08dec22 TransitREFORM GCKIM Seoul

Dec.
2008
GC KIM
SEOUL Challenges
for
Sustainable Transport
Dr. GyengChul Kim

Seoul Development Institute of
Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG)
(gckim@sdi.re.kr)
Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
SEOUL KOREA

Dec. 2008
Geography East
about Seoul M.G.
longitude
GC KIM
126˚59´
37˚34´
North latitude

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Population
Seoul MG: 10.3 Million

Great SMG Area
(Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon)
Great SMG Area: 24.1Million
Area 16k
m
Seoul MG : 605 km2 18k
m of
City Seoul
Great SMG Area: 11,731 km2
Commute(’05)
Radius: 16km(N-S) ~ 18(E-W)
Car: 44 min (Peak Hour, 23km/h)
Bus: 57min (Peak Hour ,18km/h), The Capital of Korea for more than 600
49min (Peak Hour ,21km/h, MBL) years.
3
Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Geographical Features of Seoul
Seoul is naturally blessed with picturesque mountains,

hills and streams and the Han River, which is more
than 1km wide at its widest point, running through the
middle of the city.
Dec. 2008
• SMG = 25 “Gu”( city, district )/ Area : 605.4

GC KIM
km2 /
•Population : 10.3 Million
Tobong-gu
Kangbuk-gu
Nowon-gu
Unp’yong-gu
Songbuk-gu Chungnang-gu
Chongno-gu Tongdaemun
Sodaemun-gu -gu
Kangso-gu Chung-gu
Kangdong
Map’o-gu Songdong
-gu
-gu
Yongsan
Yongdungp’o -gu
Yangch’on-gu
-gu
Songp’a-gu
Kuro-gu Tongjak-gu
Kangnam-gu
Soch’o-gu
Kwanak-gu
Kumch’on-gu

Dec. 2008
• Seoul M.G. : Overview GC KIM
□ Population : 10.4 M (Great Seoul : 24M /48% of Korea)

( SMG Area : 605.52 ㎢, Cities( “Gu” ) : 25 )
Density: 16,364 p/㎢ (1.3 times of Tokyo; Twice of New York )
Buses # buses : 9(thousand), # Route 500(Private)

5 million passengers/day
Subway 350km : 8 lines+KR, Four Op-Com.(Public)

3,500 Veh, 6.5 million passengers/day
Taxi # Veh: 70(thousand)
Auto car # Veh : 3 M,

16km/h average speed at downtown
Dec. 2008
Korean War (1950-1953) GC KIM

Dec. 2008
After Korean War : Urbanization GC KIM

Dec. 2008
Seoul Population Overview GC KIM
Occupying 22% of population, one of the highest population

density in the world
Population
Growth
(1,000 Persons)
12,000
1992, 10.92M
1988, 10M
10,000
8,000
1976, 7M
6,000
1970, 5M
4,000
1963, 3M
1959, 2M
2,000
1942, 1M
1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Miracle of Han River, Korea
Dec. 2008
GC KIM
GNI
67$(1953)  20,045$(2007)
299 times
Expert trade
(20 m $(1948)  371,500 m $(2007))
16,888 times
Auto
(15000(1948) 16 m (2007)
1,118 times

Dec. 2008
Poor quality service of bus in 60-70’s GC KIM
CBD Seoul 1974 , after remove Tram 1960s

Dec. 2008
Poor quality of bus in 60-70’s GC KIM
200 passengers on a bus(60~70 limit)

Dec. 2008
Population & Vehicles GC KIM
□ Population : doubled □ Registered vehicles : 46 times

1970 : 5.4 million 1970 : 60 thousands
2003 : 10.4 million 2003 : 2.8 millions
Population of Seoul Registered vehicles in Seoul

12,000 3,000
10,000 2,500
8,000 2,000
Thousands
6,000 Thousands 1,500
4,000 1,000
2,000 500
0 0
Year Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Dec. 2008
Gridlock in SEOUL in 90’s GC KIM
Traffic
Congestion
From 7:00
To 23:00
All Area

Dec. 2008
Transportation Problems in Seoul GC KIM
 Increase of Congestion Cost

$126 thousand (1991) → $554 thousand (2005)
Travel speed (evening peak)

Dec. 2008
• Expansion of Metropolitan (including Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon)

4,000 Gyeonggi
Traffic Volume
(thousand vehicle)
188
3,500
Seoul
433
410
3,000
267
2,500
2,000
Vehicle (thousand)
274
424
1,500 Incheon
1,000
500
480 672
0
187
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
177

Mode Share vs. Energy Consumption Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Pax-veh Bus Subway Others
Mode
26.1% 27.8% 35% 11.1%
Share
Energy
Consum 53.2% 16.9% 12.0% 17.9%
ption
Pax-Veh Bus
Share : 26.1% share : 27.8%
Energy Con: 53.2% Energy Con: 16.9%

Dec. 2008
• Air Pollution Level

PM10 (㎍/㎥, 2004)
NO2 (ppm, 2004)
70
0. 06
60
0. 05 WHO
50
0. 04 Air Quality Standards
40
0. 03
WHO 30
0. 02
Air Quality Standards 20
0. 01 10
0 0
Seoul Tokyo NewYork London Singapore Hongkong
서울 동경 뉴욕 런던 싱가포르 홍콩 Seoul
서울
Tokyo
동경
NewYork
뉴욕
London Singapore Hongkong
런던 싱가포르 홍콩
• Air Pollution Main

Cause
 Car exhaust gas (about 67%)

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
CBD of Seoul
Mountain city bowl, weak for Air Pollution

 needs different policy (Fuel  GREEN)
Dec. 2008
Gridlock in SEOUL in 90’s GC KIM
Air Pollution (Cancer)

Traffic Congestion
Energy consumption,
Traffic Accident,
Discomfort,
Subsidy UP

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
SEOUL’s Challenges
Reform of
Public Transit &
Urban Car-Space
Dec. 2008
Decision by election manifesto: July 2002

GC KIM
Restructuring of
Urban Policy
TDM,
Restoration,
BRT,
Pedestrianization,
Dec. 2008
Strategy (PUSH + PULL) GC KIM
□ CAR Space : Urban Space REFORM

○ GREENING of Car Space
○ Pedestrian Friendly Street
○ Culture Re-creative Space
□ Transit Sys Reform:Multi-Modal Integration

○ Physical (between modes(Station+Stops))
○ Network (Railway, Bus, and others)
○ Fare (Equity, Providing incentives )
○ Information (Seamless transfer)
○ Institutional (Custom-based)
Dec. 2008
Strategy ( I ) GC KIM
□ Reform Transit System : (Video)

Integration for Multi-Modal
○ Physical
(between modes (Station+ bus Stops))
○ Network (Railway, Bus, and others)
○ Fare (Equity, Providing incentives )
○ Information (Seamless transfer)
○ Institutional (Custom-based gov)

Dec. 2008
Measures of Seoul Transport Reform GC KIM
Integration of Public Transport Network

1 2 3
Unified Fare System
Trunk-feeder system Transfer Facilities
& Free Transfer
Technological Innovation Improvement of Mgmt.

4 New Smart Card System 7 Scientific Administration
5 BMS / BIS
6 TOPIS 8 Quasi-Public Operation
Enhancement of Environment for Bus and Pedestrians

9 10 11 12
Policy of
Road Premium Bus
Axial Bus Lane ” More for
Channelization & Shelter
Pedestrian”
Dec. 2008
Revenue System Change GC KIM
Before After
○ Revenue based on ○ Revenue based on
Number of Passengers Service Distance
(Vehkm) + BMS
Bus Stop  Friendly drivers

 No route ownership
 Effective route reorg.
Excessive competition  Decrease of total op. cost
Chaos on roads (interruptions)
 Decrease of gov. subsidy
Quick Stops and Start
 Driver vs Passenger FTG  Service Quality
 Service Quality
Dec. 2008
Bus  Total
CHAOS GC KIM
Total-Bus-Oper-Cost UP,
fighting each other

Dec. 2008
Median bus lanes GC KIM
Songpa road
5.6km

Dec. 2008
Median bus lanes GC KIM
Bus speed (morning rush-hours) Bus passengers
 Operation: 8 Corridors, 73.5km

Future plan: 16 Corridors, 191.2km
Curbside bus lanes: 293.6㎞
Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life 30
SDI
Dec. 2008
CAR  Transit GC KIM
 Increase of
speed for both
bus and p-car
■ 10 km/h to over
20 km/h
 More carriage
of passenger
■ 6 times more
passengers than
other lanes

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Results of Bus Re-routing
Increase - Network Capacity  new Bus Route +BRT

- Bus ridership
- Bus Frequency( Keep Interval )
Decrease – Total Bus Operation Cost
 Increase - Bus Company Revenue
 Decrease – Subsidy of SMG
Dec. 2008
Changes Color & Function GC KIM
□ Operation of 4-types of Buses

: Trunk Lines · Feeder Lines · Circular · Wide Area
 Regional connection between suburbs and B

Trunk
downtown area
lines b
 Ensuring operation speed and punctuality
 feeder to trunk lines and subways Feeder Gr

 Meeting local traffic demand lines b
 Local lines within the downtown area Circular Yel

 Serving for business and shopping trips lines b
 Express connection between satellite cities R

Wide area
and downtown area
lines b
 Absorbing passenger car commuters SDI
Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life
Dec. 2008
□ Operation of 4 Types of Buses GC KIM
: Trunk Lines · Feeder Lines · Circular · Wide Area
4 types
Red : downtown to major sub-centers Blue : major trunk roads
of Buses
Green
Take : subway
Transit, EnjoytoMore
nearby
Timeresidential
for Life areas Yellow : circular in downtown or subcenters SDI
Dec. 2008
New number System GC KIM
 Origin and destination can be identified

Dec. 2008
Example GC KIM
Trunk line(Blue bus) Feeder line(Green bus)

1 0 1 1 0 1 2
Starting from North-East area, Starting from North-East area,
arriving at Downtown arriving at Downtown
trunk line number 1 feeder line number 12
Wide area line(Red bus) Circular line(Yellow bus)
9 1 1 2 4 1
Starting from Ujongbu, Circular line number 1
arriving at Downtown in Gangnam
wide area line number 1

Dec. 2008
Fare Collection GC KIM
Transportation Card
(Smart Card, etc)
- Distance-based Fare
- Free Charge for Transfers
17
Dec. 2008
Changes Fare System GC KIM
▷ Distance based fare

○ Subway single trips
: fare according to distance-traveled
(basic fare : 800 won up to 12 km;
extra fare of 100 won for every additional 6 km)
○ Bus single trips : single fare of 800 won
▷ Free of charge for transfers

○ For transferring trips
: accumulated distance-based fare system
→(basic fare up to 10km;
extra fare for every additional 5 km)

Dec. 2008
T-money Design Types GC KIM

Dec. 2008
T-Card using Credit Card, Mobile Phone GC KIM
- Monthly payment
wireless, pass on the payment-terminal
Negotiation with Bank-stakeholder & Operators
PT Modes (KR, 4(Tube), 140(bus), 70(inter city coach)

Dec. 2008
T- Money Card Data GC KIM

Dec. 2008
(DATA) Bus Management System

GC KIM

Dec. 2008
BMS & BIS GC KIM
Station ID, Planned LCD Monitors
Services for Citizens BMS Center

: Real time information
Bus
Company
Cellular
Internet PDA ARS
Phone
Managing information and bus
operation
Monitoring of bus Collecting and providing information

operation
1Information
at Bus Stops
In-Bus Devices & Driver SDI

Dec. 2008
Scientific Administration GC KIM

Dec. 2008
Minimize Fleet Congestion

GC KIM

Dec. 2008
Vehicles GC KIM
CNG, Articulated, Low-floor Buses
16
□ CNG buses : NO more Diesel --> PM
Dec. 2008
GC KIM
CNG cheaper than Diesel

Operating Cost : down
( Subsidy, Fare )
2010
Dec. 2008
Strategy (II) : TDM GC KIM
□ CAR Space : REFORM

Urban planning for ST
Solution: Allow public transport
access to city centers
but restrict solo-cars (TDM)
Delete the Pax-car-lane : 1,160 L-Km
After
Pedestrianization + Transit Mall, SDI
Dec. 2008
Passenger-car Reduction Policy GC KIM
□ Reform of Seoul Plaza

 2004. 5. 1 Open → Restrain Traffic Flow → Ped. Square
Before After(May 2004)

Seoul Plaza: Winter- Skating
Dec. 2008
GC KIM

Dec. 2008
TDM : Car Reduction Policy GC KIM
Reducing parking lots : CITY HALL(40050, 2004)

- Monday = Transit (Bus + Subway)-day
- Reducing parking lots, Increase parking Fee

Car space  Transit facilities Dec. 2008
GC KIM
 Transfer
terminal for
downtown &
suburban
 Better street
furniture
design by
Private
investment

Dec. 2008
Car Space Reduction GC KIM
Traffic management : Twoway  Oneway

Before After( 2005)

Dec. 2008
Seoul Transport
Conversion(2-way) to 1-way GC KIM
Reform
Expanding pedestrian crossing from 3 m width to 6 m.

Dec. 2008
Ped. Crossing Re-establish GC KIM
Before After(May 2004)

P-Car Reduction Policy with BP
Dec. 2008
GC KIM

Dec. 2008
Tasks for Sustainable Transport GC KIM
Overpass Demolition ?(2005) Understanding ?

4(Ok), 7(??) Demand >> Supply
No-Car(High)way !
Construction?
with BRT

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Transit City or Highway City?

- Seoul
Metro (350km), BRT(74km) >> Highway (198km)
- yours? – Highway dominant ?
Metro (??km), BRT << Highway ( ?? km)
외곽순환고속도로
Route 14
내부순환로
198 in Seoul
Length
362 km
# of JC 23
※ inside of outer-ring
Dec. 2008
Passenger-Car Reduction Policy GC KIM
□ Restoration of Cheonggyecheon
 Decrease of car-traffic volume : 125,000 veh/day
Before After(Sep. 2005)

Dec. 2008
Chunggyecheon Restoration Project : history GC KIM
Early 20C
Place for washing in

Cheonggye Stream
Bridge on
Cheonggye
Stream(Ogans
umun)
Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life 60/68 SDI

Dec. 2008
Chunggyecheon Restoration Project : History GC KIM
After War: Urban Squatter until

1970’s
After the construction of the overpass

Road Building above Cheonggye

Dec. 2008
Passenger-car Reduction Policy GC KIM
 Passenger Car-traffic (2002) : 200,000 veh/day

The covering Cheonggye-cheon in 1960s
Dec. 2008
GC KIM

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Cheonggye
& Samil
Elevated
Highway
December, 2001
Dec. 2008
Starting the Work GC KIM
July.1, 2003
Cheonggye and Samil Elevated Highway

in History

Dec. 2008
Chunggyecheon Restoration Project GC KIM
 Process of Demolition
• Step 1 • Step 2 • Step 3
• Step 4 • Step 5

Dec. 2008
Demonstration GC KIM
Nov. 30, 2003
Demonstrations
against CRP Project
Leadership;
Conflict Resolution
(Meeting 4,200 times)

Dec. 2008
Grand opening GC KIM
1 October 2005

Dec. 2008
Starting point GC KIM

Night View Cheong Gye Cheon Dec. 2008
GC KIM

Night View Cheong Gye Cheon Dec. 2008
GC KIM

Dec. 2008
Having Fun in CBD GC KIM
City planning for next generation SDI

Dec. 2008
Bridges GC KIM

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Wall Painting

Dec. 2008
Having Fun in CBD GC KIM
Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life Transport for next generationSDI
Dec. 2008
Ecology: Fishes GC KIM
 3  15 species

Dec. 2008
Changes
Ecology: Insects GC KIM
 15  84 species

Dec. 2008
Ecology: Birds GC KIM
 34 species

Dec. 2008
Changes
Environment GC KIM

Dec. 2008
Changes
Traffic GC KIM
• Car in/out flow

1.56M  1.27M (-18.6%)
• Public transport rider-ship
–Bus: + 6~10 %
–Subway: + 6~9 %

Dec. 2008
Changes
Environment GC KIM
 Air
 No2: 69.7  46.0 ppb (-34%)
 PM10: 74.0  60.0 μg/m3 (-19%)
 Water quality
 BOD: 100~250  1~2 ppm
 Noise level reduced
 Heat island effect relieved
 Wind corridor created
Dec. 2008
Changes
Cooling effect GC KIM
Thermal image
27 July 2005
37o 36o
28o 36o
Average 32.7oC -3.6oC Average 36.3oC

Cheong Gye Cheon Nearby street
Dec. 2008
Transport Mode Share GC KIM
Total Trips of Seoul Transport Mode: 31mil(’05) Trips/day
(%)
40
Bus + Subway
35
 62%(‘04) → 62.8%(‘06)
BUS
30 SUBWAY  0.8% ( + 251,096 Trips/day)
CAR
25
20
1996 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
BUS 30.1 26 25.6 26.2 27.5 27.8
SUBWAY 29.4 34.6 35.6 35.8 34.8 35
CAR 24.6 26.9 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.1
(year)
5
Dec. 2008
Achievements of Reform 1/2 GC KIM
Increase in Passengers Increase in Fare Revenue

(Thousand Persons per day) (Thousand USD per day)
4,600 4,463 3,200
Subway Subway
4,200 2,784
2,800
3,827
3,800 2,577
Bus Bus
2,400
3,400
3,000 2,000
Before STR Beginning Transition Stability Before STR Beginning Transition Stability
('04.1~6) ('04.7~12) ('05.1~6) ('05.7~11) ('04.1~6) ('04.7~12) ('05.1~6) ('05.7~11)
Increase in Speed On-time Operation

(Km/hour) Before After Differen Before After
Jun 2004 Dec 2004 ce
Dobong-Mia Bus 11.0 22.0 11.0↑
Road Car 18.5 21.6 3.1↑ Headway 5 ~ 15 Min 5 ~ 15 Min
Susaek- Bus 13.1 21.5 8.4↑
Seongsan Car 20.3 22.3 2.0↑
Road Punctuality
Kangnam Bus 13.0 17.3 4.3↑ (Variation 0.537 0.493
Road Car 18.0 18.6 0.6↑ Coefficient)

Dec. 2008
Seoul Transport
GC KIM
Achievements of Reform 2/2 Reform

Air Pollution Traffic Accidents
(No. per Month)
2003 2004 2005
1,000
Casualtie
CO(Ton) 748.3 623.8 488.0 800
s
No. of
Accident
NOx(Ton) 2,074.6 1,799.7 1,694.1 600 s
HC(Ton) 356.6 358.6 332.4 400
PM(Ton) 45.1 36.2 27.3 200 before Early in Reform Transition Stabilized
('04.1~6) ('04.7~12) ('05.1~6) ('05.7~11)
Fuel Consumption Citizen’ Satisfaction

not satisfied fare satisfied
(%)
2003 2004 2005
51.8 54.7 49.2
50 47.2 56.0 49.9
Diese 54.2 43.6
Usage(1,000ℓ) 148,059 126,485 118,783
l 44.9 37.0
30 37.4 35.2 35.8 38.6
CNG Usage(1,000㎥) 33,955 41,7310 44,671 34.4 33.0 30.5 23.8
22.2
Total Fuel Cost (KRW 10 15.4 15.3 17.8 13.2
64,816 58,685 56,033 13.0 10.9 11.0 15.0
M)
7/1 7/2 7/5 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 9/23 10/28
Difference of Cost(%) - △ 9.5 △ 4.5

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
KSF
&
Recommendation

Dec. 2008
Road Supply <<< Car Demand GC KIM
See Future

Dec. 2008
Key Recommendation GC KIM
“ Long term View ”

 Leading Mega –Trend (social change)
“ Short term Action program ”
 special, detail : Make it Clear
1) What is the Vision ? (World Best Transit City)

2) What is the Goal, Strategic Keyword ?
( Competitiveness Public Transport )
3) What is my “Mission Statement” ?
 Target Year, Numeric measurement
( Take Transit, Enjoy more time for Life ; 75% by Transit )

Dec. 2008
Your People First, Vehicle Second

GC KIM
Core Value is on People-Oriented Transport.
People; on Rock, vs. Machine; on Carpet

Value ? Machine >>>> Human
Human killed by machine!!
Dec. 2008
INTEGRATION ISSUE in SEOUL GC KIM
Public Transit TDM

Station , Network Congestion Pricing
Information Re design+re-spacing
Org., Fare
Emission Control
Land Use Planning Diesel car surveillance
TOD (Long term) Fine system
○ IT System Solution ? ○ Political WILL ?
○ Marketing & Executing of policy ?
 User’s View point

Dec. 2008
Implementation of reform GC KIM
Mayor Mr.Lee
& his team
headed by Mr.
Eum, started
reform
planning Agreement on Openning of new bus route
“quasi-public bus and numbering, fare system, Completed “Cheong-
operation system” smart card and MBL gae” restoration
Jul 2002 Feb 2004 Jul 2004 Oct 2005

Phase Ⅰ Phase Ⅱ Phase Ⅲ
Jul 2003 May 2004 Jul 2005 Sep 2005
Started “Cheong-gae” Seoul Plaza Transfer centers and TOPIS Started Seoul
stream restoration opened opened metro reform

Dec. 2008
Leadership GC KIM
○ Citizen (YMCA, NGO, Assembly, Pubic hearing)

○ Expert group (Research, Planning, Priority)
○ IT Initiatives (Technology leads, Feasibility Study)
Mayor’s Leadership
(Administration, Action)

Dec. 2008
Leadership, Guru : GC KIM
Mayor’s
Ken
M.B. Lee,
Livingstone,
Seoul
London

Dec. 2008
Key Messages from Seoul GC KIM
○MY Authority First, and Ask others

Take Transit, NO-AUTO
○War against Auto, Dancing with Transit Users

With Users, Operators, Gov :Win+Win+Win
WHY? : Public Transit
(reduce social cost, externality)
○Change your budget for your people

firstly, Safe Ped & Bicycle Network ,
NO AUTO network in city.
Dec. 2008
Key Messages from SEOUL GC KIM
○ Make Success Story dramatically

(Leadership, Package Approach (rail + bus))
ex) BRT with Restructuring ALL

re-Coloring, re-Routing, Free Transfer,
re-Spacing, delete M-way+Parking Lot,
Use IT for exciting Transit

Dec. 2008
Questions GC KIM
• Why we need urban & transit system reform?

• Who initiate the reform?
• How and when do & execute this reform?
• What are these tasks, roles and strategies?
• What can we learn from success stories?
“ Economic, Environmental Crisis(危機 ) ”

Chinese expression for CRISIS consist of 2 characters,
First is a symbol for Danger, Second OPPORTUNITY

Dec. 2008
Recommendation
GC KIM
Please DO break away from

NATO (no action talk only)
Think your future

3-win, 5 principle: E E E G G
DO START IT NOW!
Dec. 2008
Break fixture, Think differently, Eco-Efficiently GC KIM
for your People + Country

Invite YOU
to see Seoul
from
Dream Maker
(gckim@sdi.re.kr)
What time is it ?
It is TIME to change from Auto to GREEN Transit
Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Please do love CheonGyeChen.

(Video)

Dec. 2008
Seoul Transport
GC KIM
Unified Fare System
Reform
Unified Fare Structure
“Transaction Unit”
A chain of sequential ride records comprising a trip from an origin to a final destination.
Each ride record should be completed by its alighting-record.
No more-than-30-minute intervals do not exit between an alighting and the next boarding
No more than 4 transfer rides are allowed in a transaction unit.
Fare Structure
Subway (single ride) : Basic Fare W900 for 12 Km
Distance-based Fare W100 for 6Km up to 42Km and for 12Km beyond
 Bus [single ride] : Flat Fare W900( Trunk), W600 or W400(Feeder)
 Transaction Unit : a single combined system is applied.
The basic fare (for 10Km) for a transaction unit is the highest one in the chain.
Beyond 10Km, the distance-based fare( currently, 100 Won for 5km ) is added.
However, if the combined fare of the unified fare system for a transaction
unit is higher than the sum of independent fares in the transaction unit, the
latter is collected.

Dec. 2008
Unified Fare System Seoul Transport
GC KIM
Reform
Fare Collection System
Operators collect fares not for itself,

The Whole
instead but for the whole system
System
Collections are made at boardings and alightings

Collection Collections are made for the maximum fare of certainty up to the
moment
At a boarding, the maximum basic fare up to this ride within the

At a boarding chain and the amount of penalty, if any, are determined.
If the basic fare of this boarding is less than the previous
maximum basic fare, then no fare is charged for this ride.
Else, the difference between the current basic fare and the
previous maximum basic fare is collected.
At an alighting, the fare for the chain up to this alighting is determined and
the difference between the newly determined fare and the total collected
At an alighting fare for the chain before this alighting is collected.
If tagging is made at alighting, fare collection is completed up to the
alighting.
Penalty: If tagging is not made at an alighting, the transfer before the alighting is not a valid transfer.
The fare for the ride of the alighting should be recalculated at the next ride.
The diff.( new-old) should be collected as a penalty for not tagging at an alight.

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Reform
Fare Settlement Scheme
Scheme
요구사항1 조기파악을 위한 협의체 운영
The part of distance-based fare, collected by transits, belongs to the transit

operators.
Scheme
The rest is shared by the operators in the transaction unit .
Scheme
The distribution rate for an operator is the proportion of its basic fare to the sum of
the basic fares of all ride records in the chain.

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Reform
Application of unified fare system on a chain
Collection
Subway(BF:W800)
44Km
Boarding Alighting Bus(BF:W800)
W800 W600 19Km

Subway(BF:W800)
Fare Structure of Subway
Boarding Alighting
Basic Fare W800 for 12 Km 0 W500 14Km
Distance-based Fare W100 for Boarding Alighting
6Km up to 42Km and for 12Km
Fare Structure of Bus
beyond 0 W300
Flat Fare W800
Ind. Fare:W1400
Ind. Fare W900
Sum of Ind. Fares:

W3,100
Total Length 77Km Unified Fare : W2,200원
Settlement
• Distance-based Fare of Subway (1) for 32km, W600원, to Subway(1) Sub(1): 500+600=1,100
• Distance-based Fare of Subway(2) for 2km, W100, to Subway(2) Bus : 500
• The rest, W1,500, distributed to Subway(1), Bus, and Subway(2) by the Sub(2): 500+100=600
ratio 8:8:8

Dec. 2008
GC KIM
Reform
Penalty Case
Collection
Feeder Bus(W500)
9Km
Bus(W800) Feeder Bus(W500)
Boardin Alightin
g g ?Km 5Km
500 0 Boardin Alightin
g g Boarding Alighting
300 No Tag 500 0
+ 500
Collected Fare: Penalty
1,300
Settlement Collected Fare : 1,000 = 500+500
Feeder 500+Bus 300+500(Penalty)
Distribution Rate: Feeder:Bus= 5:8
Feeder : 500
Bus : 800 Feeder: 500

08dec22 TransitREFORM GCKIM Seoul

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08dec22 TransitREFORM GCKIM Seoul

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Dec.

Dr. GyengChul Kim

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Seoul MG: 10.3 Million

Geographical Features of Seoul

Seoul is naturally blessed with picturesque mountains,

• SMG = 25 “Gu”( city, district )/ Area : 605.4

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

• Seoul M.G. : Overview GC KIM

□ Population : 10.4 M (Great Seoul : 24M /48% of Korea)

Buses # buses : 9(thousand), # Route 500(Private)

Subway 350km : 8 lines+KR, Four Op-Com.(Public)

Auto car # Veh : 3 M,

Korean War (1950-1953) GC KIM

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

After Korean War : Urbanization GC KIM

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Seoul Population Overview GC KIM

Occupying 22% of population, one of the highest population

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Poor quality service of bus in 60-70’s GC KIM

CBD Seoul 1974 , after remove Tram 1960s

Poor quality of bus in 60-70’s GC KIM

200 passengers on a bus(60~70 limit)

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Population & Vehicles GC KIM

□ Population : doubled □ Registered vehicles : 46 times

Population of Seoul Registered vehicles in Seoul

6,000 Thousands 1,500

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Gridlock in SEOUL in 90’s GC KIM

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Transportation Problems in Seoul GC KIM

 Increase of Congestion Cost

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Transportation Problems in Seoul GC KIM

• Expansion of Metropolitan (including Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon)

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Pax-veh Bus Subway Others

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Transportation Problems in Seoul GC KIM

• Air Pollution Level

• Air Pollution Main

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Mountain city bowl, weak for Air Pollution

Gridlock in SEOUL in 90’s GC KIM

Air Pollution (Cancer)

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Decision by election manifesto: July 2002

Strategy (PUSH + PULL) GC KIM

□ CAR Space : Urban Space REFORM

□ Transit Sys Reform:Multi-Modal Integration

□ Reform Transit System : (Video)

Take Transit, Enjoy More Time for Life SDI

Measures of Seoul Transport Reform GC KIM

Integration of Public Transport Network

Technological Innovation Improvement of Mgmt.

Enhancement of Environment for Bus and Pedestrians

Revenue System Change GC KIM