi umravlesoba) xdebian
meomrebi. ganyenebuli azrovnebis unariT dajildoebuli
axalgazrdebi 30 wlamde agrZeleben seriozul mecadineobas
ariTmetikaSi, geometriaSi, astronomiaSi, musikis TeoriaSi
da, rac mTavaria, filosofiaSi, mxolod ukve ara praqtiku-
li, aramed Teoriuli mizniT. kidev ufro gansakuTrebuli
niWis mqoneni agrZeleben mecadineobas filosofiaSi 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi da xvdebian mmarTvel-filosofosebi.
platonis Sexedulebebis umniSvnelovanes mxares, garkveu-
li gagebiT, warmoadgens swavla-aRzrdis sayovelTao-saval-
debulo xasiaTis aRiareba. platons miaCnia, rom bavSvis
srulfasovan moqalaqed Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia mxolod
swavla-aRzrdis gziT da swored amitom ayenebs mis saval-
debulo xasiaTs. Cven aq erTi wuTiTac ar viviwyebT, rom
platoni monaTmflobeluri aristokratiis warmomadgenel-
ia, misi aRzrdis sistema mxolod privilegirebul klasebze
vrceldeba da ar gulisxmobs, cxadia, xalxTa farTo masebs.
cxadia, platoni ar cnobs swavlebis sayovelTao xasiaTs im
gagebiT, rogorc es Cven gvesmis. amas asabuTebs platonis
Semdegi sityvebi: yovelive amis (igulisxmeba saswavlo sa-

202
gnebi) SeswavlisaTvis mecadineoba saWiroa ara adamianTa
umravlesobisaTvis, aramed mxolod umciresobisaTvis.
magram es mainc ar ukargavs did mniSvnelobas swavla-
aRzrdis savaldebulo xasiaTis platoniseul gagebas. saqme
isaa, rom swavla savaldebulod miaCnia mas im klasis war-
momadgenelTaTvis, viszec misi sistema vrceldeba, e.i. igi
principSi cnobs swavla-aRzrdis savaldebulo xasiaTs. Cven
mxolod am mxaris Sefasebaze gvaqvs saubari: “am saswavleb-
elSi daqiravebuli maswavlebelebi ... moswavleebs aswavlian
samxedro mecnierebebs da muzur xelovnebas. amasTanave,
mxolod is ki ar ivlis saswavlebelSi, vis mamasac es surs
Tu ar surs, aramed, rogorc ityvian xolme, moxucmac da
bavSvmac SesaZleblobisdagvarad aucileblad unda miiRos
ganaTleba: radgan bavSvebi ufro metad saxelwifos ekuTv-
nian, vidre Tavis mSoblebs“ [Творения Платона,т. XIV, ст.24].
aqve unda gaesvas xazi platonis im udides damsaxure-
basac, rom man wamoayena qal-vaJTa Tanabari aRzrdis idea.
platonisaTvis saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi ar aris iseTi
specialoba, romelic ekuTvnis mxolod qals, an mxolod
mamakacs, am mxriv niWi da unari Tanabradaa ganawilebuli
or sqess Soris da yvela saqmianoba bunebiT misawvdomia qa-
lisaTvisac da mamakacisaTvisac. amis Semdeg gasakviri aRar
aris, rom platoni qal-vaJTa Tanabar aRzrdas aRiarebs.
platoni iqve ganagrZnobs, rom `Cemi es kanoni erTnairadaa
gankuTvnili rogorc qalebisaTvis, aseve mamakacebisaTvis.
me odnavadac ar SemiZlia vamtkico, rom aseve unda iyos
cxenosnobasa da gimnastikur xelovnebaSi. gana es mxolod
mamakacebs SeeferebaT da qalebs ara?~ [Творения Платона,т.
XIV, ст.24].
sabolood, aRvniSnavT, ra platonis zogadpedagogikuri
Sexedulebebis arsitokratiul mimarTulebas, da saer-
Tod, am Sexedulebis idealistur filosofiur safuZvle-
bze agebas, amave dros xazs vusvamT, mis did damsaxurebas

203
sakacobrio pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi. platonma
pirvelma gausva xazi aRzrdas, rogorc sazogadoebrivi,
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri da aucilebeli xasiaTis kat-
egorias, mis mizandasaxul da mtkiced organizebul bune-
bas. sagulisxmoa, rom platoni aRzrdis mizans da amocanebs
sazogadoebis interesebs umorCilebs. platonma pirvelma
wamoayena da Teoriulad daasabuTa harmoniuli aRzrdis
idea. farTod gansazRvra aRzrdis TiToeuli Semadgeneli
nawilis Sinaarsi da misi ganxorcielebis saSualebani, mogv-
ca saskolo sistemis sakmaod mwyobri agebuleba da swav-
lebis farTo Sinaarsi, gansazRvra yoveli saswavlo sagnis
mniSvneloba da amocanebi. platonis saxelTanaa dakavSire-
buli skolamdeli sazogadoebrivi aRzrdis ideis wamoy-
eneba, sabavSvo baRis asakis bavSvebisaTvis TamaSobebisa da
saTxrobi masalebisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba,
maTi SerCevisadmi yuradRebis gamaxvileba da sxv. platoni
pirveli moazrovnea, agreTve, romelmac aRiara qal-vaJTa
cal-calke, magram Tanabari aRzrda da swavlebis savalde-
bulo xasiaTi.

aristotele

Zveli saberZneTis udidesma moazrovnem, antikuri monaT-

mflobeluri sazogadoebis ideologma, gamoCenilma filo-
sofosma aristotelem (384-322w.w.) filosofiuri ganaTleba
miiRo platonis akademiaSi. igi misi mowafe iyo 20 wlis man-
Zilze. Semdgom aTenSi, aristotelem, TviTonve daaarsa fi-
losofiuri skola likelis taZris maxloblad, ris gamoc
mas ewoda `likei~ (licei), romelmac ramdenime saukune iar-
seba. saWiroa imis aRniSvnac, rom igi iyo aleqsandre make-
donelis specialurad mowveuli aRmzrdeli.
absoluturi sisworiTaa xazgasmuli pedagogiur encik-
lopediaSi, rom aristoteles moZRvreba moicavs imdroin-

204
deli codnis yvela sferos: filosofias, logikas, fsiqo-
logias, bunebismetyvelebas, istorias, politikas, eTikas,
esTetikas, romelTa mniSvnelovan problemebze gaSlilia
msjeloba mis SromebSi _ „metafizika“, „organoni“, „fizika“,
„politika“, „eTika“, „poetika“, „traqtati sulis Sesaxeb“. am
problemaTa gaSuqebis done srul uflebas aZelvda frid-
rix engelss, rom aristoteles uwodos „antikuri qveynebis
hegeli“, romelmac „dialeqtikuri azrovnebis arsebiTi
formebic gamoikvlia“.
aristoteles pedagogikuri xasiaTis specialuri naSromi
ar dauweria, magram am sferoSi misi Sexedulebani mravladaa
mocemuli aq CamoTvlil sxvadasxva xasiaTis SromebSi. maTSi
mokled, magram im droisaTvis sakmaod maRal donezea gace-
muli pasuxi pedagogikis safuZvlebis rig sakiTxebze, rac
efuZneba umTavresad mis msoflmxedvelobriv, da kerZod,
filosofiur koncefcias.
aristoteles filosofia maRla mdgomia platonis fi-
losofiaze, Tundac imitom, rom safuZvlianad Searyia ide-
alizmi, rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtikur tendenciebze. ma-
gram aqve isic unda vTqvaT, rom mas ar axasiaTebs platonise-
buri mkacri da mwyobri sistema, piriqiT, aristoteles moZ-
RvrebaSi mravladaa urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebi da
calkeuli mosazrebani.
uaRresad Rirebulia aristoteles cda, rom dasZlios
samyaros gaorebis platoniseuli idealisturi (dualis-
turi) pozicia. aristotele ideaTa da movlenaTa (nivTTa)
gaorebuli samyaros nacvlad, mis mTlianobas aRiarebs.
misTvis ar arsebobs calke idea da calke nivTi, aramed isini
Sinaarsisa da formis mTlianobas warmoadgenen. nivTiereba
nivTad mxolod formis meoxebiT iqceva. amas Tu davumatebT
garegani samyaros realobad aRiarebas aristoteles mier,
maSin naTeli xdeba uaRresad Rirebuli misi materialisuri
da dialeqtikuri pozicia (aqve xazs vusvamT idealistur da

205
metafizikur momentebs mis moZRvrebaSi avt. ). Sinaarsisa da
formis urTierTkavSiris aRiarebasTan erTd, igi samyaros
Sinagan ganviTarebasac aRiarebs. es ki mwvervalia antikuri
filosofiisa.
aqedan savsebiT gasagebia Semecnebis TeoriaSi aristo-
teles materialisturi mimarTuleba. platonis sawinaRmde-
god, Cveni samyaros realobad aRiareba saSualebas aZlevs
aristoteles codnis (Semecnebis) wyarod grZnobadi or-
ganoebi, SegrZnebebi miiCnios. grZnobadi organoebiT miRe-
buli STabeWdilebani, misi azriT, WeSmaritia (sworia). ma-
gram codnaSi uzustobis (Secdomebis) arseboba faqtia. maS,
saidan modis igi? amas aristotele ganyenebul azrovnebas
abralebs, romelmac swored ver gaigo, sistemaSi ver moi-
yvana da ver ganazogada SegrZnebaSi mocemuli WeSmariti
STabeWdilebani. swored aqedan amodis aristotele, rogorc
Semdgom vnaxavT, azrovnebiTi moqmedebis (SemoqmedebiTi az-
rovnebis) aRzrdis aucileblobis aRiarebisas.
aristoteles moZRvrebaSi pirdapiri pasuxi araa gace-
muli aRzrdis arsis gagebaze, magram aRzrdis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan aSkarad gamomdinareobs es gage-
ba, jer erTi, igi pirdapir gamoTqvams Tavis interess aR-
zrdis bunebis (arsis) gagebis Sesaxeb, roca wers: „ar unda
darCes yuradRebis gareSe isic, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavis
mxriv aRzrda da rogor unda iyos igi organizebuli“ [sazR-
vargareTis pedagogikis istoriis qrestomaTia, politika.
wigni VIII, gv. 34-35, moskovi, 1981].
aRzrdis Sesaxeb aristoteles Sexedulebis gacnoba
aSkarad gvarwmunebs, rom mas aRzrda esmis rogorc sazoga-
doebrivi xasiaTis kategoria (aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom ar-
istotele yovelTvis ver asxvavebs socialurs da biolo-
giurs).
amasTanave, gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia is faqti, rom igi
savsebiT marTebulad miiCnevs aRzrdas aucilebel da mara-

206
diul kategoriad. magram, kidev ufro metadaa xazgasmuli
is faqti, rom igi aRzrdis erTgvarovnebas da sayovelTaobas
aRiarebs. es misi udidesi damsaxurebaa. amas unda davumatoT
isic, rom misTvis aRzrda saxelmwifoebrivi (politikuri)
xasiaTis kategoriaa. amis damadastureblad sakmarisi iqne-
ba movitanoT erTi citata: radgan yvela saxelmwifo erT
mTlian mizans isaxavs „cxadia, rom yvela moqalaqe erTnai-
rad unda izrdebodes da misadmi (aRzrdisadmi) mzrunveloba
ara kerZo iniciativis, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi unda iyos ...
yoveli saxelmwifo wyobisaTvis Sesabamisi aRzrda aucile-
blobaa“ [sazRvargareTis pedagogikis istoriis qrestoma-
Tia, politika. wigni VIII, gv. 34, moskovi, 1981]. amasTanave,
roca aristotelesTan aRzris rolisa da miznis sakiTxebs
SevexebiT naTeli Seiqmneba, rom misTvis aRzrda bavSvis har-
moniulad Camoyalibebis procesia. aseT gagebasTan sadavo
araferi SeiZleba gvqondes.
sanam pirovnebis formirebis porcesSi konkretulad aRz-
rdis rolis sakiTxs ganvixilavT, manamde aRzrdis rogorc
sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi kategoriis zogadi
mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli mosazrebani unda movitanoT,
rac winaswar fons Seqmnis sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis. „yvela
(Tandayolili) niWiereba (midrekileba), wers aristotele,
imTaviTve saWiroebs aRzrdas... eWvs ar iwvevs, rom kanonmde-
beli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas unda iCendes axalgazrdo-
bis aRzrdisadmi, radgan im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic igi
ugulebelyofilia, TviT saxelmwifo wyoba zaraldeba“ [saz-
RvargareTis pedagogikis istoriis qrestomaTia, politi-
ka. wigni VIII, gv. 34, moskovi, 1981].
samyaros ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Tavis ideas icavs aristo-
tele cocxali organizmis, adamianis mimarTac. igi xazgas-
miT miuTiTebs, rom axladdabadebul bavSvSi aris realuri
SesaZleblobani, rom misgan srulfasovani adamiani Camoy-
alibdes. magram es mxolod SesaZleblobania, Tanac Cana-

207
saxovani saxiT. adamianad gadaqcevis bavSvis es unari imde-
nad sustia, rom igi realizacias ver miiRebs specialuri
RonisZiebis _ aRzrdis gareSe. maSasadame, aRzrdaa bavSvis
adamianad gadaqcevis saSualeba. „bavSvSi mocemulia bunebi-
sagan ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba da is xorciledeba aRzr-
diT“ [e. n. medinski, pedagogikis istoria, gv. 46, Tbilisi,
1940]. aRzrdis rolis amaze metad keTilSobilurad warmod-
gena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram saubedurod, igi bolomde
SenarCunebuli araa mis moZRvrebaSi.
bavSvis adamianad CamoyalibebaSi aRzrdis wamyvani roli
vrceldeba sazogadoebis mimarTac, riTac igi kidev ufro
soliduri ZaliT warmogvidgeba.
aristotelesTvis aRzrda aris, ara mxolod bavSvis ada-
mianad gadaqcevis saSualeba, aramed „amave dros, saxelm-
wifo wyobis ganmtkicebis saSualebac. cnobilia, rom mas
saxelmwifo wyobis Zlierebis faqtorad aseTive gonivruli
kanonebi miaCnia. magram am kanonebs adamianebi qmnian da maT
rom Seqmnan aseTi kanonebi, isini amisaTvis momzadebulni,
aRzrdilni unda iyvnen. amasTanave, saxelmwifos Zlierebis
SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis ar kmara gonivruli
kanonebi, aramed aucilebeli da ufro mTavaria am kanonebis
dacva, misi Sesruleba da realizacia. esec mxolod adamianTa
funqciaa da es rom maT SeZlon, aucilebelia isini amisaT-
vis momzadebulni, aRzrdilni iyvnen. mxolod am SeTxvevaSi
moitanen kanonebi sargeblobas. „araviTar sargeblobas ar
moitans yvelaze ufro gonivruli kanonebi, Tu moqalaqeebi
ar iqnebian SeCveulni saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, Tu isini ar
iqnebian misi suliskveTebiT aRzrdilni“ [e. n. medinski, peda-
gogikis istoria, gv. 37, Tbilisi, 1940].
meti dasabuTeba aRaraa saWiro bavSvis pirovnebis Camoya-
libebaSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aRzrdisaTvis aris-
toteles mier wamyvani rolis mikuTvnebis naTelsayofad.
agrerigad iCina Tavi pedagogikur TeoriaSi aristoteles

208
msoflmxedvelobrivi koncefciis misi maswavleblis, pla-
tonis koncefciisadmi dapirispirebam.
aristoteles msoflmxedvelobis ormagi da winaaRmde-
gorbivi buneba am sakiTxTan mimarTebiTac iCens Tavs da
igi aRzrdis rolis Tavis am pozicias zurgs Seaqcevs, da
faqtiurad, aRzrdis rolis uaryofamde miva. roca am rols
memkvidreobis dakanonebulad mdgrad da gadaulaxav, gadam-
wyvet faqtorad gamoacxadebs. aq igi ukve platonis pozi-
ciis morCili xdeba.
Zalian mokled rom CamovayaliboT aristoteles mosazre-
ba igi Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: iseve rogorc nivTiere-
bebSi araa erTgvarovani SesaZleblobani nivTad gadaqcev-
isa, bavSvebSic adamianad Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobanic
sruliad gansxvavebulia. rig SemTxvevebSi es gansxvaveba
principuli xaisaTisaa. araprincipuli, magram Cveulebri-
vi gansxvaveba ki TiTqmis sayovelTao xasiaTisaa. bavSvebs
dabadebisas memkvidreobiT Tan dahyvebaT garkveuli Tavise-
burebani (SesaZleblobani) da swored amazea damokidebuli
maTi adamianad Camoyalibeba. erTni morCilebisaTvis, meo-
reni batonobisaTvis, mmarTvelobisaTvis ibadebian. monis
Tvisebas, magaliTad, ar warmoadgens gansja da azrovneba.
magram visi kuTvnilebacaa gansja-azrovneba, imaTTanac
igi sxvadasxva xarisxisaa da yvelaferi es, iseve rogorc
platonTan, aristoteles mixedviTac, RvTaebiT (RmerTiT)
ganpirobebuli memkvidreobis naboZaria. zedmetia, am mo-
sazrebis aramecnierulobis dasabuTeba, miTumetes Taname-
drove mkiTxvelisaTvis.
aristoteles moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis miznis da amocanebis
problema misive msoflmxedvelobriv koncefciidan gamom-
dinarea gadawyvetili. pedagogikuri problemebiT dain-
teresebuli aristotele icnobs mis Tanamedrove da ad-
reul Sexedulebebs am sakiTxze da ukmayofilebas gamoTq-
vams azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo. „gaurkvevlia isic, wers igi,

209
Tu aRzrdis procesSi ras mieqces upiratesi yuradReba _
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis Tu zneobrivi Tvisebebis
ganviTarebas ... sruliad gaurkvevelia ganvaviTaroT bavS-
vebSi maTi is sulieri Tvisebani, romlebic ar gamoadgebaT
TavianT praqtikul cxovrebaSi, Tu isini. romlebic sikeTes
gulisxmoben, da bolos, Tu isini, rasac mivyavarT umaRles
ganyenebul azrovnebamde. arc amaSia erTsulovneba, Tu ras
mivyavarT sikeTisaken“ [sazRvaragreTis pedagogikis isto-
riis qrestomaTia, gv. 34, 1981].
TviTon aristotele, cdilobs aRzrdis miznisa da amo-
canebis problema daukavSiros adamianis cxovrebis daniS-
nulebas. cnoblia, rom adamianiseuli cxovrebis wamyvan
miznad ki igi netarebis naxvas, netarebas gulisxmobs. ma-
gram ra aris netareba, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsi? cnobi-
lia isic, rom am arss aristotele qmedianobaSi (moqmede-
baSi) xedavs. maSasadame, qmedianoba-moRvaweoba, qmediTi
adamianis momzadeba aris am mxriv aRzrdis mizani. magram
qmedianobis romeli saxea umaRlesi? aq pasuxi naTelia, rom
aristotelesaTvis umaRles sikeTes azrovnebiTi qmedianoba
warmoadgens. amgvari qmedianoba-moRvaweoba aniWebs adamians
WeSmarit netarebas. bolos da bolos sikeTe xom moqmedebis
ganxorcielebis unaria aristotelesaTvis, romelic Tavis
WeSmarit realizacias (ganxorcielebas) maSin poulobs,
roca moqmedeba gonebas emorCileba.
maSasadame, am mimarTebaSi aristotele aRzrdis miznad
azrovnebiTi qmedianobis Camoyalibebas aRiarebs, magram
amiT yvelaferi ar mTavrdeba. swored aqedan igi aRzrdis
saboloo miznad sulis umaRlesi mxarebis _ gonivrulis
da cxoveluris ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas cnobs, romlis
ganxorcielebisaTvis sulis mxareebis bunebrivi kavSiridan
gamomdinare bavSvis gonebrivi, fizikuri, zneobrivi da es-
Tetikuri SesaZleblobebis srulyofilad formireba, anu
harmoniulad Camoyalibebaa gamocxadebuli.

210
 harmoniulad ganviTarebuli adamianis momzadebis aRzr-
dis miznad gamocxadebis idea aristoteles (arc platonis)
originaluri minaxvedri araa. misken iswrafoda aTinuri
saskolo praqtika, romelSic aRzrdis ideali „kalokaga-
gatiis“ (yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli) cnebiT aRiniSneboda.
samagierod aristoteles damsaxurebaa aRzrdis am oTx
Semadgenel nawils (gonebrivi, fizikuri, zneobrivi, esTe-
tikuri) Soris mtkice kavSiris cnoba da mxolod da mxolod
am kavSiris safuZvelze harmoniuli (rac Tavisi droisaTvis
yovelmxrivis Tanabaria) aRzrdis ganxorcielba.
aRzrdis miznis _ harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli adamianis
momzadebis konkretuli Sinaarsi, dainteresebuli mkiTx-
velTaTvis, sruliad naTeli gaxdeba gonebrivi, zneobrivi,
fizikuri da esTetikuri aRzrdis (cal-calke) Sesaxeb aris-
toteles Sexedulebebis gacnobiT. aRzrdis es Semadgeneli
nawilebi, iseve rogorc platonTan, aristotelesTan, emTx-
veva aRzrdis amocanebs.
pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis sakiTxTagan uaRresad
sayuradReboa aristoteles mier bavSvis asakobrivi Ta-
viseburebebisadmi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. xazgasmiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom man pedagogikis istoriaSi pirvelma mogvca
asakobrivi periodizacia. es misi udides damsaxurebaa peda-
gogikis azrisa da praqtikis winaSe, Tumca es periodizacia
mecnierulad, cxadia, gaumarTavia. im dros SeuZlebelic
iyo bavSvis mecnieruli asakobrivi periodizaciis dadge-
na, radgan ar iyo Camoyalibebuli amisaTvis aucileblad
saWiro codna fsiqologiasa da fiziologiaSi. magram vimeo-
rebT, rom aseTi periodizaciis mocemis cdac udides miR-
wevad unda CaiTvalos, radgan, sxvaze rom araferi vTqavT,
aqedan mieca dasabami am umniSvnelovanesi problemis mec-
nierulad gadawyevtas, rac erTi mxriv Sedegi iyo pedagogi-
kis klasikosTa moZRvrebaSi misi pirvel planze wamowevisa
da Taviseburad gaSuqebisa. aristotele bavSvis asaks sam

211
periodad yofs: pirveli _ dabadebidan Svid wlamde, meore
_ Svididan 14-15 wlamde, sqesobrivi momwifebis dawyebamde
da mesame _ 14-15 wlidan 21 wlamde, srulwlovnebamde. es
periodizacia ar eTanxmeba arc spartanul da arc aTenur
saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo praqtikas da gamourkvelia saidan
moaqvs igi aristoteles. TviTonac ar iZleva amis special-
ur dasabuTebas.
rac Seexeba saskolo sistemis sakiTxs, aristoteles raime
gansakuTrebuli ar moucia, Tumc mis Sesaxeb srulad aqvs
gamoTqmuli Sexedulebani, romlebSic Cans arsebuli gamoc-
dilebisa da Teoriuli monacemebis codna. mis mier moce-
muli saskolo sistema emsgavseba aTinur sistemas, magram
misi igiveobiTi ar aris. niSandoblivia, rom aristotele
saskolo saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis xangrZlivobas (iseve
rogorc aTenSi) asakobrivi periodizaciis Sesabamisad 20-
21 wlamde gansazRvravs.
aristoteles arc saskolo swavlebis Sinaarsis gansaz-
Rvrisas moucia raime gansakuTrebuli, misi epoqisagan gan-
sxvavebuli.

ian amos komenski

„gsurdes aswavlo vines ucxo ena, sanam dedaenas

SeiTvisebdes, es udris imas, rom vinmes surdes aswav-
los Tavis Svils cxenosnoba, sanam siaruls iswavlides“
komenskis biografia jer kidev bolomde araa Seswav-
lili, radgan misi pedagogikuri moZRvreba, saukuneebis
manZilze moklebuli iyo Seswavlis istoriul pirobebs,
gansakuTrebulad Tavis samSobloSi, sadac yovelgvari
Cexuri nadgurdeboda kaTolikuri eklesiisa da ger-
manel dampyrobelTa mier. garda amisa, komenski sx-
vadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovrobda: polo-
neTSi, ungreTSi, SveicariaSi, germaniaSi da holandiaSi,
rasac ar SeiZleba uaryofiTi gavlena ar moexdina bio-
grafiis srulyofilad Seswavlaze.

212
 dadgenilia, rom komenski daibada 1590 wlis 28 marts.
misi dabadebis dRe 1957 wlidan CexoslovakiaSi “maswav-
lebelTa dReTaa~ gamocxadebuli.
misi dabadebis adgilad nivnice unda CaiTvalos,
Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.
marTalia, komenski xSirad wers, rom daibada uherski-
brodelze, magram amas akeTebda imis gamo, rom sazR-
vargareT, nivnice ucnobi iyo, xolo uherski-brodeli
metad cnobili.
komenskis mama, martini, bohemis ZmaTa sazogadoebis
aqtiuri wevri iyo. igi Tavisi droisTvis sakmaod gana-
Tlebuli kaci gaxldaT, zedmiwevniT icoda biblia da
xalxSi did saganmanaTleblo muSaobas eweoda. aqedan
gamomdinare, martini didad zrunavda imisTvis, rom
Tavisi Svilebi ganaTlebul adamianebad aRezarda. Cven
ar viciT, swavlobda Tu ara mamis sicocxleSi komenski
skolaSi, magram eWvs gareSea mas mSoblebi ZmaTa skolaSi
Seiyvandnen, romelic im droisTvis sakmaod saxelmox-
veWili iyo, Tumca aseT skolebSi sqolastikur-dogmati-
kuri swavleba mimdinareobda. cnobilia, Tu rogor Sea-
fasa komenskim am skolebis muSaoba. is skolaSi gatare-
bul wlebs dakargul drod Tvlida, amitom man jer
kidev skolaSi gadawyvita, rom momavalSi xalxis swav-
la-ganaTleba gaeumjobesebina. SemdgomSi am ideis ganx-
orcielebas Sealia mTeli Tavisi cxovreba da energia.

komenskis pedagogikuri ideebi warmoadgens fuZemde-

blur debulebebs misi pedagogikuri moZRvrebisa.
gamoCenili Cexi pedagogi, pedagogikis klasikosi, peda-
gogikis rogorc mecnierebis fuZemdebeli da ubadlo di-
daqtikosi ian amos komenski (1590-1670) progresul_de-
mokratiuli pedagogikuri moZraobis lideria.
komenskis kalams 300_ze meti pedagogiuri xasiaTis naS-
romi ekuTvnis, romelTagan centraluri „didi didaqtikaa“.
igia pirveli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis _ „grZnobadi
samyaro suraTebSi“, „enaTa Ria karebi“ _ avtori da mra-
vali progresuli pedagogikur_didaqtikuri debulebebis
wamomyenebeli. misma sidiadem ganapiroba swored msoflio

213
komenologiis uaRresad farTo masStabi. „ian amos komen-
skis“ xSirad uwodeben „pedagogikis niutons“, „pedagogi-
kis koperniks“, „pedagogikis kolumbs“, „pedagogikis mamas“,
„xalxTa maswavlebels“ . . . komenskis udidesi damsaxureba
kacobriobis winaSe is aris, rom man demokratizmisa da hu-
manizms poziciebidan mogvca dromoWmuli Suasaukoneobrivi
dogmatur_sqolastikuri aRzrdis mTeli sistemis Rrma da
dasabuTebuli kritika“. amasTanave, man Seicno axali klasis
burJuaziis Zala da perspeqtiva da Seqmna kidevac am klasis
interesebis ramdenime Sesabamisi pedagogiuri moZRvreba.
[d.o. lorTqifaniZe, ian amos komenski, gv.5, Tbilisi, 1964]
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVII saukuneSi, roca cxov-
robda da moRvaweobda komenski, evropaSi daiwyo kapital-
isturi era. kapitalizmi saSinlad utevs da TandaTanobiT
angrevs feodalizmis CarCoebs. warmoebaSi kapitalisturi
wesebis danergva iwvevs mis manqanur ganviTarebas, mrewv-
elobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebas, sarkinigzo qselisa da
qalaqebis zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan Zvrebs axdens yvela sferoSi. warmoebis es Si-
naarsi ver iTmens mmarTvelobis feodalur formebs da ep-
oqis ekonomika winaaRmdegobaSi gaixlarTa, ormagi bunebis
gaxda. magram progresuli da perspeqtiuli, cxadia buJuazi-
uli tendenciebia.
ekonomikis es ormagoba, rogorc wesi, aisaxa ideologi-
aSic. erTi mxriv, uCveulod viTardeba materializmi, xolo
meore mxriv poziciebs inarCunebs religia. amitomaa, rom am
epoqis didi materialistebis filosofiaSi Riadaa datove-
buli karebi RmerTisaTvis.
epoqis am Taviseburma ormagobam gansazRvra komenskis
msoflmxedveloba, romelsac efuZvneba misi pedagogiuri
moZRvreba.
komenskis msoflmxedvelobis amosavali qristianuli re-
ligiaa, esaa misi ZiriTadi xazi. Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze

214
igi iyo „Cex ZmaTa sazogadoebis“ wevri da xelmZRvaneli
da arasdros gauxdia episkoposis toga. komenski marTalia
cnobs samyaros realobas, magram mis gamCenad da masSi wes-
rigis damdgenad RmerTi miaCnia.
meore xazi bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axs-
naSi realisturi tendeciaa. komenskis materializmi gansa-
kuTrebiT mis SemecnebiT poziciaSi iCens Tavs, romelic Ta-
visuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, materialisturi sensualizmia.
mas realuri codnis wyarod buneba (samyaro) miaCnia. igi
sinamdles Semecnebis SesaZleblobas aRiarebs am sinamdvi-
lis adamianis grZnobaTa organoebze zemoqmedebis gziT. am
materialistur pozicias, Tumc araTanmimdevrul, igi brwy-
invaled gamoxatavs `did didaqtikaSi“ materialisturi Sem-
ecnebis Teoriis cnobili debulebiT _ „gonebaSi araferia
iseTi, rac pirvelad SegrZnebebSi ar yofila“. am debulebas
komenski srulad Semdegnairad gaSlis: „Semecnebis dasawyisi
yovelTvis da aucileblad SegrZnebebidan gamomdinareobs
(radgan gonebaSi araferia iseTi, rac pirvelad SegrZnebebSi
ar yofiliyos). amitom swavleba unda iwyebodes ara sityv-
ieri ganmartebiT sagnebis Sesaxeb, aramed TviT sagnebze
realuri dakvirvebiT, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac TviT sagans
gavecaniT, SeiZleba mis Sesaxeb laparaki, rom ufro far-
Tod avxsnaT igi“. [i. a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t1. gv.219_220,
Tbilisi, 1949]. am msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli komen-
skis pedgogiuri Sexedulebani saerTod, da kerZod, Sexed-
ulebani pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis ZiriTad proble-
mebze.
komenskis pedagogikur moZRvrebaSi, romelic ZiriTadad
„did didaqtikaSia“ warmodgenili, pirveladaa mocemuli
pedagogikis rogorc Teoriis gagebis cda. ufro metic,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi pedagogikis ganmartebasac ki iZl-
eva, roca pirdapir wers, iwyebs ra Tavis genialur naSroms:
„didi didaqtika, romelic Seicavs yvelasTvis yvelafris

215
swavlebis universalur xelovnebas“. [i. a. komenski, rC. ped.
Txz. t1. gv.1] es gageba, Tavis droisaTvis, sworad unda miviC-
nioT, Tuki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom komenski pedagogiki-
sa da didaqtikis principul gansxvavebulobas ver xedavs da
„did didaqtikaSi“ igi pedagogikasac gulisxmobs, Tumca sxva
adgilas wers: „didaqtika aris swavlebis Teoria“. [i. a. ko-
menski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1. gv.3.] albaT igi „did didaqtikasa“ da
„didaqtikas“ erTnieri SinaarsiTa da gamoTqmiT ar xmarobs.
pedagogikis komenskiseul gagebas arc is amcirebs, rom
igi mas „universalur xelovnebas“ uwodebs. xom cxadia, rom
XVII saukunisaTvis mecnierebisa da xelovnebis gagebebs
Soris zRvari dadebuli ar iyo. aq Tu imasac davamatebT,
rom aRzrdisa da swavleba_ganaTlebis terminebs komenski
xSirad erTmniSvnelobiT xmarobs, rom misTvis adamianad
gaxdoma SeuZlebelia ganaTlebis gareSe, maSin naTelia mis
mier mocemuli ganmartebis WeSmariteba (Tavis droisTvis).
es komenskis didi damsaxurebaa.
ian amos komenskis pedagogiur moZRvrebaSi soliduri ad-
gili aqvs daTmobili aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis prob-
lemas. es problema, principSi, marTalia burJuaziis intere-
sebis Sesabamisad aris gadaWrili, magram msoflmxedvelobis
ormagobidan gamomdinare, komenskiseuli aRzrdis mizanic
ormagi bunebisaa.
aRzrdis miznis _ „pansofosis“ momzadebis gagebisaTvis
komenski fons Tavisi ukvdavi naSromis dasawyisSive qmnis:
„didi didaqtika, romelic Seicavs yvelasTvis yvelafris
swavlebis xelovnebas, anu, WeSmariti da saukeTeso saSu-
aleba, Tu rogor SevqmnaT yoveli qristianuli saxelmwifos
yovel TemSi, qalaqsa da sofelSi iseTi skolebi, romlebSic
orive sqesis mTel axalgazrdobas, yovelgvari gamonaklisis
gareSe, sadac ar unda iyos, SeeZleba iswavlos mecniereba-
ni, miaRwios zneobriv warmatebas, SeiTvisos RvTisniereba,
yovelive is, rac saWiroa, rogorc amqveyniuri, ise momavali

216
cxovrebisaTvis“. [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi di-
daqtika, gv. 1, 1949]
komenskis „pansofoss“_ adamians sami mizani aqvs. igi unda
iyos: 1. yvelafris momwesrigebeli Tavisi gonebiT, 2. Tavis
Tavis batoni, 3. siamovneba RvTisa. aqedan naTelia, rom igi
unda iyos: I. gonivruli qmnileba, II. sxva qmnilebaTa meufe,
III. qmnileba, romelic aris gansaxiereba da siamovneba Tavis
Semoqmedisa. es sami mxare ise mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan daka-
vSirebuli, rom maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia, radgan safuZve-
li rogorc axlandeli, ise momavali cxovrebisa maTzea
damyarebuli. [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaq-
tika, gv. 41, 1949]. sruliad naTelia, rom komenski, rogorc
Rrmadmorwmune adamiani da religiuri piri, am citatiT ax-
movanebs Semoqmedis mier adamianis Seqmnis ideas da adamian-
isadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs, da maSasadame, komenskis aRzr-
dis mizanic, adamianis RvTiuri daniSnulebis miRwevaa, misT-
vis im formisa da Sinaarsis micemaa, rac adamians RmerTma
misca misi gaCenis dRidan. komenski calke qveTavebad iZleva
adamianis TiToeuli am daniSnulebis daxasiaTebas, saidanac
naTelia, rom burJuaziuli epoqis interesebis Sesabamisad
aRzrdis miznad igi yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli pirovnebis
momzadebas acxadebs. komenskisaTvis goniereba niSnavs
iyo „yvelafris mkvlevari, saxelmdebeli da aRmricxveli“
(uflis mier adamianisaTvis uflebis miniWeba), „qmnilebaTa
meufe _ niSnavs daalago yvela sagani maTi daniSnulebis
mixedviT da gamoiyeno isini saWiroebisaTvis“ (aq aSkarad
Cans garkveuli fizikuri mdgomareobis aucilebloba) da
„bolos, _ iyo gansaxiereba RvTisa, _ es niSnavs imas, rom
cocxlad ganaxorcielo srulyofa Seni pirvelxatisa“. [i.a.
komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaqtika, gv. 42, 1949]
sabolood, rogoria „pansofosis“ _ brZeni adamianis Si-
naarsi? Tavi rom davaneboT sxva mxareebs, man unda icodes
yvelaferi yvelafris Sesaxeb, e.i. ganswavluli pirovneba.

217
mainc ras niSnavs yvelafris codna yvelafris Sesaxeb? es
aris codna realuri samyarosa da codna RmerTis Sesaxeb
(religiuri ganaTleba da zneoba). magram, amiT ar mTavrdeba
yvelaferi, pansofosi iseTi universaluri pirovnebaa, ro-
melic amave dros, am erTimeoris sawinaaRmdego mxareebs
erTmaneTTan aTavsebs.
imdroisaTvis aRzrdis miznis amgvari maRali doniT
gansazRvris miuxedavad, komenskis msoflmxedvelobis wi-
naaRmdegobrivma ormagma bunebam gansazRvra aRzrdis miznis
ormagobac.
ian amos komenskis zogad pedagogiur memkvidreobaSi
uaRresad farTo da sayuradRebo adgili eWira bavSvis
pirovnebis formirebaSi, mis adamianad gadaqcevaSi aRzrdis
rolis problemas. Tavidanve rom ganvsazRvroT am proble-
mis gadaWraSi misi pozicia zogadad, zogadive debulebiT
mkafiod unda vTqvaT, rom aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis
ganxorcielebis, e.i. bavSvis yovelmxriv Camoyalibebis
erTaderT gzas komenskisaTvis aRzrda_ganaTleba warmoad-
gens. komenski aRzrdis udidesi rolisadmi uaRresad didi
rwmeniT SeiaraRebuli pedagogia da misTvis bavSvis adami-
anad Camoyalibeba mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis meSveobiTaa
SasaZlebeli. aq igi TiTqos gadaWarbebiT afasebs aRzrdis
rols (aRzrdisTvis yovlisSemZleobis mikuTvnebis faqtebs
sxva SemTxvevebSic vnaxavT), magram rogorc qvemoTac davrw-
mundebiT, igi aRzrdis wamyvani rolis gverdiT scnobs mem-
kvidreobisa da garemos sakmao rolsac, riTac formalurad
absoliturad sworad Wris pedagogikuri Teoriis da praq-
tikis am umniSvnelovanes problemas.
problemis garkvevisaTvis Tavidanve saWiro fonis Sesaqm-
nelad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia movitanoT sakmaod vrceli
amonaweri „didi didaqtikidan“. „Tumca nayofis momtan xes
(vaSlis, msxlis, leRvis xes, vazs) SeuZlia TavisTavad gaiz-
ardos, igi mainc gareuli iqneba da gareul nayofs gamoiRebs,
xolo saamo da tkbili xili, rom mogces, gamocdilma meba-
218
Rem unda dargos, morwyos, gasxlas; aseve adamianic, Tumca
TavisTavad gaizrdeba da miiRebs adamianis saxes (rogorc
yoveli cxoveli Rebulobs mis Sesafer saxes) , magram gonier
suldgmulad, Wkvian, patiosan da RvTismorwmune adamianad
gaxdoma mas ar SeuZlia, Tu winaswar ar daunerges lerwmebi
sibrZnisa, zneobisa da RvTismoSiSobisa“ (e.i. aRzrdis gar-
eSe). [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaqtika, gv. 66,
1949]
komenskis bavSis adamianad gadaqcevaSi wamyvani rolis mi-
kuTvnebis gamoxatvisTvis mravali gamonaTqvami aqvs Tavis
SromebSi: „nuravin ifiqrebs, rom is iyos WeSmariti adamiani,
visac naswavli ar aqvs adamianis rolis Sesruleba“, „adami-
ani rom adamianad gaxdes, man unda miiRos ganaTleba“, „ada-
mianisgan aRzrdis gareSe sxva ar gamova ra, garda mxecisa“,
adamiani „aRzrdis gareSe an cru aRzrdiT yvelaze mZvinvare
cxovelia, rogoric ki SeiZleba dedamiwis zurgze iyos“ da
sxva.
komenski imdenad gamsWvalulia aRzrdisaTvis ganuzom-
lad didi rolis mikuTvnebiT, rom zogjer aWarbebs da mas
yovlisSemZleobis Zalas aniWebs, e.i. pirovnebis formirebis
erTaderT faqtorad aRiarebs. cnobilia misi gamoTqma,
rom „yvela bavSvisgan SeiZleba aRizardos adamiani“. mis
moZRvrebaSi amis dasasabuTeblad motanilia cnobili mag-
aliTi sarkisa da dafis Sesaxeb. ai isic: ar arsebobs iseTi
WuWyiani sarke, romelic sagnis raimegvar gamosaxulebas ar
gvaZlevdes. Tu mas es ar SeuZlia, maSin igi sarkec aRar yo-
fila. asevea bavSvic, yvela maTgani raimegvarad iRebs aR-
zrdis zegavlenebs. Tu es ar SeuZlia, maSin cxadia, igi ar
yofila normaluri bavSvi. magram komenski aq ar Cerdeba da
agrZelebs: xolo Tu sarkes gavasufTavebT (wesrigSi movi-
yvanT), maSin igi mis win dayenebul sagans zustad da sworad
asaxavs. asevea bavSic. Tavidan SeiZleba yvelaze erTnairad
ver moqmedebs aRzrda, magram TviT aRzrdazea damokide-
buli bavSvebis SesaZleblobebis gaTanabreba da maSin isini
219
srulad miiReben aRzrdis yovelgvar zegavlenebs. e.i. rasac
mivcemT aRzrdis gziT yvelafers SeiTviseben, da maSasadame,
aRzrdazea mxolod da mxolod damokidebuli bavSvis adami-
anad gadaqceva. tipuri magaliTia aRzrdis yovlisSemZleo-
bis aRiarebisa. kidev ufro TvalnaTelia dafis magaliTi:
ar arsebobs iseTi xorkliani dafa, romelzec rame warweris
gakeTeba ar SeiZlebodes. maSin igi dafac ar iqneba. magram
Tu am dafas gavaSalaSinebT da wesrigSi moviyvanT masze dai-
wereba yvelaferi is, rasac davwerT. asevea bavSvic.
aqedan araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba daskvnis gamo-
tana, rogorc pedagogikis zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi da
sxva SromebSicaa gagebuli, rom komenski aRzrdas Tvlis
yovlisSemZle kategoriad da sruliad ugulebelyofs sxva
faqtorebis mniSvnelobas. es am SromebSi daSvebuli uki-
duresi Secdomaa.
sinamdvileSi aRzrdis ganuzomlad didi rolis aRiarebis
gverdiT, komenski cnobs (rom araferi vTqvaT garemoze)
memkvidreobis, bavSvis Taviseburebebis sakmao rolsac. amis
damadasturebelia Tundac komenskis moZRvreba bavSis Ses-
axeb, romelSic igi bavSvTa erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul eqvs
kategorias CamoTvlis maTi memkvidruli da bunebrivi Ta-
viseburebebis mixedviT: 1. gonebamaxvili, codnis moyvaru-
li, damyoli, 2. gonebamaxvili, codnis moyvaruli, jiuti,
3. gonebamaxvili, zarmaci da jiuti, 4. aragonebamaxvili,
magram codnis moyvaruli da damyoli, 5. aragonebamax-
vili, codnis moyvaruli da jiuti da 6. aragonebamaxvili,
zarmaci da jiuti. aqedan naTelia Cveulebrivi logikuri
daskvna, rom SeuZlebelia pirveli da meeqvse kategoriis
bavSvebisgan erTnairi aRzrdis sistemaSi Tanabari adamian-
ebi momzaddnen. marTalia, „yvela bavSvisgan aRizrdeba mo-
qalaqe“, magram moqalaqeTa Soris Sinaarseuli gansxvavebu-
loba aucilebeli faqtia.

220
 bavSvis pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aseTivea da
kidev ufro meti rols akuTvnebs komenski garemos, da mi-
Tumetes organizebul garemos.
rom araferi vTqvaT gareSe bunebis (rogorc garemos)
did rolze, rac Tundac iqidan sabuTdeba, rom yoveli peda-
gogikuri debulebis sisworis dasasabuTeblad komenskis
magaliTebi gareSe bunebidan moaqvs (rac misi meqanisturi
Sexedulebebis Sedegia), imowmebs da analogiebs akeTebs maT-
Tan, komenskim pirvelma mogvca mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
da gamarTuli moZRvreba bavSvis asakobrivi Taviseburebe-
bze dafuZvnebuli, sistemaSi moyvanili mwyobri saskolo
sistemis Sesaxeb. skola da saskolo sistema ki sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara organizebuli garemo. xolo rac Seexeba skolis
rols bavSvis adamianad CamoyalibebaSi, komenski mas iseTi
mecnieruli sizustiT gansazRvarvs, rom mTlianad eTanxme-
ba Tanamedrove pedagogikur Teorias. skola misTvis bavSvis
aRzrda_ganaTlebis wamyvani, centraluri dawesebulebaa.
„igi adamianobis saxelosnoa“.
amgvarad, bavSvis pirovnebis formebSi, komenski, aRzr-
dis wamyvani rolis gverdiT, aRiarebs garemosa da memkvi-
dreobis, bunebrivi Taviseburebebis sakmao rolsac, riTac,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iseve rogorc zogierTi mis Semd-
gomi moazrovneebi Tu pedagogikuri mimdinareobani, form-
alurad swor Tvalsazriss anviTareben. maTTvis ucnobia
am swori poziciis mecnieruli arsi, arc dausvamT (vidre
frangi materialistebi) da arc SeeZloT gadaeWraT adami-
anisa da garemos damokidebulebis urTulesi problema, ris
gareSec SeuZlebelia aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvidreobis
rolis mecnieruli amoxsna.
pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis sakiTxTa nomenklatur-
idan yuradsaRebia komenskis mosazreba bavSvTa asakobrivi
periodizaciisa da masze dafuZnebuli saxalxo ganaTlebis
sistemis Sesaxeb.

221
 saaRmzrdelo_saganmanaTleblo asaks komenski oTx Ziri-
Tad periodad yofs da TiToeul asaks Sesabamis skolis tips
ufardebs. igi wers: „aRmavali asakis wlebi oTx sxvadasxva
safexurad unda davyoT. es safexurebia: bavSvoba, yrmoba,
siymawvile, mowifuloba. TiToeul safexurs unda mivuCi-
noT erTi eqvswledi da misi Sesaferi skola, ise rom, I. bavS-
vobis skola iyos dedobrivi skola; II. siyrmis skola iyos
elementaruli skola, anu dedaenis sazogadoebrivi skola;
III. siymawvilis skola unda iyos laTinuri skola anu gim-
nazia; IV. mowifulobis skola unda iyos akademia da mogzau-
robani“. [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1. gv. 304-305, 1949]
marTalia, komenskis es asakobrivi periodizacia da mas-
Tan Sesabamisebuli saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema aramecnier-
ulia, magram saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis demokratizmis
poziciidan igi umaRlesi etapia wina saukuneebis pedagogi-
kuri azrovnebis istoriisa.
jer erTi, komenskim pirvelma wamoayena da daasabuTa sax-
alxo ganaTlebis sistemis (skolis) sayovelTao xasiaTi, rom
misiT Tanabrad unda sargeblobdes ganurCevlad yvela. aqve
xazi unda gaesvas mis moTxovnas qal_vaJTa Tanabari swav-
lebis Sesaxeb da saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis humanurobas.
cxadia, yvela es debuleba bunebrivi uayrofaa Suasaukuneo-
brivi feodaluri skolisa, romelic ganvlili hqonda Tvi-
Ton komenskis. komenskis moZRvrebaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT, mocemulia Suasaukuneobrivi skolis yoveli mxaris
kritika da Tamamad SeiZeba iTqvas rom, mTlianadaa dagmo-
bili igi, umTavresad, mecnierul_pedagogikur principe-
bze dayrdnobiT. es komenskis rogorc pedagogis udidesi
damsaxurebaa kacobriuli pedagogikuri azrovnebisa da sax-
alxo skolis winaSe. es upirveles yovlisa, misi praqtikul
pedagogikuri gamocdilebis, ganaTlebisa da alRos Sede-
gia, Torem, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT igi udides xarks
uxdida feodalizms.

222
 ukve aRvniSneT da kidev vimeorebT, rom komenskim bo-
lomde mecnierulad gadaWra skolis roli aRzrda_gana-
Tlebis saqmeSi da igi „adamianobis saxelosnod“ gamoacxada.
aqedanaa, rom man SesaniSnavad, aRzrdis miznidan gamomdin-
are, gansazRvra skolis mizanic, codnis micemis dargSi _
„yovlisSemcveli codnis“ micema, rac konkretulad gonebis,
zneobisa da nebisyofis ganviTarebiT gamoisaxeba.
komeskis saskolo sistemis mecnierul_demokratiuli
bunebis ZiriTadi gamomxatvelia isic, rom man, pirvelma
kacobriobis istoriaSi, wamoayena mSobliur enaze swav-
lebis principi (elementaruli skolisaTvis). es humanuri,
erovnul_demokratiuli skolis gamarjvebis dasawyisi
iyo, ramac SemdgomSi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza ganvlo
da dResac, globalizaciis umwvavesi Semotevis pirobebSi
agrZelebs brZolas am mimarTulebiT.
saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis komenskiseuli moZRvrebis
mecnierul xasiaTis damadasturebeli isicaa, rom man
gansazRvra am sistemis Sesabamisi swavlebis Sinaarsi yoveli
skolisaTvis. komenskis swavlebis Sinaarsi principulad ver
gascda Suasaukuneebis farglebs, magram mainc metad Rire-
bulia swavlebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris TviT faqti.
da bolos, komenskis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli (am siste-
mis garkveuli skolisaTvis) pirveli saskolo saxelmZR-
vaneloebis Sedgena, rac nimuSi gaxda Semdgomi mecnierul_
pedagogikuri principebze agebuli saskolo saxelmZR-
vaneloebis Seqmnisa.

223
 jon loki

`cudad aRzrdil kacSi simamace gadadis uxeSobaSi, swavlu-

loba-pedantizmSi, sityvamaxviloba-gauTlelobaSi, gulTbilo-
ba-mliqvnelobaSi~

j. loki iuristis ojaxSi daibada. oqsfordis

universitetSi bunebismetyvelebas da medicinas
swavlobda. filosofosebidan masze yvelaze didi
gavlena dekartim moaxdina; magram Tvlida, rom am
frangma moazrovnem principulad mcdari moZRvreba
Seqmna. amitom miznad daisaxa Tanamedroveebi misi
gavlenisagan gaeTavisuflebina. am miznisaTvis igi
gulmodgined swavlobs u. okamis (1300-1350) skolis
nominalistur logikas. misi koncefcia yalibdeba,
rogorc zomieri nominalizmi, (nominalizmi doqtri-
naa, romlis mixedviTac, universaluri cnebebi ara
mxolod individebisgan Semdgar realobaSi, aramed
Cvens gonebaSic ar arseboben anu konceptualizmi,
romelic zogadis arsebobas mxolod adamianis gon-
ebaSi miiCnevs SesaZleblad.
1667-1675 wlebSi loki gavlenian lord Sefst-
beris ojaxSia, rogorc eqimi, bavSvebis aRmzrdeli
da megobari. igi iziarebs Sefstberis beds. igulisx-
meba inglisidan misi gandevna, dabruneba da aRzeveba.
am didkacis SviliSvili, cnobili ganmanaTlebeli,
esTetikosi anton Sefstberi (1667-1709), romelsac
kanti did pativs scemda, lokis aRzrdili iyo. lo-
kis megobrebad iTvlebodnen klinikuri medicinis
fuZemdebeli T. sidenhemi, qimiaSi eqsperimentuli
meTodis Semtani r. boili da i. niutoni. loki da
niutoni, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, inglisis siamayed
miiCneodnen.

inglisel pedagogs, filosofoss, metarialisturi sensu-

alizmis fuZemdebelsa da Semecnebis Teoriis, rogorc spe-
cialuri dargis dammuSavebels axal filosofiaSi, inglisis
1688 wlis „diadi burJuaziuli“, kompromisuli revoluciis

224
Svilsa da ideologs jon loks (1632-1704) gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs kacobriobis istoriaSi saerTod, da ker-
Zod, pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev ian amos komenskim sas-
tikad gaakritika feodaluri skola da Seqmna pedagogika,
romelic ramdenadme Seesabameboda momavali burJuaziuli
klasis interesebs, faqtobrivad, jon loki aris axali bur-
Juaziuli pedagogikis damwyebi da misi empiriul fsiqolo-
giaze damfuZnebeli.
lokis mTavarma Sromebma: „cda adamianis gonebis Seaxeb“
(filosofiaSi), „azrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb“ da „gonebis aRzr-
dis Sesaxeb“ (pedagogikaSi) didi gavlena moaxdina XVII, XVIII
da XIX saukuneebis filosofiur da pedagogikur azrovne-
baze.
lokis pedagogikuri moZRvreba uSualod gamomdinareobs
misi msoflmxedvelobidan _ filosofiuri da socialur_
politikuri Sexedulebebidan. es moZRvreba imdroindeli
inglisis revoluciur_kompromisuli da burJuaziul_lib-
eraluri situaciis msgavsad ormagi da zog SemTxvevaSi, wi-
naaRmdegobrivi bunebisaa.
filosofiaSi loki araTanmimdevruli materialistia,
rogorc ontologiis, ise gnoseologiis TvalsazrisiT. igi
aRiarebs samyaros oboeqtur arsebobas Tavisi materialuri
ganzomilebebiT. esaa lokis filosofiis ZiriTadi xazi, ris
gamoc mas inglisuri materializmis erT_erT mamamTavrad
aRiareben, oRond, aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saganTa
pirvelad da meored Tvisebebze msjelobis dros subieqtur
idealizmamdec midis.
Semecnebis TeoriaSi loki kategoriulad uaryofs Tan-
dayolil ideebs, misi dasabuTebis yvela formas antikur
Tu axal filosofiaSi da ayenebs (faqtobrivad imeorebs)
„sufTa dafis “ cnobil formulas, romlis mixedviTac Sem-
ecnebis wyaro adamianis grZnobaTa organoze obieqturi

225
sinamdvilis zemoqmedebaa. lokisTvis codna cdiseulia. esaa
swored misi materialisturi sensualizmi. igi dabejiTebiT
icavs debulebas _ SeuZlebelia gonebaSi iseTi rame moxdes,
rac SegrZnebaSi ar yofila.
lokis es materializmi ara marto, aradialeqtikuri,
aramed metafizikuric kia Tavisi arsiT. lokisTvis sru-
liad ucxoa moZraobis formebi da TviT samyaros moZrao-
bis ubralod aRiarebac ki. lokisaTvis moZraoba obieqturi
sinamdvilisTvis Tandayolili Tviseba ar aris da mas Semo-
qmeds _ RmerTs miawers. lokis materialistur filosofia-
Si (iseve rogorc bevrs sxva materialistur filosofiaSic)
kari Riaa datovebuli TeologiisTvisac.
loki tipobrivi warmomadgenelia XVII saukunis burJua-
ziisa. jon loki iyo „Svili 1688 wlis klasTa kompromisisa, igi
iyo warmomadgeneli yvela saxis burJuaziisa: mrewvelebisa _
muSaTa klasisa da Raribebis winaaRmdeg, vaWrebisa _ Zveli
juris mevaxSeebis winaaRmdeg, safinanso aristokratebisa _
saxelmwifos mevaleebis winaaRmdeg, romelic erT sagangebo
SromaSi imasac ki amtkicebda, burJuaziuli goneba adamia-
nis normalur gonebas warmoadgenso“ [k.marqsi, e.medinski,
pedagogikis istoria,1940, gv.138]. jon lokis Sexedulebebi
sazogadoebis, kerZod, saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da ganviTa-
rebis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi bunebisaa, magram burJuaziis
aRmavlobis xanaSi uaRresad dasafasebeli iyo mefis xelisu-
flebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobisa da kanonierebis aRiarebis
winaaRmdeg misi galaSqreba. traqtatSi „mTavrobis Sesaxeb“
igi asabuTebs, rom feodaluri xelisufleba Seqmnilia ada-
mianTa mier da unda daangrion TviTon adamianebmao.
XVII saukunis inglisSi arsebuli situaciis burJuaziuli,
kompromisul_liberaluri da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTiT
ganpirobebul lokis aseTive bunebis msoflmxedvelobaSi
mTavari da wamyvani, cxadia, materialistur_progresuli
mimarTulebaa, riTac sazogadod xasiaTdeboda imdroinde-

226
li inglisuri burJuaziuli tendenciebi, miuxedavad maTi
bolomde arademokratiulobisa da araxalxurobisa.

„ganaTleba qmnis gansxvavebas

adamianTa Soris.~
/loki/

am msoflmxedvelobazea agebuli lokis pedagogikuri

moZRvreba da amdenad gasagebi unda iyos Tavisi droisTvis
misi progresuloba ormagi da winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis,
araxalxurobis miuxedavad.
jon lokis pedagogikur moZRvrebaSi pirovnebis for-
mirebis procesSi aRzrdis rolis problemas farTo adgili
uWiravs.
rogorc cnobilia, aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teor-
iebi, romlebic bavSvis ganviTarebas fatalisturad gansaz-
Rvarven Tandayolili ideebiT, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli
an bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT, ukiduresad calmxrivi da
reaqciuli Teoriebia. Tu erTi gaCenilia gonebrivi muS-
aobisa da meore _ fizikurisTvis, es, am Teoriis mixedviT
Sedegi ki araa sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ama Tu im fenisa da
misi warmomadgenlebis Sesabamisi adgilisa sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, aramed, es adgili, Tandayo-
lili memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis gamo imTaviTve, dabadebi-
sTanavea gansazRvruli.
Tandayolili TvisebebiTa da memkvidreobiT adamianTa
bedis ganpirobebis ideis mkacri kritika filosofiaSi unda
momxdariyo. marTlac, am Tvalsazriss aumxedrdnen materi-
alisturi filosofiis warmomadgenelni. am mxriv, upirveles
yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia da sainteresoa jon lokis mosazre-
bani. filosofiaSi igi bekonisa da hobsis xazis gamgrZe-
lebelia. misi materialisturi Semecnebis Teoria, Tumca
araTanmimdevrulia, mainc bunebrivi uaryofaa Tandayolili
ideebis filosofia. lokis azriT, araviTari Tandayolili

227
idea ar arsebobs da ararsebuli arc SeiZleba rame codnis
wyaro gaxdes. igi sastikad akritikebs moZRvrebas Tandayo-
lili ideebis Sesaxeb da icavs adamianuri codnis cdiseul,
grZnobad xasiaTs. ideebi da principebi, _ miuTiTebs loki,
_ Tandayolili rodia, maT mxolod iZenen. igi bavSvis suls
adarebs „tabula rasa“_ s, sufTa dafas.
lokis udidesi damsaxureba is aris, rom man, am Tvalsaz-
risiT, ulmobeli kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara da gaanadgu-
ra aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi. magram aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom maTi kritikis dros, Tavisive filosofiidan
gamomdinare, igi TviT aviTarebs ukiduresad calmxriv Teo-
rias. „sufTa dafis“ empiristuli TeoriiT loki aRzrdis
yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebamde midis da TiTqmis sruliad
ugulebleyofs memkvidreobis rols pirovnebis Camoyali-
bebis procesSi. lokis mixedviT, axaldabadebuli bavSvis
suli sufTa dafaa. igi iseTive sufTaa, rogorc dawerili
dafa. maSasadame, mas ar dahyveba araviTari idea an raRac
gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobiTi Taviseburebani, romle-
biTac bavSvebi erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavdebian.
„Tu axaldabadebulebs yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, mcire
safuZveli gveqneba vifiqroT, rom maT qveyanaze Tan moaqvT
bevri idea. garda SimSilis, wyurvilis, siTbosi da zogierTi
gancdis bundovani ideebisa, romlebsac dedis saSoSi ganic-
dian, maT ar aqvT raime ideis sul mcire niSanic ki“ [Джон
Локк, Опит о человеческом разуме. 1898, ст.60]
lokis mixedviT, yvela axaldabadebuli bavSvi aRWur-
vilia iseTi SesaZleblobebiTa da monacemebiT, rac savsebiT
sakmarisia maTi pirovnebis srulfasovani CamoyalibebisT-
vis. bavSvis goneba TandaTanobiT ivseba warwerebiT imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor moqmedebs masze obieqturi sinamdvile.
aq bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: Tuki obieqturi sinamdvi-
lis, sagnebisa da movlenebis zemoqmedeba gansazRvravs bavS-
vis gonebis warwerbiT Sevsebas, e.i. mis mier codnis SeZenas,

228
misi pirovnebis formirebas, maSin raRa SuaSia aRzrda? said-
an gamogvyavs, rom pirovnebis formirebis procesSi loki
aRzrdas yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis? Tanamedrove
pedagogikis saxelmZRvaneloebi da mecnieruli literatura
ratomRac gverds uvlian sakiTxis ase dayenebas da pirdapir
mohyavT adgilebi lokis moZRvrebidan aRzrdis yovlisSem-
Zleobis dasasabuTeblad.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom, marTalia lokis mixedviT, bavSvis
sufTa goneba mis grZnobaTa organoebze sinamdvilis (gare-
mos) zemoqmedebiT ivseba, magram am zemoqmedebis regulato-
rad, zemoqmedebis odenobisa da xasiaTis warmmarTvelad igi
aRzrdas Tvlis. aRzrdazea damokidebuli, ra farglebSi, ra
zomiT da TaviseburebebiT imoqmedebs obieqturi sinamd-
vile bavSvis sulze. aRzrda gansazRvravs axaldabadebuli
bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. cxra meaTedi adamianebi-
sa, romelTac Cven vxvdebiT, _ miuTiTebs loki _ keTili an
boroti, sasargeblo an usargeblo aRzrdis wyalobiT gax-
dnen. adamianTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba mxolod da mxolod
aRzrdis Sedegia.
cxadia sufTa dafaze dawerilis xarisxi da odenoba,
lokis mixedviT, damwerzea damokidebuli e.i. bavSvis mier
SeZenili codnisa da Tvisebebis xarisxi da odenoba, misi
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba damokidebulia aRmzrdelze.
swored esaa lokis calmxrivoba. igi meore ukiduresobaSi
vardeba. man aRzrda yovlisSemZled gamoacxada, rac cxadia,
swori araa.
mainc sainteresoa, saerTod, aRiarebs Tu ara loki mem-
kvidreobis ideas da aqvs Tu ara mas raime mniSvneloba ada-
mianis pirovnebis formirebaSi? pedagogikisa da pedagogikis
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis umravlesobaSi an uaryofiTa-
daa gacemuli pasuxi am kiTxvaze da laparakia mxolod aRzr-
dis yovlisSemZleobaze, an aRzrdis rolze saerTod. lokis
SexedulebaTa dasabuTebisas gverdi aqvs avlili mis Tval-

229
sazriss memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, anda avtorebi lokis mier
memkvidreobis uaryofaze msjeloben. es ki mZime Secdomaa,
loki arasodes ar misula memkvidreobis srul uaryofamde,
piriqiT, misi azriT, adamianis memkvidreoba aris aucile-
beli safuZveli da saSualeba misi pirovnebis srulyofisa.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rogorc zogierTi mkvleva-
ri fiqrobs, rom lokis empiristuli Teoria ar ayenebs
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis yovlisSemZleo-
bis ideas da adamianTa Soris arsebul sxvaobas aRzrdis
gverdiT maTi memkvidruli Tvisebebis TaviseburebebiTac
xsnis? odnavadac ara. lokis mixedviT, adamianTa Soris ar-
sebuli sxvaoba mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia da
aq memkvidreobas TiTqmis araviTari roli ar miekuTvneba.
bavSvebi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT imdenad ar gansx-
vavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rom aRzrdam ver uzrunvelyos maTi
gaTanabreba. am mxriv maTSi TiTqmis Tanabari SesaZlebloba-
nia. memkvidreoba, rogorc adamianis srulyofis aucilebeli
safuZvelTagani, adamianTa saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSania
da amdenad, adamianebi ar warmoadgenen iseT gansxvavebul
gansakuTrebulobebs, romelTa winaSe qeds ixrides aRzrda.
daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemos rolis Ses-
axebac bavSvis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. loki sakmaod
did rols akuTvnebs garemos, gansakuTrebiT ki _ organi-
zebul sazogadoebriv garemos. naSromSi „azrebi aRzrdis
Sesaxeb“ igi adamianis mier codnisa da zneobrivi normebis
SeTvisebaSi garemos mniSvnelobas rom asabuTebs, amis dama-
dasturebeli garkveul faqtebsac gvawvdis. bolos wers: „me
vlaparakob amas mxolod im mizniT, rom gaCvenoT, ra didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, Cemi azriT, sazogadoebas Tqveni SvilisaT-
vis misi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da amis gamo ra guldasmiT
unda avwon_davwonoT da gaviTvaliswinoT es faqtori, ro-
melic masze axdens ufro Zier zegavlenas, vidre yvelaferi
sxva, risi gakeTebac Tqven SegiZliaT“. [Джон Локк, Мысли о
воспитании, пед. соч., 1939,ст.176].
230
 lokis mier garemosaTvis aseTi rolis miniWeba swored
imis safuZvelia, rom igi metad fxizlad da mzrunvelo-
biT udgeba aRsazrdelis, momavali „jentlmenis“, Sesaferis
garemoSi moqcevas da am mimarTulebiT skolis uaryofam-
dec ki midis. loki winaaRmdegia bavSvis skolaSi mibarebisa,
radgan am skolaSi igi xedavs „cudad aRzrdili, yovelgvari
mdgomareobis biwieri biWebis Wrel brboebs“, romlebiTac
Cveulebriv, savsea es saswavleblebi. yovelive amis gamo,
gacilebiT ukeTesad moiqcevian mSoblebi, Tu isini SeZle-
ben saxlSi miiwvion TavianTi bavSvisTvis aRmzrdeli. Sinaur
viTarebaSi aRmzrdeli ukeT SeZlebs daauflos vaJi moxde-
nil manerebs, Caunergos mas ufro momwifebuli zraxvebi,
ukeTilSobilesi azrebi, miswrafeba da Semecneba sikeTisa,
Rirsebisa da Tavazianobisadmi, agreTve misces mas yovel-
gvari codnis didi maragi da adre aRZras masSi darbaiseli
adamianis sulieri simwife, vidre es SesaZlebelia romelime
mravlricxovan skolaSi“. [medinski, pedagogikis istoria,
1940, gv. 144]
lokis mier sazogadoebrivi garemosadmi yuradRebis
aseTnairad gamaxvileba odnavadac ver uaryofs debule-
bas, rom igi aRzrdas yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis.
marTalia, loki asabuTebs garemos did rols pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi, magram aRzrdasaTan SedarebiT igi
imdenad daqvemdebarebulad warmoudgenia, rom mis gavlenas
adamianze TiTqmis mTlianad warmarTavs da sZlevs aRzrda.
amgvarad, TiTqmis erTnairad cdebian is avtorebi, rom-
lebic fiqroben, rom loki araviTar mniSvnelobas ar ani-
Webs memkvidreobasa da garemos da amitom sruliad uvlian
gverds am mxriv misi Sexedulebis mimoxilvas, da isinic,
romlebic xazgasmiT asabuTeben pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi lokis mier aRzrdis gverdiT memkvidreobisaTvis
garkveuli rolis mikuTvnebas da ar acxadeben mas aRzrdis
yovlisSemZleobis Teoriis warmomadgenlad. es ukanasknelni

231
aRniSnuli mosazrebis safuZvlad, albaT lokis zogierT
iseT gamonaTqvams iReben, romelTac igi cnobs adamianis mem-
kvidrul gansakuTrebulobas imdenad, rom es gansakuTrebu-
loba gamoyavs misi warmatebis sawindrad. loks marTla aqvs
aseTi gamonaTqvamebi. magram es calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi ar
SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad mTeli misi moZRvrebis xasiaTis
axsnas. mTlianad ki es moZRvreba dabejiTebiT metyvelebs
aRzrdis ganuzomlad did SesaZleblobebze.
miuxedavaT calmxrivobisa, lokis es moZRvreba Tavisi
droisaTvis uaRresad progresuli iyo. lokis SexedulebaTa
progresulobis damadasturebelia Tundac is, rom es Sexed-
ulebebi mimarTulia aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli reaqci-
uli Teoriebis winaaRmdeg. loki adamianTa Soris arsebul
sxvaobas aRzrdiT, cxovrebis oficialuri pirobebiT xsnis.
lokis pedagogikuri moZRvreba ara mxolod Tanatolia
Tavisi epoqisa _ burJuaziuli eris dasawyisisa, aramed ram-
denadme uswrebs kidec mas, amis dasturia Tundac mis mier
aRzrdis miznis gansazRvra _ „jentlmenis“, tipuri bur-
Juaziuli saqmosnis momzadebiT.
vin aris lokis mixedviT „jentlmeni“, romlis Sinaarsis
gamosaxatavad igi xmarobs agreTve pirveli saukunis romae-
li poet_satirikosis decim iunius iuvenalis gamonaTqvams:
„jansaR sxeulSi jansaRi sulia“. es aris tipuri burJua,
pirovneba, romelsac SeuZlia „Tavisi saqmeebis gonivrulad
da momgebianad warmarTva“, anu, dRevandeli gamoTqmiT saq-
mosani. maSasadame, lokis mier aRzrdis miznad wamoyenebu-
lia saqmosnis momzadeba. am ideam saukuneebs gauZlo. kapi-
talistur samyaroSic mTeli sigrZe_siganiT dgas saqmosnis
momzadebis amocana. garda amisa, aRzrdis miznis lakonurad
gamosaxatavad loki mesame gamoTqmasac xmarobs _ „qvelmoq-
medis“ momzadeba. am sam termins igi Tanabari mniSvnelobiT
iyenebs. arc erT maTgans mniSvneloba ar daukargavs dResac.
qvelmoqmeds, jentlmens, anu saqmosans, Tavisi saqmeebis
gonivrulad da momgebianad mwarmoebel pirovnebas, unda
232
hqondes janmrTeli da lamazi sxeuli, sasiamovno da mo-
qnili manerebi, realuri codnoT SeiaraRebuli JansaRi az-
rovneba, axasiaTebdes Tavazianoba, samarTlianoba, patiosne-
ba, moxerxebuloba, mxneoba, sakuTari emociebisa da grZno-
bebis damorCilebis unari, windaxeduloba, gonivruloba da
sxva. bunebrivia, rom loks yvela am Tvisebis Sinaarsi axali
burJuaziis poziciebidan esmis da es sxva araferia, Tu ara
yovelmxriv gavniTarebuli pirovnebis momzadeba tipuri
burJuaziuli poziciebidan gagebuli. yovelmxriv ganviTa-
rebuli pirovnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT loki maRla dgas
mis winandel pedagogebze.
lokis dualizmis maCvenebelia isic, rom amgvari saqmos-
ani, saero pirovneba, amave dros religiuri, RvTismorwmune
da misi Tayvanismcemelic unda iyos. esaa, lokis gagebiT,
pirvnebis maRaleTikuri saxe.
aRzrdis aseTi miznidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, loki
farTod aSuqebs fizikuri, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da gon-
ebrivi aRzrdis Zireul problemebs, romlebic saerTod
burJuaziuli aRzrdis sistemis tipuri centraluri amo-
canebia. rac Seexeba SromiTi aRzrdis damoukidebeli amo-
canis wamoyenebas, es cota Semdgomi periodis kuTvnilebaa.
marTalia aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis Sesaxeb Sexedule-
bebis Camoyalibebas am naSromis farglebSi ar vaxdenT, ma-
gram am SemTxvevaSic ki aucilebelia oriode sityvis Tqma
fizikur aRzrdaze.
„jansaR sxeulSi _ jansaRi sulia“ _ am debulebidan
gamomdinare, loki Tavis moZRvrebas fizikuri aRzrdiT iw-
yebs.
pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi lokma pirvelma
mogvca dasrulebuli da dasabuTebuli fizikuri aRzrdis
Teoria. igi am Teoriis fuZemdebelia. lokis ZiriTadma de-
bulebebma didi zegavlena moaxdina Semdgom epoqasa da mis
warmomadgenlebze. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am gavlenis

233
Sedegad Camoyalibda Jan_Jak rusos Sexedulebani fizikuri
aRzrdis Sesaxeb (saerTod rusos moZRvreba mis gavlenas
ganicdis).
fizikuri aRzrdis miznis lokiseuli gageba sayuradRe-
boa dReisaTvisac. es mizani principulad gansxvavdeba Semd-
gom epoqebze gavlenis mqone spartanuli aRzrdis sistemis-
gan. lokis mixedviT fizikuri aRzrdis mizania jansaRi or-
ganizmis momzadeba imisaTvis, raTa adamians SeeZlos sru-
lad gamoiyenos Tavisi sulieri SesaZleblobani da amiT
ziani ar miadges mis janmrTelobas, ar klebulobdes misi
sicocxlisunarianoba da xangrZlivoba. aRzrdis es mizani
arasodes dakargavs mniSvnelobas.

besarion belinski

„fizikuri aRzrda zneobriv aRzrdasTan harmoniulad mimdi-

nareobs. xeulis janmrTelobisa da simagris ganviTarebas Seef-
ardeba gonebrivi unarianobis ganviTareba da codnis SeZena“.

besarion grigolis Ze sveaborgi (1811-1848) rusi

literatori, kritikosi, filosofosi, publicisti.
daibada eqimis ojaxSi. swavlobda jer Cembaris samaz-
ro saswavlebelSi, Semdeg penzis gimnaziaSi. 1829 wels
Caabara moskovis universitetis sityvierebis mimar-
Tulebaze. studentobis dros dawera da studentur
wreebSi kiTxulobda batonyobis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tul dramas „dimitri kalinini“, risTvisac 1832 wels
universitetidan garicxes. meTaurobda yvelaze mow-
inave da niWier mweralTa wres. man pirvelma SeniSna
damwyebi mwerlebis _ nekrasovis, gonCarovis, dos-
toevskisa da sxvaTa niWi da mfarvelobda maT. igi
iyo organizatori da sulisCamdgmeli „naturaluri
skolisa“. belinskim pirvelad aRniSna saqarTvelos,
kavkasiis roli da mniSvneloba rusuli mwerlo-
bisaTvis _ „saocaria, kavkasias TiTqos wilad xvda

234
 yofiliyo Cveni poeturi talantebis akvani, maTi
muzebis STamagonebeli da gamomwrTvneli, maTi po-
eturi samSoblo“.
gamoCenili rusi kritikosi da filosofosi besarion
grigolis Ze belinski Tavisi drois mowinave moazrovnea.
misma mravalmxrivma moZRvrebam didi roli iTamaSa rusuli
demokratiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi. gercenTan erTad
belinski samarTlianad iTvleba rusuli demokratiuli ped-
agogikis fuZemdeblad.
belinskis msoflmxedvelobis gansazRvraSi gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba mis filosofias eniWeba. is, rogorc filoso-
fos-materialisti, erTbaSad ar Camoyalibebula; man fi-
losofiaSi metad rTuli gza ganvlo. Tavisi moRvaweobis
pirveli periodSi belinski mTlianad idealisturi filoso-
fiis poziciebze idga. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirvel xanebSi
eziara hegelis filosofiis rogorc reaqciul-idealistur,
aseve revoluciur mxares. gansakuTrebiT gaitaca hegelis
filosofiis dialeqtikurma meTodma. igi male sZlevs hege-
lis filosofiis idealistur mxares da yalibdeba rogorc
materialisti. 40-iani wlebidan belinski Tanmimdevrulad
icavs materialisturi filosofiis principebs da dama-
jereblad asabuTebs mis ZiriTad debulebebs. igi iZleva
germanuli idealisturi filosofiis mecnierul kritikas,
dascinis misticizms, materializmis poziciebidan amxels
idealizmis ukuRmarT mxareebs. materialistad Camoyali-
bebis Semdeg belinski kidev ufro Rrmad da mecnierulad
asabuTebs Tavis dialeqtikur Sexedulebebs, sZlevs foi-
erbaxis materializmis mWermetyvelebiT xasiaTs. amdenad,
belinskis filosofias erT-_erTi mowinave adgili uWiravs
marqsamdeli filosofiis istoriaSi.
belinskis filosofiur Sexedulebebs safuZvlad udevs
mis pedagogikur moZRvrebas. swored es gansazRvravs be-
linskis pedagogikur SexedulebaTa uaRresad progresul

235
xasiaTs. rusi revolucioner_demokratebisa da maT Soris
belinskis revoluciur_pedagogiuri ideebi marqsamdeli
pedagogiuri azrovnebis mwvervals warmoadgens.
am donidanaa gadawyvetili belinskis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis
arsis gagebis sakiTxi. upirveles yovlisa xazi unda gaesvas
im garemoebas, rom misTvis aRzrda wminda sazogadoebrivi
procesia, swored rom sazogadoebrivi_socialuri movle-
naa da ara biologiuri. mxecis lekvis mxecad gadaqcevisTvis
araa saWiro araviTari aRzrda, amas ar moiTxovs misi buneba.
samagierod aRzrdas aucileblobiT moiTxovs adamianuri
buneba, igi wminda adamianuri movlenaa. „cxoveli, xvadi da
Zu lomis lekvi, lomad iqceva ise, rom TviTon mas amisTvis
araviTari mondomeba, aRzrda ar Wirdeba. magram adamiani,
romelic daibada ara lomad an vefxvad, aramed swored ada-
mianad am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba gaxdes, (aR-
zrdis gareSe) mgelic, saxedaric da rac gnebavT“, mxolod
ara adamiani. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.41]
rogorc vxedavT aq sworadaa gagebuli aRzrdis social-
uri buneba, Tumca belinskis ar esmis, rom bavSvi, rogorc
socialuri organizmis nayofi, specialuri socialuri
zrunvis (aRzrdis) gareSe ver gaxdeba verc mgeli, verc saxe-
dari, radgan fizikurad ganadgurdeba ubralod.
belinskis mier aRzrdis bunebis sworad gagebaze
miuTiTebs isic, rom igi mas gagebuli aqvs rogorc mxolod
da mxolod Segnebuli, gaazrebuli da winaswar gamiznuli
procesi. „aRzrda adamianuri, Segnebuli da gamiznuli pro-
cesia“, wers belinski. aRzrdad ar SeiZleba miviCnioT „RvTis
anabrad mitovebuli aRzrda, aRzrda bunebrivi, aRzrda am
sityvis ara gadataniTi, aramed etimologiuri mniSvnelo-
biT, e.i. kveba, mdabiuri, meSCanuri aRzrda“. [b.g. belinski,
rC. ped. Txz. gv.41]
da bolos, amas Tu imasac davumatebT, rom belinskisaT-
vis aRzrda bavSvis pirovnebis yovelmxriv Camoyalibebis

236
procesia, maSin gasagebia mis mier aRzrdis arsis gagebis is
maRali done, romelzedac zemoT mivuTiTeT.
cxovrebis Rrmad gagebis gziT gadawyvita belinskim aRz-
rdis rolis sakiTxi bavSvis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
belinski aRzrdas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs. misi az-
riT, aRzrda aris yvelgan, is Cans yvelaferSi, igi wyvets
adamianis beds. „gonivruli aRzrda bunebiT borotsac
gardaqmnis an nakleb borotad, an keTiladac ki, igi ramde-
nadme anviTarebs sruliad moClungebul niWierebas da Se-
ZlebisdamixedviT adamianur saxes aZlevs yvelaze organuli
da wvrilmani bunebis adamians“. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz.
gv.41]
b. g. belinski xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom Cven gvxvdeba
gonebrivad CamorCenili da zneobrivad dacemuli adamian-
ebi, mizezi ara maT bunebaSi, aramed maT aRzrdaSi unda veZe-
boT. aqedan SesaniSnavad daaskvnis igi: „yvelasTvis Tanabari,
normaluri aRzrda rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo, bunebisgan
nawyeni adamianebis ricxvi ise Semoifargleboda, rom misgan
namdvilad nawyeni adamianebi pirdapir kunstkameris spir-
tian qilebSi moTavsdebodnen da amitom aRzrda, umravleso-
bis mimarT, kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens: is yvelafe-
ria _ sicocxleca da sikvdilic, xsnac da daRupvac“ [b.g.
belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.43] . belinski winaaRmdegia im ide-
alisturi Teoriebisa, romlebic adamianis ganviTarebas, am
ganviTarebis beds, winaswarve gansazRvraven Tandayolili
ideebiT, an memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli faqtorebiT.
aniWebs ra aRzrdas aseT did mniSvnelobas, belinski
mainc ar Tvlis mas yovlisSemZled. misi azriT, bavSvis
suli ar aris sufTa, dauwereli dafa, romelzedac Sei-
Zleba yvelafris dawera. rogorc es loks miaCnda. bavSvis
gonebaze dawerilis xarisxi da raodenoba marto damwerze,
aRmzrdelze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed TviT bavSvis
gonebazec. aRzrdas SeuZlia gaakeTos Zalian bevri, magram

237
es bevric ar aris gansazRvruli. bavSvis Camoyalibeba nawi-
lobriv damokidebulia memkvidreobiT miRebul Tvisebebze,
mis individualur da bunebric Taviseburebebze, agreTve
garemoze, cxovrebis pirobebze. „Cveulebriv fiqroben, rom
Cvili bavSvis suli TeTri dafaa, romelzedac SeiZleba
davweroT rac gnebavT . . . Tu Cvili bavSvis suli marTlac
TeTri dafaa, maSin asoebis Tviseba da azri, romelTac am
dafaze cxovreba wers, damokidebulia ara marto damwerze
da sawer iaraRze, aramd sakuTriv am dafis Tvisebazec“. [b.g.
belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.910]
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis garemosa da
memkvidreobis rolis Sesaxeb belinski Tavis azrs Semdge-
nairad ayalibebs: „ara! Cvili bavSvis suli TeTri dafa ki ar
aris, aramed isaa xe marcvalSi, adamiani _ SesaZleblobaSi!
. . . diax, Cvili bavSvi norCi, mkrTal_momwvano kvirtia, ro-
melic Zlivs gafurCqvnilia; aRmzrdeli ki mebaRea, romelic
am kvirts uvlis. damyniT SeiZleba gareuli tyis panta_vaS-
lis xec aiZuloT mJave da patara vaSlis nacvlad mogvces
baRis gemrieli da didi vaSli; magram yovegvari ostatoba,
romelic muxas aiZulebs vaSli, xolo vaSlis xes aiZulebs
rko gamoisxas, amao iqneba da ai esaa, umTavresad aRzrdis
Secdoma. iviwyeben bunebas, romelic bavSvs aZlevs midrekide-
bebsa da unars, gansazRvravs mis mniSvnelobas cxovrebaSi;
fiqroben ki oRond xe arsebobdes da mas vaiZulebT yovel-
gvari nayofi gamoisxas, Tundac sazamTro kaklis nacvlad,
mebaRisaTvis arsebobs wesebi, riTac is aucileblad sarge-
blobs xeebis movlisas. is exmaureba ara marto TiToeuli
mcenaris individualur bunebas, aramed wlis drosac, amind-
sac, niadagis Tvisebebsac“. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.10]
amgvarad, pirovnebis formirebis procesSi belinski aRz-
rdas akuTvnebs wamyvan rols, magram ar Tvlis mas yovlis-
SemZled, ramdenadac did adgils uTmobs memkvidreobasa da
garemos mniSvnelobasac.

238
 belinski gansakuTrebuli gulisyuriT ekideba aRzrdis
miznis sworad gagebis sakiTxs da sakmao warmatebasac aRwevs.
aRzrdis miznis belinskiseuli gageba TandaTanobiT yalib-
deboda misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebisa da
srulyofis Sesabamisad, Tu pirvel xanebSi aRzrdis miznis
gageba idealistur samoselSi iyo gaxveuli, axla es gageba
mTlianad Seicvala da igi moqmedi, moRvawe adamianis aRz-
rdaSi gamosaxa. gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia, rom belins-
kim calmxrivi da viwro profesionaluri aRzrdis nacvlad
wamoayena yovelmxrivi aRzrdis idea. misi azriT, aRzrdis
ZiriTad mizans yovemxriv Camoyalibebuli pirovnebis aRz-
rda unda Seadgendes. „aRzrdis iaraRi da Suamavali unda
iyos siyvaruli. xolo mizani adamianoba . . . pirveldawyebiTi
aRzrda ki bavSvSi unda xedavdes ara moxeles, ara poets,
ara xelosans, aramed adamians, romelic Semdeg gaxdeba erTi
an meore, magram darCeba adamianad“. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped.
Txz. gv.45]
roca belinskis mTeli moZRvrebas gavecnobiT, naTlad
davrwmundebiT, rom yovelmxriv aRzrdaSi igi gulisxmobs
zneobriv, gonebriv, esTetikur da fizikur aRzrdas, maSasa-
dame, yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli adamianis saxiT, is gulisx-
mobs adamianis gonebriv, zneobriv, esTetikur da fizikur
srulyofas, cal_calke ganixilavs aRzrdis mxareebs da Ta-
viseburad ayalibebs maT.
rogor esmis belinskis adamianoba? Cven ara gvaqvs konkre-
tuli miTiTeba aRzrdis am mxareebis Sesaxeb, magram igi
mainc gvaZlevs adamianobis cnebis farTo gagebas, romelSic
naTlad Cans adamianis bunebis mravalmxriv Camoyalibebis
aucilebloba. „adamianobad Cven vgulisxmobT sulis im
saerTo elementebis cocxal SeerTebas erT pirovnebaSi,
romelnic Tanabrad esaWiroeba yvela adamians, ganurCev-
lad erovnebisa, wodebisa, qonebisa, asakisa da yovelgvari
mdgomareobisa, _ im saerTo elementebis SeerTebas, romeln-

239
ic unda Seadgendnen mis Sinagan cxovrebas; mis uZvirfases
saunjes da uromlisodac is adamianad ar CaiTvleba“. [b.g.
belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.45]
aseTi adamianis aRzrdis saSualebad belinski Tvlis mis
sulierad da fizikurad wrTobas. miaCnia ra SesaZleblad,
aRzrdis oTx Semadgenel nawils gamoyofs: zneobrivs, es-
Tetikurs, gonebrivs da fizikurs. belinski SesaniSnavad xe-
davs agreTve aRzrdis am mxareebs Soris arsebul aucileb-
el kavSirs, rom adamianis sulierad da fizikurad Camoy-
alibeba harmoniulad mimdinareobs. Segnebuli aRzrdis
procesSi, uTiTebs belinski, yvelafers yuradReba eqceva,
arc erTi mxare daviwyebuli ar aris. aseTi aRzrdis dros
bavSvi Wams Tavis droze da zomieradac, sadilobamde dadis
saseirnod, zomierad celqobs, varjiSobs lamaz iaraRebze,
saaTobiT swavlobs, daniSnul droze dgeba da wveba. belins-
ki moiTxovs aRzrdis am TiToeuli mxaris droul da Sinaar-
sobriv ganxorcielebas. igi miuTiTebs, rom aRzrdam unda
uzrunvelyos bavSvSi azrovnebis unaris ganviTareba. mTa-
vari swored esaa _ bavSvi Tavisi codnis safuZvelze unda
msjelobdes; igi mxolod imas unda asabuTebes, rac man nam-
dvilad icis, radgan saZagelia bavSvi _ rezoniori, romelic
msjelobs da romelsac jer kidev ar SeuZlia iazrovnos. re-
zonioroba bavSvebSi ubedurebaa da mis ganviTarebas araTu
xeli unda SevuwyoT, aramed CanasaxSive unda CavaxSoT. „is
aSrobs bavSvebSi cxovrebis, siyvarulisa da saTnoebis wy-
aros. is bavSvebs aqcevs axalgazrda moxucebad, oCofexebze
ayenebs maT“. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.12-13]
belinski moiTxovs, rom aRzrda miznad isaxavdes bavSvebis
bunebriv ganviTarebas, maTi qcevis wesebis Tanadroul Cam-
oyalibebas. igi winaaRmdegia yovelgvari xelovnebisa da sa-
gangebo qcevisa, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia misdroindeli
aRzrdis sistemisaTvis. „dae, bavSvma ieSmakos da icelqos,
oRonT misi eSmakoba da celqoba mavne nu iqneba da fizikuri

240
da zneobrivi cinizmis niSnebs ar atarebdes: dae, bavSvi iyos
daufiqrebeli, windauxedavi, _ oRond nu iqneba yeyeCi da
gonebaClungi; uZraoba da usicocxloba yvelaferze uare-
sia. magram bavSvi, romelic msjelobs, bavSvi keTilgonieri,
bavSvi rezoniori, bavSvi, romelic yovelTvis frTxilia,
arasdros ar celqobs, yvelas mimarT alersiania, Tavaziani
da windaxedulia, _ da yvelaferi es angariSiT xdeba,_ maSin
vai Tqven, Tu aseTad Tqven aqcieT...“ [b.g. belinski, rC. ped.
Txz. gv.17-18].
belinski aRzrdis mizanSi aucileblad gulisxmobs Ta-
visuflebisadmi mswrafveli da batonymuri wyobilebis wi-
naaRmdeg energiulad mebrZoli pirovnebis aRzrdas. belin-
skis mixedviT TavisuflebisaTvis brZola adamianis Tanmx-
lebi Tvisebaa.
belinskis mixedviT, aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis ganx-
orcieleba xalxurobis poziciebidan unda xdebodes, radgan
xalxuroba aRzrdis safuZvelia. xalxurobaSi belinski uaR-
resad farTo Sinaarss gulisxmobs da aseve gansazRvravs aR-
zrdis xalxurobasac. ruseTSi belinski erT_erTi pirvel-
Tagania, romelmac Teoriulad daasabuTa xalxuroba da igi
sakmaod farTo SinaarsiT warmoidgina. belinskis moZRvre-
bam Seqmna safuZveli imisa, rom aRzrdaSi xalxurobis idea
umaRles safuZvelze gadawyvetiliyo ruseTSi, kerZod, k. d.
uSinskis memkvidreobaSi.
upirveles yovlisa, aRzrdis xalxurobisTvis belins-
kis aucileblad miaCnda damoukidebeli, nacionaluri ga-
naTlebisa da aRzrdis sistemis Seqmna. aRzrdis mizani
gadauwyveteli darCeba, sanam xalxi sxvisi mimbaZveli iqne-
ba. „xalxi, romelic ZaldatanebiT SeuyvaniaT misTvis ucxo
sferoSi, waagavs Seborkil adamians, romelsac SoltiT ai-
Zuleben gaiqces. yovel xalxs SeuZlia meorisagan gadaiRos,
magram igi usaTuod sakuTari geniis daRs asvams am gadmoRe-
buls“. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.4-7]

241
 amasTan erTad belinskis aRzrdis xalxurobis idea gu-
lisxmobs swavla_ganaTlebas mSobliur enaze, axalgazrdo-
bis momzadebas xalxis interesebis Sesabamisad, sayovelTao
swavla_ganaTlebas da am safuZvelze maRali zogadsakaco-
brio zneobis aRzrdas, xalxuroba, belnskis mixedviT, mar-
Talia, zogadkacobriuli zneobis Seqmnis uZiriTadesi gzaa,
magram igi amave dros aucileblad gulisxmobs nacionalur
momentsac, radgan, rogorc belinski ambobs, is, vinc ar
ekuTvnis Tavis mamuls, ar ekuTvnis kacobriobas.
belinskis mier wamoyenebul aRzrdis mizanSi _ yovelmxriv
Camoyalibebuli adamianis aRzrdaSi_ xalxurobis principi-
dan gamomdinare, mTavari adgili adamianisa da adamianobis
problemas uWiravs.
uaRresi humanizmiTaa gaJRenTili belinskis debuleba,
rom „moqmedebis yvela sferoSi, sazogadoebrivi ierarqi-
is kibis yovel safexurze adamianis mTavari amocanaa iyos
adamiani“. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.43]. belinskis sa-
saxelod unda iTqvas, rom misi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, aRzr-
dis Sinaarsis umTavres ganmsazRvrels, mis sulsa da guls
adamianis mier adamianisadmi pativiscemis grZnobis aRzrda
warmoadgens, radgan „adamianis saxelisadmi pativiscema,
adamianisadmi usazRvro siyvaruli, mxolod imitom rom
igi adamiania, ganurCevlad misi pirovnebisa da erovnebisa,
sarwmunoebisa an wodebisa, Tundac misi piradi Rirsebisa
an uRirsobisa, erTi sityviT, usazRvro siyvaruli da us-
azRvro pativiscema kacobriul adamianurobisadmi unda
warmoadgendes adamianis stiqias, haersa da sicocxles“. [b.g.
belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.61-62]. SezRudulobis miuxedavad,
rac naTelia, mainc metad Rirebulia belinskis es humanizmi.

242
 konstantine uSinski

„aRzrdam, Tu mas surs adamianis bedniereba, unda aRzardos is

ara bednierebisaTvis, aramed moamzados is SromisaTvis“.

konstantine dimitris Ze uSinski (1823-1870w.w.)

rusi pedagog-demokrati, mecnieruli pedagogikis
fuZemdebeli ruseTSi. 1844 wels daamTavra moskovis
universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti, sadac dato-
ves saprofesoro momzadebisTvis, xolo 1846 wels
daniSnes profesoris movaleobis Semsruleblad
iaroslavlis demidovis iuridiul liceumSi, iqve
daiwyo samecniero kvleviTi moRvaweoba. 1855 wlidan
moRvaweobda gatCinis obolTa institutSi, 1862-67
wlebSi imyofeboda sazRvargareT, sadac swavlobda
saskolo saqmes.

pedagogikis klasikoss, humanistsa da demokrats, mrava-

li pedagogikuri naSromisa da saskolo saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis („bavSvis samyaro“, „mSobliuri ena“) avtors konstantine
uSinskis seriozuli adgili uWiravs progresul_demokra-
tiuli pedagogiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.
uSinskis demokratiuli, social_politikuri da filoso-
fiuri koncefcia gansazRvruli iyo idealizmidan materi-
alizmisken svlis geziT. Zireuli sakiTxebis gagebaSi, igi
principSi, materialistur poziciebze dgas. es msoflmxed-
velobrivi pozicia udevs safuZvlad mis mecnierul_de-
mokratiul pedagogikas.
pedagogiuri azrovnebis arc erT klasikoss, sisrulis
TvalsazrisiT ise ar daumuSavebia pedagogika, rogorc es k.
uSinskim SeZlo. man mogvca Tavisi droisTvis dasrulebuli
moZRvreba pedagogikis oTxive dargis (pedagogikis zogadi
safuZvlebi, didaqtika, aRzrdis Teoria, skolaTmcodneoba)
Sesaxeb TiToeulis problemaTa saWiro nomenklaturis war-
modgeniT.

243
 amis damadasturebelia Tundac k. uSinskis moZRvreba
pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis zogadi safuZvlebis Ses-
axeb. am moZRvrebaSi, mecnierebis mecxramete saukuniseuli
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, maRal donezea gadawyvetili ise-
Ti problemuri sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: pedagogikis, rogorc
mecnierebis gageba da maSasadame misi sakvlevi obieqtis _
sagnis dadgena, filosofiis safuZvelze agebuli pedagogi-
kis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis mecnierebis buneba,
romelic eyrdnoba pedagogiuri praqtikis ganzogadebas,
pedagogikis rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis Sinaarsi,
amocanebi da misi kavSiri sxva mecnierebebTan am amocanebis
gadawyvetisaTvis, pedagogikis mniSvneloba aRzrda_gana-
Tlebis sakacobrio saqmeSi da xalxis cxovrebaSi, misi gan-
viTarebis gzebi. man gaformebuli saxiT Camoayaliba peda-
gogikis, rogorc mecnierebis zogadi safuZvlebi, riTac
yvelaze maRla dgas pedagogiuri azris istoriaSi.
pirvel rigSi yuradsaRebia uSinskis mier pedagogikis
ganmarteba.
misTvis pedagogika aRzrdis Teoriaa. zogierTi mec-
nierebis Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, romlebic aviTare-
ben azrs, rom pedagogika mxolod gamoyenebiTi mecnierebaa,
rom mas Tavisi damoukidebeli kanonebi da kvlevis meTodebi
ar gaaCnia, uSinski Rrmad asabuTebda pedagogikis, rogorc
Teoriis, mecnierebis damoukideblobas.
amave dros, uSinski xSirad ganmartavda „pedagogikas
rogorc xelovnebas“. magram saqme isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi
uSinskis mxedvelobaSi hqonda praqtikuli pedagogiuri
moRvaweoba da didad afasebda am moRvaweobaSi pedagogi-
kuri Teoriis SemoqmedebiTad gamoyenebas, rac marTlac
garkveul xelovnebas moiTxovda.
pedagogikis, rogorc aRzrdis Teoriis gagebidan uSua-
lod gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom uSinski pedagogikis sa-
gnad miiCnevda aRzrdas. amasve adasturebs misi ubadlo

244
naSromis _ „adamiani rogorc aRzrdis sagani“ _ saTauric.
aRzrda uSinskisTvis ZiriTadi pedagogikuri kategoriaa.
uSinskis am bolomde marTebul azrs adasturebs mis mier
aRzrdis arsis sworad gageba.
ra aris aRzrda uSinskis mixedviT? misi pedagogikuri
moZRvrebidan aSkarad gamomdinareobs, rom aRzrdis cne-
baSi uSinskis esmis bavSvis yovelmxrivi formirebis rTuli
da mizanmimarTuli procesi, misi gonebrivad, fizikurad,
zneobrivad da esTetikurad Camoyalibeba da SromisTvis
momzadeba. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom uSinskis mixedviT,
aRzrdas, rogorc mizanmimarTul process warmarTavs da
xelmZRvanelobs aRmzrdel_maswavlebeli, rom am gziT xdeba
aRzrdis Segnebuli realizacia, maSin naTeli xdeba uSinskis
mier aRzrdis, rogorc socialuri kategoriis arsis mecni-
eruli gageba.
uSinskis aRzrda esmis, rogorc mizandasaxuli, organize-
buli procesi, romelsac bavSvis asakobrivi Taviseburebebis
Sesabamisad warmarTavs maswavlebeli. es gageba upirispird-
eba Tavisufali aRzrdis pedocentrul Teorias.
cnobilia, rom Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoria saerTod,
kerZod ki rusuli Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoria Jan_Jak
rusos bunebrivi aRzrdis Teoriis ukiduresad calmxrivi
gagebis nayofs warmoadgenda.
uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo uSinskis galaSqreba, rusos
bunebrivi aRzrdis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebis winaaRmdeg
Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoriis kritikis mizniT. rusosebri
„aRzdisagan ara Tu araviTari saswauli ar gamova, _ wers
uSinski, _ aramed araferi gamova, garda mxecisa, romlis aR-
zrdac ukve ar gvgonia SesaZlebeli iyos“. uSinskis devizi
iyo aRzrda ara winaswarganuzraxveli, aramed mizanmimar-
Tuli da organizebuli, bavSvis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
uSinskis azriT, aRzrdas Tavisi obieqturi kanonebi aqvs,
romlebiTac gamoirCeva sxva socialuri procesebisgan. aR-

245
zrdis procesis sworad warmarTvisTvis aucilebelia am
kanonebis migneba, rac pedagogikis amocanas warmoadgens.
swored am kanonebis dauflebiT unda unaTebdes pedagogika
gzas maswavlebels, raTa man SeZlos praqtikul moRvaweobaSi
maTi momarjveba, SemoqmedebiTad gamoyeneba. aqedan naTelia,
isic, rom pedagogikis amocanas Seadgens adamianis, rogorc
aRzrdis obieqtis Seswavla. k. uSinskis pedagogika warmod-
genili hqonda, rogorc „yvelaze farTo, rTuli, yvelaze
maRali da yvelaze saWiro xelovneba yvela xelovnebidan“.
k. uSinskis pedagogikis ZiriTad amocanad aRzrdis obi-
eqturi kanonebis gaxsna da aRzrdis procesSi adamianis
Seswavla miaCnia. misi azriT, uamisod SeuZlebelia ada-
mianis yovelmxrivi aRzrda. „Tu pedagogikas surs adami-
ani yovelmxriv aRzardos, man is uwinares yovlisa aseve
yovelmxriv unda gaicnos“.
k. uSinskis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos pedagogikis
damyareba pedagogiur praqtikaze. k. uSinskis azriT, peda-
gogiur praqtikaze dayrdnobisa da misgan amosvlis gareSe
pedagogika mowydeba Tavis namdvil sagans, iqneba zerele da
receptuli xasiaTis. amitom pedagogika pedagogiuri praq-
tikis mecnierul ganzogadebas unda efuZnebodes, masze
Sendebodes. faqtebis mecnieruli ganzogadeba mas miaCnda
pedagogikis rogorc mecnierebis agebisa da srulqmnis uZ-
iriTades gzad.
pedagogikis socialuri xasiaTis dasabuTebis gverdiT
uSinskis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos pedagogikis,
rogorc mecnierebis Sinaarsis maRal doneze gansazRvra,
pedagogikis kursis ageba da sxva mecnierebebTan misi kav-
Siris dadgena.
k. uSinski pedagogikas ZiriTadad or nawilad yofs.
pirvel nawils uwodebs zogad pedagogikas, xolo meores _
didaqtikas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mas mxedvelobidan ar
gamorCenia aRzrdis Teoriis sakiTxebi. misi Sromebis anal-

246
izi gvarwmunebs, rom pedagogikis kursSi igi aTavsebs peda-
gogikis zogad safuZvlebs, didaqtikas, aRzrdis Teoriisa
da skolaTmcodneobis TiTqmis yvela Zireul problemas.
aqedan gamomdinareobs prof. d. lorTqifaniZis daskvna,
rom „pedagogikis klasikosebidan aravis ar moucia peda-
gogikis kursis iseTi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da real-
uri sistema, ise ar ganusazRvravs misi amocanebi da Sinaarsi
xalxis interesebis Sesabamisad da bavSvis pirovnebisadmi pa-
tiviscemiT, rogorc es uSinskim gaakeTa“. [d. lorTqifaniZe,
k. d. uSinskis pedagogiuri moZRvreba, gv. 146, 1955 w.]
aseve sworad aqvs uSinskis warmodgenili pedagogikis kav-
Siri sxva mecnierebebTan. igi marTebulad miiCnevs, rom ped-
agogika ar SeiZleba iyos namdvili mecniereba, Tu kavSiri
ar eqna sxva mecnierebebTan, romelTa monacemebis gamoyene-
bac aucilebelia misTvis. aseT mecnierebad uSinski pirvel
yovlisa fsiqologias miiCnevs da moiTxovs, rom pedagogika
eyrdnobodes fsiqologiis mecnierulad Semowmebul mo-
nacemebs, mtkice kavSirSi iyos masTan, Tumca winaaRmdegia
pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis SeerTebisa. uSinskis mixedviT,
pedagogikas kavSiri unda hqondes adamianis anatomiasTan da
fiziologiasTan.
uSinskis moZRvreba pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb mecnierul da progresul xasiaTs iZens pedagogi-
uri mecnierebis xalxurobis poziciebze agebiT. uaRresad
keTilSobiluria uSinskis ganzraxva, rom TviTmyofi ru-
suli pedagogika, rusi xalxis ekonomikur, sazogadoebriv_
politikur da kulturul_saganmanaTleblo interesebs
Seufardos.
uSinskis esmis, rom rogorc pedagogikis mecnieruli kur-
sis agebis, ise praqtikuli pedagogikuri moRvaweobis mimar-
Tulebis gansazRvrisaTvis TiTqmis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis, garemosa
da memkvidreobis rolis problemis gadaWras. mis sasaxelod

247
unda iTqvas, rom man es problema Tavisi droisTvis maRal
mecnierul doneze gadawyvita. uSinski icnobs am problemis
irgvliv Camoyalibebul, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul mimdi-
nareobebs. man dasZlia TiToeuli maTganis ukiduresobani
da swor poziciaze dadga. marTalia, es pozicia manamdec iyo
SemuSavebuli, magram uSinskis damsaxureba swored mis mx-
ardaWerasa da Taviseburi saxiT dasabuTebaSi mdgomareobs.
amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda imdroindeli ruseTis sinamd-
vileSi.
aRzrdis rolis problemis gadaWraSi uSinskis pozicia
mecnierul da progresul mimarTulebas ukve imiT Rebu-
lobs, rom igi ilaSqrebs, e. w. nativisturi Teoriis winaaR-
mdeg, romelic aramecnieruli da reaqciuli iyo Tavisi
SedegiT.
uSinski ar uaryofs saerTod memkvidruli Tavisebure-
bebis Tandayolilobis SesaZleblobas, magram gmobs misT-
vis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWebas, uSinskis azriT, ax-
lad dabadebul bavSvebs ar axasiaTebT iseTi gansakuTreb-
uli gansxvavebuloba, rom maTma Tandayolilma Tvisebebma
gansazRvros pirovnebis Camoyalibeba.
amasTanave, uSinskis azriT, bavSvi ar aris sufTa dafa,
am sityvis absolituri mniSvnelobiT, uSinski aRiarebs
bavSvebis gansxvavebulobas memkvidruli da individual-
uri bunebrivi Taviseburebebis mixedviT. igi miiCnevs, rom
adamianis CamoyalibebisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs
memkvidreobiT SeZenil niSnebs da nervuli sistemis Tavise-
burebas, magram mTavari es ar aris. marTalia, bavSvi tabu-
la razaa garkveul farglebSi, „magram ukve TviT tabulis
Tvisebazea damokidebuli met_naklebi sicxade da simt-
kice imisa, rac masze daiwereba“. maSasadame, sufTa dafaze
dawerilis xarisxi da odenoba damokidebulia ara marto
damwerze, aramed dafis Tvisebebzec. aqedan cxadia, rom
bavSvis adamianad CamoyalibebaSi yvelaferi aRzrdaze ki ar

248
aris damokidebuli, aramed garkveul rols asrulebs misT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebanic, Tumca am procesSi
aRzrda gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa. am konteqstSi savsebiT
gamarTlebulia uSinskis mtkiceba, rom adamiani adamianad
iqceva aRzrdis saSualebiT, xolo aRzrdis centralur
dawesebulebas skola warmoadgens. igi, misi azriT, mtkiced
organizebuli garemoa. uSinskis SesaniSnavad esmis gare sa-
myaros gavlena bavSvis ganviTarebaze, amitom igi garemos
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
uSinskis pedagogiur moZRvrebaSi aseve maRal donezea
gadawyvetili aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis sakiTxi. uSin-
skis SesaniSnavad esmis, rom aRzrdis miznidan gamomdin-
areobs uSualod aRzrdis konkretuli amocanebi. amitom igi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs aRzrdis miznis naT-
lad gansazRvras xalxis cxovrebis interesebis Sesabamisad.
aRzrdis miznis „winaswar Segneba“ da misgan mizandasaxuli
amocanebis gamoyvana zustad efardeba uSinskis mier aRz-
rdis, rogorc obieqturi, socialuri, mizanmimarTuli da
organizebuli procesis gagebas.
uSinskis mTel pedagogikur moZRvrebas naTlad gas-
devs yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli, gonebrivad, fizikurad,
zneobrivad da esTetikurad srulyofili, Sromis meoxe-
biT, Sromisa da cxovrebisaTvis momzadebuli mTliani
pirovnebis aRzrdis miznad warmodgena. uSinski aRiarebs
aRzrdis calkeuli nawilebis Soris kavSiris aucileblobas.
misi azriT, gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri, fizikuri da
SromiTi aRzrda erTmaneTTan mtkice kavSirSia da erTma-
neTs ganapirobebs.
bunebrivia, rom yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli, cxovrebi-
saTvis momzadebuli mSromeli pirovnebis aRzrdis miznis
wamoyenebiT, uSinski sastikad ilaSqrebs imdroindel ru-
seTSi gavrcelebuli „franguli brwyinvalebis“ egreT wo-
debuli garegnuli aRzrdis antixalxuri aristokratiuli

249
tendenciis winaaRmdeg. am galaSqrebiT igi pirdapir ukav-
Sirdeba rus revolucioner_demokratebs, kerZod, belin-
skis da misi Sexedulebebis damcvel_gamgrZeleblad gvev-
lineba.
uSinski amxels aristokratiul ruseTSi gavrcelebul
azrs, rom „kargad aRzrdil kacs eZaxian imas, visac SeuZlia
kargad gaikeTos halstuxi, modurad eWiros Tavi, ilaybos
ucxo enebze, Tavi moawonos qalebs, Tayvani sces Zliers, cx-
viri maRla awios.. . qaliSvils unda SeeZlos sxvaTa Tvalis
axveva, Zneli aris saxeldaxelo da gulagdebuli Tavis da-
kvra, gulubryvilobis SeerTeba civ gonebasTan . . .da misi
aRzrdis mTavari mizania sarfiani saqmros xelSi Cagdeba“.
[k.d. uSinski, rC. ped. Txz.,t 1, gv. 20, 1948]
sruliad aSkaraa uSinskis am sityvebis Tanaziaroba be-
linskis cnobil sityvebTan, roca es ukanaskneli ruseTis
aristokratiul wreebSi gamefebuli amgvari aRzrdis ten-
denciebs da mis Sedegebs amxelda. „ruseTis axalgazrdoba,
_ wers belinski, _ iZens moCvenebiT, wesier Tvisebebs da amis
nacvlad maxinjdeba sulierad. erTi SexedviT isini zrdil-
ni, kulturulni da ganaTlebulni gveCvenebian, magram es
mxolod garegnulad, SinaarsiT es axalgazrdebi sruliad
ususurni da Rarib_Ratakni arian. yvela isini Wkvianebic
arian da sulelebic, swavlulebica da uvicnic. . . saucxoo
axalgazrda adamianebi! mere da ra Tavisuflad da rogori
daudevrobiT baasoben isini frangulad, da ra Cinebulad
ar SeuZliaT ori rusuli frazis dakavSireba, _ maTSi pe-
dantizmis aCrdilic ki ar Cans “. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz.
t1, gv. 26-27, 1948]
uSinskis aRzrdis uZiriTades amocanad miaCnda adamianis
momzadeba cxovrebisTvis. cxovrebisaTvis momzadeba uSins-
kis iseT zogad xasiaTis amocanad miaCnia, romelic TviTon
moiTxovs konkretuli amocanebis gadawyvetas. igi uSinskis
ramdenadme aRzrdis miznis donemde ahyavs.

250
 uSinskis azriT, harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli mTliani
pirovnebis aRzrdisaTvis aucilebelia aRzrdis amocanebis
mtkice erTianoba. swored aq xdeba TviTon uSinskis peda-
gogikis myari sistemis saboloo srulyofa. am sistemiT
igi adis umaRles safexurze pedagogikaSi. magram, imisT-
vis, rom aRzrdis am amocanebs erTiani xasiaTi mivceT da
maTi warmatebiT ganxorcielebis safuZvelze yovelmxriv
ganviTarebuli, mTliani pirovnebis momzadebas mivaRwioT,
saWiroa amocanebis es erTianoba emyarebodes aRzrdis mizn-
idan gamoyvanil aRzrdis erTian princips. uSinskisaTvis
aseTi principia xalxurobis principi aRzrdaSi. uSinskis
pedagogiuri moZRvrebis suli da gulia xalxurobis princi-
pi, romelic upirveles yovlisa misi sazogadoebriv_poli-
tikuri koncefciidan gamomdinareobs. uSinskis moZRvrebaSi
xalxurobis principi gadawyvetilia iseT maRal doneze,
romelsac klasikuri pedagogikis verc erTi moZRvreba ver
Seswvda.
xalxurobis principis cnebaSi konstantine uSinskis es-
moda xalxis miswrafeba Tavisi erovnuli saxis SenarCunebisa
da gamtkicebisaken da xalxis sazogadoebriv_ekonomikuri
cxovrebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. swored amitom
werda igi, rom „xalxi xalxurobis gareSe usulo sxeulia,
romelsac isRa darCenia, rom Tavis Tavze gamoscados gaxr-
wnis kanonis moqmedeba da gaqres sxva sxeulSi, romelsac
SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi TviTmyofadoba“. raoden pro-
gresuli da misaRebia es dRevandeli xalxisTvis, miT umetes,
mcirericxovani erebisTvis.
uSinskis azriT, xalxuroba xalxis sazogadoebriv_eko-
nomikuri cxovrebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia,
radganac swored istoriul ganviTarebaSi Seicnobs xalxi
Tavis meobas, xalxurobas.
k. uSinskis pedagogiur sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
daeTmo moZRvrebas skolis Sesaxeb, romelic man xalxurobis

251
ideidan gamomdinare gadaWra. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom skolis
Sesaxeb uSinskim originaluri da progresul_demokrati-
uli xasiaTis dasrulebuli moZRvreba mogvca.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoriis
sawinaaRmdegod, uSinskis aRzrda gagebuli hqonda, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis mizanmimarTuli da organizebuli
procesi. aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT kanonzomieria uSins-
kis moZRvrebis logika, rom, radganac adamiani sazogadoe-
brivi arsebaa da aRzrdac socialuri xasiaTis kategoriaa,
aRzrda unda warmoebdes mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebriv
dawesebulebebSi. aseT dawesebulebas ki skola warmoadgens.
„saxalxo skolis gareSe bavSvi ise izrdeba, daberdeba da
mokvdeba, rom SeiZleba verc adamiani gaxdes da verc sa-
sargeblo moqalaqe“. sruliad aSkaraa am poziciis dapiri-
spirebuloba ruseTSi gavrcelebuli Tavisufali aRzrdis
Teoriisadmi.
amis Semdeg gasagebia uSinskis mier imdroindeli rusu-
li feodalur_burJuaziuli skolis safuZvliani kritika.
uSinskis moZRvrebaSi mkacradaa gakritikebuli mefisdroin-
deli ruseTis skolis TiTqmis yvela ubani. kargad xedavda,
rom skola emsaxureboda ara xalxs, aramed gabatonebul
klasis interesebs, amitom man Zveli skola uvargis daweseb-
ulebad gamoacxada da daayena misi swor mecnierul_pedago-
giur principebze agebis sakiTxi, manve mogvca axali skolis
monaxazi.
k. uSinskis azriT, skolis muSaoba xalxis sazogadoe-
briv_ekonomikuri interesebidan unda gamomdinareobdes, am
interesebs emsaxurebodes. uSinskis sjera skolis didi gav-
lena sazogadoebis ekonomikur da kulturul progresze.
aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom uSinski kargad ver erkveoda
sazogadoebis ekonomikur_politikuri mdgomareobisa da
skolis urTierTobaSi, imaSi, rom es mdgomareoba gansazR-
varvda skolis xasiaTsa da muSaobas.

252
 uSinskis mravali progresul Sexedulebas Soris erT_
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania sayovelTao_savaldebulo
dawyebiTi swavlebis SemoRebis saWiroebis aRiareba. uSins-
ki moiTxovda saskolo qselis farTod gaSlas, raTa yvelas
hqonda ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba.
uSinski ayenebda saero skolis moTxovnas. misi azriT,
swored ara religiur, aramed saero sawyisebze agebul
skolas SeuZlia emsaxuros xalxis interesebs, moamzados
bavSvebi cxovrebisaTvis.
uSinskis azriT, skola unda aZlevdes bavSvs sinamdvilis
realur codnas, uviTarebdes azrovnebis unars, skolaSi
mSobliur enas unda eWiros centraluri adgili; skolam
unda uzrunvelyos maRali moraluri Tvisebebis mqone xalx-
isTvis Tavdadebuli patriotis momzadeba; skolis saqmes
unda xelmZRvanelobdes TviTon xalxi da sxva. am sakiTxebis
mecnieruli poziciebidan gaSuqebisas uSinski akritikebda
mefis ruseTis saganmanaTleblo politikas, riTac kidev
ufro dasrulebul, progresul demokratiul xasiaTs
aZlevda skolis da saerTod saskolo sistemis Sesaxeb Tavis
moZRvrebas. uSinskis moZRvrebaSi gansakuTrebiT dasabuTe-
bulia am sakiTxSi qalisa da mamakacis sruli Tanasworobis
aRiareba. kerZod, igi moiTxovda, rom skolis kari Tanabrad
yofiliyo gaRebuli orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis.

253
 sarCevi

Sesavali .................................................................................. 3

Tavi I. pedagogikis sagani .................................................... 5

pedagogikis ZiriTadi cnebebi ............................................ 5
ganaTleba .............................................................................. 11
swavleba ................................................................................. 17
pedagogikis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi ....................... 44
pedagogikis kvlevis meTodebi........................................... 49
pedagogikis mecnierebis wyaroebi..................................... 54
pedagogika da sxva mecnierebi .......................................... 57

Tavi II. pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebi ...................... 60

moswavlis asakobrivi Taviseburebani mozardis
ganviTarebis asakobrivi periodizaciis istoriisaTvis.........92
ganviTarebis asakobrivi fazebi da swavlebis
pedagogiuri safexurebi ..................................................... 97
1. bavSvobis periodi ......................................................... 100
2. mozrdilobis asakis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani ........ 105
3. Wabukoba. ......................................................................... 130
mozardis individualuri Taviseburebani aRzrdisa
da ganviTarebis procesSi ................................................. 136

Tavi III. aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi.............................. 145

gonebrivi aRzrda ............................................................... 157
fizikuri aRzrda ................................................................ 161
moraluri aRzrda .............................................................. 163
esTetikuri aRzrda ............................................................ 168
SromiTi aRzrda .................................................................. 171

254
Tavi IV. ganaTlebis sistema ............................................... 176

Tavi V. pedagogikis Teoriis Camoyalibebis istoriisaTvis

platoni ................................................................................ 186
aristotele ......................................................................... 204
ian amos komenski ................................................................ 212
jon loki ............................................................................. 224
besarion belinski ............................................................... 234
konstantine uSinski ........................................................... 243

255
 qeTevan Wkuaseli, ivane Wkuaseli

pedagogikis
zogadi safuZvlebi

sagamomcemlo jgufi
qeTevan baqaniZe
TinaTin doliZe
vladimer peraniZe
rusudan sanaZe
zaqaria qitiaSvili
aleqsandre jiquriZe

garekanis dizaini
ilia xelaiasi

gamomcemloba
inteleqti

Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5

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