Epic Vs Apple - Epic's Reply

Case 4:20-cv-05640-YGR Document 90 Filed 09/18/20 Page 1 of 21
1 Paul J. Riehle (SBN 115199)

paul.riehle@faegredrinker.com
2 FAEGRE DRINKER BIDDLE & REATH LLP
Four Embarcadero Center
3 San Francisco, California 94111
Telephone: (415) 591-7500
4 Facsimile: (415) 591-7510
5 Christine A. Varney (pro hac vice)

cvarney@cravath.com
6 Katherine B. Forrest (pro hac vice)
kforrest@cravath.com
7 Gary A. Bornstein (pro hac vice)
gbornstein@cravath.com
8 Yonatan Even (pro hac vice)
yeven@cravath.com
9 Lauren A. Moskowitz (pro hac vice)
lmoskowitz@cravath.com
10 M. Brent Byars (pro hac vice)
mbyars@cravath.com
11 CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
825 Eighth Avenue
12 New York, New York 10019
Telephone: (212) 474-1000
13 Facsimile: (212) 474-3700
14 Attorneys for Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.
15 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
16 OAKLAND DIVISION
17
18
Case No. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR
19 EPIC GAMES, INC.,
REPLY MEMORANDUM OF POINTS
20 Plaintiff, AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF
PLAINTIFF EPIC GAMES, INC.’S
21 vs. MOTION FOR A PRELIMINARY
22 INJUNCTION
APPLE INC.,
23 Date: September 28, 2020 at 9:30 a.m. (via
Defendant. Zoom Platform)
24
Courtroom: 1, 4th Floor
25 Judge: Hon. Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers
26
27
28
EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 Page
3 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ......................................................................................................... iii
4 TABLE OF CITED DOCUMENTS .............................................................................................. iv
5 I. LEGAL STANDARD ..........................................................................................................3
6 II. EPIC IS HIGHLY LIKELY TO SUCCEED ON THE MERITS. .......................................4
7 A. Apple’s Conduct Violates Section 2 of the Sherman Act. .......................................4
8 1. Apple has a monopoly in the iOS App Distribution Market. ......................4
9 2. Apple unlawfully maintains its app distribution monopoly.........................5
10 B. Apple’s Conduct Violates Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. ...........................7
11 1. Apple ties app distribution to in-app payment processing. ..........................7
12 2. Under the rule of reason, Apple’s conduct has anti-competitive
effects. ..........................................................................................................9
13
3. Apple’s procompetitive justifications are pretextual. ..................................9
14
III. EPIC WILL SUFFER IRREPARABLE HARM ABSENT AN INJUNCTION. ..............10
15
IV. THE BALANCE OF HARMS STRONGLY FAVORS EPIC. .........................................12
16
V. EPIC’S REQUESTED RELIEF WOULD FURTHER THE PUBLIC INTEREST. ........14
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EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM ii CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
2 Cases Page(s)
3
Acquaire v. Canada Dry Bottling Co.,
4 24 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 1994) ..................................................................................... 11, 12
5 FTC v. Qualcomm Inc.,

969 F.3d 974 (9th Cir. 2020)........................................................................................ 14
6
Germon v. Times Mirror Co.,
7 520 F.2d 786 (9th Cir. 1975)........................................................................................ 12
8 Milsen Co. v. Southland Corp.,
9 454 F.2d 363 (7th Cir. 1971)........................................................................................ 12
10 Newcal Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Office Sols.,

513 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2008)........................................................................................ 5
11
Ohio v. American Express Co.,
12 138 S. Ct. 2274 (2018) ................................................................................................... 8
13 S. Glazer’s Distribs. of Ohio, LLC v. Great Lakes Brewing Co.,
14 860 F.3d 844 (6th Cir. 2017)........................................................................................ 14
15 Teradata Corp. v. SAP SE,

2018 WL 6528009 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2018) ............................................................... 5
16
Theme Promotions, Inc. v. News Am. Mktg. FSI,
17 546 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2008).......................................................................................... 4
18 trueEX, LLC v. MarkitSERV Ltd.,
266 F. Supp. 3d 705 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) .......................................................................... 14
19
20 United States v. Microsoft Corp.,
253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001) ......................................................................................... 9
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM iii CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

TABLE OF CITED DOCUMENTS

1
Citation Document
2
Opening Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Notice of Motion
3
and Motion for a Preliminary Injunction and
4 Memorandum of Points and Authorities in
Support Thereof (ECF No. 61)
5
Opp’n Defendant Apple Inc.’s Opposition to Epic
6 Games, Inc.’s Motion for a Preliminary
Injunction (ECF No. 73)
7
Byars Declaration of M. Brent Byars in Support of
8
Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion for a
9 Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 61-1)
10 Evans Declaration of Dr. David S. Evans (ECF

No. 62)
11
Grant Declaration of Andrew Grant in Support of
12 Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion for
13 Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 63)
14 Penwarden Declaration of Nicholas Penwarden in Support

of Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion for a
16 Sweeney Declaration of Timothy Sweeney in Support of

Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion for a
18
Schiller Declaration of Philip W. Schiller in Support of
19 Defendant Apple Inc.’s Opposition to
Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction
20 (ECF No. 74)
21 Schmalensee Expert Declaration of Richard Schmalensee,
Ph.D (ECF No. 78)
22
Schmid Declaration of Mike Schmid in Support of
23
Defendant Apple Inc.’s Opposition to
24 Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction
(ECF No. 79)
25
Byars Reply Declaration of M. Brent Byars in Further
26 Support of Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion
for Preliminary Injunction (submitted herewith)
27
28
EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM iv CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

Evans Reply Second Declaration of Dr. David S. Evans

1 (submitted herewith)
2 Grant Reply Declaration of Andrew Grant in Further
for Preliminary Injunction (submitted herewith)
4
Sweeney Reply Declaration of Timothy Sweeney in Further
for a Preliminary Injunction (submitted
6 herewith)
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM v CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 This preliminary injunction motion is crucial, yet narrow. Epic seeks one thing only: to
2 offer consumers an alternative payment processing service that allows consumer choice and
3 lower prices while this litigation proceeds without retaliation. The issue is less complicated than
4 the voluminous legal arguments and technical jargon before the Court suggest. Epic is prepared
5 to do everything possible to allow this Court to resolve this case in an expeditious manner. At
6 that point, should Apple prevail, it can be made whole. But during the pendency of the case,
7 consumers should not be harmed by Apple’s overwhelming retaliation against Epic.
8 Apple’s papers try to make this dispute about Apple’s innovative products, rather than
9 Apple’s practices. Many monopolists start with extraordinary products, yet courts have to step in
10 if they use their power to stifle competition. Apple also tries to make this case about speculative
11 security concerns. But Apple routinely allows third-party payment processing in other apps,
12 including Amazon and Uber. And Apple identified no evidence that Epic’s direct payment, or
13 any Epic product, posed an actual security threat. Apple’s strawman arguments should not
14 distract from what is a simple situation supported by a long line of Supreme Court cases.
15 Turning to the merits, in its Opening Brief, Epic showed that Apple is a monopolist in
16 two markets, for iOS app distribution and for iOS in-app payment processing, and that it illegally
17 maintains its monopolies through unlawful contractual ties and technical restrictions that
18 foreclose all competition. Apple does not dispute its complete control over app distribution to
19 over a billion iOS users or over in-app payment processing, nor any of the restrictions that
20 maintain that control. Yet Apple baldly asserts “it is no monopolist”, asking this Court to believe
21 that iPhones are “interchangeable” with personal computers and gaming consoles. That assertion
22 is contrary to basic antitrust principles and common sense: a Sony PlayStation does not fit in
23 your pocket but a smartphone does.
24 Apple also argues that its web of restrictions is not anti-competitive because they create
25 an “integrated service” that is the basis of its “iPhone business model”. (Opp’n 19.) But Apple
26 cannot immunize these restrictions from antitrust scrutiny by labeling them a “business model”.
27 Nor can Apple credibly insist that IAP is an inseparable aspect of the App Store—that they are a
28 “single” product—when (a) Apple already allows many apps to use alternative pay options, and
EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 (b) many in-app transactions occur days, months, or years after the app is downloaded from the
2 App Store. Apple also cannot dispute direct evidence of separate demand for payment
3 processing services, including (a) the robust demand for such services on eligible categories of
4 iOS apps and open platforms, and (b) Apple’s new disclosure that over the years Apple has
5 terminated the accounts of no fewer than 2,000 developers who introduced alternative payment
6 processors. It is clear that developers are clamoring for competition.
7 Apple also does not dispute that its termination of Epic from its Developer Program
8 would cause irreparable harm to Epic, Fortnite players, Epic’s Unreal Engine customers, and
9 customers of those customers—in essence, that it is dispensing collective punishment. Instead of
10 denying these harms to Epic and third parties, Apple argues that the Court should ignore them.
11 First, it argues Epic “created the current situation” by offering alternative payment processing,
12 “knowing that Apple would invoke its contractual right” to terminate Epic. (Id. at 2.) But Epic
13 is doing precisely what the Supreme Court has instructed that Epic is entitled to do: refuse to
14 comply with anti-competitive contractual conditions. Epic and the public should be protected
15 from Apple’s retaliation. Apple has no valid response.
16 Second, Apple repeatedly invokes “security” and “privacy” as justifications for
17 terminating Epic from its Developer Program, claiming that its retaliation somehow benefits
18 consumers. But Apple has not pointed to a single security issue relating to Epic’s direct payment
19 option, any of Epic’s apps, or Unreal Engine. Absent any evidence of harm to any user, Apple
20 argues that the widely used hotfix update mechanism itself was malicious. But as Epic showed
21 in its Opening papers, using hotfixes to serve updated content is common industry practice, and
22 Apple does not dispute that the Fortnite app has openly used them for years without objection.
23 Moreover, the hotfix update has come and gone, and Epic submitted several Fortnite builds
24 expressly disclosing Epic’s direct payment option. Apple rejected them all, and still proceeded
25 to terminate Epic’s Developer Program account. Apple’s retaliation is not directed against the
26 method by which Epic introduced competing payment processing functionality; Apple is
27 objecting to the fact that Epic introduced competition offering consumers lower prices. Apple is
28 not protecting consumers; it is protecting its monopoly and its bottom line.
EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 2 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 Finally, Apple’s papers contain a number of half-truths and outright falsities intended to
2 paint Epic as a bad actor. Epic cannot catalogue them all here but notes a few examples below:
3 (1) Apple asserts that Epic eliminated IAP from Fortnite. This is false. Epic’s hotfix
4 update offered IAP and Epic direct pay side-by-side. IAP remained available in Fortnite until
5 Apple blocked IAP upon termination of Epic’s Team ID ’84 account. (Grant Reply ¶¶ 38-39.)
6 (2) Apple asserts that the August 13 release has security risks. That is false. Apple has
7 not presented a shred of evidence that there is any security issue.
8 (3) An Apple declarant asserts that in 2018, Epic breached its agreement with Sony to
9 launch cross-platform play without Sony’s consent. (Schmid ¶ 19.) That is false. Sony
10 announced the availability of cross-platform play in September 2018 with Epic as one of the first
11 participants in the new program. (Sweeney Reply ¶ 7, Ex. A.)
12 (4) Apple claims Epic brought this case to revive supposedly waning interest in Fortnite,
13 alleging a 70% decline in “interest” between October 2019 and July 2020. (Opp’n 11.) But
14 Apple cherry-picked Google Trends data concerning Google search volumes, misleadingly
15 starting from a one-week spike that took place in October 2019 when Epic ran an in-game event
16 that captured global attention. Fortnite users increased over that period. (Sweeney Reply ¶ 18.)
17 (5) Apple argues that “Epic’s own app marketplace charges users and developers a
18 commission” just like IAP. (Opp’n 6 & n.7.) But the Epic Games Store offers developers the
19 choice that Apple does not: they can use Epic’s payment processor for in-app purchases, or they
20 can use another payment processor and pay Epic nothing. (Sweeney Reply ¶ 24.)
21 (6) Apple claims it placed Fortnite billboards in Times Square and LA Live, at its
22 expense to the benefit of Epic. But the billboards actually promoted the availability of
23 Marshmello’s concert playlist on Apple Music. (Sweeney Reply ¶¶ 20-22, Ex. B.)
24 Epic looks forward to demonstrating at trial the unlawfulness of Apple’s conduct. In the
25 meantime, an injunction should issue.
26 I. LEGAL STANDARD
27 Apple does not dispute that Epic must satisfy the Winter test. (Opp’n 14.) Apple
28 nonetheless suggests that this test is harder to meet here because the injunction sought is

1 “mandatory” instead of “prohibitory”. (E.g., Opp’n 14-15.) Apple is wrong. The requested
2 injunction here is prohibitory; Epic seeks an order prohibiting Apple from retaliating against
3 Epic in any way on account of Epic’s introduction of a competitive alternative to Apple’s IAP.
4 (Opening ii (requesting an order prohibiting retaliation and undoing retaliatory actions taken).)
5 In any event, Epic satisfies the four preliminary injunction factors as applied to the relief sought.
6 II. EPIC IS HIGHLY LIKELY TO SUCCEED ON THE MERITS.
7 A. Apple’s Conduct Violates Section 2 of the Sherman Act.
8 1. Apple has a monopoly in the iOS App Distribution Market.
9 In its Opening brief, Epic established a relevant product market for distribution of apps
10 compatible with iOS to users of mobile devices running iOS: the iOS App Distribution Market.
11 Apple does not and cannot dispute its complete control over this market. Instead, Apple argues
12 in its Opposition that Epic defined the market too narrowly. Not so.
13 Apple argues that there are “alternative means to distribute Fortnite”, and therefore, that
14 the market here must include “at least” distribution on other platforms on which Fortnite can be
15 played. (Opp’n 16.) That is inconsistent with basic antitrust principles. Markets are commonly
16 defined by applying the hypothetical monopoly test, which “asks whether a monopolist in the
17 proposed market could profitably impose a small but significant and nontransitory price
18 increase” on the monopolized product to a specified set of customers. Theme Promotions, Inc. v.
19 News Am. Mktg. FSI, 546 F.3d 991, 1002 (9th Cir. 2008); (Evans Reply ¶ 57). The iOS App
20 Distribution Market accordingly includes all the ways by which app developers generally
21 (including, but not limited to, Epic) could (absent Apple’s restrictions) distribute apps to the
22 billion users of iOS devices. (Evans ¶¶ 52-54.) A hypothetical monopolist in iOS app
23 distribution could profitably impose a price increase on iOS app developers (Apple does just
24 that). That is because distributing apps to users of other platforms is not an adequate substitute,
25 from the developer’s perspective, for accessing the one billion iOS users. (Id. ¶¶ 41-42.)
26 For example, by distributing on Android, a developer does not reach the billion users of
27 iOS devices because users typically do not have mobile devices on both OSs. As for distribution
28 on game consoles, many apps require mobility or are not games playable on a console.

1 Moreover, many millions of iOS users do not have those alternative devices. And even for those
2 iOS users who do have alternatives at home, they are generally not portable and must be hooked
3 up to a television or monitor and electrical outlet; even laptop computers are too large to fit in a
4 pocket or a purse. The smartphone is unique: there is simply no other device that fits in your
5 pocket and can be used anywhere and at any time. As the data show, of the Fortnite users on
6 iOS, 63% access Fortnite only on iOS. (Sweeney Reply ¶ 17.) Those users, and iOS users more
7 generally, are not accessible through distribution on other platforms.
8 Epic also explained in its Opening brief (at 13-14), and Epic’s expert opined, how the
9 iOS App Distribution Market reflects the characteristics of the single-brand market defined in
10 Newcal Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Office Sols., 513 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2008): The primary market
11 consists of OSs for smartphones or tablets; Apple has market power in the primary market; and
12 competition for smartphone (or tablet) OSs cannot constrain Apple in the aftermarkets. (Evans
13 ¶¶ 25-30; Compl. ¶¶ 156-83.) Apple contends that Epic has “no basis” to argue that
14 “components of Apple’s integrated offerings should be considered separately”, and that “this is
15 not an aftermarket case”. (Opp’n 16-17.) But Newcal is that basis, and Apple cites no support
16 that Newcal does not apply where a monopolist chooses to label its conduct in the downstream
17 market as an “integrated offering”. See Teradata Corp. v. SAP SE, 2018 WL 6528009 at *17
18 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2018) (aftermarket properly alleged despite defendant labeling its tied and
19 tying products as “integrated”). Indeed, it is Apple’s decision to contractually coerce developers
20 to “integrate” its downstream offering that constitutes Apple’s anti-competitive conduct.
21 2. Apple unlawfully maintains its app distribution monopoly.
22 Epic described in detail the web of technical and contractual restrictions Apple employs
23 to ensure that consumer apps may be distributed on iOS solely through its own App Store,
24 thereby unlawfully maintaining its monopoly over the iOS App Distribution Market. (Opening
25 12-15.) Apple does not dispute that it imposes the restrictions Epic identified. Instead, it claims
26 these are legal for two reasons, neither of which is availing.
27 First, Apple contends its technical and contractual restrictions are legal because there are
28 “alternative distribution options”. (Opp’n 18.) As discussed above, that is factually and legally

1 incorrect—there are no alternative options to distribute consumer apps to iOS users, and through
2 the restrictions, Apple maintains a complete monopoly in the iOS App Distribution Market.
3 Second, Apple says it need not provide “unfettered and uncompensated use of its own
4 technology”. (Id.) That statement mischaracterizes Epic’s argument. Microsoft is compensated
5 for its investment in Windows without forcing all transactions on Windows PCs through a single
6 store that it controls. Apple can be too. Apple just cannot use its market power to force
7 developers to use its own services to the exclusion of all others. Epic is ready, willing, and able
8 to compete by offering distribution services that would compete with Apple’s; Epic (like other
9 would-be distributors) has been blocked from doing so by Apple’s anti-competitive conduct.
10 (Sweeney ¶¶ 12-14.) Apple’s investment in iOS does not give it unfettered rights to maintain a
11 monopoly in related, downstream markets, and Apple cites no case law suggesting otherwise.
12 Apple also tries to justify its total control of all iOS consumer app distribution by
13 pointing to the need for security. (Opp’n 5.) This is a pretext. There are many methods to
14 secure a platform aside from controlling all consumer app distribution. Indeed, Apple already
15 has implemented many of those methods on iOS through the OS design, not through App Store
16 control. (Grant Reply ¶¶ 30-35.) Apple does not control all app distribution on macOS.
17 (Sweeney ¶ 10.) Apple already allows certain entities on iOS to download directly from the
18 Internet and bypass the App Store. (Grant ¶¶ 5, 14.) Apple is also aware that security could be a
19 factor on which different app stores could compete; if Apple’s App Store could in fact offer
20 better security than all other stores, Apple could use this security advantage to prevail in a
21 competitive market. Epic does not claim that Apple cannot participate in the iOS app
22 distribution marketplace. Epic argues that Apple cannot use its market power to monopolize app
23 distribution and that Apple should fairly compete in that market.
24 Finally, Apple asserts that “Epic’s antitrust theories . . . have nothing to do with Unreal
25 Engine, and thus cannot support that aspect of the requested injunction”. (Opp’n 18 n.17.) But it
26 was Apple that brought Unreal Engine into this dispute when it overreached in its retaliation
27 against Epic by threatening to destroy the ability of Unreal Engine to provide third-party user
28 tools for iOS and macOS development. Now it is absolutely relevant to Epic’s claims. For

1 assessing likelihood of success on the merits, Apple’s retaliation against Unreal Engine is further
2 evidence of the absolute power Apple wields on iOS and the lengths to which Apple will go to
3 maintain its monopolies.1 Apple’s express purpose of attacking Epic’s ability to develop Unreal
4 Engine was to force Epic into submission and ensure compliance with Apple’s anti-competitive
5 scheme. (Opp’n 28.) An injunction protecting Epic’s products including Unreal Engine would
6 curtail the scope of Apple’s anti-competitive conduct. 2
7 B. Apple’s Conduct Violates Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act.
8 Apple does not dispute that it contractually conditions developers’ ability to distribute
9 iOS apps on their agreement to use solely Apple’s own IAP to process all in-app payments for
10 digital content and that it thereby forecloses all competition for the processing of such payments.
11 That is unlawful per se and rule of reason tying and monopoly maintenance. (Opening 15-23.)
12 1. Apple ties app distribution to in-app payment processing.
13 Epic has shown the first element of tying: two separate products. Under the purchaser
14 demand test, app distribution is a separate product from in-app payment processing for digital
15 content because there is demand for in-app payment processing separate and apart from demand
16 for distribution services. In-app purchases occur days, months, or years after an app has been
17 downloaded to a user’s device. But for Apple’s IAP restrictions, these purchases would be
18 between the developer and the consumer. (Evans Reply ¶ 29.) In its Opening brief (at 17), Epic
19 provided examples where software developers use different in-app payment processors than that
20 of the provider of the software distribution services. Epic also pointed to its own experience that
21 there is user demand for in-app payment processing from a provider other than Apple. (Id.)
22 Apple itself provides further examples. On September 11, 2020, Apple amended its App Store
23 Review Guidelines to liberate from its IAP requirement “app[s] . . . only sold directly by
24 [developers] to organizations or groups for their employees or students” and “app[s that] enable[]
25 1
In the same vein, to maximize its retaliatory threats to Epic, Apple recently threatened to
shut down Sign in with Apple following its termination of the ’84 account, potentially leaving
26 hundreds of thousands of Epic users locked out of their accounts. (Grant Reply ¶¶ 16-25.)
2
27 Apple argues that “Epic’s defective theory of monopoly maintenance does not provide any
legal basis for a preliminary injunction that is independent from its flawed tying theory.” (Opp’n
28 18.) If Epic is likely to prevail on monopoly maintenance, the requested injunction would be a
partial remedy. (Opening 12.)

1 the purchase of realtime person-to-person experiences between two individuals”. (Byars Reply
2 Ex. F §§ 3.1.3(c), (d).) Apple also disclosed that it previously has terminated “over 2,000
3 [developer] accounts for introducing a non-IAP payment method”. (Opp’n 8.) Clearly, separate
4 demand exists. Schmalensee ¶¶ 46-54 and Schiller ¶ 45, on which Apple relies to argue that “no
5 demand exists for IAP that is separate from distribution via the App Store” (Opp’n 20), do not
6 rebut the evidence of separate demand. 3
7 Apple also argues (Opp’n 20-21 n.19) that the two-sided nature of iOS gives Apple a
8 license to foreclose all competition in the iOS aftermarkets. But Ohio v. American Express Co.,
9 138 S. Ct. 2274, 2286 (2018), held only that both sides of a two-sided market must be
10 considered, not that all downstream aftermarkets must be considered part of the primary market
11 if the primary market is two-sided.
12 Here, Epic has shown that Apple ties these two separate products. Apple’s argument that
13 “[t]here is no . . . conditioning here” because “[d]evelopers are free to adopt other business
14 models that do not include in-app digital purchases” (Opp’n 19) is misguided. Under Apple’s
15 rules, the only way to distribute consumer apps on iOS is through the App Store. The only way
16 to sell in-app digital content on iOS is through IAP (subject to Apple’s arbitrary unilaterally
17 determined exceptions). That is conditioning, and that is a tie. The fact that some participants
18 who are injured by a monopolist’s unlawful acts may leave or decline to enter the market does
19 not absolve the monopolist. Indeed, that is anti-competitive harm, as Apple’s former CEO
20 himself recognized. (Byars Reply Ex. I (a developer cannot “buy/rent/subscribe from iOS
21 without paying us [Apple], which we acknowledge is prohibitive for many things”).) 4
22 3
Schmalensee, for example, argues that IAP is not just a payment processing service, but a
“system” providing “a safe and secure marketplace”. (Schmalensee ¶ 50.) Yet he ignores that
23 developers choosing other payment processing services where allowed by Apple, such as for the
Amazon or Uber iOS apps, demonstrates that separate demand exists.
24 4
Apple does not address Epic’s argument that Apple’s tying affects a not insubstantial
25 amount of commerce in the iOS In-App Payment Processing Market. (Opening 18-19.) Apple
argues that there is no per se tying because it integrates “its StoreKit APIs into the App Store
26 software platform”. (Opp’n 21.) But Epic has always said that IAP can be one of the options
available to iOS developers and users so long as the market is open to competition. There is no
27 technological reason that developers must integrate StoreKit APIs, rather than the APIs of
alternative payment processors. Microsoft did not undo the line of cases that apply the per se
28 standard to “contractual ties”. See United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34, 89-95 (D.C.
Cir. 2001).

2. Under the rule of reason, Apple’s conduct has anti-competitive effects.

1
In its Opening brief (at 20), Epic explained how Apple forecloses competition in the iOS
2
In-App Payment Processing Market. The facts are simple: Epic offered a competing product
3
with lower prices, and Apple ejected Epic from the market. Apple now concedes that it has
4
taken similar steps against over 2,000 other developers seeking to introduce competition into the
5
iOS ecosystem. (Opp’n 8.) Foreclosure on this scale is clearly anti-competitive.
6
3. Apple’s procompetitive justifications are pretextual.
7
Apple argues that this undeniable competitive harm is justified by procompetitive
8
benefits. Apple is wrong. Apple invokes the word “security” or some variation thereof at least
9
15 times in its Opposition brief. (E.g., Opp’n 1, 3, 7-9, 27-30.) But security cannot justify the
10
complete foreclosure of competition in a huge part of the digital economy. And security is
11
clearly not the reason for these restrictions. Apple already allows alternative payment
12
mechanisms for iOS apps that provide real-world goods or services (Byars Reply Ex. F
13
§ 3.1.3(e)), enterprise services (id. § 3.1.3(c)), or person-to-person experiences (id. § 3.1.3(d)).
14
Likewise Apple does not mandate IAP for digital content purchased on Mac computers.
15
(Sweeney ¶ 10; Byars Ex. K § 7.) Thus, IAP plainly is not necessary to maintain the security of
16
Apple devices.
17
Similarly, Apple’s desire to be paid in a particular manner cannot justify its foreclosure
18
of the iOS In-App Payment Processing Market. (Opp’n 22-23.) As explained in Epic’s Opening
19
brief (at 20-23), Apple is entitled to payment for services that it provides, but it is not entitled to
20
force services onto users and developers when Apple’s services are not wanted. Apple
21
repeatedly points to its investment in “the tools, education, and support services that Apple
22
makes available to developers”, including Epic. (Opp’n 22.) The fact that Apple makes these
23
tools, education, and support available to developers is not related to the App Store or to public
24
good; Apple undertakes these investments to make the iOS platform more appealing to app
25
developers and users alike. Apple’s CEO has freely acknowledged this, as has one of Apple’s
26
experts. (Opening 21-22 & n.6.) Apple and Microsoft provide similar tools to developers of
27
macOS and Windows OS applications, even though neither controls the distribution of such
28

1 applications on PCs. (See Penwarden ¶ 5.)
2 Apple complains that “if the Court were to enjoin one piece of the extant model . . .
3 Apple would have to rework the entire system” and switch to one of the many other potential
4 models that it acknowledges are possible. (Opp’n 22-23.) That is exactly the point; Apple
5 should have to change the unlawful portions of its business model.
6 Apple argues that the “spectacular growth” of iOS is proof of the procompetitive benefits
7 of its conduct. (Id. at 22.) But Apple has done nothing to show that growth is attributable to the
8 conduct at issue—that is, that this growth is the result of Apple’s requirement that all consumer
9 app distribution occur through the App Store and that all in-app payment processing for digital
10 content occur through IAP.
11 Finally, Apple argues that the fact that “[o]ther app stores for computing platforms also
12 charge similar commissions, at a similar rate . . . is strong evidence” that Apple’s conduct is
13 procompetitive. (Id. at 23.) Not so. Google—the other duopolist for smartphone (or tablet)
14 OSs—is able to adopt the same anti-competitive policies Apple has adopted because it is a
15 monopolist in distribution of Android apps. (See Byars Reply Ex. G § 4.5; id. Ex. H.) As for
16 gaming consoles, the comparison is apples and oranges. Apple does not address the many
17 distinctions Epic has raised between gaming consoles and mobile devices. (Opening 22 n.7.)
18 And there is a wide diversity of practices among app stores on the open platforms of Windows
19 and macOS PCs (Evans Reply ¶ 12; Sweeney ¶ 10), demonstrating that competition benefits the
20 consumer. Thus, little can be inferred from adoption of Apple’s practices in other contexts.
21 III. EPIC WILL SUFFER IRREPARABLE HARM ABSENT AN INJUNCTION.
22 Apple does not dispute that removal of Fortnite from the App Store will cause many Epic
23 customers to give up on Fortnite and will undermine Epic’s ability to create the Fortnite
24 metaverse. Apple does not dispute that cutting off Epic’s access to developer tools will cause
25 millions of developers who rely on Unreal Engine to question the viability of the engine.
26 Instead, Apple’s argument is simply that since Epic changed its Fortnite app, Apple
27 should be able to do anything in retaliation. Apple also complains that Epic publicized the fight
28 to “engender goodwill”. (Opp’n 26.) Epic’s public statements were made to expose to the

1 public Apple’s anti-competitive conduct—which Apple takes pains to conceal. (Byars Reply
2 Ex. F § 3.1.3.) In any event, users and developers are blaming Epic for the effects of this fight,
3 with incalculable consequences to Epic’s goodwill, reputation, and competitive standing.
4 (Opening 25-29.) Apple does not grapple with this quintessential evidence of irreparable harm.
5 This leaves Apple’s main argument, that Epic’s harm should be ignored because it is self-
6 inflicted. That argument fails as a matter of law. In its Opening Brief, Epic discussed the long
7 line of U.S. Supreme Court precedent holding that the law does not penalize, but rather protects,
8 parties that challenge anti-competitive contract provisions, including when that challenge
9 involves non-compliance with the terms of those contracts. The Supreme Court has said courts
10 should not aid monopolists by enforcing unlawful provisions in contracts, and should not
11 penalize those who, in order to break out of the grip of a monopolist, breach such provisions.
12 These cases are binding precedent that serves the congressional intent of finding ways to ensure
13 that the competitive process maintains vibrancy. If Epic is correct and Apple is maintaining a
14 monopoly with anti-competitive contract restrictions, the Supreme Court instructs that what
15 Apple characterizes as self-inflicted should be understood as protective of competition.
16 Apple’s attempt to distinguish this line of binding precedents on the basis that they did
17 not involve injunctive relief (Opp’n 25) finds no support in the cases themselves, and is flatly
18 contradicted by Courts of Appeals precedent, cited in Epic’s Opening brief (at 24-25), including
19 Acquaire v. Canada Dry Bottling Co., 24 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 1994). The Acquaire court
20 recognized that if the plaintiffs there chose to “abide by [the] terms” of the defendant’s illegal
21 “promotional program”, the defendant would not have “withheld product” from them. Acquaire,
22 24 F.3d at 411. The Acquaire court outright rejected the defendant’s argument that the harm to
23 the plaintiffs, caused by their choice to reject the illegal provisions, was “self-inflicted”. Id. at
24 411-12. Epic was faced with a similar choice: if it chose, “with a simple keystroke”, 5 to
25 capitulate and provide Apple with a compliant version of Fortnite, Apple would return Fortnite
26
5
27 Apple argues that Epic cannot demonstrate irreparable harm because it “can solve its own
problems” “with a simple keystroke”. (Opp’n 23-24; see also id. at 2.) This is false, or at least
28 inconsistent with Apple’s statements to Epic. Apple has decreed that it “will deny [Epic’s]
reapplication to the Apple Developer Program for at least a year”. (Grant Ex. H.)

1 to the App Store and allow Epic to keep its Developer Program accounts. If it refused, Apple
2 would punish Epic by terminating its accounts, cutting off its access to tools, and more. Like the
3 Acquaire court, this Court should not discount irreparable harm based on the fact that Epic’s
4 choice was to take a stand and not abide by Apple’s anti-competitive policies. 6
5 IV. THE BALANCE OF HARMS STRONGLY FAVORS EPIC.
6 Absent relief, the harm to Epic will be significant. (See Section III above.) By contrast,
7 the parade of horribles Apple claims will occur if the injunction is granted is not credible.
8 Apple already allows many developers to offer direct payment as an alternative to IAP.
9 Apple did not reject Epic’s direct payment to protect iOS users—Apple rejected it because it
10 posed a competitive threat. Epic’s refusal to abide by Apple’s anti-competitive IAP tie does not
11 provide any support that Fortnite, Unreal Engine, or any other Epic app for that matter, would
12 become a source of malware. Apple’s entire security threat argument is destroyed by its own
13 practices that allow numerous other developers to offer direct payment.
14 Apple’s argument is that there is a possibility Epic’s payment service could
15 hypothetically create a future security issue—the “prospect that Epic’s alternative payment
16 system may compromise [users’] privacy or data security”. (Opp’n 27 (emphasis added).)
17 Apple offers no evidence to support this speculation. Numerous other developers already offer
18 direct pay safely. Epic direct pay has been on iOS for over a month. Apple has used this time to
19 dissect Epic direct pay to look for security threats. Apple’s failure to offer any evidence of such
20 a threat is conclusive. Apple already allows many payment processors other than IAP for real-
21 world goods or services (Byars Reply Ex. F § 3.1.3(e)), enterprise services (id. § 3.1.3(c)), or
22 person-to-person experiences (id. § 3.1.3(d)). Third-party payment processing is not a security
23
6
24 Milsen Co. v. Southland Corp., 454 F.2d 363 (7th Cir. 1971), is also on point. There, the
defendant attempted to terminate agreements because the plaintiffs had refused to pay certain
25 allegedly anti-competitive franchise fees due under the agreements. 454 F.2d at 364-65. The
court reversed the denial of a preliminary injunction because “defendants who are or may be
26 guilty of anticompetitive practices should not be permitted to terminate . . . when such
terminations would effectuate those practices”. Id. at 366; see also Germon v. Times Mirror Co.,
27 520 F.2d 786, 788 (9th Cir. 1975) (citing Milsen; “A termination might be enjoinable even if
done pursuant to contract, if the contractual clause . . . foster[s] an unlawful anticompetitive
28 scheme.”). By contrast, none of Apple’s cited cases (Opp’n 24) involved a party that refused to
abide by a contract because the contract was unlawful under the antitrust laws.

1 threat. Apple opposes Epic direct pay to protect its monopoly.
2 Similarly, restoring Fortnite to iOS would not increase the risk of Epic sneaking malware
3 into its apps or the Unreal Engine toolset. (Opp’n 28.) There is no such risk. Epic had apps on
4 the App Store for a decade. Fortnite has been on the store for two years. Unreal Engine has
5 powered apps on the App Store for many years. Epic is a respected, well-established company.
6 Epic’s CEO has sworn under oath that Epic does not and will not deal in malware (Sweeney
7 Reply ¶ 26), and Epic would suffer incalculable reputational harm if it tried to sneak in malware.
8 Using the well-established hotfix mechanism to serve a second payment option is not malware.
9 (Grant ¶¶ 16-22.) If Apple really believed this was a risk, it would not have requested that Epic
10 restore Fortnite to the App Store by providing a compliant build. (Id. at Ex. B; Opp’n 12.)
11 Apple would not be harmed by the requested injunction. Nothing about the requested
12 injunction would limit Apple’s ability to terminate accounts (or even developers) that harm users
13 by introducing malware, hurt security, or compromise privacy. Instead, the requested injunction
14 would limit only Apple’s ability to continue to use its absolute control over its digital platform to
15 instill existential fear in app developers and deter any challenge to its unlawful contractual terms.
16 That is hardly a “harm” that supports Apple’s opposition.
17 Apple suggests there is no harm to Epic because of Apple’s purported “right to terminate
18 the developer agreements at any time, for any reason . . . for any Epic affiliate”. (Opp’n 24.)
19 But the contracts do not permit Apple to terminate separate entities’ contracts for their affiliate’s
20 breach of a separate contract. Apple’s having done this thousands of times in the past is no
21 excuse. That a contract is “at will” does not suggest Epic would not suffer harm from its
22 termination—or that termination as part of a retaliatory anti-competitive scheme is proper.
23 Importantly, the threatened termination is intended to further Apple’s anti-competitive
24 scheme and deter resistance. As such, it is itself illegal. The law imposes a duty to deal on a
25 monopolist like Apple “when (1) it unilaterally terminates a voluntary and profitable course of
26 dealing; (2) the only conceivable rationale or purpose is to sacrifice short-term benefits in order
27 to obtain higher profits in the long run from the exclusion of competition; and (3) the refusal to
28 deal involves products that the defendant already sells in the existing market to other similarly

1 situated customers”. FTC v. Qualcomm Inc., 969 F.3d 974, 994-95 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal
2 quotations and alterations omitted). Here, Apple is attempting unilaterally to terminate voluntary
3 and profitable contacts, with the express purpose of eliminating competition, denying Epic
4 accounts and developer tools that Apple “makes . . . available” to all developers. (Opp’n 5-6.)
5 V. EPIC’S REQUESTED RELIEF WOULD FURTHER THE PUBLIC INTEREST.
6 Countless Fortnite users and developers who rely on Unreal Engine are collateral
7 damage to Apple’s collective punishment. (See Section III; Opening 25-29; Byars Ex. R-S.)
8 Apple does not dispute that harm to these users and developers is against the public interest.
9 Instead, Apple argues that “an injunction would contravene the public’s ‘strong interest
10 in holding private parties to their agreement[]’”. (Opp’n 29.) But that principle applies only to
11 lawful agreements, as Apple’s cited case recognizes. See S. Glazer’s Distribs. of Ohio, LLC v.
12 Great Lakes Brewing Co., 860 F.3d 844, 853-54 (6th Cir. 2017) (“The public . . . has an interest
13 in enforcing the [law],” and that “[b]ecause there is no conflict [between the contract and the
14 law], the public’s interest in enforcing private contracts weighs against the injunction”
15 (emphases added)). 7 This case is not about enforcing lawful private contracts. The contractual
16 provisions on which Apple relies and against which Epic has taken a stand are unlawful. Apple
17 does not dispute that enforcement of the antitrust laws furthers the public interest. (See Opening
18 at 23-25.) “Where the contractual right is alleged to violate the antitrust laws, the public interest
19 in antitrust enforcement and preservation of competition outweighs the interest in freedom of
20 contract.” trueEX, LLC v. MarkitSERV Ltd., 266 F. Supp. 3d 705, 726 n.143 (S.D.N.Y. 2017).
21 Apple’s suggestion that an injunction would place other App Store developers at a
22 competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis Epic is likewise meritless. (Opp’n 29.) Apple’s sudden
23 concern about equity and the concern that some app developers would “be forced to subsidize
24 the tools that allow Epic to succeed” rings hollow given Apple’s repeated assertion that over
25 80% of app developers pay nothing for those tools; presumably, in Apple’s view, they are
26 “subsidized” by those who do. Nor is it true that an injunction somehow would lead developers
27 to feel free to “compromise” users’ data. The requested injunction would not prevent Apple
28 7
Apple’s other cited cases do not involve allegations of unlawful contracts. (Opp’n 29.)

1 from enforcing rules that actually pertain to security or privacy. All it would do is prevent Apple
2 from retaliating against Epic for one thing only—the introduction of competition to IAP.
3 Apple’s attempt to downplay the harm it inflicts on users of Fortnite and Unreal Engine
4 is also unpersuasive. (Opp’n 9-10, 30.) Fortnite is a forum for shared experiences, including
5 concerts, movies, roundtables, and gaming. For the intensely social experience that Fortnite
6 offers, the loss of even 10% of users impacts the entire Fortnite community. Estranging all iOS
7 users has resulted in manifold more disrupted connections that affect non-iOS friends and family
8 who keenly feel the loss, and undermines Epic’s ability to reach the crucial mass necessary to
9 achieve the metaverse. (Sweeney ¶¶ 3, 24.) Contrary to Apple’s statement that “Unreal
10 Engine . . . is used by a minuscule fraction of iPhone apps” (Opp’n 30), Apple’s own witness
11 testified that “Unreal Engine is a popular development engine used by many developers on iOS
12 and other platforms.” (Schmid ¶ 20.) Unreal Engine has a community of 11 million developers
13 worldwide (Penwarden ¶ 2), and is used to develop some of the most popular games on the App
14 Store. (Penwarden ¶ 4; Sweeney ¶ 30.) Apple’s claim that its retaliation against Unreal Engine
15 would not harm developers because of the availability of Unity, an Unreal Engine competitor, is
16 false. Unreal Engine developers have put time and resources into projects reliant on Unreal
17 Engine, and moving away would cause them significant harm. (Sweeney Reply ¶ 29.) And the
18 removal from the market of one out of two primary engines currently available to developers
19 would likewise harm developers for years to come. (Id. ¶¶ 29-30; Penwarden ¶ 10.)
20 Finally, in this context as well, Apple argues that the public harm is of Epic’s making.
21 That is not the case, for all the reasons cited above. Epic properly refused to abide by unlawful
22 agreements. It is Apple that removed Fortnite from the App Store. It is Apple that threatened to
23 terminate access to tools used by other Epic businesses, including Unreal Engine. It is Apple
24 that threatened to terminate agreements that were not breached governing accounts and apps that
25 have nothing to do with Fortnite. Therefore, it is Apple that should be enjoined to prevent the
26 harm to third parties relying on Fortnite and other Epic businesses, including Unreal Engine.
27
28

Dated: September 18, 2020

1
Respectfully submitted,
2
3 By: /s/ Katherine B. Forrest
4
FAEGRE DRINKER BIDDLE & REATH
5 LLP
6
Paul J. Riehle
7 paul.riehle@faegredrinker.com
8 Four Embarcadero Center

San Francisco, California 94111
9 Telephone: (415) 591-7500
10 Facsimile: (415) 591-7510
11
CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
12
Christine A. Varney (pro hac vice)
13 cvarney@cravath.com
15 Gary A. Bornstein (pro hac vice)
yeven@cravath.com
17
Lauren A. Moskowitz (pro hac vice)
18 lmoskowitz@cravath.com
M. Brent Byars (pro hac vice)
19 mbyars@cravath.com
20 825 Eighth Avenue

New York, New York 10019
21
Telephone: (212) 474-1000
22 Facsimile: (212) 474-3700
23 Attorneys for Plaintiff

EPIC GAMES, INC.
24
25
26
27
28

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Case 4:20-cv-05640-YGR Document 86-1 Filed 09/18/20 Page 1 of 3
Exhibit A
9/18/2020 Case 4:20-cv-05640-YGR Document
Extended Fortnite Cross-Play 86-1 onFiled
Beta Launches 09/18/20
PS4 Starting Page 2 of 3
Today – PlayStation.Blog
September 26, 2018
Extended Fortnite Cross-Play Beta Launches on PS4 Starting Today

333 0 132
Cross-platform features are coming to PS4.
John Kodera
Deputy President, SIE
Following a comprehensive evaluation process, SIE has identified a path toward supporting cross-platform features
for select third party content. We recognize that PS4 players have been eagerly awaiting an update, and we
appreciate the community’s continued patience as we have navigated through this issue to find a solution.
The first step will be an open beta beginning today for Fortnite that will allow for cross platform gameplay,
progression and commerce across PlayStation 4, Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows,
and Mac operating systems. We see the beta as an opportunity to conduct thorough testing that ensures cross-
platform play is best on PlayStation, while being mindful about the user experience from both a technical and social
perspective.
For 24 years, we have strived to deliver the best gaming experience to our fans by providing a uniquely PlayStation
perspective. Today, the communities around some games have evolved to the point where cross-platform
experiences add significant value to players. In recognition of this, we have completed a thorough analysis of the
business mechanics required to ensure that the PlayStation experience for our users remains intact today, and in
the future, as we look to open up the platform.
This represents a major policy change for SIE, and we are now in the planning process across the organization to
support this change. We will update the community once we have more details to share, including more specifics
regarding the beta timeframe, and what this means for other titles going forward.
https://blog.playstation.com/2018/09/26/extended-fortnite-cross-play-beta-launches-on-ps4-starting-today/ 1/2
9/18/2020 Case 4:20-cv-05640-YGR Document
Extended Fortnite Cross-Play 86-1 onFiled
Beta Launches 09/18/20
PS4 Starting Page 3 of 3
Today – PlayStation.Blog
In the meantime, please stay tuned for more information via PlayStation.Blog and social channels,
including Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram
https://blog.playstation.com/2018/09/26/extended-fortnite-cross-play-beta-launches-on-ps4-starting-today/ 2/2
Exhibit B
tuvwxyz{ÿ}{~uÿtÿ}}}4:20-cv-05640-YGR
}tttDocument 87
Case Filed 09/18/20 Page 1 of 11
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Exhibit A
Alec Shobin <REDACTED epicgames.com>
Epic Games SiwA Migration

Alec Shobin <REDACTED @epicgames.com> Fri, Aug 28, 2020 at 10:58 PM
To: Mark Grimm <REDACTED @apple.com>, Robert Partington <rREDACTED @apple.com>
Cc: Jamal Fanaian <REDACTED @epicgames.com>, Graham Logan <REDACTED @epicgames.com>, Andrew Grant
REDACTED @epicgames.com>
Hey Mark,
We’d like to immediately migrate our existing Sign in with Apple from the terminated Epic Games Inc. account ‘84 and to a
different, new account specifically for this purpose (or provide other guidance to us). Please advise on next steps to do so
without breaking the process for users.
Thanks,
Alec
--
Alec Shobin
Publishing, Mobile | Epic Games
Exhibit B
Alec Shobin <REDACTED @epicgames.com>

Alec Shobin REDACTED @epicgames.com> Tue, Sep 1, 2020 at 10:36 AM
To: Mark Grimm <REDACTED @apple.com>, Robert Partington REDACTED @apple.com>
Cc: Jamal Fanaian <REDACTED @epicgames.com>, Graham Logan <REDACTED @epicgames.com>, Andrew Grant
<REDACTED @epicgames.com>
Hi Mark and Robert,
Following up on this. Can you confirm receipt and provide guidance on next steps?
Thank you,
-Alec
On Fri, Aug 28, 2020 at 10:58 PM Alec Shobin <REDACTED @epicgames.com> wrote:
Hey Mark,
We’d like to immediately migrate our existing Sign in with Apple from the terminated Epic Games Inc. account ‘84 and
to a different, new account specifically for this purpose (or provide other guidance to us). Please advise on next steps
to do so without breaking the process for users.
Thanks,
Alec
--
Alec Shobin
--
Alec Shobin
Exhibit C
Alec Shobin <REDACTED @epicgames.com>

Mark Grimm <REDACTED @apple.com> Thu, Sep 3, 2020 at 2:50 PM
To: Alec Shobin <REDACTED @epicgames.com>
Cc: Robert Partington <REDACTED @apple.com>, Jamal Fanaian <REDACTED @epicgames.com>, Graham Logan
<REDACTED @epicgames.com>, Andrew Grant <REDACTED @epicgames.com>
Dear Alec,
With the termination of Epic Games Inc.’s developer account, we cannot migrate your implementation of Sign In with
Apple to another developer account. Instead, I would recommend that your team build a custom flow to migrate users off
Sign In with Apple by collecting email addresses or asking users to select a different login method.
Best,
Mark Grimm | Partnership Manager, Games | REDACTED @apple.com | C: +1 (315) 254-7853

[Quoted text hidden]
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

OAKLAND DIVISION
)
) Case No. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR
EPIC GAMES, INC., )
)
Plaintiff, ) Date: September 28, 2020
)
v. ) Courtroom: 5, 17th Floor
)
APPLE INC., ) Judge: Hon. Yvonne Gonzalez
) Rogers
Defendant. )
)
Second Declaration of Dr. David S. Evans
September 18, 2020

Table of Contents
I. Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 1
A. Summary of Responses to Professor Schmalensee ...................................................................................... 1
B. Summary of Responses to Professor Hitt ..................................................................................................... 2
II. Professor Schmalensee’s Two-Sided Transaction Platform Analysis ......................................................... 4

A. Professor Schmalensee’s Conclusion that the App Store Is a Two-Sided Transaction Platform Conflates
the iOS Platform with the App Store and Assumes that the App Store Can Tie Distribution with Direct
Transactions Between Apps Users and Developers. .............................................................................................. 8
B. Calling the IAP App Administration Does Not Mean There Is No Tie.......................................................... 11
C. Calling a Product an Input into a Transaction, or a Component, Does Not Mean There Is No Separate
Material Demand for that Product and Does Not End the Antitrust Analysis ..................................................... 13
D. Professor Schmalensee Does Not Dispute Evidence That There Is Material Demand by Developers and
Consumers To Use Payment Processing Methods Other Than Those Provided by the Platform ......................... 14
E. Saying That Requiring Developers To Use IAP for In-App Purchases Supports Apple’s Investments Is No
Different Than Saying that a Tie Generates Revenue and Therefore Supports Investment................................. 18
F. The Analysis of Economic Efficiencies from Apple’s Practices Conflates the App Store and the iOS
Platform ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
III. Professor Hitt’s Analysis of Market Definition and Market Power Is Fatally Flawed ................................19
A. Professor Hitt Erroneously Focuses on Substitution Possibilities for Only a Single Customer, for a Single
Product, Rather Than on a Marketwide Basis ..................................................................................................... 20
B. Professor Hitt’s Analysis Contains Other Significant Flaws ........................................................................ 23
1. Use of Different Products in Different Circumstances Does Not Demonstrate That They Are
Substitutes ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
2. Professor Hitt Commits the Cellophane Fallacy .................................................................................... 24
3. Professor Hitt’s Focus on the Existence of Fortnite Users on Non-iOS Platforms Is Misplaced ............ 25
4. Professor Hitt’s Claims About the Lack of Switching from iOS to Android Are Flawed ......................... 26
5. Professor Hitt’s Share Estimates Are Wrong ......................................................................................... 27
6. The Fact that Some Consumers Used IAP When Offered Epic “Direct Pay” Has No Relevance ............ 28
7. Professor Hitt’s Claim that Apple’s Commission Is Not Supracompetitive Is Not Reliable ................... 28
ii
I. Introduction
1. My name is David S. Evans and I previously submitted a declaration stating my

preliminary findings regarding relevant antitrust markets and market power.1 This declaration
responds to certain key aspects of declarations, submitted on behalf of Apple, by Professors
Richard Schmalensee2 and Lorin Hitt.3 Given the constrained time I had to review their
declarations, my declaration is not intended to provide a complete response to these
declarations, and the fact that I do not address particular economic theories or empirical
evidence asserted by Professor Schmalensee or Professor Hitt does not mean that I agree with
them.4 The following is a brief summary of my findings.
A. Summary of Responses to Professor Schmalensee
2. Professor Schmalensee essentially assumes his conclusion that the mandated use of
Apple’s IAP check-out method for in-app payments is not a tie. He does so by asserting that the
transactions that flow through Apple’s check-out method are provided by a two-sided
transaction platform. In the absence of the tie, however, those transactions could have taken
place between the developer and its customer, just like many other transactions between app
developers and users that are not subject to the tie. He has therefore relabeled transactions
caused by the tie as two-sided transactions, which does nothing to disprove the tie. Likewise,
labelling Apple’s IAP payment processing method an “input” or a “component” in a two-sided
transaction does not eliminate the need to analyze whether payment processing is a separate
product.
1
Declaration of Dr. David S. Evans, Epic Games, Inc. vs Apple Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-05640-YGR, ECF No. 62
(September 4, 2020) (“Evans Declaration”).
2
Expert Declaration of Richard Schmalensee, Ph.D., Epic Games, Inc. vs Apple Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-05640-
YGR, ECF No. 78 (September 15, 2020) (“Schmalensee Declaration”).
3
Declaration of Lorin M. Hitt, Ph.D., Epic Games, Inc. vs Apple Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-05640-YGR, ECF No. 77
(September 15, 2020) (“Hitt Declaration”).
4
The opinions expressed in this declaration are based on information available to me at this time. My work in this
matter is ongoing and I reserve the right to revise or supplement my opinion if any additional information makes
that appropriate, or to correct any inadvertent errors.
1
3. Professor Schmalensee assumes that the App Store practices are analogous to American
Express’s practices, which are nothing like the practices at issue in this case.5 In the case of the
App Store, Apple imposes a perpetual obligation on the developer, whose app has already been
distributed to a consumer for use on an iOS device, to use Apple’s IAP payment processing
solution to process all direct transactions between the developer and the consumer. By contrast,
American Express does not require that the store use its payment network for all future direct
transactions between the store and a customer who paid for a purchase using her American
Express card. Nor does American Express require that the store use a separate product, such as
a payment terminal, for which there is material separate demand; stores use third-party payment
terminals that accept many different payment methods. Comparing the App Store to American
Express glosses over and obscures the key issue for analyzing Apple’s IAP requirements: that
the relevant transactions are between the developer and the consumer independent of the store.
4. While much of Professor Schmalensee’s declaration refers to the App Store, his
analysis frequently conflates what are (absent a tie) three separate products: the iOS software
platform, the App Store, and the mandatory use of IAP after an app has been distributed. This
results in error because, for example, he credits the App Store and IAP with efficiencies that
result from the iOS software platform and assumes that IAP-related transactions take place on
the App Store, when in fact they occur (or could occur, but for the tie) directly between app
user and app developer using the iOS software platform.
B. Summary of Responses to Professor Hitt
5. To begin with, Professor Hitt has not attempted to refute the evidence in my opening
declaration concerning the differences between smartphones and other devices, which led me to
conclude that smartphone software platforms comprise a relevant antitrust market. He has also
not attempted, aside from the minor exception discussed below, to refute the evidence I put
forward on switching costs from iOS to Android, which led me to conclude that Apple has
substantial monopoly power in the relevant market for smartphone software platforms. Those
conclusions were the foundation for my subsequent finding concerning Apple’s monopoly
power over iOS app distribution.
5
Schmalensee Declaration at ¶¶ 17-22, 32, 39, 53, 64.
2
6. Among the key flaws in Professor Hitt’s analysis are the following:
7. Professor Hitt concludes that there is a relevant antitrust market, covering all digital
apps provided by numerous developers, that includes personal computers, handheld gaming
devices, gaming consoles, all non-iOS handheld devices (Android smartphones and tablets and
Microsoft Surface tablets), and streaming game platforms, and may include other web gaming
platforms. That finding, however, is based only on analyzing gaming apps (a subset of Apple’s
claimed market), for one customer (Epic), and for one product (Fortnite). His analysis is not
capable of establishing the boundaries of his claimed relevant antitrust market, because he
hasn’t investigated that market, and his analysis is not consistent with how industrial
organization economists, or competition authorities, determine the boundaries of relevant
antitrust markets.
8. Professor Hitt does not deploy any standard methodologies of market definition analysis
to assess whether it would be profitable for a hypothetical monopolist to raise prices on of any
set of products smaller than the expansive group he has put forward. He has just claimed that
these are “good substitutes”—for Epic, for Fortnite—without any further consideration of
whether a hypothetical monopolist of a smaller group of substitutes, including the ones I’ve
proposed, would be able to impose a small but significant non-transitory price (SSNIP) increase
on the customers in the putative market. His main response to my analysis of switching costs is
that some of them may reflect value Apple provides to consumers. Of course, one of the
reasons companies have market power is there are not good substitutes for their products.
9. Professor Hitt wrongly concludes that, because some consumers can use different
platforms to play games, those platforms could constrain Apple’s exercise of market power.
That is equivalent to concluding that, because a consumer uses several different modes of
transportation, those choices necessarily constrain a hypothetical monopolist of one of those
modes of transportation. It is like saying that, because people in San Francisco sometimes walk
and sometimes take an Uber, it wouldn’t be possible to have a hypothetical monopolist of ride-
sharing companies.
3
II. Professor Schmalensee’s Two-Sided Transaction Platform Analysis
10. To explain the problems with the analysis put forward by Professor Schmalensee,
consider the following hypothetical conduct by Microsoft involving Windows. I will keep
coming back to this hypothetical throughout this section of my declaration to highlight flaws in
his reasoning.
11. Windows is a software platform for personal computers. Like other software platforms,
it charges developers little. Instead, Microsoft makes money by licensing Windows to OEMs
who install it on devices for consumers. Today, Windows is installed on about 80 percent of
personal computers worldwide.6 Developers have created more than 35 million apps for
Windows, such as Salesforce and TurboTax.7
12. In the actual world that exists today, a developer distributes an application to a
Windows user and can rely on a variety of channels to do so. There may be a direct, ongoing
customer relationship between the user, who acquired the application and a license to use it on
her Windows computer, and the application developer. In some cases, the developer may offer
products and services in the application that the consumer can purchase. Those transactions
take place using an application that runs on the Windows software platform. For example,
when a consumer buys Intuit’s TurboTax Windows application from Amazon and uses
TurboTax to complete her tax return, TurboTax makes an offer in the TurboTax application to
e-file her state return for her for a fee. If she takes that offer, the payment of the e-filing fee
takes place directly between the consumer and TurboTax, using the check-out process offered
by TurboTax (Intuit), not that operated by Amazon, or by Microsoft.8
13. Now, consider Microsoft engaging in two sequential steps.
6
Statcounter and NetMarketShare report estimates of the market share of personal computer operating systems
based on visits to websites tracked by the respective firms. The estimated Windows average share for the twelve
months ending August 2020 was 78 percent based on Statcounter and 88 percent based on NetMarketShare. See
Statcounter, “Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide,” https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-
share/desktop/worldwide/; NetMarketShare, “Desktop/laptop Operating System Market Share,”
https://netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx.
7
Mike Fortin, “Windows 10 Quality approach for a complex ecosystem,” Microsoft, November 13, 2018,
https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2018/11/13/windows-10-quality-approach-for-a-complex-
ecosystem.
8
The facts in this discussion were confirmed by purchases made by staff working under my direction.
4
14. Step 1: Creation of Application Distribution Monopoly. Under my hypothetical,

Microsoft adopts a policy that requires all application developers who want access to the APIs
for the Windows platform to distribute their applications through the Windows Store, and
prohibits developers from distributing applications to users in any other way. At first, the
Windows Store operates like any other store. Developers, who already have permission to
access the Windows APIs, put their applications on the store “shelves”, and users can purchase
them. As before, there is still a direct customer relationship between the developer and the
application user. Any subsequent transactions involving that application continue to take place
over the Windows software platform. The Windows Store is not involved in these subsequent
transactions and only acted to initially distribute the applications.
15. Step 2: Mandated Use of Store Check-Out for In-Application Transactions. Now, under
my hypothetical, Microsoft adopts another policy. Microsoft requires that developers pay the
Windows Store a commission not only on all initial purchases of applications from the store,
but also on all subsequent direct purchases made by the application customer from the
application developer within that application, in perpetuity, such as the TurboTax purchase
mentioned above.
16. To enforce this policy, Microsoft requires that developers always use a check-out
method it provides. That results in the Windows Store collecting the money directly from the
customer and then paying the developer this amount less the store’s commission. These
transactions can be said to take place on the Windows Store only in the sense that Microsoft
has required that developers use the store’s check-out method. Before the policy was put in
place, these transactions took place directly between the user and developer, both of whom
used the Windows software platform but not the Windows Store.
17. This hypothetical, which essentially maps the steps Microsoft would have to take to
replicate the iOS ecosystem in important aspects relevant here, illustrates three fundamental
flaws in Professor Schmalensee’s analysis.9
9
While there may be other differences between the Windows hypothetical and the Apple practices at issue in this
case, any such differences would not affect my basic conclusion that Professor Schmalensee’s methodology is
flawed in the ways described below.
5
18. First, when applied to the Microsoft hypothetical, his analysis assumes away the tie by
claiming that direct transactions that took place on the Windows platform between the user of
an application and the developer of the application are Windows Store transactions simply
because Microsoft has required the use of its check-out method to process them. He does so by
recasting the requirement that developers use the check-out process—for transactions that, but-
for the tie, would have been direct transactions between the application user and the application
developer—as a set of store transactions. These can only be viewed as store transactions,
however, because they are the subject of the tie at issue; otherwise, they wouldn’t have
anything to do with the store.
19. When applied to the Microsoft hypothetical, Professor Schmalensee’s methodology

essentially applies the label “two-sided transaction platform” to the transactions that result from
Microsoft’s requirement that developers who want to use its monopoly store to distribute their
applications (the tying product) also use its check-out method (the tied product) for subsequent
direct transactions between themselves and customers who use their applications. He would
then prematurely end the analysis of the conduct at issue by claiming that the check-out method
is just the way to charge for these transactions.
20. In fact, as I discuss below in Section II.A, his analysis in this matter improperly ends
the inquiry into Apple’s requirement to use its IAP payment method for direct transactions
between developers and users of iOS apps by labelling the result of this tie a two-sided
transaction platform.
21. Second, the Windows example shows why, contrary to Professor Schmalensee’s claims,
the App Store isn’t analogous to American Express when it comes to the tying conduct at issue
in this case. Going back to my hypothetical, in Step 1 Microsoft establishes a store that
distributes applications but doesn’t impose any further requirements. The developer puts an
application on the shelf and the consumer procures the application. The developer and user
don’t have any further interaction with the store.
22. With respect to American Express, the Amex cardholder walks into the Amex-accepting
retailer and pays the retailer with her card, and American Express charges the merchant a fee
6
for that transaction in the course of providing payment processing.10 At that point, American
Express is done. Moreover, American Express is not requiring that the retailer use any other
separate product, such as an American Express-supplied payment card terminal, as a condition
of processing that transaction or any future ones. The retailer gets a payment card terminal,
which can process many types of payment cards, including American Express, from a third
party.
23. In Step 2 of my hypothetical, Microsoft imposes a perpetual obligation on the developer

to use the Window Store’s check-out method for all direct transactions that take place between
the user and developer involving that application. That is not like American Express, which
imposes no requirement that its payment card network be used for subsequent transactions
between the Amex merchant and Amex cardholder. And American Express doesn’t require that
the retailer use a product for which there is material separate demand, such as an
independently-supplied payment terminal, for any transaction.
24. For the tying conduct at issue in this matter, it is the second step in the hypothetical that
matters. And at that stage, the App Store is not at all like American Express.
25. Third, the Windows example shows the mistake in asserting, as Professor Schmalensee
does for Apple, that the conduct at issue is necessary for a “monetization strategy.” In my
hypothetical, Microsoft would certainly have a monetization strategy in mind for monopolizing
application distribution and requiring developers to use its check-out method for direct
transactions they have with application users. There is no a priori basis for economists to
assume that this monetization strategy, resulting from the successive application of Step 1 and
Step 2, is procompetitive or necessary to finance Microsoft’s investments in the platform.11
Indeed, if Microsoft were to engage in the hypothetical conduct described above, it is likely
that competition authorities, and industrial organization economists, would find it quite
alarming.
10
Ohio v. Am. Express Co., 138 S. Ct. 2274, 2281 (2018).
11
Professor Schmalensee might argue that Apple is different because it had the policy in place at the beginning.
But there is also no presumption that conduct that was not anticompetitive when it was adopted by a firm that
lacks substantial market power couldn’t become anticompetitive when that firm acquires market power.
7
26. With this Microsoft Windows hypothetical in mind, I will turn to a discussion of some
key areas where I disagree with Professor Schmalensee’s analysis.
A. Professor Schmalensee’s Conclusion that the App Store Is a Two-

Sided Transaction Platform Conflates the iOS Platform with the App
Store and Assumes that the App Store Can Tie Distribution with
Direct Transactions Between Apps Users and Developers.
27. Professor Schmalensee claims that the App Store is a two-sided transaction platform.
By that, he means that the App Store is a two-sided transaction platform for direct transactions
between iOS users, who have an app that they can use under the license on their iPhone, and
iOS developers, who have developed an app that can work under that license. His analysis is
presented in paragraphs 39-45. I comment on each major step of his analysis.
28. In paragraph 39, he points out that I have not offered an opinion on whether the App
Store is a two-sided transaction platform.12 I’m not going to offer one here as I believe the issue
is more complex than Professor Schmalensee suggests. To begin with, stores may operate
under a retail model, which is considered single-sided, and a marketplace model, which is
considered two-sided.13 Amazon, for example, operates a hybrid: Amazon Marketplace, which
connects buyers and sellers, is a two-sided marketplace; but Amazon also operates a large retail
store, which isn’t. Unlike payment card platforms, which mainly compete with each other, it is
common for two-sided marketplaces to compete with retail stores. Retail stores do not
necessarily have to have substantial indirect network effects. They can just specialize in
carrying certain products. And as I noted in my earlier declaration, and as explained further
below, at least at this stage, I don’t think the issues in this case turn on this definitional issue.
29. But here’s the critical flaw in Professor Schmalensee’s analysis: the transaction
platform label is being applied to a set of transactions that are taking place directly between
users and developers using the iOS platform. Those transactions have to take place over a two-
sided transaction platform involving the App Store only because Apple has imposed a
12
Schmalensee Declaration at ¶ 39.
13
Evans, David S. and Richard Schmalensee (2016), Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms,
Harvard Business School Press, at pp. 104-109; Hagiu, Andrei (2007), “Merchant or Two-Sided Platform?”
Review of Network Economics 6(2), pp. 115-133; Hagiu, Andrei and Jullian Wright (2015), “Marketplace or
Reseller?” Management Science 61(1), pp. 184-203.
8
requirement—the tie at issue in this case—that they do so. That is unlike two-sided transactions
platforms that arise because both sides, such as merchants and cardholders, choose to use that
platform. This flaw is apparent in Professor Schmalensee’s analysis in the remaining
paragraphs that he provides as support for his conclusion.
30. In paragraph 40, Professor Schmalensee says that the “App Store exhibits all the
hallmarks of a two-sided platform”14 and in paragraph 41, he says there are “clear indirect
network effects: consumers want access to good apps, developers want access to many
potential customers.”15 But in both paragraphs, much of the evidence cited in support is based
on the iOS platform providing software that enables developers to provide, and consumers to
use, apps.16 This evidence offered is not different than what one could provide for the Windows
software platform, which in fact, and contrary to my hypothetical above, did not operate an app
store as a central part of its business model.
31. In paragraph 43, Professor Schmalensee concludes “[a]s is common for two-sided
platforms, the App Store earns all of its revenues from one side: developers.”17 Apple’s
monetization strategy, which results from its making the App Store the exclusive channel for
app distribution and its requirement to use IAP for in-app transactions, is hardly a developer-
pays model. First, developers that account for the preponderance of transactions within apps—
developers selling physical goods and services and developers monetizing via advertising—
14
15
16
The only factual support cited in these two paragraphs comes from Apple’s SEC Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year
Ended September 29, 2018. Passages analogous to the ones quoted by Professor Schmalensee do not appear in
Apple’s SEC Form 10-K for Fiscal Year Ended September 28, 2019 (its most recent 10-K). Compare Apple, SEC
Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018, Item 1, with Apple, SEC Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year
Ended September 28, 2019, Item 1. While the quoted passages do mention app distribution, the focus is on support
for software development. These passages discuss the ways Apple supports the developer community, including
access to beta software, advanced app capabilities, and testing software, as well as code-level technical support.
The quotations also tout Xcode, Apple’s integrated development environment, which “includes project
management tools; analysis tools to collect, display and compare app performance data; simulation tools to locally
run, test and debug apps; and tools to simplify the design and development of user interfaces.” Apple, SEC Form
10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended September 29, 2018, pp. 1-3. All of these activities refer to Apple’s efforts to
promote its iOS software platform, not its iOS App Store.
17
9
pay only nominal fees.18 Second, IAP applies to direct transactions between a developer and a
consumer. Generally, economists would expect that the developer would pass on some portion
of the commission to the consumer in the form of higher prices.19 Overall, Apple’s
monetization strategy for the iOS platform and App Store is heavily skewed towards the
consumer paying, especially given that most of Apple’s revenues come from sales of devices.20
32. In paragraph 44, Professor Schmalensee asserts that it is essential to decide whether the
App Store is a two-sided platform.21 He says the use of IAP for direct transactions between the
app owner and developer is simply a feature of the transaction platform. But that substitutes a
label—two-sided transaction platform—for a substantive analysis of whether the requirement
to use the IAP check-out, which imposes the fees for these transactions, is a tie. It is not
different than, in my Windows hypothetical, taking a set of transactions that occurred directly
between application users and developers using the Windows platform before the Step 2 tie,
and saying those transactions take place on a two-sided transaction platform after the Step 2 tie
is in place.
33. The economic reasoning related to the Supreme Court’s decision in American Express
summarized in paragraph 45 doesn’t support his conclusion.22 American Express is a two-sided
transaction platform that charges a merchant a fee for a transaction that takes place over the
American Express payment network as a result of a cardholder paying the merchant with her
American Express card.23 IAP is a mechanism imposed on developers and that charges
developers a fee for a transaction that takes place directly between them, using the iOS
18
According to a study commissioned by Apple, ad-supported app developers earned $45 billion for iOS apps in
2019. Physical apps accounted for $413 billion in transactions. These apps didn’t pay Apple anything. See Borck,
Jonathan, Juliette Caminade, and Markus von Wartburg, “How Large Is the Apple App Store Ecosystem?”
Analysis Group, June 15, 2020, at p. 2-3, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/pdfs/app-store-study-2019.pdf
19
Further analysis of the extent of this standard pass-through issue would be needed to determine the extent to
which the consumer and developer bear the burden of the commission.
20
In 2019, Apple had $146.4 billion in iPhone sales and $20.5 billion in iPad sales, for a total of $166.9 billion.
Apple’s App Store revenues in 2019 were approximately $16.6 billion. Thus, approximately 91 percent
(166.9/(166.9+16.6)) of Apple’s iOS related revenues come from selling iPhones and iPads. See Evans Declaration
at ¶ 19.
21
22
23
Ohio v. Am. Express Co., 138 S. Ct. 2274, 2287 (2018).
10
software platform, but outside the App Store. That transaction can be said to take place over the
App Store only as a result of the tie.
34. As I showed in my first declaration, and in Section II.D below, when a direct in-app
transaction between an iOS app developer and an iOS app user that is not subject to Apple’s
requirement to use its IAP payment processing method, the transaction does not take place over
Professor Schmalensee’s “two-sided transaction platform.” It takes place directly between the
developer and user relying on whatever payment processing method the developer chooses.
B. Calling the IAP App Administration Does Not Mean There Is No Tie
35. Professor Schmalensee claims that the “IAP system collects a commission on paid apps
and in-app sales that is the core of Apple’s strategy for capturing some of the value that the
App Store creates.”24 That assertion doesn’t address the tying allegation; it simply re-labels it
conveniently. Going back to my Windows hypothetical, Microsoft could claim that requiring
application developers to use the Windows Store check-out method is core to its strategy for
monetizing the Windows Store. Moreover, a defendant can always claim, sometimes correctly,
that a tie is core to its business model. That assertion does not transform a tie into something
else.
36. It is also not correct that the “IAP system no more provides transaction processing than
the payment card terminal at the grocery store.”25 The IAP system, which uses a payment
processor, charges the consumer, processes the payment, and deposits the net receipts in the
developer’s bank account.26 The developer can provide all of these services itself by having the
consumer provide payment credentials and using its own payment processing solutions.27 I
provide further evidence on this point in Section II.D below.
24
25
26
In paragraph 29, Professor Schmalensee claims that “IAP is not a payment settlement platform” because “Apple
outsources payment settlement to third-party providers.” This distinction is irrelevant; regardless of whether
payment processing is integrated or outsourced, IAP is the means by which developers that offer in-app purchases
of in-app content are required to process those transactions.
27
At various points, Professor Schmalensee refers to Mastercard and Visa as payment processors. Their main
businesses that are usually referred to by these brand names aren’t. Visa and Mastercard are payment card
networks that have affiliated issuers from whom consumers get card credentials. Payment processors are
11
37. I disagree with Professor Schmalensee’s claim that “Plaintiff’s tying analysis is
vacuous” because “Apple does not require that developers offer any in-app purchases of digital
content.”28 A purchaser of a tying and tied product generally doesn’t have to buy the two
products at all. The problem with tying stems from situations in which the seller of the tying
product has the ability to force the purchaser to take the tied product because their customers
want the tying product and don’t have an alternative. The fact that the app developer might be
able to develop a different app employing a different business model does not change the fact
that for the universe of apps that do sell digital upgrades and other content, Apple employs a
tie.29
38. I understand that Professor Schmalensee, and Apple, contend that developers are
required to pay the 30 percent commission to Apple regardless of whether it is collected
through IAP.30 The requirement to use IAP for in-app purchases could still be a tie even under
that assumption. Shopping malls, for example, typically require that stores pay a percent of
their revenue in addition to rent. Presumably, the shopping mall and the stores have developed
a process to collect and audit these amounts. Malls do not install their own cash registers,
connected to their payment processors, in the stores they rent to. Of course, if they did, that
would be a tie, since cash registers and payment processing are generally procured by stores
separately.31
companies like Braintree that take those card credentials and collect money from those issuers, which then bill the
consumers.
28
29
Professor Schmalensee himself observes that there are material differences in the suitability of different business
models for an app developer. He finds that Epic’s use of what he calls the “Freemium” model, with no upfront app
fee and with the option of in-app purchases, has allowed Fortnite to be more successful. He states that “[b]y
drawing in both more price-sensitive and less price-sensitive consumers, it allows a platform like Fortnite to
maximize its user base, which is important”; “this model still allows Epic to cash in on its most enthusiastic and
hence potentially less price-sensitive users”; and “[t]he Freemium Model hence provides a convenient method for
Epic to earn more revenue from more avid players, thereby likely contributing to Fortnite’s overall profitability”.
See Schmalensee Declaration at ¶¶ 65, 67.
30
31
Whether this practice would meet the legal definition of a tie would further depend on whether a mall had
significant market power.
12
C. Calling a Product an Input into a Transaction, or a Component, Does

Not Mean There Is No Separate Material Demand for that Product
and Does Not End the Antitrust Analysis
39. In paragraph 53, Professor Schmalensee claims that “it makes no economic sense to
consider inputs into transactions production that are simultaneously engaged in fixed
proportions as actually or potentially separate products.”32 He appears to be saying that if a
product can be characterized as an input into a transaction, then it is not a separate product. I do
not believe this is correct.
40. Instead, as economists would do for any tying claim, we would have to examine
whether a product that is characterized as an input into a transaction is provided separately
from the transaction. Suppose American Express, for example, required that stores that
accepted its cards also use an Amex-supplied payment terminal and American Express charged
a separate fee for each transaction that went through its terminal.33 The payment card terminal
is an input into the transactions American Express provides and its services are provided in
fixed proportions with these transactions.
41. To analyze whether this conduct constitutes a tie, we would need to examine whether
there is separate demand for payment terminals. In the actual world, retailers don’t get their
payment terminals from American Express, and we know from common experience that
payment terminals typically take payment cards from most major networks.
42. The same economic analysis applies to the products at issue in this case. We consider
whether we observe demand for payment processing of in-app purchases that is separate from
demand for app store services. As I discuss in Section II.D below, we observe separate demand
for in-app payment processing on the part of developers and users. We also observe it being
provided separately from app stores by third parties. This means that it is a separate product
32
33
To take another example, consider cash register tape that the clerk gives the customer as a record of the
transaction. Cash register tape can be characterized as an input into each transaction because it is used with each
transaction and it is used in fixed proportion to the number of transactions. But, again, we still need to ask whether
we observe demand for cash register tape that is separate from the demand for transaction services. If we observe
that demand, then cash register tape is a separate product even if it could be characterized as an input into the
transaction.
13
from the app store, whether or not one would characterize it as an input into app store
services.34
43. Citing American Express, and referring to two-sided transactions between consumers
and merchants, does not get around having to do the separate products analysis.35 If it did, a
two-sided transaction platform could tie anything in fixed proportions to a transaction and insist
that it is just part of the platform. In my example above, American Express could claim the
payment card terminals, and the associated fee structure, are just components of the transaction.
Under Professor Schmalensee’s approach, that ends the antitrust analysis. I don’t believe
anything in our amicus brief to the Supreme Court dictates that conclusion.
D. Professor Schmalensee Does Not Dispute Evidence That There Is

Material Demand by Developers and Consumers To Use Payment
Processing Methods Other Than Those Provided by the Platform
44. Professor Schmalensee does not dispute the evidence I put forward in my opening
declaration that there is separate demand from iOS developers for payment processing methods
other than those provided by the platform.36 That same evidence shows that, in the absence of a
tie, developers do not use the “two-sided transaction platform” described by Professor
Schmalensee in the discussion above. These developers use their own check-out methods
involving payment processors they choose to work with. The following summarizes and
supplements that evidence.
34
As I discussed above, in-app purchases are in fact unrelated to App Store services as they are removed both in
location (they take place in the developer app, not in the app store) and time (they take place after the app has been
distributed) from the App Store. So, in-app purchase processing is not an input into App Store services.
35
Professor Schmalensee also makes the assertion in paragraph 45 that “Epic seeks to separate the distribution of
apps and in-app content from the management of those transactions by the App Store.” As explained in this
declaration, the separate products inquiry does not concern the separation of the management of transactions from
the transactions themselves. Rather, the inquiry is concerned with two different types of transactions: (1) the
distribution of apps and (2) the sale of in-app content. (To be more precise, the inquiry is concerned with Apple’s
requirement that the App Store process the sale of in-app content, because the developer is already otherwise
responsible for offering the content to the user in the developer’s app.) Professor Schmalensee’s description in
paragraph 45 makes separate reference to “the distribution of apps” and “in-app content”—they are two discrete
types of transactions. The relevant separate products inquiry is then whether there is separate demand for these two
types of transactions. As I explain in this declaration, there is.
36
Evans Declaration at Section III.B.
14
45. First, we know that developers, including Epic, Match Group37, Facebook38, Spotify39,
and Hey40, would like to have the option of using a check-out method, and payment processing
solution, that is not provided by Apple’s iOS App Store. We further know that when Epic
offered iOS users of Fortnite the choice between IAP and Epic Direct Pay, customers utilized
Epic Direct Pay for 73 percent of transactions.41
46. Second, Apple’s iOS App Store and the Google Play Store generally allow developers
to use their own payment processing method for in-app purchases of physical goods or services
that are consumed outside the app.42 Those developers and their customers use those other
methods. The fact that Apple has reasons for not wanting to require these apps to use its
payment processing method does not show the absence of separate demand.
47. Third, Apple itself has made business decisions to allow developers to use their own
payment processing for certain digital content that is consumed in the app. The developers then
use check-out methods using their chosen payment processors. There is, again, material
37
S&P Capital IQ, “Match Group, Inc. NasdaqGS:MTCH FQ2 2019 Earnings Call Transcripts,” August 7, 2019 at
pp. 6, 11 (“[W]e introduced a credit card payment option on the Android app at Tinder in Q2. . . . To roll this out,
we first had to build a web-based payment infrastructure to be able to accept credit card payments. . . . We’d love
to offer the same kind of choice on Apple as we do with Google, but it’s not clear to us if or when that’s actually
going to be able to happen.”)
38
Salvador Rodriguez, “Facebook says Apple refused to waive 30% fee on new paid online events feature,”
CNBC, August 14, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/14/facebook-says-apple-refused-to-waive-30percent-fee-
on-new-feature.html (“We asked Apple to . . . allow us to offer Facebook Pay[.]”).
39
Daniel Ek, “Consumers and Innovators Win on a Level Playing Field,” Spotify Newsroom, March 13, 2019,
https://newsroom.spotify.com/2019-03-13/consumers-and-innovators-win-on-a-level-playing-field (“[C]onsumers
should have a real choice of payment systems, and not be ‘locked in’ or forced to use systems with discriminatory
tariffs such as Apple’s.”).
40
Jason Fried, “Our CEO’s take on Apple’s App Store payment policies, and their impact on our relationship with
our customers,” HEY, June 19, 2020, https://hey.com/apple/iap/ (“Apple, please just give your developers the
choice! Let us bill our own customers through our own systems, so we can help them with extensions, refunds,
discounts, or whatever else our own way.”).
41
From the start of the Direct Pay option being offered (August 13) to the point when the Apple IAP option was
no longer available because Epic’s developer account ending in ’84 was terminated by Apple (midday August 28),
about 73 percent of purchases were on Epic Direct Pay. Calculations based on data from Epic.
42
Apple, “App Store Review Guidelines,” at 3.1.3(e), https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/
(“Goods and Services Outside of the App: If your app enables people to purchase physical goods or services that
will be consumed outside of the app, you must use purchase methods other than in-app purchase to collect those
payments, such as Apple Pay or traditional credit card entry.”); Google, “Play Console Help, Policy Center,
Payments,” https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/9858738 (“Developers offering
products within another category of app downloaded on Google Play must use Google Play In-app Billing as the
method of payment, except for the following cases: Payment is solely for physical products”).
15
demand for payment processing not provided by the App Store as a separate product. Apple
allows developers to use their own payment processing, which customers use, in the following
cases:
a. For Amazon Prime Video and other “qualifying premium video entertainment
apps”, users “have the option to buy or rent movies and TV shows using the
payment method tied to their existing video subscription.”43
b. For tips given to creators of in-app content, which is commonly done in China.44
c. For person-to-person content, such as an exercise class, when it is one-to-one (but

not when it is one-to-two+). 45
d. For content consumed in the app but purchased outside of the app (e.g., developer’s
website).46
43
Nick Statt, “Apple now lets some video streaming apps bypass the App Store cut,” The Verge, April 1, 2020,
https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/1/21203630/apple-amazon-prime-video-ios-app-store-cut-exempt-program-
deal; see also Nicole Nguyen, “How App Makers Break Their Apps to Avoid Paying Apple,” The Wall Street
Journal, June 28, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-app-makers-break-their-apps-to-avoid-paying-apple-
11593349200.
44
Apple, “App Store Review Guidelines,” at 3.2.1(vii), https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/
(“Apps may enable individual users to give a monetary gift to another individual without using in-app purchase,
provided that (a) the gift is a completely optional choice by the giver, and (b) 100% of the funds go to the receiver
of the gift. However, a gift that is connected to or associated at any point in time with receiving digital content or
services must use in-app purchase.”); Josh Horwitz, “Thanks to China, Apple has updated its app store policy to
allow tipping,” Quartz, September 15, 2017, https://qz.com/1078374/thanks-to-china-and-tencent-hkg-0700-apple-
has-updated-its-app-store-policy-to-allow-tipping/ (“A recent update to the company’s global App Store
Guidelines shows that Apple now permits users to send monetary tips to one another—a practice which, while
widespread in China, the company had previously shown ambivalence towards. The revision shows that Apple is
now accommodating China’s vast tip economy, and also highlights the power that Chinese social media giant
Tencent has over China’s internet culture, as well as the foreign companies that operate in the country.”). Apple’s
guidelines allow such payments but note that “a gift that is connected to or associated at any point in time with
receiving digital content or services must use in-app purchase.” See Apple, “App Store Review Guidelines,” at
3.2.1(vii), https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/. The use of tipping in China that Apple allows
to bypass its IAP payment processing has been characterized as “monetary gifts to [users’] favorite video-
streaming stars and content creators” that are intended “as a means to build engagement” between content
providers and users. They appear to be payments by users, in appreciation for content from providers, that is made
on a voluntary rather than mandatory basis. See Yoko Kubota and Alyssa Abkowitz “Apple and Tencent Reach
Deal to Let WeChat Users Dole Out Tips” The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2018,
https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-and-tencent-reach-deal-to-let-wechat-users-dole-out-tips-1516018849.
45
Apple, “App Store Review Guidelines,” at 3.1.3(d), https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/
(“Person-to-Person Experiences: If your app enables the purchase of realtime person-to-person experiences
between two individuals (for example tutoring students, medical consultations, real estate tours, or fitness
training), you may use purchase methods other than in-app purchase to collect those payments. One-to-few and
one-to-many realtime experiences must use in-app purchase.”).
46
Apple, “App Store Review Guidelines,” at 3.1.3(a-b) (“Apps may allow a user to access previously purchased
content or content subscriptions (specifically: magazines, newspapers, books, audio, music, and video). Reader
16
e. For apps that are “sold directly by [developers] to organizations or groups for their
employees or students”. For these iOS apps that are not distributed through the App
Store but which still rely on access to the iOS platform, Apple does not mandate the
use of its App Store’s payment method.47
In all these cases, the transactions take place directly between the developer of the iOS app and
its customer, the iOS app user, using payment processing alternatives chosen by the developer
and offered to the consumer. It is no different than a retailer that sells products directly to its
customers and allows customers to use various payment cards at the check-out lane using a
payment processor of the retailer’s own choosing.
48. Fourth, many Android app stores do not require that digital content providers use the
store’s check-out method, and its payment processor, for in-app purchases, and developers use
these app stores and their own check-out methods with their choice of payment processor.
a. Google Play Store does not require use of its check-out method for non-gaming
digital content that may be consumed outside of the app.48
b. Significant Android app stores in South Korea and India, as well as others that
operate in the US and other countries, give developers the choice of using their own
check-out methods.49
apps may offer account creation for free tiers, and account management functionality for existing customers. . . .
Apps that operate across multiple platforms may allow users to access content, subscriptions, or features they have
acquired in your app on other platforms or your web site, including consumable items in multi-platform games,
provided those items are also available as in-app purchases within the app.”).
47
Apple, “App Store Review Guidelines” at 3.1.3(c), https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/.
48
Google, “Play Console Help, Policy Center, Payments,” https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-
developer/answer/9858738.
49
ONE Store Developer, “Service Fee,” https://dev.onestore.co.kr/devpoc/reference/view/ServiceFee (“In case of
use 3rd party payment without ONE store In-App SDK, the service fee is 5%”). GetJar, “GetJar – How It Works,”
https://www.getjar.com/how-it-works (“GetJar is the first and one of the biggest open app stores and open mobile
app markets in the world providing a free of charge distribution for all users. Same time [sic] it allows for
developers to upload their apps and place them in to [sic] our app catalog free of charge. GetJar does not control
any in-app monetization, therefore each developer is in full control of their assets.”); itch.io, “Creator FAQ,”
https://itch.io/docs/creators/faq (“itch.io costs nothing to use. You are free to create pages and upload your content
without ever having to pay anything. Advertisements will never be placed on any of your pages. You get to decide
how much you want to support itch.io by choosing what percentage of your sales should go towards our
operational costs and continued development of the platform. . . . itch.io supports two payout models depending on
your needs: Direct to you, where each purchase is a transaction to your PayPal or Stripe account, and Collected by
itch.io, paid later. You can pick which mode you want to use from the seller settings page on your account.”);
itch.io, “Introducing Open Revenue Sharing,” March 4, 2015, https://itch.io/updates/introducing-open-revenue-
sharing (“As the seller you decide what percentage itch.io gets from each transaction. From 0 to 100%, set the
slider to what you think is fair.”); itch.io, “Accepting Payments and Getting Paid,”
17
E. Saying That Requiring Developers To Use IAP for In-App Purchases

Supports Apple’s Investments Is No Different Than Saying that a Tie
Generates Revenue and Therefore Supports Investment
49. Professor Schmalensee says,
It is important to note, however, that IAP is not a payment settlement platform.

In fact, Apple outsources payment settlement to third-party providers. Thus, the
commission that Apple charges developers on in-app purchases is not a fee for
payment processing, but rather a fee to support the services offered by the App
Store and Apple’s investment in the mobile platform.50
That may be the case for Apple, but for the developer, IAP provides the same payment
processing services the developer would have obtained by using a payment processor like
Braintree to process transactions based on card credentials the consumer enters into the app. It
is the processing method that charges the consumer’s card and deposits the funds to the
merchant. Apple could claim that this helps support its investments in the mobile platform. But
simply calling it a source of revenue does not, by itself, tell us whether the IAP checkout
method is a separate product or whether the tying arrangement is economically efficient.
F. The Analysis of Economic Efficiencies from Apple’s Practices

Conflates the App Store and the iOS Platform
50. Once Apple decided to operate a software platform for users and developers, it had to
provide a way for users to get apps on their phones. If it didn’t, it would not have had a
software platform and could not benefit from indirect network effects any more than Windows
could benefit from indirect network effects if application users couldn’t install applications.
https://itch.io/docs/creators/payments (itch.io requires developers to use either Stripe or PayPal, but allows
developers to use their own accounts and connections to the processors); SlideMe, “Developer Distribution
Agreement (DDA)” http://slideme.org/developers/dda (“SlideME does not restrict developers from including third
party In-App-Payments SDK’s within their freemium applications, providing such SDK’s will work for non-GMS
devices too.”). In-app purchases through credit card and PayPal is available on third-party Android app store
Aptoide. See Sonia Sarha, “You can now pay using Local Payment Methods! (updated),” Aptoide Official Blog,
May 14, 2020, https://blog.aptoide.com/payment-methods/. Staff under my direction confirmed that the credit card
statement of an in-app credit card transaction through Aptoide listed the developer rather than Aptoide as the
merchant associated with the transaction. See also Indus, “App Bazaar Developer Distribution Agreement,”
http://www.indusos.com/app-bazaar-developer-distribution-agreement/ (“In order to charge a fee for your
Products, you must have a valid payment account under a separate agreement with a payment processor.”).
50
18
51. Many of the benefits of the iOS platform that Professor Schmalensee (and Professor
Hitt) point to result from Apple’s decision to provide a smartphone software platform for apps
and the resulting indirect network effects. Professors Schmalensee and Hitt do not show that
these benefits depend on the App Store being the exclusive method of distribution or on the
requirement that IAP be used for the in-app purchases. They therefore have not done any
serious analysis that would support their expansive conclusions that “App Store business
strategy has led to large procompetitive benefits”51 or that the “[s]ervices offered by the App
Store . . . have been essential to the iPhone ecosystem.”52
52. Professor Schmalensee and Professor Hitt also claim that the App Store guarantees
users security, privacy, and a quality consumer experience. The App Store could provide those
same benefits absent Apple’s requirement that developers use the App Store exclusively; if in
fact the App Store provides all the benefits Apple claims, Apple should not be afraid to
compete on the merits. Users and developers could use app stores that provide their preferred
combination of features.
III. Professor Hitt’s Analysis of Market Definition and Market Power Is

Fatally Flawed
53. Professor Hitt has not followed standard accepted methods used by economists or
competition authorities, in my experience, for assessing the contours of relevant antitrust
markets. He proceeds as follows:
i. First, he focuses on gaming and ignores other digital apps even though these apps are
distributed in the same channels (such as to PC and Android users) that are included in
the market proposed by Apple. He says, “Defining relevant antitrust markets in the
present case therefore requires that one evaluates the options that Epic and other
developers (the customers) have in distributing and monetizing Fortnite and other
videogames.”53
ii. Second, in examining substitution possibilities, he considers only one customer, Epic,
and only one game from Epic, Fortnite.54
51
Hitt Declaration at ¶ 16.
52
53
54
See fn. 61 below.
19
iii. Third, he claims that for Epic’s Fortnite game, the following distribution channels are
good substitutes for Apple’s iOS App Store: personal computers, handheld gaming
devices, gaming consoles, all non-iOS handheld devices (Android smartphones and
tablets and Microsoft Surface tablets), and streaming game platforms, and may include
other web gaming platforms.55
iv. Fourth, based on his proposed, purportedly good substitutes that he says are available to
Epic, he concludes that the relevant antitrust market, which extends to all digital apps
provided by numerous developers, includes all the channels listed in (iii).56 The gaming
channels he cites are obviously not relevant to non-gaming apps that are distributed
through channels in his proposed relevant market.
At no point in his declaration does he consider the hypothetical monopolist test or any other
standard approach for defining a relevant antitrust market.
A. Professor Hitt Erroneously Focuses on Substitution Possibilities for

Only a Single Customer, for a Single Product, Rather Than on a
Marketwide Basis
54. The relevant market that I described in my opening declaration was for the distribution
of iOS apps,57 which is not restricted to game apps. Neither Professor Hitt nor Apple’s counsel
have proposed a relevant market for app distribution that is restricted to game apps, because
other non-gaming apps are distributed via the same channels that are included in the market
proposed by Apple.58 Apple has stated that “Apple’s commission structures, administered
through the IAP, apply equally to all developers who offer in-app purchases on the App
Store.”59 The conduct at issue in this matter therefore involves all those iOS app developers,
55
56
57
Evans Declaration at ¶¶ 52-57.
58
Both Apple’s counsel and Professor Hitt argue that the market should include at least the other platforms on
which Epic distributes Fortnite. See Defendant Apple Inc.’s Opposition to Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion for a
Preliminary Injunction, Epic Games, Inc. vs Apple Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-05640-YGR, ECF No. 73 at p. 17
(September 15, 2020); Hitt Declaration at ¶ 14. Neither proposes a relevant market that is restricted to the
distribution of games.
59
Declaration of Philip W. Schiller in Support of Defendant Apple Inc.’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for a
Preliminary Injunction, Epic Games, Inc. vs Apple Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-05640-YGR, ECF No. 74, at ¶ 62
(September 15, 2020); see also Declaration of Philip W. Schiller in Support of Defendant Apple Inc.’s Opposition
to Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and Order to Show Cause Why a Preliminary
Injunction Should Not Issue, Exhibit E, Epic Games, Inc. vs Apple Inc., Case No. 3:20-cv-05640-YGR, ECF No.
37-5, at 5 (August 21, 2020) (“Apple treats all developers according to the same terms . . .”). Relevant markets can
consist of sales to targeted customers when those customers are treated differently from other customers. See
20
and not just game developers. As noted above, Professor Hitt has excluded all non-game
developers from consideration so that his inquiry is incapable of addressing any relevant
market that has been put forward in connection with this motion, including the one that
Professor Hitt ultimately posits.
55. Even as to game developers, however, Professor Hitt has focused solely on Epic’s
Fortnite game.60 Other than some largely conclusory assertions in the introduction to Section 3
and the first paragraph of Section 3.1, the empirical evidence he provides concerns substitution
options for Fortnite.61 Games other than Fortnite may not be suited for play on gaming consoles
or PCs. Casual games designed for quick sessions on-the-go may not be attractive as console or
PC games.62 And some games, like Pokémon Go, are designed to be played when interacting
Horizontal Merger Guidelines, US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, Section 7, August 19,
2010, at 3, https://www.justice.gov/atr/horizontal-merger-guidelines-08192010. This is not applicable here
because Apple’s IAP policies apply generally to all app developers that are subject to them.
60
For convenience, I refer generally to game “developers” below. My understanding is that in the gaming
industry, there can be distinctions between game “developers” that create games and game “publishers” that
market and sell the games on different platforms. Some gaming companies perform all of these roles itself. When
the “developer” and “publisher” roles are performed by separate companies, it is the publisher that would list the
app in the iOS App Store. In those circumstances, the term “developer” as I use it in this declaration and in my
opening declaration also includes the publisher.
61
Paragraph 19 makes the claim that “It is clear that videogame developers do have [alternative distribution and
monetization] options” without providing any evidence. Hitt Declaration at ¶ 19. Paragraph 20 makes the claim
that “[Dr. Evans] largely ignores developers’ ability to distribute and monetize their videogames on multiple
platforms commonly used to play videogames, such as Microsoft Windows PCs (‘PC’), Microsoft’s Xbox One,
Sony’s PlayStation 4 (‘PS4’), the Nintendo Switch, Apple macOS computers (‘Mac’), and tablets (both Android-
based and Microsoft’s Surface series). Developers can also make their games available on game streaming
platforms, such as GeForce Now, which consumers can access on various hardware.” Hitt Declaration at ¶ 20
(footnote omitted).
Other than these statements, all of the specific empirical evidence in paragraphs 21-44 on market definition that
Professor Hitt claims support his claims that game developers have attractive options to substitute to other
platforms are specific to Fortnite. The only exceptions are two surveys on the use of multiple platforms to play
games (cited in footnotes 39, 51, and 52), which Professor Hitt cites to support his claim that Epic has other
options for distributing Fortnite to users. Professor Hitt’s analysis is of the options for Epic for distributing
Fortnite, not the options for game developers generally, nor the options for all app developers.
62
Jeff Dunn, “The video game industry now gets more money making games for smartphones and tablets than for
consoles or PCs,” Business Insider, June 22, 2017, https://www.businessinsider.com/mobile-games-more-money-
than-console-pc-chart-2017-6 (“There’s a common feeling among video game enthusiasts that mobile games don’t
really count. . . . Smartphones have been a big catalyst for the industry’s growth in recent years, thanks in big part
to their ubiquity. In the developed world, nearly everyone has a smartphone in his or her pocket these days. While
the quality of those games typically isn’t as high as that on PC or Xbox games, they have expanded gaming’s
horizons, and made the art form accessible to more people.”); Arjun Kharpal, “Sony set to make PlayStation
games for iOS, Android,” CNBC, March 24, 2016, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/24/sony-set-to-make-
playstation-games-for-ios-android.html (“Smartphone games have done well at attracting so-called ‘casual
gamers’ who may not necessarily be into console gaming.”); Tushar Tajane, “The Rise of Mobile Games: Will
21
with the outside real world and are hence not suitable for use on gaming consoles or PCs.63
Thus, Professor Hitt’s focus on Fortnite provides an incomplete picture of what’s available to
game publishers generally.
56. I do not agree with Professor Hitt’s claims that, even as to Epic, other distribution
channels are close substitutes for Apple’s iOS App Store to reach iOS users. But if I were to
assume, strictly for the sake of argument, that Professor Hitt were correct, his evidence is
incapable of establishing that the relevant market for the distribution of apps to iOS users is
broader than Apple’s iOS App Store for the following reasons.
57. One standard tool in market definition analysis is the hypothetical monopolist test,
which is set out, for example, in the Horizontal Merger Guidelines issued by the US
Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The hypothetical monopolist test
asks whether a hypothetical monopolist of a candidate market can impose a “small but
significant and non-transitory increase in price (‘SSNIP’)”.64 When one conducts the
hypothetical monopolist test, it is almost always the case that some marginal consumers will
react to the price increase by substituting to products that are outside the candidate market.
58. The relevant question for market definition is whether there is enough switching by
marginal customers to make a SSNIP by the hypothetical monopolist unprofitable. Identifying
and focusing only on a single alleged marginal customer is not meaningful evidence that the
relevant market is too narrow. As the Horizontal Merger Guidelines state:
Groups of products may satisfy the hypothetical monopolist test without

including the full range of substitutes from which customers choose. The
hypothetical monopolist test may identify a group of products as a relevant
Smartphones Replace Consoles?” December 4, 2018, https://techzoom.org/rise-mobile-games-smartphones-

replace-consoles/ (“It isn’t like traditional PC and Console gamers have switched over to mobile games, but more
like the accessibility of mobile games have attracted a huge number of casual gamers to the industry. Most of the
people who play and spend money on mobile games do not usually play on consoles or PCs, while PC and console
gamers might play a few mobile games every now and then; it is very rare to find gamers who have switched over
completely to the mobile platform.”).
63
Pokémon Go is only available on Android and iOS devices. See Pokémon Go, “Pokémon Go Homepage,”
https://www.pokemongo.com/en-us/.
64
See, e.g., Horizontal Merger Guidelines, US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, Section 7,
August 19, 2010, at 4.1.1, https://www.justice.gov/atr/horizontal-merger-guidelines-08192010.
22
market even if customers would substitute significantly to products outside that

group in response to a price increase.65
Any given antitrust market will almost always include some marginal consumers that would
switch to products outside the defined market in the face of a price increase imposed by the
hypothetical monopolist. That is, even if Professor Hitt had shown that Epic has good
alternatives to Apple’s iOS App Store to reach iOS users, which he did not, this does not
disprove the finding I reached in my opening declaration that Apple is a monopoly supplier of
iOS app distribution.
B. Professor Hitt’s Analysis Contains Other Significant Flaws
59. In this section, I address other significant flaws in Professor Hitt’s analysis of market
definition and market power.
1. Use of Different Products in Different Circumstances Does Not

Demonstrate That They Are Substitutes
60. Professor Hitt claims that Epic has a number of alternatives for distributing Fortnite to
iOS users other than through Apple’s iOS App Store. He presents information that some users
who play Fortnite on the Fortnite iOS app also play Fortnite on other platforms (although most
do not, as he noted).66
61. This type of evidence is not meaningful as to whether users would be willing to switch,
in response to a SSNIP, from playing Fortnite on iOS to playing Fortnite on other platforms for
those use cases where they play on iOS. For example, if someone plays Fortnite while outside
the home or does not have access to a reliable non-cellular Internet connection, playing Fortnite
on a gaming console or gaming PC are not good alternatives. My understanding is that Epic
believes, based on its experience, that non-mobile platforms are not good substitutes for
playing Fortnite on mobile devices.
62. To illustrate the flaw in Professor Hitt’s methodology, consider the options that
consumers have for transportation in the normal state of the world when there’s no pandemic.
65
Horizontal Merger Guidelines, US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, Section 7, August 19,
2010, at 4.1.1, https://www.justice.gov/atr/horizontal-merger-guidelines-08192010.
66
23
Someone living in San Francisco, for example, could use a range of options, including BART,
Muni trains, buses, taxis, ride-sharing services (like Uber or Lyft), driving (if they own a car),
biking, and walking. Most consumers likely use many of these options in different
circumstances. Sometimes, if time is tight and it’s raining, they might take an Uber. At other
times, if the weather is nice and they want a little exercise, they might walk or bike. Or, if there
is a convenient route, they might take the BART.
63. The fact that many consumers use different alternatives when faced with different
circumstances does not mean that, for example, there might not be a relevant antitrust market
consisting of taxis and ride-sharing services.67 Nor does the fact that a consumer who
sometimes uses Uber and sometimes bikes mean that she is not harmed if the provision of taxis
and ride-sharing services is monopolized. The mere fact that some consumers use different
products in different circumstances does not provide reliable information that they are willing
to substitute among them in a way that prevents the exercise of market power.68
2. Professor Hitt Commits the Cellophane Fallacy
64. In Professor Hitt’s analysis of market definition, he presents evidence that he claims
shows the existence of alternatives available to Epic for distributing Fortnite to iOS users other
than through the iOS App Store.69 Professor Hitt has committed the classic “Cellophane
Fallacy”, which was named after a case in which DuPont was found not to have had market
power over its Cellophane wrapping product because of the existence of consumers who
substituted to alternative wrapping products.70 The analytical error results from considering the
substitution behavior of consumers when the monopolist has already exercised market power.
67
This example is illustrative. I have not undertaken an analysis of market definition in the context of
transportation services.
68
I discuss these issues in more detail in Sections II.B and II.C.1 of my opening declaration.
69
As I discuss in Section III.B.3 below, the fact that some consumers use different platforms in different
circumstances does not demonstrate that those alternatives are in the same relevant market.
70
Landes, William and Richard A. Posner (1981), “Market Power in Antitrust Cases,” Harvard Law Review 94(5),
pp. 937-996; Schaerr, Gene (1985) “The Cellophane Fallacy and the Justice Department’s Guidelines for
Horizontal Mergers,” Yale Law Journal 94(3), pp. 670-693; Werden, Gregory (2000), “Market Delineation under
the Merger Guidelines: Monopoly Cases and Alternative Approaches,” Review of Industrial Organization 16(2),
pp. 211-218.
24
65. Basic economic principles tell us that a profit-maximizing monopolist will raise prices
to the point that enough consumers would, in fact, switch to alternative products (or stop
buying the monopolist’s product altogether) to make any further increase in price unprofitable.
The monopolist is basically trying to find the point at which the increased profit from charging
higher prices to consumers who don’t switch outweighs the decreased profits from those who
do switch. It is always profitable for the monopolist to continue raising prices until there is
switching.
66. Suppose, contrary to Professor Hitt, that Apple is a monopolist over the distribution of
apps to iOS users. In that case, economists would expect to observe switching behavior
between iOS and other platforms as a result of Apple having exercised its monopoly power.
Professor Hitt does not provide any meaningful support for his claims that Apple’s iOS App
Store practices are competitive, as I discuss in Section III.B.7 below. Given this lack of
evidence, Professor Hitt’s claims about the existence of substitution options suffers from the
Cellophane Fallacy, which tell us that, in this context, if Apple were exercising monopoly
power, exercise of such power would be expected to result in switching behavior, but that
switching behavior is not relevant to the assessment of the relevant market because it is not
switching that results from a SSNIP from competitive levels.
3. Professor Hitt’s Focus on the Existence of Fortnite Users on Non-

iOS Platforms Is Misplaced
67. Professor Hitt argues that, “Only a minority of Fortnite’s users play exclusively on
iPhones and iPads, consistent with a broader relevant antitrust market.”71 The fact that Fortnite
has many users who play on other platforms rather than on iOS does not provide any reliable
evidence that those alternative platforms are good substitutes for iOS users. Simply observing
that Fortnite has many users who play on a gaming PC, for example, does not tell us anything
about whether Fortnite users who play on iOS have gaming PCs at all or are willing to buy a
new gaming PC in order to play Fortnite, or have access to those gaming PCs at the times that
they want to play Fortnite on iOS.
71
Hitt Declaration at Section 3.2.1 (heading title).
25
68. The fact that much of Fortnite’s revenues comes from platforms other than iOS does not
tell us anything reliable about Epic’s ability to reach iOS users on those other platforms. For
example, suppose an app was used on a worldwide basis, with 20 percent of users and revenues
coming from Europe. If the app developer was prevented from distributing the app in Europe
because of government restrictions, the fact that 80 percent of its sales are in other countries
doesn’t mean that distribution in those other countries are alternative channels of reaching
European customers. And it doesn’t mean that the developer can sell “more” to non-European
customers to make up for its lack of access to European customers—we would expect the
developer to already be selling as much as is profitable to non-European customers.
4. Professor Hitt’s Claims About the Lack of Switching from iOS to

Android Are Flawed
69. Professor Hitt claims that “Dr. Evans also exaggerates the difficulty of switching from
iOS to Android devices in at least two ways. First, consumers do switch. Second, consumers
that do not switch are not necessarily locked in.”72 He cites statistics that “almost half of
consumers replace their smartphones every 2 years.”73 Professor Hitt, however, ignores the fact
that, as I discussed in my opening declaration, iPhone sales in 2019 were only about one fifth
of Apple’s total installed base of about 1 billion active iPhones.74 That leaves about four fifths,
or up to 800 million active iPhones, for which users are not buying new smartphones in a given
year.
70. Professor Hitt does not address the substance of the eight sources of switching costs I
discussed in my opening report.75 Instead, he argues that “Several of the ‘switching costs’ that
Dr. Evans identifies are properly understood as real value that Apple has added to the iOS
ecosystem in its efforts to compete, not as switching costs that are locking consumers in.”76 He
argued that “iCloud Photos, iCloud Drive, Apple News, and Apple TV+” are not switching
costs because “[t]hese services exist in the first place precisely because Apple continuously
72
73
74
Evans Declaration at ¶¶ 41, 44.
75
For a discussion of those switching costs, see Evans Declaration at Section II.B.2.c.
76
26
innovates and rolls out new features and service to make its platform more attractive than the
platforms of its competitors.”77
71. Professor Hitt has misinterpreted the evidence on switching costs I documented. The
point I made was not that iCloud Photos, for example, is a switching cost because users love
iCloud Photos so much that they would not want to use a different cloud photo service on
Android. Rather, iCloud Photos constitutes a switching cost because an iPhone user who
switched to Android would need to figure out how to transfer her entire photo library over to an
Android cloud photo service and would lose the synchronization of her photos with any other
Apple devices she owned and anyone sharing her iCloud Photos. I also note that the specific
examples he raised apply only to portions of four of the eight sources of switching costs I
identified. He did not provide a specific response to the other four sources of switching costs I
identified.78
5. Professor Hitt’s Share Estimates Are Wrong
72. Professor Hitt claims that the relevant antitrust market includes at least personal
computers, handheld gaming devices, gaming consoles, handheld devices (iOS and Android
smartphones and tablets and Microsoft Surface tablets), and streaming game platforms, and
may include other web gaming platforms.79 He then reports “market shares” that are based not
on transactions in this proposed market, but on transactions involving Fortnite only. As an
economic matter, these single customer shares are not relevant to measuring any aspect of a
relevant antitrust market because they do not in fact pertain to that market.
77
78
As I have explained, Professor Hitt has incorrectly interpreted the switching cost evidence documented in my
opening declaration. But, even if I assumed Professor Hitt were correct that some of the switching costs reflect
“real value” provided by Apple, this value would mean that those features provide Apple with market power
because iOS users are less willing to substitute to Android devices and give up those features. A monopolist that,
hypothetically, has a legitimately earned monopoly by selling a much better product than any rival is still a
monopolist. Its customers will be resistant to substituting to a competitor’s products. Lack of good substitutes is
often an explanation for why a firm has substantial market power.
79
27
6. The Fact that Some Consumers Used IAP When Offered Epic
“Direct Pay” Has No Relevance
73. Professor Hitt claims that the experience from iOS Fortnite users having a choice of
Epic “Direct Pay” in addition to Apple’s IAP payment processing showed that “nearly half of
all consumers valued Apple’s platform services enough to overcome a 20 percent price
differential.”80 The percentage of users who chose the Epic Direct Pay option increased over
time—from the start of the Direct Pay option being offered (August 13) to the point when the
Apple IAP option was no longer available because Epic’s developer account ending in ’84 was
terminated by Apple (midday August 28), about 73 percent of purchases were on Epic Direct
Pay.81
74. The fact that material numbers of consumers chose Direct Pay is strong evidence that
payment processing methods, including IAP, are separate products. The fact that some
consumers also chose IAP instead of Direct Pay is not relevant to the separate products inquiry.
We would generally expect that after removing a tie, some consumers would continue to
purchase the tied product from the seller of the tying product.
7. Professor Hitt’s Claim that Apple’s Commission Is Not

Supracompetitive Is Not Reliable
75. Professor Hitt claims that “Apple’s commission is not supracompetitive.”82 The
overarching problem with this assertion is that Professor Hitt makes no attempt to consider a
counterfactual world in which the Apple restraints at issue were not in place. Without doing so,
he cannot reliably reach a conclusion that Apple’s restraints have not harmed competition.
76. He makes three main points in support of this claim. First, he states that Apple has
never raised its 30 percent base fee since it was introduced in 2008 and that it has reduced it for
subscriptions after the first year.83 He does not consider the profit that Apple makes on in-app
purchases or analyze whether those profits have increased over time. This information is not
available publicly and would have to come directly from Apple. The fact that Apple has never
80
81
Calculations based on data from Epic.
82
Hitt Declaration at Section 4.3 (heading title).
83
28
raised its commission is uninformative of whether Apple’s price is supracompetitive, and

stating this fact is not a substitute for a serious analysis of the issue.
77. Professor Hitt’s second point is that “Apple’s commission structure and its base 30
percent rate is not unique. Many other app stores have a similar payment structure and the same
base level of commissions.”84 The commission rate charged by other app stores, in other
markets, does not tell us how much developers would pay in the absence of the conduct at issue
in this matter. Information on the profitability of the App Store, and the contribution from
commissions on in-app payments, would be useful for assessing this. Moreover, as I discussed
in Section II.D, commissions are not charged at all for many types of in-app purchases. And in
the case of some app stores, no commissions are charged for any in-app purchases.
78. Professor Hitt’s last point is that the quality of services provided to developers has
increased over time.85 Apple’s commission, however, is expressed as a percentage of the
developer’s revenue. To the extent that iOS developers can earn more revenue as a result of an
increase in quality, Apple’s fee increases. So, Apple earns more in fee revenue if it provides an
increase in quality that allows developers to sell more to users. Moreover, as noted above,
Professor Hitt does not consider whether Apple’s profits from its App Store, as opposed to its
commission rate, have increased.
84
85
29
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, I, David S. Evans, declare under penalty of perjury that the
foregoing is true and correct and that I executed this declaration on September 18, 2020 PT in
Marblehead, Massachusetts.
_____________________
30
1 Paul J. Riehle (SBN 115199)

paul.riehle@faegredrinker.com
2 FAEGRE DRINKER BIDDLE & REATH LLP
Four Embarcadero Center
3 San Francisco, California 94111
Telephone: (415) 591-7500
4 Facsimile: (415) 591-7510
5 Christine A. Varney (pro hac vice)

cvarney@cravath.com
7 Gary A. Bornstein (pro hac vice )
yeven@cravath.com
9 Lauren A. Moskowitz (pro hac vice)
lmoskowitz@cravath.com
10 M. Brent Byars (pro hac vice)
mbyars@cravath.com
11 CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
825 Eighth Avenue
12 New York, New York 10019
Telephone: (212) 474-1000
13 Facsimile: (212) 474-3700
14 Attorneys for Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.
15
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
16
17
OAKLAND DIVISION
18
19
EPIC GAMES, INC., No. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR
20
Plaintiff, DECLARATION OF M. BRENT
21 BYARS IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF
vs. PLAINTIFF EPIC GAMES INC.’S
22 MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY
APPLE INC., INJUNCTION
23
Date: September 28, 2020, 9:30 a.m. (via
Defendant.
24 Zoom Platform)
Courtroom: 1, 4th Floor
25
Judge: Hon. Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers
26
27
28
DECLARATION OF M. BRENT BYARS CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 I, M. Brent Byars, declare as follows:
2 1. I am an attorney at the law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, and am one of
3 the attorneys representing Epic Games, Inc. in this action. I am admitted to appear before this
4 Court pro hac vice.
5 2. I submit this declaration in further support of Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.’s Motion
6 for Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 61). The contents of this declaration are based on my
7 personal knowledge and on information and documents provided to me by Epic Games, Inc. If
8 called as a witness, I could and would competently testify thereto.
9 3. Attached hereto as Exhibit A is a true and correct copy of a letter from Katherine
10 B. Forrest to counsel for Apple, Inc., dated August 27, 2020.
11 4. Attached hereto as Exhibit B is a true and correct copy of a letter from Richard J.
12 Doren to Katherine B. Forrest, dated August 28, 2020.
13 5. Attached hereto as Exhibit C is a true and correct copy of an email thread,
14 including an email from M. Brent Byars to Jay P. Srinivasan, dated September 2, 2020.
15 6. Attached hereto as Exhibit D is a true and correct copy of an email from Yonatan
16 Even to Richard J. Doren and Jay Srinivasan, dated September 8, 2020.
17 7. Attached hereto as Exhibit E is a true and correct copy of a letter from Richard J.
18 Doren to Yonatan Even, dated September 10, 2020.
19 8. Attached hereto as Exhibit F is a true and correct copy of Apple’s App Store
20 Review Guidelines, updated September 11, 2020 (last accessed September 18, 2020), available at
21 https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/.
22 9. Attached hereto as Exhibit G is a true and correct copy of Google’s Google Play
23 Developer Distribution Agreement, effective as of June 12, 2020 (last accessed September 18,
24 2020), available at https://play.google.com/about/developer-distribution-agreement.html.
25 10. Attached hereto as Exhibit H is a true and correct copy of Google’s Developer
26 Program Policy, effective as of August 12, 2020 (last accessed September 18, 2020), available at
27 https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-
28 developer/answer/9914283?visit_id=637360682421231288-1413471540&rd=1.
DECLARATION OF M. BRENT BYARS 2 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 11. Attached hereto as Exhibit I is a true and correct copy of an email from Steve Jobs
2 to Eddy Cue, dated February 6, 2011, which I obtained from the website of the House Committee
3 on the Judiciary (last accessed September 18, 2020), available at
4 https://judiciary.house.gov/uploadedfiles/014816.pdf.
5
6
7 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true
8 and correct and that I executed this declaration on September 18, 2020 in New York City, New
9 York.
10
11 M. Brent Byars
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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DECLARATION OF M. BRENT BYARS 3 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

Exhibit A
(212) 474-1151
August 27, 2020
Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc., No. 20-cv-05640-YGR
Dear Counsel:
We write on behalf of Epic Games, Inc. (“Epic”) to raise an urgent concern about
Apple’s proposed termination of Epic’s developer account (Team ID # 8XJ6WJ8Z84, “the ’84
account”) and potential consequential effects on third-party game developers whose Epic Games
Store customers use the Sign In with Apple service, Epic account owners who use the Sign In
with Apple service to access third-party games, and third-party developers who access the Unreal
Engine using the Sign In with Apple service.
As you know, in the Temporary Restraining Order entered on Monday, the Court
wrote that the dispute between Apple and Epic “should not create havoc to bystanders”. (ECF
No. 48 at 7.) The Court wrote that “during the period of a temporary restraining order the status
quo in this regard should be maintained”. (Id.) That status quo is one which third-party game
developers whose Epic Games Store customers use the Sign In with Apple service, Epic account
owners who use the Sign In with Apple service to access third-party games, and third-party
developers who access the Unreal Engine using the Sign In with Apple service continue to have
unimpaired access to those services. Epic is concerned that Apple’s termination of the ’84
account may disrupt this status quo for third parties, contrary to the Temporary Restraining
Order.
Certain users of services provided by Epic must create and use accounts in Epic’s
systems. When users of Apple devices create or access an Epic account, they may choose to use
Apple’s Sign In with Apple service. For many of these users, the Sign in with Apple service is
the only way users have accessed their Epic accounts, and the only way such users could access
their accounts in the future. Other users have requested, as part of their use of the Sign in with
Apple service, that Apple create private email relay addresses rather than providing their email
addresses directly to Epic. If Apple takes steps that prevent the use of the Sign In with Apple
2
service to access Epic accounts, many users will be unable to access their Epic accounts, and
Epic could even lose the ability to communicate with its own users through private email relays.
Epic therefore requests that Apple confirm that it will not take any steps that
impair the Sign in with Apple service used by third-parties who rely on Epic services. We are
available to discuss this issue on an urgent basis during the course of the day today and to work
cooperatively with Apple to ensure that third parties are not harmed. Epic reserves all rights.
Sincerely,
s/ Katherine B. Forrest
Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr.

Richard Doren
Cynthia Richman
Daniel Swanson
Jay Srinivasan
Veronica Lewis
GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP
tboutrous@gibsondunn.com
rdoren@gibsondunn.com
crichman@gibsondunn.com
dwanson@gibsondunn.com
jsrinivasan@gibsondunn.com
vlewis@gibsondunn.com
VIA EMAIL
Exhibit B
Richard J. Doren
Direct: +1 213.229.7038
Fax: +1 213.229.6038
RDoren@gibsondunn.com
August 28, 2020
VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL
Katherine Forrest
Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP
Worldwide Plaza
825 Eighth Avenue
New York, NY 10019-7475
Re: Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc., No. 20-cv-05640-YGR
Dear Katherine:
Two weeks ago, Apple informed Epic Games, Inc. (“Epic”) that, because of its willful
breaches of the Developer Program License Agreement and violations of the App Store App
Review Guidelines, Apple would terminate Epic’s Developer Program account unless Epic
submitted a compliant Fortnite app. You sought a TRO in favor of Epic Games, Inc. and its
affiliates. That request was denied as to Epic Games, Inc. because of your gross violations of
your agreements with Apple. Apple is entirely within its rights to terminate Epic Games,
Inc.’s developer account and all related functionality, but Sign In with Apple will continue to
function for Apple customers for the next two weeks.
This is a problem of Epic’s making, and the resolution is entirely within Epic’s control. It is
not a matter of “urgent concern” for either Apple or the Court. If the future loss of this
functionality is of concern to Epic, Apple suggests Epic start the relevant engineering work
immediately. If Epic’s engineers have questions of Apple’s, they have worked together in the
past and Epic knows how to reach them.
Case 4:20-cv-05640-YGR
Sincerely, Document 89-2 Filed 09/18/20 Page 2 of 2
s/ Richard J. Doren
RJD/bxy
Exhibit C
From: Brent Byars <MByars@cravath.com>

Date: September 2, 2020 at 11:02:13 PM EDT
To: "Srinivasan, Jay P." <JSrinivasan@gibsondunn.com>
Cc: "Richman, Cynthia" <CRichman@gibsondunn.com>, Christine Varney <cvarney@cravath.com>,
"dwanson@gibsondunn.com" <dwanson@gibsondunn.com>, Gary Bornstein
<GBornstein@cravath.com>, Katherine Forrest <kforrest@cravath.com>, Lauren Moskowitz
<LMoskowitz@cravath.com>, "Doren, Richard J." <RDoren@gibsondunn.com>, "Boutrous Jr.,
Theodore J." <TBoutrous@gibsondunn.com>, "Lewis, Veronica S." <VLewis@gibsondunn.com>,
Yonatan Even <YEven@cravath.com>
Subject: Re: Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc.--Urgent correspondence from Katherine Forrest
Richard and Jay,
We’ve not heard back from Apple about this. Please have the appropriate Apple personnel contact Epic tomorrow, so that
the parties can resolve this issue without the need to bring it to the Court.
Brent
On Aug 29, 2020, at 7:14 PM, Brent Byars <MByars@cravath.com> wrote:
Richard and Jay,
We disagree with a number of the assertions and characterizations in your letter, but do not feel that it
would be productive to catalog or debate them here. Epic employees have initiated contact with the Apple
employees with whom they have interacted regarding Sign in with Apple during the normal course of
business--see attached email. We expect that Apple and Epic will have a cooperative relationship to
ensure that third parties who rely on Sign in with Apple to access Epic accounts retain that access after
the two-week period mentioned in your letter. Epic reserves all rights.
Brent
(See attached file: Epic Games Mail - Epic Games SiwA Migration.pdf)
"Srinivasan, Jay P." ---08/28/2020 03:31:56 PM---Brent, See letter attached.
From: "Srinivasan, Jay P." <JSrinivasan@gibsondunn.com>

To: "Brent Byars" <MByars@cravath.com>, "Boutrous Jr., Theodore J." <TBoutrous@gibsondunn.com>, "Doren, Richard J."
<RDoren@gibsondunn.com>, "Richman, Cynthia" <CRichman@gibsondunn.com>, "dwanson@gibsondunn.com"
<dwanson@gibsondunn.com>, "Lewis, Veronica S." <VLewis@gibsondunn.com>
Cc: "cvarney@cravath.com" <cvarney@cravath.com>, "Katherine Forrest" <kforrest@cravath.com>, "Gary Bornstein"
<GBornstein@cravath.com>, "Yonatan Even" <YEven@cravath.com>, "Lauren Moskowitz" <LMoskowitz@cravath.com>
Date: 08/28/2020 03:31 PM
Subject: RE: Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc.--Urgent correspondence from Katherine Forrest
Brent, See letter attached. Thanks, Jay Jay P. Srinivasan GIBSON DUNN Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP 333 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA
90071-3197 Tel +1 213.229.7296 • Fax +1 213.229.6296 JSrinivas
1
External (jsrinivasan@gibsondunn.com)
Report This Email FAQ

Brent,

See letter attached.

Thanks,
Jay
Jay P. Srinivasan
GIBSON DUNN
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP
333 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90071-3197
Tel +1 213.229.7296 • Fax +1 213.229.6296
JSrinivasan@gibsondunn.com • www.gibsondunn.com

From: Brent Byars <MByars@cravath.com>
Sent: Thursday, August 27, 2020 11:28 AM
To: Boutrous Jr., Theodore J. <TBoutrous@gibsondunn.com>; Doren, Richard J. <RDoren@gibsondunn.com>; Richman,
Cynthia <CRichman@gibsondunn.com>; dwanson@gibsondunn.com; Srinivasan, Jay P. <JSrinivasan@gibsondunn.com>;
Lewis, Veronica S. <VLewis@gibsondunn.com>
Cc: cvarney@cravath.com; Katherine Forrest <kforrest@cravath.com>; Gary Bornstein <GBornstein@cravath.com>;
Yonatan Even <YEven@cravath.com>; Lauren Moskowitz <LMoskowitz@cravath.com>
Subject: Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc.‐‐Urgent correspondence from Katherine Forrest

[External Email]
Counsel,
Please see the attached urgent correspondence from Katherine Forrest.
Brent
This e‐mail is confidential and may be privileged. Use or disclosure of it by anyone other than a designated addressee is
unauthorized. If you are not an intended recipient, please delete this e‐mail from the computer on which you received it.
This message may contain confidential and privileged information for the sole use of the intended
recipient. Any review, disclosure, distribution by others or forwarding without express permission is
strictly prohibited. If it has been sent to you in error, please reply to advise the sender of the error and
then immediately delete this message.
Please see our website at https://www.gibsondunn.com/ for information regarding the firm and/or our
privacy policy. [attachment "8.28 Response from R. Doren to K. Forrest.pdf" deleted by Brent
Byars/NYC/Cravath]
<Epic Games Mail - Epic Games SiwA Migration.pdf>
2
Exhibit D
From: Yonatan Even

Sent: Tuesday, September 8, 2020 2:24 PM
To: rdoren@gibsondunn.com; jsrinivasan@gibsondunn.com
Cc: Christine Varney; Katherine Forrest; Gary Bornstein; Brent Byars; John Karin
Subject: Epic v. Apple / Sign in with Apple
Richard and Jay,
As you know, prior to Apple’s termination of Epic’s ‘84 Apple developer account on August 28, Epic expressed concern
that third parties who use the Sign in with Apple service to access their Epic accounts would lose that access as a result
of that termination, contrary to the Temporary Restraining Order. Third parties that are affected by this issue include
Unreal Engine users, as well as third‐party game developers who use Epic services and their customers.
In Mr. Doren’s letter of August 28, 2020, Apple indicated that these third parties would retain access to Sign in with
Apple for two weeks from that date, demonstrating that loss of access to the Sign in with Apple service was not a
necessary consequence of the termination of the ‘84 developer account, but rather Apple’s choice. You suggested in
that letter that Apple engineers would assist Epic in finding a solution that would ensure that Sign in with Apple users
would not lose access to their Epic accounts after the two‐week period.
Six days later, on the afternoon (ET) of Thursday, September 3, Apple responded, clarifying that its engineers will not
work with Epic to solve the issue in a way that would be transparent to users, and suggesting instead that Epic “build a
custom flow to migrate users off Sign In with Apple by collecting email addresses or asking users to select a different
login method” – in other words, that Epic reach out to hundreds of thousands of users currently using SiwA and prompt
them to take action to replace SiwA with an alternative mechanism.
Apple’s response is both contrary to Mr. Doren’s representations and unsatisfactory. Nonetheless, to avoid the need to
involve the Court, Epic has been working diligently to prepare a mass email to the affected users, with instructions that,
if followed, should resolve this issue for most (though likely not all) users. However, given the change in Apple’s position
and the time it has taken Apple to respond to Epic’s outreach, any email Epic will send users will now be very close to
the deadline Apple has arbitrarily chosen to turn off SiwA. Users deserve more time to implement the necessary steps
to ensure continued access to their accounts.
Epic will send out an email to users tonight or tomorrow. In the meantime, and in order to provide users with the
correct instructions, please confirm by 5pm PST today that Apple will not take any steps that impair the Sign in with
Apple service used by third‐parties who rely on Epic services until after the Court resolves Epic’s pending motion for a
preliminary injunction.
Epic reserves all rights.
Yonatan Even
825 Eighth Avenue
New York, NY 10019
Telephone: (212) 474-1958
Fax: (212) 474-3700
1
Exhibit E
Richard J. Doren
Direct: +1 213.229.7038
RDoren@gibsondunn.com
September 10, 2020
VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL
Yonatan Even
825 Eighth Ave.
New York, NY 10019
Re: Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc., No. 20-cv-05640-YGR
Yonatan,
We are in receipt of your email of September 8. I will reiterate that the difficulties you
complain of are entirely of Epic’s own making. Epic chose to violate its agreements with
Apple, knowing that this would lead to the termination of its developer account, and chose to
do nothing to accommodate its users with respect to Sign in With Apple (“SIWA”). The
Court denied your request for a temporary restraining order against the termination of Epic
Games, Inc., which occurred on August 28. Nonetheless, as indicated in my letter to
Katherine Forrest on that date, Apple voluntarily allowed an extra two weeks before it
terminates Epic Games, Inc.’s access to SIWA. Nothing in the Court’s decision required
Apple to do this.
I understand that, as I suggested in my August 28 letter, Epic personnel contacted Apple’s

engineers with regard to this issue. One week ago today, Apple’s engineers responded by
proposing a solution—that Epic build a custom flow to migrate users off SIWA by collecting
email addresses or asking users to select a different login method. I further understand that
(despite having had all the guidance necessary to do so for the prior six days) it was not until
yesterday that Epic implemented the solution that Apple recommended. Epic’s unexplained
delays notwithstanding, Apple will leave SIWA in place for the time being. Again, Apple
does this voluntarily and while reserving all rights.
It should also be noted that we are surprised and puzzled by your assertion that terminating
SIWA for the Epic Games, Inc. account will affect users of the Unreal Engine. Your client
has repeatedly and consistently represented to the Court that the Unreal Engine is run by “a
different company. It’s in Switzerland. It’s a totally different set of circumstances.” (Aug.
19, 2020 Hearing Tr. 10:25-11:2.) Your client’s briefs have assured the Court that the game
production business of Epic Games, Inc. is distinct from “the separate Unreal Engine
business” (Epic TRO Br. at 1), and that “the developer tools” that are “necessary to
Yonatan Even
September 10, 2020
Page 2
support . . . Unreal Engine . . . are covered by separate integrated agreements.” (Epic PI Br.
at 30 (emphasis in original).) It is indeed true that the Developer Program account of Epic
Games International, S.à.r.l. gives it the ability to use SIWA. If Epic has set up its Unreal
Engine business to use this functionality through the Epic Games, Inc. account, that is Epic’s
own doing. Further, it would again reflect the spuriousness of your client’s claim that
Unreal Engine is a separate business from Epic Games, Inc. and an innocent, collateral
victim of the crisis that Epic Games, Inc. has created.
Epic is fully aware of what it needs to do to remedy the problems that Epic has created for
itself.
Sincerely,
/s/ Richard J. Doren
Richard J. Doren
RJD/eml
Exhibit F
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Exhibit I
Subject: Re: Magazine subscription write up

From: "Steve Jobs" < Confidential
Received(Date): Sun, 06 Feb 2011 21:19:57 +0000
To: "Eddy Cue" < Confidential >
Cc: "Philip Schiller" < Confidential
Date: Sun, 06 Feb 2011 21:19:57 +0000
I think this is all pretty simple - iBooks is going to be the only bookstore on iOS devices.
We need to hold our heads high. One can read books bought elsewhere, just not
buy/renUsubscribe from iOS without paying us, which we acknowledge is prohibitive for
many things.
Sent from my iPad
On Feb 6,2011, at 11:17 AM, Eddy Cue < confidential > wrote:
> I am also looking forward to discussing whether we require in-app for books. At first
this doesn't seem that bad not to require but the more I think about it, it will be very
problematic. It will be difficult to limit this to books. What about Netflix, WSJ, MLB,
Pandora, etc? They will all do it it. Where do you draw the line? And many other would
want it (e.g. magazines and games). The problem is many can afford 30% but others will
say they can't. This is going to be a huge decision for us. We don't want to lose the apps
from iOS and at the same time we don't want to compromise the app experience that we
have (e.g. don't have to enter your info or payment everywhere).
> Eddy
> Sent from my iPhone
> On Feb 6, 2011, at 12:27 PM, Philip Schiller < Confidential > wrote:
>> One interesting point: magazines and newspapers argued that they don't like our
offering because they want to get a lot of customer data (mostly name, email, address,
phone number) but one of the big things they get by offering an app is a ton of customer
data that they never had before - they can learn what stories customers read, how often
and long they read, where they are (weather), what teams they follow (sports), when
they were born (horoscopes), what companies they follow (stocks and business), what
games they play (crosswords, suduko, etc), what ads they click on, etc. It is very
impressive all they can learn about customers without forcing the customer to provide
anything that they do not want to share.
>>
>>
>> On Feb 6, 2011, at 1:11 PM, Eddy Cue wrote:
>>
>>> I thought we should meet to go over the rules. We need to decide what we want to
HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL -- SENSITIVE BUSINESS INFORMATION HJC-APPLE-014816

do with books. I have asked Lanita for a meeting with Phil, you and I this week.
>>>
>>> The basic premise is if the publisher brings a subscriber we get nothing and if we
bring the subscriber we get 70/30. Apps must offer our in-app subscription offer and can
not link out to any other. Publisher can offer subscriptions through any of their
mechanisms (e.g. print, web site).
>>>
>>> Here are the rules with all the fine details for subscriptions -
>>> · Only for magazine and newspaper apps
>>> · Offer can be weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, bi-yearly or yearly (you can
offer more than one)
>>> · Customer is automatically charged each time (e.g. weekly) until they indicate that
they no longer wish to subscribe. At that point, they will receive any pending issues to
the end of their paid subscription.
>>> · When customer buys a subscription, they will be asked if they want to share their
name, email and zip code with the publisher. In addition, the publisher can offer a free
incentive based on their offer (e.g. extra month for monthly or 2 weeks for weekly) if
customer agrees to send the information.
>>> · Newspaper or magazine publisher sets the subscription pricing (can be free if they
want to)
>>> · Subscription rates must be equal or less than other digital rate offered elsewhere
>>> · If publisher changes the subscription price, it applies to all existing subscribers at
the time of renewal (if the price is higher than the customer was paying, they will be
notified and will need to agree to the higher rate).
>>> · Revenue split is 70/30 for all subscription payments (Apple is not involved with
any transaction that happens outside the store)
>>> · Subscription can include any other digital access (e.g. access to paid web site)
>>> · Subscription can not include any physical product (e.g. print)>>> · App can not
require sign in or personal information at launch but can optionally ask the customer if
they wish to register with their site (existing rule already)
>>> · In the app, you can make other product offerings (e.g. buy a calendar, signup for
an email list) transacted directly with the publisher
>>> · Newspaper or magazine publisher can give free access to existing print
subscribers (publisher does authentication)
>>> · Newspaper or magazine publisher can sell digital subscriptions on their properties
and Apple does not get any payments (publisher does authentication)
>>> · The app must have a subscription offer using Apple's recurring subscription (can
not link out from the app to any subscription offering).
>>>
>>> This may sound complicated but it addresses their needs and bounds the box
which we must do. Without it, some will try to do things that are not appropriate or fair.
>>>
>>> For books, it is less complicated except book stores will claim this model doesn't
work because they pay 30% to the publisher already. For those with which this is the
case, they would break even. They have other ways to make money using their own
sites and cutting better deals. If I want to sell my Android book app on their new Android
store I only get 20% so Amazon is getting a better deal !

>>>
>>> The book rules are -
>>> · App must include Apple in-app purchases for new books (can not link out to buy a
book)
>>> · App may read books purchased outside the app.
>>>
>>> We will get you a draft of this by tomorrow.
>>>
>>> Eddy
>>>
>>>
>>> On Feb 6, 2011, at 10:38 AM, Steve Jobs wrote:
>>>
>>>> I have seen nothing yet. We need a few paragraphs clearly stating our philosophy,
and how this directly translates into our new policies.
>>>>
>>>> Sent from my iPhone
>>>
>>

Epic Vs Apple - Epic's Reply

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Case 4:20-cv-05640-YGR Document 90 Filed 09/18/20 Page 1 of 21

1 Paul J. Riehle (SBN 115199)

5 Christine A. Varney (pro hac vice)

14 Attorneys for Plaintiff Epic Games, Inc.

15 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM ii CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

5 FTC v. Qualcomm Inc.,

10 Newcal Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Office Sols.,

15 Teradata Corp. v. SAP SE,

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM iii CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

TABLE OF CITED DOCUMENTS

10 Evans Declaration of Dr. David S. Evans (ECF

14 Penwarden Declaration of Nicholas Penwarden in Support

16 Sweeney Declaration of Timothy Sweeney in Support of

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM iv CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

Evans Reply Second Declaration of Dr. David S. Evans

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM v CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

7 consumers should not be harmed by Apple’s overwhelming retaliation against Epic.

23 your pocket but a smartphone does.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

6 processors. It is clear that developers are clamoring for competition.

9 customers of those customers—in essence, that it is dispensing collective punishment. Instead of

15 from Apple’s retaliation. Apple has no valid response.

16 Second, Apple repeatedly invokes “security” and “privacy” as justifications for

26 method by which Epic introduced competing payment processing functionality; Apple is

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 2 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

7 not presented a shred of evidence that there is any security issue.

11 participants in the new program. (Sweeney Reply ¶ 7, Ex. A.)

25 meantime, an injunction should issue.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 3 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

6 II. EPIC IS HIGHLY LIKELY TO SUCCEED ON THE MERITS.

7 A. Apple’s Conduct Violates Section 2 of the Sherman Act.

8 1. Apple has a monopoly in the iOS App Distribution Market.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 4 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

7 generally, are not accessible through distribution on other platforms.

19 tying products as “integrated”). Indeed, it is Apple’s decision to contractually coerce developers

20 to “integrate” its downstream offering that constitutes Apple’s anti-competitive conduct.

21 2. Apple unlawfully maintains its app distribution monopoly.

26 these are legal for two reasons, neither of which is availing.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 5 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

4 technology”. (Id.) That statement mischaracterizes Epic’s argument. Microsoft is compensated

23 distribution and that Apple should fairly compete in that market.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 6 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

6 curtail the scope of Apple’s anti-competitive conduct. 2

7 B. Apple’s Conduct Violates Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act.

12 1. Apple ties app distribution to in-app payment processing.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 7 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

6 rebut the evidence of separate demand. 3

11 if the primary market is two-sided.

21 without paying us [Apple], which we acknowledge is prohibitive for many things”).) 4

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 8 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

2. Under the rule of reason, Apple’s conduct has anti-competitive effects.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 9 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

1 applications on PCs. (See Penwarden ¶ 5.)

5 should have to change the unlawful portions of its business model.

10 content occur through IAP.

21 III. EPIC WILL SUFFER IRREPARABLE HARM ABSENT AN INJUNCTION.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 10 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

3 with incalculable consequences to Epic’s goodwill, reputation, and competitive standing.

15 Apple characterizes as self-inflicted should be understood as protective of competition.

EPIC’S REPLY MEMORANDUM 11 CASE NO. 4:20-CV-05640-YGR

5 IV. THE BALANCE OF HARMS STRONGLY FAVORS EPIC.