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სოციოლოგიის შესავალი - კახა ქეცბაია PDF
სოციოლოგიის შესავალი - კახა ქეცბაია PDF
kaxa qecbaia
sociologiis Sesavali
(leqciebi)
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2011
wignSi avtor-Semdgenlis mier soxumis saxelmwifo universitetSi socialur
da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetze `sociologiis SesavalSi~ wakiTxuli
leqciebia Tavmoyrili. saleqcio Tematikas Tan erTvis sxvadasxva saxis sakiTxave-
bi, Teoriuli da praqtikuli xasiaTis kiTxvebi da davalebebi, masalebi gansji-
saTvis, agreTve calkeul sociologiur terminTa ganmartebani da a. S. sociolo-
giis istoriidan motanili araerTi saintereso masala ki studentebs sociolo-
giuri warmosaxvis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi unda daexmaros.
wigni socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa bakalavriatis programis stu-
dentebisa da, saerTod, sociologiis Seswavlis damwyebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili.
© k. qecbaia, 2011
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge
ISBN 978-9941-17-463-6
2
mainc ra aris es sociologia
sociologia mecnierebis erT-erTi dargia. mecniereba kulturis Taviseburi
fenomenia. es Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi adamianis survilebi ki
ar aris ukufenili, aramed igi zepirovnuli movlenaa. mecniereba mowodebulia sa-
gani cnebaTa qselis saSualebiT ise warmoadginos, rogorc is TavisTavad arse-
bobs. mecniereba cnebebis saSualebiT gvaZlevs codnas saganze. aq adamiani TiT-
qosda Tavis Tavs malavs, Tumca rasac adamiani mecnierebis saxiT akeTebs, yvela-
feri es adamianisaTvis aris gamiznuli, radgan adamians sinamdvilis Tavis sasar-
geblod gamoyeneba surs. es ki ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda sinamdvilis Semecnebis
gareSe mecnierebis bunebis aseTi gageba sworia ara marto bunebismecnierebebis,
aramed socialuri mecnierebebis mimarTac, vinaidan es ukanasknelic saganTa (ker-
Zod socialur movlenaTa) bunebis codnas iZleva.
mecnierebis ramdenime saxe arsebobs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan codnis xasia-
TiT, SinaarsiT da kriteriumebiT gansxvavdebian. aqedan gamomdinare axdenen mecniere-
baTa klasifikacias. laparakoben bunebismecnierebebis da socialuri mecnierebebis,
humanitaruli da kulturis mecnierebebis, formaluri da istoriuli mecnierebebisa
da a. S. Sesaxeb. uaxlesi klasifikaciis mixedviT, mecnierebis sam jgufs gamoyofen _
formalurs, realursa da istoriuls.
formalur mecnierebaTa klasSi moiazrebian logika da maTematika. am mecniere-
baTa specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini TavianTi kvlevis sagnad ar ixdian rea-
lur faqtebs da movlenebs, maT saqme aqvT azrovnebis principebTan. meTodi, romel-
sac es mecnierebebi iyeneben, logikuri dasabuTebaa.
realur mecnierebaTa klasSi jgufdebian is mecnierebebi, romlebic meTodad ga-
moiyeneben dakvirebas, cdas da eqsperiments. realur mecnierebebs miekuTvnebian fi-
zika, qimia, astronomia, biologia, sociologia, politikuri da kulturis mecniere-
bebi da sxv.
istoriuli mecniereba ki swavlobs faqtebs, romlebic warsulSi moxda. igi aR-
weriTi mecnierebaa. misi mizania aRadginos da aRweros realurad momxdari faqti.
amisaTvis is pirvelwyaroebis kritikul analizs gamoiyenebs.
sociologia, am klasifikaciis mixedviT, realur mecnierebaTa jgufs gane-
kuTvneba, Tumca sociologias mecnierulobis kriteriumebi _ obieqturoba, gamoT-
vladoba, Semowmebadoba, intersubieqturoba, SefasebiTi msjelobisagan Tavisuf-
leba, _ rom daemkvidrebina, sakmao dro dasWirda da saintereso inteleqtualuri
Tavgadasavali gadaxda.
sociologia demokratiuli sazogadoebis mecnierebaa im martivi mizezis ga-
mo, rom tiraniis, diqtaturis, absoluturi monarqiis, totalitarizmisa da avto-
ritarizmis farglebSi socialuri sferos kvlevis saWiroeba ar arsebobs, rad-
ganac tradiciul sazogadoebebSi (aseve totalitarulSic, garkveuli saxesxvao-
biT) monarqi iTvleboda absoluturi WeSmaritebis matarebel figurad, romlis
Zalauflebis legitimacia RmerTs miewereboda.
sociologia sazogadoebis modernizaciis pirmSoa. sazogadoebis moderniza-
cia, Tavis mxriv, emyareba subieqtis aqtivobis principis damkvidrebas evropul
kulturaSi. adamiani acnobierebs, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Se-
moqmedebiTi aqtivoba. aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri sferoc epoqis sulis Sesat-
3
yvisad mowyobas saWiroebs. RmerTis da monarqis gareSe darCenil samyaroSi saWi-
roa axali TamaSis wesebis SemoReba. racionaluri midgoma msWvalavs sazogadoe-
bisa da individis gagebasac. am epoqaSi individi aRar ganixileba, rogorc Tavis
TavSi substanciuri bunebis Semcveli. individi Tavis Rirebulebas sxva individeb-
Tan mimarTebaSi iZens. axali drois azrovneba funqciur-relaciur midgomas av-
rcelebs sazogadoebazec. rogorc axali drois sabunebismetyvelo azrovnebam
uaryo samyaros ierarqiuli gageba, aseve uaryofs axali drois socialuri da po-
litikuri azri sazogadoebis ierarqiul gaazrebas. sazogadoebis yoveli wevri
Taviseburi atomia, romelTa urTierToba sazogadoebis danarCen wevrebTan maT
mierve dadgenili wesebiT, magaliTad, konstituciiT, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT da sxv.
ganisazRvreba. kanonis winaSe yvela Tanasworia.
axal droSi moiZebna sruliad axali principi, romelic safuZvlad daedo sa-
moqalaqo-sekularuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, esaa konvenciis principi, rome-
lic emyareba adamianis avtonomiurobisa da racios (gonebis) primats. axali droi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia msoflmxedvelobrivi pluralizmi, rac, erTi SexedviT, sa-
zogadoebaSi anarqistul ganwyobebs unda iwvevdes. saqme is aris, rom am msof-
lmxedvelobis mixedviT, adamiani cxaddeba avtonomiur arsebad, romelic ar SeiZ-
leba flobdes absolutur WeSmaritebas, aqedan gamomdinare, samarTalcnobiereba
am kulturaSi yalibdeba sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze dayrdnobiT, romelic
mravalpartiuli da demokratiuli institutebis monawileobiT msoflmxedvelobri-
vi pluralizmis gaTvaliswinebas uzrunvelyofs kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi.
mokled, adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi aqtivobiT qmnian sazogadoebas, zebunebrivi
avtoritetis gareSe TviTon adgenen `TamaSis” wesebs da aRiareben am wesebiT Tama-
Sis upirobobas. am dros mkvidrdeba kanonis uzenaesoba, religiasTan damokidebu-
leba cxaddeba adamianis pirad saqmed. eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan, sko-
la-eklesiisagan.
axali drois sazogadoebis principia TviTorganizeba. xdeba sazogadoebis mo-
dernizacia. TamaSis wesebi emyareba umravlesobis nebas, an sxvagvarad rom vTqaT,
radganac absoluturi WeSmaritebis mflobeli suzereni aRar arsebobs, maSin sa-
xelmwifo unda imarTos umravlesobis nebis Sesatyvisad. umravlesobis neba gamoi-
xateba kanonmdeblobiT miRebuli konstituciiTa (ZiriTadi kanoni) da sxva kanone-
biT. TandaTanobiT mkvidrdeba kanonis uzenaesoba.
socialur sferoSi mimdinare cvlilebebma dRis wesrigSi daayena iseTi mecnie-
rebis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, romelic socialur kanonzomierebebs gamoik-
vlevda, Seiswavlida sazogadoebis struqturasa da misi funqciobis xarisxs,
gamoikvlevda sazogadoebriv azrs da a.S. swored am moTxovnis safuZvelze gaCnda
axali mecniereba-sociologia, romelic ara mxolod sazogadoebaSi mimdinare pro-
cesebis kvleviT iyo dakavebuli, aramed momavlis mimarT interess amJRavnebda. da-
gegmva, prognozireba da winaswarmetyveleba sociologiis erT-erT ZiriTad amoca-
nad gamocxadda. sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda socialuri sinamdvilis deskrifcia. socio-
logiuri Teoriis `srulyofisaTvis” sociologia iZulebuli gaxda gadaelaxa aR-
weris farglebi da miemarTa preskrifciisaTvis, rac, erTi SexedviT, gamarTlebuli
Cans, radgan, zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sociologiis mizans ara marto sinam-
dvilis aRwera, aramed momavlis xdomilebebis ganWvretac evaleba da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, socialur Terapias warmoadgens.
4
momavlis ganWvretisadmi ltolvam sociologia mecnierulobis kriteriumis
Sesustebamde da Teoriis moralizebamde miiyvana. es faqti aucileblad moiTxovda
yuradRebas sociologebis mxridan, radganac sociologia aseT SemTxvevaSi iqceva
filosofiad (socialur filosofiad), risgan gamoyofasac ase eswrafoda. socio-
logma unda akontrolos sazRvrebi deskrifciasa da preskrifcias Soris, mecniere-
basa da filosofias Soris, `unda iyos” da `aris” Soris. momavlis prognozireba
sociologiuri Teoriis farglebs gareT unda iqnes gatanili. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-
Si sociologiuri Teoria darCeba filosofiur paradigmaSi da TeoriisTvis auci-
lebel simkacresa da obieqturobas dakargavs.
adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba pirobiTad
or jgufad davyoT: filosofiur da sociologiur Teoriebad. filosofiuri kon-
cefcia adamianisa da sazogadoebis jerarsul, metafizikur gagebazea orientire-
buli, rac imis aRiarebaa, rom adamianis moqmedeba realobis gareT arsebul sa-
fuZvlebs emyareba. es koncefciebi antiutilitaruli suliskveTebis matarebelia,
Tumca arsebobs e.w. utilitaruli filosofiuri koncefciebi, romlis ZiriTad
ideas adamianis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens (loki, hobsi, hiumi).
sociologia individis da sazogadoebis moqmedebas ganixilavs, rogorc empi-
riul fenomens. igi yuradRebis gareSe tovebs moqmedebis filosofiur safuZvlebs
da maT adgils uTmobs sazogadoebis moqmedebis empiriul bunebas da kanonzomie-
rebas. e.w utilitaruli filosofiuri koncefcia sociologiis enaze `iTargmna~,
rogorc racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, xolo antiutilitaruli koncefciis so-
ciologiuri transformacia gamoixata Semdeg kiTxvebSi: aris Tu ara adamianis
moqmedeba misi survilebis Tavisufali gamoxatuleba, Tu determinirebulia kul-
turiT an socializaciis procesiT (veberi, parsonsi, gidensi)? amdenad, gansxvave-
ba socialur filosofiasa da sociologias Soris ara saganSi (erTic da meorec
sazogadoebas ikvlevs), aramed am sagnisadmi midgomis wessa da kvlevis meTodebSia.
sociologia filosofiisgan sabolood gasamijnad iyenebs empiriuli kvlevis
raodenobriv da Tvisebriv meTodebs, Tumca jer kidev frankfurtis skolis fuZemde-
beli m. horkhaimeri aRniSnavda, rom sociologiam ver SeZlo daekavSirebina specia-
luri socialuri mecnierebebi da, amdenad, ver SeZlo sazogadoebis mTliani sura-
Tis Seqmna. am skolis warmomadgenlebis (h.markuze, T.adorno) azriT, sociologia fi-
losofiis gareSe uZluria gadaWras misTvis saintereso problemebi. maTi azriT, so-
ciologia, romlebic hqonda amocana ekvlia sazogadoeba, rogorc mTeli, kmayofil-
deba iseTi fenomenebis SeswavliT, romelic principSi gazomvadia, rac imas niSnavs,
rom mas SeuZlia gasces pasuxi kiTxvas: rogor aris sazogadoeba mowyobili, magram
ver pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu ratomaa es sazogadoeba aseTi. amitom socialur mecniere-
bebs, Tu maT surT iyvnen relevanturi, filosofiasTan sinTezs unda miaRwion.
frankfurtis skolis es idea dResac ar aris aqtualobas moklebuli.
mecnieruli obieqturoba da simkacre rom SeenarCunebina Tanamedrove socio-
logia iZulebuli gaxda xeli aeRo sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, kvlevaze, mo-
axdina socialuri sinamdvilis fragmentacia da Camoyalibda e.w. dargobrivi so-
ciologiuri disciplinebi: ojaxis sociologia, religiis sociologia, politi-
kis sociologia, xelovnebis sociologia, socialuri anTropologia, codnis so-
ciologia da Aa.S, anu gamoiyo socialuri cxovrebis is sferoebi, romelTa Ses-
wavlisaTvis upriania kvlevis empiriuli meTodebi.
5
kidev erTi ram, romelmac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas sociologiis mecnieru-
lobas da obieqturobas _ es politikaa. sociologiisa da politikis mimarTeba
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc mecnierebis mimarTeba aramecnierebasTan. saqme isaa,
rom sagani, romelic socilogiis kvlevis sferoa, politikis marTvis obieqts
warmoadgens, ris Sesaxebac ukve Camoyalibebulia garkveuli politikuri midgo-
mebi da ideologiuri diskursi. saxeze gvaqvs socialuri sinamdvilis ideologiu-
ri obieqtivacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, sociologiur kvlevebze erTgvari latenturi
Zalauflebis matarebelia. es garemoeba sociologias xSirad aqcevs politikuri
manipulirebis instrumentad. mecnierulobis SesanarCuneblad sociologia mudam
unda cdilobdes politikuri koniunqturis marwuxebidan gaTavisuflebas.
socialuri swavlebani saqarTveloSi SeiZleba daiZebnos adreul literatu-
rul ZeglebSi, arafers vambobT XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi Camoyalibebul socialur
Teoriebze. Tumca es jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi am droisaTvis arse-
bobda sociologia, rogorc realuri mecniereba. pirveli sociologiuri anketa,
romelic am tipis produqtisaTvis wayenebul yvelaze maRal moTxovnebs akmayofi-
lebs, Seqmnilia 1911 wels ivane javaxiSvilis mier, romelsac surda im periodis
qarTveli studentebis damokidebuleba gamoekvlia samSoblosTan mimarTebaSi (es
anketa sankt-peterburgis universitetis arqivSi moiZia axalgazrda mkvlevarma
soso kakubavam, romelic man Tavis sadisertacio naSroms daudo safuZvlad).
komunizmis epoqaSi istoriuli materializmi miiCneoda sazogadoebasa da mis
kanonzomierebaze arsebul saboloo instanciis Seuval WeSmarit moZRvrebad.
Tumca 30-ian wlebSi gamodis k. megreliZis wigni `azrovnebis sociologia~, ramac
avtors gadasaxleba da saboloo jamSi sastiki dasasruli moutana. sakvirvelia,
magram ukve 70-ian wlebSi qarTveli filosofosis v. qvaCaxias TaosnobiT Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetSi yalibdeba sabWoTa kavSirSi erT-erTi pirveli so-
ciologiis kaTedra. 1984 wels ki iqmneba sociologiis specialoba. dReis mdgoma-
reobiT ramdenime wamyvan universitetSi arsebobs sociologiis specialoba, sadac
axalgazrdebi euflebian am metad saintereso da rTul mecnierebas.
akaki yulijaniSvili
Tbilisi, 25 seqtemberi, 2011 w.
6
sociologiis Sesavali
S e s a v a l i
profesia _ sociologi
yoveldRiur cnobierebaSi sociologia gamokiTxvebis CatarebasTan da sazo-
gadoebrivi azris SeswavlasTan asocirdeba xolme. garkveulwilad es asec aris,
radganac sociologiis sxva aspeqtebi uxilavia, magram dReisaTvis sociologias
interesTa ufro farTo diapazoni aqvs, romelic iwyeba sazogadoebis wevrTa po-
litikuri gemovnebidan, tansacmlis, saWmel-sasmelis, saojaxo teqnikisa da sxva
misTanebis SerCevisas maTi qcevis Taviseburebebidan da umuSevrobis, damnaSaveo-
bis, ganaTlebis, ojaxuri konfliqtebis da a. S. SeswavliT mTavrdeba. sociologi-
is ZiriTad dargebs miekuTvneba: ganaTlebis, ekonomikis, marTvisa da organizaci-
is, politikis, mediisa da komunikaciis, pirovnebisa da ojaxis sociologiebi da
sxv.
Cveni yoveldRiuri arCevani _ anu is, Tu rogor visvenebT, vqmniT ojaxs, xmas
vaZlevT Tu virCevT profesias, gviyvars Tu gvZuls viRac, _ didwilad sazogadoe-
basTanaa dakavSirebuli. es yvelaferi im sazogadoebaSi xdeba, romlis wevrebi
Cven varT da romelSic vcxovrobT. sociologias adamianis qcevisa da moqmedebis
socialuri gansazRvruloba ainteresebs, anu Cvens moqmedebaSi im TaviseburebaTa
gamovlineba, romlebic garemo pirobebis zegavleniT, ama Tu im socialuri jgufi-
sadmi (mamakacebi an qalebi, axalgazrda Tu saSualo asakis mqone, soflis Tu qa-
laqis macxovrebeli, mdidari Tu Raribi da sxva) kuTvnilebis Sedegad Camogviya-
libda. magaliTad, adamiani zamTarSi gareT paltoTi imitom gamodis, rom ar Ses-
civdes, magram is, Tu ra feris, rogor da ra fasis paltos SearCevs, es mis soci-
alur maxasiaTeblebzea (asaki, sqesi, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Sexeduleba modaze
da sxva) damokidebuli. Tumca ekonomikuri gaTvla `xarjebi-Semosavali~ yovel-
Tvis rodi gansazRvraven adamianis qcevas. xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs eTikuri Rire-
bulebebi, kulturuli normebi, adaT-wesebi, sxvadasxva saxis ideebi da Sexedule-
bebi gansazRvarven. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis mflobe-
lisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao sufraze TiTqmis erTi da igive saW-
mel-sasmeli iqneba da miuxedavad imisa, maTi Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia, saSobao
saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair Tanxas daxarjaven, rac maTi religiuri
mrwamsis _ protestantizmis moqmedebis principebiT aixsneba, romlis mixedviT, sa-
kuTari Semosavlebis miuxedavad adamiani ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrob-
des, xolo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi mdidruli
cxovreba ara maRali socialuri statusis, aramed uRirsi qcevis maCvenebelia. es
faqti sabazro ekonomikis mqone sazogadoebis aSenebis gzaze damdgari qveynebi-
saTvis Wkuis saswavlebeli unda iyos.
adamianTa qcevaze, adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis formebze dakvirveba mra-
val kiTxvas warmoSobs xolme. magaliTad, `ratom xarjavs adamiani kolosalur
Tanxebs cnobili brendis SesaZenad, maSin rodesac xarisxis mixedviT is sxva mar-
kisagan maincdamainc didad ar gamoirCeva?~ `iarsebeben Tu ara 50 wlis Semdeg
tradiciuli ojaxebi?~ `rogor aRweven adamianebi didebas, warmatebas da raSia mi-
si saidumlo?~ da a. S. kiTxvaTa aseTi rigi SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes. am
kiTxvebs yoveli Tqvengani sakuTar pasuxs gascems, magram maT Soris swori pasuxe-
bis gamovlenaSi sociologiuri codna, warmosaxva da teqnologiebi dagvexmareba
mxolod. aqedan Cans, rom sociologs adamianebTan uwevs muSaoba; is specialurad
momzadebulia imisaTvis, rom imuSaos adamianebTan, marTos an konsultacia gauwi-
os, daexmaros maT, radganac yvelaze ukeT man icis adamianTa insteresebi da moT-
7
kaxa qecbaia
marTva da
menejmenti
ganaTleba, marketingi,
politika, piar-
ekonomika, kompaniebi,
medicina,
imijcentrebi
sporti,
xelovneba
profesia -
sociologi
sociologiuri media da
da komunikaciebi,
analitikuri sareklamo
kvlevis
saagentoebi
centrebi
art-
saagentoebi
da art-
biznesi
9
kaxa qecbaia
I leqcia
10
sociologiis Sesavali
sociologiis
sagani
socialuri socialuri
moqmedeba struqturebi
12
sociologiis Sesavali
sociologiis funqciebi
13
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
vfiqrobT, yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom sociologia aris mecniereba. mecnierulobis
qveS pirvel rigSi codnis dasabuTebuli sistema igulisxmeba. mecnieruli codnis
umTvaresi niSnebia:
• empiriuloba (Zv. berZnulad _ empiriea-cda, gamocdileba) _ rac imas niS-
navs, rom codna dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebazea damyarebuli.
• empiriulad Semowmebadoba (verificirebadoba) _ codnis praqtikuli Semow-
mebadoba.
• aranormatiuloba _ Sors dgas Sesamecnebeli sagnisadmi yovelgvari Rire-
bulebiT-SefasebiTi mimarTebisagan, oRond es imas ar niSnavs, rom mecnie-
ruli kvleva RirebulebiTi vakuumis pirobebSi mimdinareobs. aq igulisxme-
ba, rom mecnierul codnas erTxel da samudamod dadgenili normis an ka-
14
sociologiis Sesavali
codnis tipebi
empiriuloba + + _
empiriulad Semow- + _ _
mebadoba
aranormatiuloba + + _
gadacemadoba + _ _
logikuroba + _ _
zogadoba + _ +
axsniTi bunebis + _ +
qona
drouloba + + _
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 3-10.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Tavi I, gv. 7-14.
3. Э. Гидденс, Социология, М. 2005. gv. 17-20.
15
kaxa qecbaia
damatebiTi literatura:
1. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 5-12.
2. k. noniaSvili, kvlevis meTodebi empiriul da gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi,
Tb., 2010. gv. 10-13.
3. kaxa qecbaia, Jurnalistikis sociologia (sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi), Tb.,
2003. gv.G5-13.
4. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 7-25.
5. Дж. Масионис, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 24-36.
6. А. Кравченко, В. Анурин, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 9-36.
7. Руководитель авторского коллектива П. Павленок, Социология, М. 2002. gv. 7-19.
masala gansjisaTvis
sazogadoeba mikroskopis qveS
neil smelzeri
16
sociologiis Sesavali
***
erTad mcxovreb adamianTa krebuls, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen erTma-
neTze anu urTierTzemoqmedeben, socialuri jgufi anu sazogadoeba ewodeba. maT
erTobliv cxovrebas sazogadoebrivi cxovreba hqvia, maT Soris urTierTobebs ki
_ sazogadoebrivi anu socialuri urTierTobebi. ase rom, sazogadoeba, sazogado-
ebrivi cxovreba da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi socialur movlenebs warmoad-
genen. maTi Seswavla sociologiis umTavresi amocanaa. am gziT Cven bevr rames ga-
vigebT yoveli calkeuli adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb da, piriqiT, sazogadoebis Sesa-
xeb codnis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba calkeul adamianTa cxovrebis wvdoma. axla
ukve advilia termin `sociologiis~ gageba. Cveneburad is niSnavs _ `sityvas sa-
zogadoebaze.~am mecnierebaSi adamiani ganixileba ara rogorc gancalkevebiT
mcxovrebi arseba, aramed rogorc `erTobis wevri,~ SOCIUS-i, romelic sxva adami-
anTa Soris cxovrobs da urTierTzemoqmedebs maTze, anu gavlenas axdens maT moq-
medebebze da, Tavis mxriv, TviTonac sxva adamianTa zemoqmedebiT moqmedebs. amri-
gad, Cven mivediT Semdegi saxis daskvnamde:
sociologiis saboloo da umTavresi amocanaa adamianTa qcevisa da moqmede-
bebis Seswavla, magram ramdenadac adamianebi gancalkevebiT ki ara, erTad cxov-
roben da nebismieri adamianis moqmedeba da bed-iRbali sxvebzea damokidebuli, am-
denad am amocanis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis _
17
kaxa qecbaia
pitirim sorokini
`sociologiis sistema,~ t. I.
pitirim sorokini
`sociologiis sistema,~ t. I.
neil smelzeri
19
kaxa qecbaia
II leqcia
20
sociologiis Sesavali
21
kaxa qecbaia
adornos, Carlz rait milsis, irving gofmanis, harold garfinkelis, herbert mar-
kuzes, Jak deridas, pier burdies, Jan bodriaris, neil smelzeris, entoni gidensi-
sa da sxvaTa saxelebi. sociologiis fuZemdebelTa da Zveli da axali Taobis war-
momadgenelTa zemoT moyvanili rigisaTvis kidev araerTi saintereso saxelis mimate-
baa SesaZlebeli.
zogadad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sociologiis istoria iyofa klasikur, Tana-
medrove da postTanamedrove periodebad.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sociologias, rogorc mecnierebas, Tavisi mokrZalebu-
li, magram Zalze saintereso istoria aqvs saqarTveloSi.
politikuri
revoluciebi
sazogadoebis
samrewvelo
gaRiavebis,
gadatrialebebi
demokratizacii
s procesi
socialuri,
politikuri da
sxva faqtorebi
feministuri urbanizmi
moZraobebi
religiuri mecnierebis
moZraobebi rolis zrda
(protestantiz-
mi)
nax. 1.
24
sociologiis Sesavali
ganmanaTleb-loba
konservatiu-li
racionalizmi reqcia ganmanaTleb-
lobaze
inteleqtua-luri
faqtorebi
empirizmi pozitivizmi
nax. 2.
davaleba:
_ moiZieT sxva masalebi saprezentacio TemisaTvis: `sociologiis fuZem-
deblebi.~
_ imsjeleT jgufSi Temaze: aucilebelia Tu ara sociologiis istoriis
Seswavla?
_ moiZieT sxva masalebi saprezentacio TemisaTvis: `Tanamedrove ameriku-
li sociologiis warmomadgenlebi.~
_ daasaxeleT klasikuri, Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove sociologiis
warmomadgenlebi.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 17-20.
2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 14-40.
3. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 37-40.
4. p. berki, istoria da socialuri Teoria. Tb., 1992. gv. 2-19.
5. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. nawili I, gv. 41-67.
6. g. asaTiani, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sociologia. Tb., 1987. gv: 56-174.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Пересмотр кпассических традиции в XX в. gv.52-64. $4. Tavi I. wignSi: Проблемы теоретической
социологий. Вып. 7. СПБ. 2009. (ред. Боронов А).
2. z. xasaia, socialuri filosofiis istoria, Tb., 2008. gv. 5-16.
3. s. danelia, narkvevebi axali da uaxlesi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tb., 1987.
gv. 422-462.
4. a. hofmani. klasikuri da Tanamedrove: etiudebi sociologiis istoriasa
da TeoriaSi, m. 2003 (rus. enaze). Ggv. 11-23.
25
kaxa qecbaia
es sainteresoa
socialuri fizikidan sociologiisaken
(rodis da rogor SemoiRo ogiust kontma termini `sociologia~)
luri fizika, _ werda igi, _ es aris mecniereba, romlis namdvili mizani socialuri
movlenebis Seswavlaa. am movlenebs igi imgvarad ganixilavs, rogorc astronomia, fi-
zika, qimia da fiziologia _ Tavis Sesaswavl sagans.~
konti 1825 wlis aprilSi parizis politeqnikur kolejSi kiTxulobs Tavis
cnobil `pozitiuri filosofiis kurss.~ kursi 72 leqciisagan Sedgeboda (1826-1827
ww.). or Sesaval TemasTan erTad igi sam did nawilad iyo dayofili: 1) maTematika;
2) mecnierebaMmaterialuri sxeulebis Sesaxeb: astronomia, fizika, qimia da 3) mec-
nierebaOorganizmebis Sesaxeb: fiziologia, socialuri fizika; miRebuli saleqcio
gamocdilebis Sedegad 1828 wels kontma zemoxsenebuli kursis detalizebuli geg-
ma Seadgina, romelic ukve 50 leqciisagan Sedgeboda. am SemTxvevaSi man kidev uf-
ro daxvewa kursis is nawili, romelic socialur fizikas Seexeboda, kerZod, mas
daumata Semdegi nawilebi: Sesavali, meTodi; codna anu sakuTari Teoria.
1835 wels konti mis mier SemoRebuli terminis _ `socialuri fizika~ `uzur-
paciis~ faqts awydeba. cnobili belgieli maTematikosi da statistikosi adolf
ketle (sociologiaSi statistikuri skolis warmomadgeneli) wers wigns: `adamia-
nis unarebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb anu socialuri fizikis cdebi.~ am wignSi ket-
lem `saSualo statistikuri adamianis~ koncefcia warmoadgina, romelmac socio-
logebis kritika daimsaxura, gansakuTrebiT diurkemisa. lazarsfeldis TqmiT, ket-
les warmodgenac ar hqonda imis Sesaxeb, rom misi sociologiuri Sexedulebebi di-
dad scdeba im maTematikuri modelebis farglebs, romlebic man SeimuSava. ketles
moTxovna iyo socialuri realobis maTematikuri meTodebiT Seswavla. man safuZveli
Cauyara moralur statistikas da im droisaTvis inglisSi popularul `politikur
ariTmetikas~ (j. gruanti, v. peti, e. halei). gaecno ra mis mier SemoRebuli terminis
misTvis ukve arasasurvel interpretacias, kontma araTu daicva sakuTari prioriteti
terminis konstruirebis saqmeSi, aramed arsobrivad ganaviTara igi aw ukve axali
terminis `s o c i o l o g i i s~ SemoRebiT. 1839 wlis martSi Tavisi leqciebis
kursis VI tomSi (46-51 leqciebi) man socialuri fizika sociologiiT _ sociologie _
Secvala. 1839 wlis marti termin sociologiis dabadebis TariRad SeiZleba miviCni-
oT (Comte, Auguste. Cours de philosophie positive. Tomr Quatrieme contenant partie dogmatique de la
philosophic sociale. 5e edition (Identique a la premiere). Paris. 1894).
termin sociologiis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT kontis argumentebi aseTi
iyo: 1) lingvisturi: bevrad umjobesia axali mecnierebis saxelwodebis erTi sit-
yviT da isic arsebiTi saxeliT aRniSvna. Tumca aRniSnuli mcdeloba garkveuli
riskis Semcvelic ki iyo, radganac kontis mier konstruirebuli sityva ori
sxvadasxva enidan iyo aRebuli _ laTinuridan _ Soci(etas) da berZnulidan _ Logos,
rac sityvaTSedgenis mkacri wesebis darRvevaa, magram kontis es mcdeloba iRbliani
gamodga. garda amisa, kontis mier Sedgenil mecnierebaTa klasifikaciaSi marjved
Cajda termini `sociologia,~ romelic `socialur fizikasTan~ SedarebiT ufro meti
komplementarulobiT gamoirCeva, Tanac kargad JRers _ `biologia-sociologia.~ 2)
meore argumenti ufro seriozulia. mis mixedviT, ketlesTan kontis `socialurma fi-
zikam~ sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. igi individis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblis
rolSi mogvevlina, xolo socialuri parametrebi `saSualo individis~ raodenobriv
maCveneblebTan iqna gaTanabrebuli. konts ki sxva amocana hqonda gadasaWreli: mas un-
da daefuZnebina axali mecniereba _ sociologia, sazogadoebis, rogorc mTliani or-
ganizmis, rogorc mTelis, Sesaxeb pozitiuri mecniereba. SemdgomSi kontma am axali
mecnierebis saxelwodeba SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sazogadoebis Sesaxeb TeoriasTan,
meTodologiasTan, kvlevis obieqtTan da saganTan. momdevno 48 leqciaSi am axali
terminis meSveobiT mTeli rigi sociologiuri cnebebis konstruireba moaxdina. es
cnebebia: sociologiuri mecniereba, sociologiuri kanoni, sociologiuri gamokvle-
va, statikuri sociologia da socialuri statika, dinamikuri sociologia da socia-
luri dinamika, socialuri ganviTareba, sociologiis mecnieruli meTodebi: ubralo
dakvirveba, sociologiuri dakvirveba, sociologiuri demonstraciis mecnieruli
Zalmosileba, Sedareba, sociologiuri Sedareba, SedarebiTi meTodi sociologiaSi,
istoriuli meTodi sociologiaSi, sociologiuri analizi. am cnebebze saavtoro
ufleba sociologiis mamas ekuTvnis.
27
kaxa qecbaia
28
sociologiis Sesavali
es sainteresoa
pirveli sociologi qali
29
kaxa qecbaia
III leqcia
30
sociologiis Sesavali
31
kaxa qecbaia
mikrosociologia makrosociologia
davaleba:
_ ra gansxvavebaa mikro- da makrosociologias Soris?
_ ras niSnavs `saSualo donis Teoriebi~ da riT gansxavdeba is socio-
logiuri codnis sxva struqturuli elementebisagan?
_ ratom miiCneva funqcionalizmi makrosociologiur Teoriad?
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 26-34.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. nawili II, Tavi I, gv. 3-20.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 9-12.
2. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 25-31.
3. Дж. Масионис, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 36-43.
4. А. Кравченко, В. Анурин, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 9-36.
5. Руководитель авторского коллектива П. Павленок, Социология, М. 2002. gv. 45-63
32
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
33
kaxa qecbaia
1857 wlis maisSi konti avad gaxda, 5 seqtembers saRamos gardaicvala. Tavisi
bina mis mier Seqmnil pozitivistur sazogadoebas uanderZa. ideur memkvidred
lafiti daniSna.
1902 wels parizSi, sorbonis win, konts Zegli auges.
kontis saflavi
ogiust konti
35
kaxa qecbaia
es sainteresoa
36
sociologiis Sesavali
IV leqcia
Tema: sociologiis adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
sociologia, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba, sakuTar adgils
ikavebs mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. Sesaswavli sagnis mixedviT, zogadad mecniereba da
mecnieruli codna sam did nawilad SeiZleba daiyos: buneba da bunebismecnieruli
codna (fizika, qimia, biologia da sxv.), sazogadoeba da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
codna (istoria, sociologia, ekonomika, politologia da sxv.) da azrovneba da
azrovnebis Sesaxeb codna (magaliTad, logika da sxv.); garda amisa, mecnierebaTa
klasifikaciis mravali modelia cnobili, magram amjerad Cven mecnierebaTa klasi-
fikaciis kontiseul modelze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, iqidan gamodinare, rom
kontma masSi gansakuTrebuli adgili sociologias miakuTvna.
kontma Tavis klasifikaciaSi mxolod mis mier ZiriTadad miCneuli mecniere-
bebi Seiyvana. magaliTad, botanikasTan da zoologiasTan SedarebiT kontma Ziri-
Tad mecnierebad biologia miiCnia, radganac is sicocxlis zogad kanonebs Seis-
wavlis, xolo botanika da zoologia sicocxlis konkretul gamovlinebebs aRwe-
ren. am principiT kontma sul 6 ZiriTadi mecniereba daasaxela, romelTagan pirve-
li _ maTematika, xolo ukanaskneli _ sociologiaa. SuaSi imyofeba astronomia,
fizika, qimia da biologia. mecnierebaTa amgvari ganlagebis safuZveli simartive
da zogadobaa. am SemTxvevaSi sociologiis mama moqmedebda principiT, romlis mi-
xedviTac `rac ufro martivia, miT ufro zogadia yovelive da, piriqiT, rac ufro
rTulia, miT ufro kerZoa igi.~ sociologia rTuli mecnierebaa, radganac misi sa-
gania sazogadoeba, romelic sxva mecnierebaTa sagnebTan SedarebiT rTulia.
astronomiis Seswavlas win maTematika unda uswrebdes, radganac ciur sxeulTa
moZraobas ver gavigebT racionaluri meqanikis gareSe. fizikis codna astronomiis
codnas gulisxmobs, radganac miwieri sxeulebi, romelsac fizika Seiswavlis, ciur
sxeulebze arian damokidebuli, _ miaCnia konts. fizikas qimia mosdevs, radganac fi-
zika aZlevs zogad kanonebs qimias, romlis sagani sxeulTa Sedgenilobis cvlile-
baa. qimiazea damokidebuli biologia, romlis sagania sasicocxlo procesebi, rom-
lebic qimiuri procesebis specifikur movlenebs warmoadgenen, vinaidan sicocxle
organizmis garemosTan Seguebaa. biologiis erT-erT nawilad kontma frenologia _
tvinze moZRvreba daasaxela.
biologia kanonebs aZlevs sociologias, romlis sagani sazogadoebaa. socio-
logia uSualod biologiazea damyarebuli, xolo misi meSveobiT _ sxva danarCen
mecnierebebze. sociologiis mizania sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis procesebis gageba,
rogorc biologiuri procesebis nairsaxeobisa. konts Tu davujerebT, sociologia
sazogadoebis biologiaa da misgan Sesaswavli sagniT gansxvavdeba. Tu biologia
calkeul adamians, rogorc cocxal arsebas, Seiswavlis, sociologia adamianTa kre-
buls Seiswavlis; misi sagania adamiani, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis subieqti
anu socialuri arseba, sazogadoebrivi cxoveli, rogorc mas aristotele uwodebda
(`Zoon politikon~ _ rac adamianis socialur bunebaze yuradRebis gaamaxvilebaa,
radganac, rom ara sazogadoebrivi buneba adamianisa, is ver iqneboda politikuri ar-
seba, rac imas niSnavs, rom socialuri win uswrebs politikurs da mis safuZvels
warmoadgens. sociologiis primati sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa Soris albaT
aqedan momdinareobs).
konti ambobs: rom gaigo ra aris socialuri `cxoveli,~ unda icode, ra aris bi-
ologiuri cxoveli. amitom sociologi, romlis kvlevis sagania sazogadoebrivi
`cxoveli~, Tavis mizans ver miaRwevs, Tu biologia ar icis, rac kontis mier mocemu-
li mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis seriozuli naklovanebaa, radganac dRes yvelam icis,
rom socialuri kanonebi biologiurze ar daiyvaneba, xolo, Tavis mxriv, biologiu-
ri kanoni sazogadoebis kanonad ver gamodgeba. es WeSmariteba albaT kontsac kargad
esmoda, magram mas am SemTxvevaSi sxva mizani amoZravebda, kerZod, sociologia bune-
bismecnierebis msgavsad sazogadoebis Semswavlel zust da kerZo mecnierebad Camoya-
libebuliyo. Tumca erTi ram faqtia: kontis mecnierebaTa sistemaSi mTavari adgili
37
kaxa qecbaia
sociologia
maTematika,
istoria,
geografia
38
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, ra adgili uWiravs sociologias mecnierebaTa sistemaSi?
_ jgufSi isaubreT mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis kontiseuli sistemis dade-
biT da uaryofiT mxareebze.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 34-41.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. nawili II, Tavi I, gv. 3-20.
3. kaxa qecbaia, ganaTlebis sociologia (problemebi), Tb., 2002. Ppedagogika da
sociologia, gv.G7-13.
39
kaxa qecbaia
damatebiTi literatura:
sociologia
biologia
qimia
fizika
astronomia
maTematika
40
sociologiis Sesavali
41
kaxa qecbaia
SeniSvna:
kontis mixedviT, codnis ganviTarebis calkeul stadias sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesa-
bamisi stadia Seesabameba.
`sami stadiis~ kanoni kontma misi maswavleblisagan _ sen-simonisagan aiRo da srulyofi-
li da dasrulebuli saxe misca.
42
sociologiis Sesavali
sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
socialuri garemo _ adamianis garemomcveli sferos nawili, romelic individe-
bisagan, didi da mcire jgufebisagan, institutebisagan da kulturis elementebi-
sagan Sedgeba. is im pirobebis erTobliobaa (ekonomikuri, politikuri da suli-
er-RirebulebiTi), romelic individTa arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis aris auci-
lebeli da romelic am individebis mier aris Seqmnili.
sociologebi saubroben mikro- da makrosocialur garemoze.
makrogaremo erTad aRebul mTel socialur da ekonomikur sistemas moicavs.
mikrogaremo mxolod socialur sferos gulisxmobs.
sociodrama _ laTinur enaze _ `socius~ da berZn. `drama~ _ moqmedeba. jgufuri
fsiqoTerapiis teqnika. sociometriis fuZemdeblis iakob morenos mier SemuSave-
buli empiriuli meTodi, romelic rolur TamaSebsa da modelirebazea agebuli.
misi Tema jgufis problemaa, xolo mizani _ swavleba, romelic kreatiul (Se-
moqmedebiT) socialur cvlilebazea orientirebuli. farTod gamoiyeneba empiri-
ul, gansakuTrebiT eqsperimentul sociologiur kvlevebSi. ZiriTadi sociodra-
matuli teqnikis elementebia: dublireba (jgufis an individis), sarke, rolebis
gacvla, Sinagani monologi, aqtiuri sociodrama da sxv.
dargobrivi sociologiebi
_ zogadi _ Teoriuli sociologia
_ empiriuli sociologia
_ genderuli sociologia
_ metasociologia
_ mediisa da komunikaciis sociologia
_ codnis sociologia
_ kulturis sociologia
_ ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sociologia
_ xelovnebis sociologia
_ modis sociologia
_ urbansociologia (qalaqis sociologia)
_ soflis sociologia
_ religiis sociologia
_ politikis sociologia
_ samarTlis sociologia
_ samxedro sociologia
_ sociografia
_ sociometria
_ socialuri gerontologia
_ socialuri inJineria
_ asakis sociologia
_ dasvenebis sociologia
_ koleqtivis sociologia
_ medicinis sociologia
_ reklamis sociologia
_ axalgazrdobis sociologia
_ moralis sociologia
_ sazogadoebrivi azris sociologia
_ sqesisa da seqsualobis sociologia
_ sportis sociologia
_ literaturis sociologia
_ organizaciis sociologia
_ Sromis sociologia
43
kaxa qecbaia
_ ekonomikuri sociologia
_ sabazro ekonomikisa da biznesis sociologia
_ saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sociologia
_ sajaro sferos sociologia
_ yoveldRiurobis sociologia
_ ojaxis sociologia
_ marTvis sociologia
_ emociebis sociologia
_ instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia
_ ekosociologia
_ eTnosociologia
_ gerontosociologia
_ sociologiis istoria da Teoria
_ vizualuri sociologia
_ fotosociologia da sxva.
politologia
sityva `politologia~ Zveli ber-
Znulidan momdinareobs. `politikon~ _
sazogadoebrivs, `polisi~ _ qalaq-saxel-
mwifos, `logos~ _ moZRvrebas, swavlebas
niSnavs; sityvasityviT politologia `po-
litikis Sesaxeb swavlebas,~ Zveli ber-
Znuli tradiciidan gamodinare, `politi-
kaze saubars, sityvas~ niSnavs; aqedan ga-
momdinare, politikuri mecnierebis saga-
nia politika. misi Zirebi Zvel berZnul
da romaul samyaroSia saZebni, Tumca ro-
gorc mecnierulma disciplinam, man saku-
Tari Tavi amerikaSi, kerZod kolumbiis
universitetSi, gamoavlina, sadac 1857
wels istoriisa da politikuri mecniere-
bis kaTedra iqna gaxsnili; 1872 wels ki
safrangeTSi gaixsna politikur mecniere-
baTa privatuli skola, romelic mxolod
politikur moxeleebsa da Cinovnikebs amzadebda.
sabWoTa kavSirSi sociologiis msgavsad politologiac akrZalul mecnie-
rebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda, amitom misi, rogorc damoukidebeli socialuri
mecnierebis, istoria CvenSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da damoukideblobis mo-
povebas ukavSirdeba. sabolood politologia mecnierebis saxiT XX saukunis
meore naxevarSi Camoyalibda. saqarTveloSi igi ganviTarebisa da aRmavlobis
gzaze imyofeba.
politologia aris socialuri mecniereba politikis, politikuri movle-
nebis, politikuri urTierTobebisa da procesebis, politikuri xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebis gzebis, kanonzomierebebis, formebis, organizebis, funqcionire-
bisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
politologiis gansazRvris sirTuled, Cveulebriv, politikis, rogorc
mecnierebis, obieqtad miCneva ganixileba, ramdenadac politika ufro farTo
mniSvnelobis mqone, universaluri fenomenia, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aRwevs. am azriT, dasavleTSi politologias soci-
ologiasTanac ki aigiveben. msgavsi midgoma arasworia. politika da politikuri
cxovreba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawi-
lia; sazogadoeba ufro metia, vidre politika, misi soliduri da aqtualuri,
magram erTi calkeuli mxare, amitom politologiisa da sociologiis gaigiveba
Secdomaa da meti araferi; sociologia im mTelis Sesaxeb (sazogadoeba) mecnie-
rebaa, romlis calkeul nawilsac (politika) politologia Seiswavlis. poli-
tologiisa da sociologiis urTierTkavSiris gziT warmoiSva mecnierebis ise-
Ti dargebi, rogorebicaa: politikuri sociologia, Zalauflebis sociologia,
biurokratiis sociologia da sxv.
46
sociologiis Sesavali
masala gansjisaTvis
politikuri Tavisufleba,
rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi marTva
`... Tavisuflebis Ziebani xSirad iReben sityvieri omis, xolo zogjer nam-
dvili SeiaraRebuli brZolis formas monarqis an diqtatoris Zalauflebis wi-
naaRmdeg. monarqis an diqtatoris Zalaufleba izRudeboda, roca maTi qveSev-
rdomebi aRwevdnen erTgvar warmomadgenlobas ZalauflebaSi. amitom, sxva Tana-
bar pirobebSi, xalxis warmomadgenlobis gadideba niSnavs suverenis Zalaufle-
bis Semcirebas. aseTia is mizezi, romliTac politikuri warmomadgenloba Tavi-
suflebis asociacias iwvevs.
yovelgvari mTavroba zRudavs, met-naklebad, Tavis qveSevrdomebs, magram
Tavisufleba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, ukeTesia SezRudvebTan SedarebiT.
marTvis rogori forma uzrunvelyofs yvelaze met Tavisuflebas? bunebri-
via vivaraudoT, rom adamianebi, romlebic marTaven Tavis Tavs, uzrunvelyofen
47
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, politikuri mmarTvelobis romeli formaa saukeTeso da
ratom?
_ politikuri Tavisuflebis garda kidev ra saxis Tavisuflebaze SegiZ-
liaT laparaki?
48
sociologiis Sesavali
ekonomikuri sociologia
ekonomikuri sociologia sazogadoebis ekonomikur procesebs socialuri
Teoriebis prizmaSi ganixilavs. igi socialuri sinamdvilis ekonomikur da ara-
ekonomikur faqtorebs Soris kavSir-urTierTobas ikvlevs.
ekonomikuri sociologia tradiciuli ekonomikuri Teoriis mier war-
modgenili adamianis modelisaken, anu `homo ekonomikusisaken~ ixreba. es ada-
mianis gansakuTrebuli tipia, romelsac axasiaTebs egoizmi da sxvebisagan dis-
tancia, is Zalze racionaluri da amasTanave informirebulia; moqmedebs ise,
rogorc manqana, da ekonomikuri interesebis logikas eqvemdebareba mxolod. igi
daclilia yovelgvari sentimentalizmisa da romantizmisagan; misTvis mSvenie-
ria is, rac momgebiania; misi strategia Tanamimdevruli da refleqsuri moqmede-
baa, romlis mizani sakuTar momavalze zrunvaa. amasTanave is CarTulia forma-
lur da araformalur urTierTobaTa Zalze daxlarTul qselSi, xelmZRvane-
lis an daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piris saxiT Sedis sxvadasxva organizaciebSi,
moqmedebs socialur jgufSi, miekuTvneba lokalur da nacionalur erTobebs
da sxva (adamianis es tipi `homo faberSi~ aqvs aRwerili maqs friSs). adamianis
aseTi modeli daiwuna maqs veberma. Tanamedrove ekonomikurma sociologiam Ta-
visufali bazrebis dominanturobiT TiTqosda monaxa gamosavali, magram Cven
kvlav Tanamedrove kapitalizmis daundoblobis mowme varT.
ekonomikuri sociologia gaCnda, rogorc ekonomikuri movlenebis axleburi
xedva. xedvis siaxle imaSi mdgomareobda, rom unda axsniliyo, Tu ra rols asru-
lebdnen ekonomikuri struqturebi da institutebi sazogadoebaze da, piriqiT, sa-
zogadoebis gavlena ekonomikur struqturebze. ase Camoyalibda klasikuri ekono-
mikuri sociologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: kapitalizmisa da Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebis urTierTmimarTebis problema. amgvari kvlevis magaliTia sociologiis
klasikosebis _ maqs veberis `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ da ge-
org zimelis `fulis filosofia,~ Tumca ekonomikuri sociologiis safuZvlad
aleqsis de tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835-1840 ww.) miiCneva. ekono-
mikuri sociologiis aRiarebuli yvelaze didi klasikosi ki karl marqsia. mar-
qsTan erTad mas warmoadgenen verner zombarti, iozef Sumperti da sxvebi.
klasikuri ekonomikuri sociologiis mixedviT, ekonomika Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebis avtonomiuri sferoa, romelSic transaqciebis xasiaTs racionalu-
ri kalkulacia ganapirobebs da is araekonomikur cvladebs (religia, politi-
ka, ganaTleba da sxv.) naklebad eqvemdebareba. ekonomikaze araekonomikuri cvla-
debis gavlena da zemoqmedeba yvelaze kargad maqs veberma Seiswavla.
ekonomikuri da sxva socialuri institutebis urTierTadmokidebulebis
kvlevaSi didi wvlili Seitanes cnobili amerikeli sociologebis talkot par-
sonsisa da neil smelzeris Sromebma.
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sociologia Seiswavlis kulturasTan, politi-
kur da sxva institutebTan ekonomikuri, safinanso da biznes-organizaciebis
kavSir-mimarTebebs, giganturi korporaciebis gavlenas sazogadoebaze, mosaxle-
obis yoveldRiur ekonomikur qcevaze da sxv.
XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebidan ekonomikuri sociologiis wiaRidan aRmo-
cendnen iseTi dargebi, rogorebicaa: industriuli sociologia, Sromis bazris
sociologia, moxmarebis sociologia, Tavisufali drois sociologia, romel-
Tac cota mogvianebiT daemata sabazro ekonomikis sociologia, biznesis soci-
ologia da sxva. am mimarTulebiT ultraTanamedrove dargebia: racionaluri
arCevanis sociologia, romelic socialur gacvlasa da racionaluri arCeva-
nis ekonomikur Teorias emyareba (j. homansi da j. koulmani) da qseluri socio-
logia (sociologiis am mimarTulebebsa da Teoriebs studentebi `Tanamedrove
sociologiuri Teoriebis~ kursSi gaecnobian).
50
sociologiis Sesavali
52
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ moamzadeT Tema da moiZieT masalebi slaid-SousaTvis: `Cemi qalaqis, raio-
nis, soflis demografiuli problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi.~
_ moiZieT globaluri demografiuli problemebis amsaxveli sxvadasaxva saxis
vizualuri masala da jgufTan erTad gaakeTeT maTi prezentacia da interpre-
tacia.
_ gamarTeT diskusia demografiuli problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebis Se-
saxeb.
_ SeecadeT gaakeToT Tqveni qalaqis, soflis an raionis demografiuli sura-
Ti da jguTan erTad gaaanalizoT igi.
53
kaxa qecbaia
sociobiologia
`sociobiologia~ momdinareobs sityvidan _ `socio~ _ sazogadoeba da `bio-
logia~ _ sicocxlis Sesaxeb moZRvreba. igi mravali sxvadasxva mecnierebis sinTe-
zis gziT Camoyalibebuli disciplinaTaSorisi mecnierebaa. is cocxal arsebaTa
qcevis axsnas biologiur, evolucionistur kanonzomierebaTa safuZvelze cdi-
lobs. sociobiologia biologiisa da sociologiis Svilobili mecnierebaa, ami-
tom misi kvlevis areali iseT sferoebs moicavs, rogoricaa: evolucionisturi Te-
oria, zoologia, genetika, arqeologia da sxv. socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi
igi axlosaa sociologiasTan (biologizmi, socialuri darvinizmi da sxv.), evolu-
cionistur fsiqologiasa da qcevis fsiqologiasTan.
XX saukunis II naxevarSi igi erT-erTi yvelaze metad winaaRmdegobrivi dis-
ciplina gaxda. yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom 1975 wels entomologma (entomologia
_ mwerebis Semswavleli mecniereba) eduard uilsonma dawera wigni: `sociobiolo-
gia: axali sinTezi,~ romelSic igi evolucionisturi meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT cdi-
lobda cxovelTa (ZiriTadad WianWvelebis) iseTi socialuri qceva aexsna, rogori-
caa altruizmi, agresia da sxv. adamianebs am wignis mxolod ukanaskneli TaviRa
Seexeboda. mogvianebiT man es xarvezi Seavso da dawera wigni saxelwodebiT: `soci-
obiologia adamianTa qcevis Sesaxeb~, romelmac mas didi aRiareba moutana.
eduard uilsonis sociobiologiuri Teoriis amosavalia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamianis qceva sazogadoebaSi genetikuri (biologiuri) da kulturuli evolu-
ciiT aris ganpirobebuli, kacobriobis ganviTareba ki bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT in-
dividualur, sqesobriv da jgufur doneze mimdinareobs; am Teoriis mimdevrebi arian:
robert triversi, riCard dokinzi, jorj uiliamsi, jozef lopretao da sxvebi.
sociobiologias Tavisi kritikosebic hyavs (magaliTad, riCard levontini da
stiven jei guldi). kritika ZiriTadad exeba imas, rom sociobiologia socialuri
darvinizmis aRorZinebas cdilobs; zogjer mas biosociologiadac moixsenieben,
rac, saboloo jamSi, arakoreqtulia da msoflio samecniero praqtikaSi ar aris
miRebuli.
54
sociologiis Sesavali
55
kaxa qecbaia
56
sociologiis Sesavali
statistika
masala gansjisaTvis
davaleba:
• moamzadeT Tema da moiZieT masalebi slaid-SousaTvis: `Cemi qalaqis, raio-
nis, soflis ekologiuri problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi.~
• moiyvaneT magaliTebi, romlebic sazogadoebis an jgufis Sesabamis `eko-
logiur kulturaze~ mianiSneben.
• gamarTeT diskusia ekologiuri problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebis Se-
saxeb.
socialuri geografia
61
kaxa qecbaia
62
sociologiis Sesavali
socialuri fsiqologia
65
kaxa qecbaia
sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
socialuri diagnostika _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTu-
lebaa, romelic operatiulad afasebs socialuri obieqtis funqcionirebis mdgo-
mareobas, avlens gadaxrebs da xels uwyobs socialuri obieqtis ganviTarebas.
66
sociologiis Sesavali
socialuri filosofia
socialuri filosofia filoso-
fiis dargia, romelic sazogadoebis
arsebobisa da cvalebadobis, sazoga-
doebrivi procesebis filosofiur ka-
nonzomierebebs, sazogadoebaSi adamia-
nis adgilisa da rolis filosofiur
safuZvlebs Seiswavlis. am azriT igi
Zalian axlosaa Teoriul, zogad soci-
ologiasTan. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom sazogadoebis analizisas
sociologiasTan mimarTebaSi socialu-
ri filosofia kritikuli funqciis ma-
tarebelia.
socialuri problematika filo-
sofiaSi antikuri da ufro adrindeli
droidan Sedis _ lao-Zisa da konfu-
cis, platonisa da aristoteles droi-
dan moyolebuli, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom isini sociologebi iyvnen.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologia
Sors dgas sazogadoebis filosofiuri analizisagan, romelic zogadi xasiaT-
saa. ufro metic, sociologia filosofiur azrovnebasTan WidilSi Camoyalib-
da, rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, da gamarjvebac mas darCa, Tumca es ar
auqmebs socialur-filosofiuri Teoriebis saWiroebas sociologiisaTvis.
67
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
ar arsebobs, magram arc zedroulia, maradiuli ar aris. xan raRac gvixaria, xan
gvwyins, xan karg gunebaze varT, xan ki sevda Semogvawveba. es niSnavs, rom fsiqi-
kuri procesi droSi arsebobs anu ar aris maradiuli, idealuri. aseT proce-
sebs filosofiaSi `realurs~ uwodeben.
yvelaferi es imisaTvis vTqviT, rom yovelgvar arsebuls, materialursac da
idealursac, miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, erTi uzogadesi kanonzomiereba aqvs,
romelic filosofiis Seswavlis sagania. nebismieri filosofiuri disciplina
Tavisi sagnis uzogades kanonzomierebas swavlobs; magaliTad, gnoseologia (Se-
mecnebis Teoria) Seiswavlis Semecnebisa da codnis uzogades kanonzomierebas,
filosofiuri anTropologia _ adamianis uzogades kanonzomierebas, eTika _
adamianebs Soris zneobrivi urTierTobis uzogades kanonzomierebas da a. S.
magram uzogadesi kanonzomiereba raRacis – aseve uzogadesis _ kanonzomie-
rebas warmoadgens. es `raRac~ aris absoluturi arsi, romelsac filosofiaSi
`substancias~ (laT. `substantia~ _ `qvemdebare, safuZvlad mdebare~ _ arseba) uwo-
deben, vinaidan igi aris is, rac mTeli sinamdvilis – yovelgvari arsebulis –
qvemdebarea, misi uZiriTadesi safuZvelia. yovelgvari arsebulis arsebas anu
substanciur arsebas swavlobs filosofiis erT-erTi uZiriTadesi dargi _ on-
tologia. xSirad, rodesac filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb laparakoben, ontologi-
is sagans gulisxmoben, rasac garkveuli gamarTleba aqvs, vinaidan filosofiu-
ri disciplinebidan yvelaze mTavars ontologia warmoadgens.
amrigad, absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba, rogorc samyaros uzo-
gadesi kanonzomiereba, aris is, rasac filosofia Seiswavlis. TavianTi sagnebis
kanonzomierebas yvela mecniereba swavlobs. Ffizikas ainteresebs sinamdvilis
fizikuri kanonzomiereba, qimias _ qimiuri da a.S. magram isini am farglebs ga-
reT ar gadian. Ffilosofias ki ainteresebs ara sinamdvilis specialuri kanon-
zomierebani, aramed uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, romelic sinamdvilis calkeuli
sferoebis kanonzomierebebs iqvemdebarebs.
aqedan cxadi unda iyos, rom filosofia aris uzogadesi mecniereba, vinai-
dan uzogadesia misi sagani. ar arsebobs filosofiaze ufro zogadi codna. ami-
tom filosofia yvelaze abstraqtuli, konkretuli sinamdvilisagan ganyenebuli
codnis dargia, rac filosofiuri ideebis Seswavlis sirTules qmnis. gacile-
biT ioli gasagebia fizikis, qimiis, biologiis, Tundac maTematikis cnebebisa da
ideebis Sinaarsi, vidre filosofiisa. rodesac gveubnebian, rom atomi Sedgeba
eleqtronebisa da birTvisagan, cocxal samyaroSi mimdinareobs arsebobisaTvis
brZola an mTeli metia nawilze da a. S. maSin Cvens Semecnebas is aadvilebs,
rom maTi warmodgena ase Tu ise SesaZlebelia. magram roca gvesmis aseTi filo-
sofiuri debuleba: movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, maSin mas ver warmovidgenT,
vinaidan saqme exeba ara raRac konkretul sagans an movlenas, aramed sruliad
abstraqtul, ganyenebul mosazrebas, romlis warmodgena SeuZlebelia.
magram aqedan gamosavali is rodia, rom filoso-fiuri msjelobisagan Tavi
SevikavoT da konkretuli, specialuri mecnierebebiT davkmayofildeT. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven ar gveqneba sinamdvilis Sesaxeb Rrma codna, ar gvecodineba is,
rac yvelaze saWiroa vicodeT. filosofia ikvlevs sinamdvilis uzogades kanon-
zomierebas anu mis uRrmes sferoebs. yvela specialuri mecnierebis safuZvelSi
filosofia Zevs, vinaidan yvela konkretuli raRac ufro zogads, ufro siRrmi-
seuls emyareba. swored amitom didi mecnierebi TavianTi sagnis siRrmiseuli
sferoebis kvlevisas filosofiamde midian da filosofosobas iwyeben. amis na-
Teli magaliTia iseTi genialuri mecnierebis moRvaweoba, rogoric iyvnen fizi-
kosebi maqs planki (1858-1947), ainStaini (1879-1955), haizenbergi (1901-1976), maTemati-
kosi puankare (1860-1934) da sxvebi. filosofiis saWiroebas mxolod is uaryofs,
vinac Tavisi saqmec Rrmad ar icis.
zogierTi filosofosi substanciasa da RmerTs erTmaneTTan aigivebs. amis
gamarTlebas imaSi vxedavT, rom maT TiTqmis erTida igive niSnebi aqvT: substa-
nciac da RmerTic usasruloa, maradiulia, idealuria, Semoqmedia da a.S. amodi-
oda ra am mosazrebidan, frangi filosofosi r. dekarti werda: `vlaparakobT ra
70
sociologiis Sesavali
substanciis Sesaxeb, Cven SegviZlia iseTi ram vigulisxmoT, romelic Tavisi ar-
sebobisaTvis arafers ar saWiroebs garda Tavisi Tavisa... zustad rom vTqvaT,
aseTi aris marto RmerTi~. iziarebda ra am koncefcias, zogierTi filosofosi
RmerTs filosofiis sagnad Tvlida.
filosofiis sagnad RmerTis gamocxadeba platonisa da aristoteles fi-
losofiidan momdinareobs. aristotele filosofias (metafizikas) uwodebda
mecnierebas RvTaebis Sesaxeb. filosofiisa da Teologiis sagnebis gaigiveba ara
mxolod antikuri da Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi gvxvdeba, aramed axal dro-
Sic. didi germaneli filosofosi hegeli (1770-1831) werda: filosofiasa da re-
ligias erTi da igive sagani aqvs; es aris RmerTi.
magram RmerTis cnebaSi filosofia da Teologia sxvadasxva Sinaarss debs.
filosofiaSi RmerTi niSnavs mTeli samyaros substancias, mis Semoqmeds. amis
iqiT filosofia ar midis. Teologia ki RmerTis cnebas ufro farTod moiaz-
rebs.
filosofia, cxadia, midis RmerTamde, rogorc yovelgvari arsebulis sub-
stanciamde, magram filo sofiis sagans RmerTi mainc ar warmoadgens. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi filosofia da Teologia erTmaneTs daemTxveoda. filosofiis saga-
nia samyaros uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, substanciuri arsi. am sagnis kvlevis
procesSi igi Camoayalibebs uzogades SexedulebaTa sistemas garegani da Sina-
gani samyaros Sesaxeb, rac filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas warmoadgens. amri-
gad, filosofia aris msoflmxedveloba.
sityva `msoflmxedveloba~ TiTqmis yvela (yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropul) ena-
ze msoflios xedvas niSnavs, rac uSualod migviTiTebs filosofiis saganze.
filosofias xom msoflios (samyaros, mTeli sinmadvilis) uzogadesi kanonzomi-
ereba ainteresebs! amitom filosofia unda gavigoT, rogorc msoflios xedva
anu msoflmxedveloba. msoflmxedvelobis cneba ori _ farTo da viwro _ azriT
ixmareba. farTo azriT msoflmxedeloba niSnavs mTeli msoflios xedvas, mis
Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa sistemas, samyaros agebulebis, misi kanonzomierebis, misi
arsebis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgenebis erTobliobas. viwro azriT laparako-
ben politikur, religiur Tu miTologiur msoflmxedvelobaze, e. i. warmodgena-
Ta sistemaze, romelic adamianma SeimuSava ama Tu im kuTxiT samyaros danaxvis
Sedegad.
pirveli msoflmxedveloba, romelic civilizaciis gariJraJze Camoyalibda,
iyo miTologiuri. miTologia aris miTebis, ararealuri warmodgenebis erTob-
lioba samyaros warmoSobis, fantastikuri RmerTebisa da realuri adamianebis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi, cxadia, cdilobs samyaros wesrigis axsnas, magram es
axsna yovelTvis iluziuria, ararealuria. magaliTad, miTologebi varaudob-
dnen, rom cis TaRi raRacaze unda idges, Torem Zirs Camovardeba. igi Zirs imi-
tom ar vardeba, rom titanis, goliaTis – atlantis _ mxrebze dgas; aseve deda-
miwa kameCis rqebzea moTavsebuli. xmeleTs marTavs uzenaesi RvTaeba – zevsi, xo-
lo zRvebsa da okeaneebs – poseidoni. garda zevsisa arseboben sxva RmerTebic,
romlebic zevss emorCilebian. isini xSirad erevian adamianTa cxovrebaSi. maTi
cxovrebis wesi, berZeni miTologebis mixedviT, adamianTa cxovrebis wesisagan
arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. isini Wamen, svamen, Rreoben, mruSoben, qalebs itace-
ben, Surs iZieben da a. S.
miTologebs igive problemebi ainteresebdaT, rac mogvianebiT filosofose-
bis kvlevis sagani gaxda: risgan warmoiSva samyaro, igi materialuria Tu idea-
luri, Tavisufalia Tu ara adamianis qceva da a.S. Zveli berZeni poeti da miTo-
logi hesiode (daaxl. VIII-VII ss. qristes win) amtkicebda, rom samyaro qaosisa-
gan warmoiSva. TviTon genialuri homerosis (daaxl. VIII saukune qristes win) po-
emebSi `iliada~ da `odisea~ xSirad gxvdeba miTologiuri warmodgenebi. miTo-
logiaSi ar arsebobs araviTari dasabuTeba, araviTari argumenti; fantazia uze-
naes donezea atanili. miuxedavad amisa, miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba ara
marto win uswrebda filosofiur azrovnebas, aramed kidec amzadebda mis warmo-
Sobas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kiTxvebi, romelTac miTologebi ayenebdnen, fi-
71
kaxa qecbaia
72
sociologiis Sesavali
ar aris. yvela filosofosi Tavidan iwyebs saqmes. mokled vityviT, rom es argu-
menti faqtobriv viTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba. erTi mxriv, specialur mecnierebebSic
xdeba revolucia. kopernikma (1473-1543) daangria ptolemes (II s.) geocentruli
sistema; ainStainma uaryo niutonis warmodgenebi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb; n.
lobaCevskim (1792-1856) uaryo evkliduri geometriis paralelobis aqsioma da a. S.
maSasadame, mecnierebi ukritikod rodi iReben winamorbedebis naazrevs. meore
mxriv, faqtia filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebac; dRevandeli filosofiuri
azrovneba im doneze rodi dgas, ra donezec 20-25 saukunis win idga. maSasadame,
zemoaRniSnuli argumenti filosofiis mecnierulobas ver uaryofs. Tu filoso-
fia ar aris mecniereba, maSin ra aris igi: miTologiuri an religiuri msof-
lmxedveloba? cxadia, arc erTi. filosofia aris mecniereba.
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos filosofia iseTive mecnierebaa, ro-
goricaa fizika, qimia an sxva romelime specialuri mecniereba. principulad gan-
sxvavebulia misi saganic da am sagnis filosofiuri kvlevis Sedegebi. filoso-
fia Tavisi siRrmiTa da zogadobiT yvela mecnierebaze maRla dgas. `yvela mec-
niereba saWiroa, vidre is, magram masze ukeTesi arc erTi ar aris~ (aristotele).
Ffilosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis, cnebaSi mxolod is igulisxmeba, rom
igi aris codnis dargi, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli logikuri sistema. vinc uar-
yofs imas, rom filosofia aris mecniereba, codnis dargi, faqtobrivad, saer-
Tod uaryofs filosofias, rac sruliad gaumarTlebelia.
dasasrul, Zalian mokled filosofiisa da ideologiis damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb.
ideologia (berZn. `idea~ da `logos~ _ moZRvreba) aris ideebisa da Sexedule-
bebis sistema, romelic asaxavs adamianTa urTierTobas bunebrivsa da socialur
garemosTan, agreTve urTierTSoris. igi yovelTvis romelime sazogadoebis, kla-
sis, saxelmwifos interesebs emsaxureba, ganamtkicebs mis pozi-cias, warmoadgens
mis Teoriul safuZvels.
es niSnavs, rom ideologias WeSmaritebis sakiTxi saerTod ar ainteresebs
an mxolod imdenad ainteresebs, ramdenadac im miznisaTvis gamoadgeba, rasac igi
emsaxureba. aq aSkarad Cans ukve filosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis da ideologi-
is gansxvaveba. mecnierebis mizani vinmes samsaxuri rodia; mis mizans martooden
WeSmaritebis Semecneba warmoadgens. Tu mecnierebas romelime sazogadoeba, sa-
xelwifo an gabatonebuli klasi iyenebs (rac xSirad xdeba), es mecnierebis bra-
li ar aris. meore msoflio omSi fizikosebis aRmoCenebi atomur fizikaSi sa-
xelwifoTa meTaurebma daisakuTres da adamianTa gasaJletad gamoiyenes (xirosi-
ma, nagasaki), magram fizika am SemTxvevaSi uZluria. igi sruliad udanaSauloa.
SeiZleba Tu ara sazogadoebis arseboba ideo-logiis gareSe? _ ara, ar Se-
iZleba. ideologia xom ideebis sistemaa, romlis gareSe arc erTi civili-zebu-
li sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes! gaaCnia, vis emsaxureba es ideologia.
Tu mas saxelwifo Tavisi batonobis iaraRad iyenebs, rogorc es xdeboda faSis-
tur da komunistur saxelwifoebSi, maSin igi dasagmobia da aseTi ideologia
marTlac uaryofas imsaxurebs. sul sxvaa is ideologia, romelic sazogadoebis
interesebs emsaxureba. mis gareSe arc erTi sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebob-
des.
arsebobs deideologizaciis anu ideologiis marwuxebisagan ganTavisufle-
bis idea. igi uaryofs iseT ideologias, romelic saxelmwifos samsaxurSi dgas.
amgvari deideologizaciis idea uTuod progresuli da misaRebia, magram igi
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavigoT, rogorc, saerTod, ideologiis uaryofa.
76
sociologiis Sesavali
eTnosociologia
eTnosociologia sociologiis dargia, romelic eTnikuri jgufebis socia-
lur parametrebs Seiswavlis. kerZod, mas ainteresebs eTnikuri jgufebis iden-
tobisa da TviTorganizebis socialuri Taviseburebebis Seswavla, maTi erTob-
livi moqmedebis analizi da a. S.
eTnosociologebi ikvleven iseT problemebs, rogorebicaa: eTnikuri faqto-
rebis gavlena sazogadoebis socialur struqturasa da mosaxleobis migracia-
ze; eTnikuri kuTvnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SromiTi da sxva resursebis raciona-
luri ganawilebis sakiTxebi; erovnuli TviTcnobierebis socialuri determini-
rebuloba; eTnokonfliqtebis socialuri Taviseburebebi; eTnikuri Rirebulebi-
Ti orientaciebi, qcevis stereotipebi da a. S.
pier burdie
(1930-2002)
78
sociologiis Sesavali
V leqcia
Tema: sociologiis meTodebi
meTodis gareSe arc erTi mecniereba ar arsebobs. sityva `meTodi~ berZnuli
sityvidan _ `meTodos-idan~ momdinareobs da Semecnebis, kvlevis gzas, saSualebas
niSnavs. aqedanaa nawarmoebi sityva `meTodologia~ _ meTodebis Semswavleli spe-
cialuri mecniereba. imdenad, ramdenadac sociologiis mizani sazogadoebis Ses-
wavlaa, bunebrivia, mas am miznis miRwevis gzebi da saSualebebic gaaCnia, romle-
bic sociologiis meTodebs Seadgenen.
mecnieruli kvlevis saerTo meTodebi:
Cven ukve viciT, rom sociologiuri kvleva-Zieba sul mcire ori ZiriTadi mi-
marTulebiT warmoebs; esenia Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleve-
bi.
Teoriul-sociologiuri gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi sociologia, rogorc mecni-
ereba, im meTodebiT sargeblobs, romlebic mecnierul SemecnebaSia damkvidrebu-
li. amitom yvela sxva mecnierebis msgavsad Teoriuli sociologia analizisa da
sinTezis meTodebs iyenebs. analizis saSualebiT nebismieri donis socialur
struqturas an sistemas azrobrivad vSliT, ris Semdegac maTi Semadgeneli ele-
mentebis calkeul niSnebsa da Taviseburebebs vadgenT; analizis Sedegad miRebul
codnas WeSmariti Rirebuleba maSin aqvs, rodesac, Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi,
dadgenili iqneba socialuri struqturis elementebis mTliani mniSvneloba, rac
sinTezis gziT miiReba. analizis meSveobiT mopovebulis sinTezireba Sesaswavli
sagnis Sesaxeb srulyofili codnis miRebis aucilebeli pirobaa. analizisa da
sinTezis gziT miRebul Teoriul codnas sociologi erTeuli faqtidan mis
msgavs yvela sxva danarCen faqtze gaavrcelebs, rasac ganzogadeba hqvia. am azriT,
Teoriuli codna zogadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva.
Teoriul-sociologiuri kvlevis arsenalSia agreTve mecnieruli kvlevis
iseTi meTodebi, rogoricaa cda, dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. cdis saSualebiT so-
cialuri realoba ganixileba, rogorc empiriuli mocemuloba. es socialuri si-
namdvilis grZnobad mocemulobaze dayrdnobiT Secnobas niSnavs. dakvirveba soci-
aluri sinamdvilis uSualo aRqmas warmoadgens. Sesaswavli sagnis Sesaxeb, ro-
gorc wesi, pirvelad informacias dakvirveba gvaZlevs xolme. eqsperimenti ki so-
cialuri obieqtebis xelovnurad Seqmnili, dayenebuli pirobebis mixedviT Semec-
nebis saSualebas iZleva. laTinuri experimentum -gamocda saintereso socialuri
movlenis gamokvlevas, masze sagangebo dakvirvebas niSnavs, oRond amisaTvis
mkvlevari socialuri obieqtis iseT nimuSs qmnis, romelic TviTon ainteresebs da
Semdeg akvirdeba mas. igi dakvirvebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Sesaswavl obieq-
tze azrobrivi zegavlenis moxdenas iTvaliswinebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aqtiurobiT
xasiaTdeba. eqsperimenti imiTaa kargi, rom misi ganmeorebaa SesaZlebeli. igi uSua-
lobisa da sizustis maRali xarisxiTac gamoirCeva. am meTodis seriozuli naklia
is, rom cdis piri arabunebriv garemoSi moxvedrisas daZabulia xolme, amitom am
xarvezis aRmofxvras e. w. `bunebrivi eqsperimentis~ dayenebiT cdiloben. am Sem-
TxvevaSi eqsperimentuli situacia cdis pirisaTvis realuri garemos msgavsad bu-
nebrivia.
dakvirveba, rogorc wesi, winaswar SemuSavebuli proeqtis mixedviT gegmazomi-
erad da kanonzomierad xorcieldeba, romlis drosac gasaTvaliswinebelia dam-
kvirveblis RirebulebiTi orientacia, emociuri mdgomareoba, amitom misi ganmeo-
rebis SesaZlebloba praqtikulad gamoricxulia. dakvirveba ar meordeba. igi mo-
cemul drosa da sivrceSi ganxorcilebuli erTjeradi procesia. mecnierebaSi Cve-
ulebriv sxvadasxva saxis dakvirvebas gamoyofen, magaliTad, struqturalizebuls
(kontrols daqvemdebarebuls) da arastruqturalizebuls (kontrols dauqvemdeba-
rebels); Tuki Sesaswavli jgufis saqmianobaSi sociologic monawileobs, ise rom
amis Sesaxeb jgufis sxva wevrebma araferi ar ician, maSin CarTul dakvirvebasTan
79
kaxa qecbaia
83
kaxa qecbaia
masala gansjisaTvis
84
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ `svot~ analizis gamoyenebiT gamoarkvieT sociologiis kvlevis meTodebis
Zlieri da susti mxareebi da SeecadeT Sesabamisi informacia cxrilebis saxiT
warmoadginoT.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 65-76.
2. sociologiuri kvlevis MmTodebi, Tb., 1998. gv: 22-122.
3. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, Tavi II, sociologia da samecniero kvleva, gv. 3-
20.
4. k. noniaSvili, Kkvlevis meTodebi empiriul da gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi,
Tb., 2010. gv. 36-111.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Э. Гидденс, Социология, М. 2005. gv. 548-560.
2. Дж. Масионис, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 54-90.
3. А. Кравченко, В. Анурин, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 9-63.
85
kaxa qecbaia
SekiTxvis saxeebi:
anketaSi dasmuli SekiTxva Sinaarsis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos:
• SekiTxvebi, cnobierebis faqtebze orientirebuli,
• qcevis, moqmedebis faqtebze orientirebuli.
• respondentis pirovnebaze orientirebuli.
formis mixedviT:
• Ria, naxevrad Ria,
86
sociologiis Sesavali
87
kaxa qecbaia
anketis struqtura
• anketis Sesavali nawili
anketis es nawili Seicavs Txovna-mimarTvas respondentisadmi, mokled da
konkretulad acnobs mas kvlevis miznebs, SemkveTsa da Semsrulebels. aqve res-
pondentis gasaaqtiureblad sasurvelia imis xazgasma, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
aqvs sakvlevi problemis gadawyvetaSi respondentis mosazrebebs. adamians yo-
velTvis siamovnebs, rodesac mis azrs afaseben, mas Wkuas ekiTxebian, amitom am
faqtoris gamoyeneba sociologiur gamokvlevaSi aucilebelia. anketis Sesavali
nawili sakontaqto kiTxvebiT unda iwyebodes. am martivma da sasiamovno SekiT-
xvebma respondenti sxva SekiTxvebze pasuxisaTvis unda moamzados ise, rom ar
mobezrdes es yovelive.
• ZiriTadi nawili
gamokiTxvis miznebidan, amocanebidan da hipoTezebidan gamodinare, Sinaar-
sobrivi SekiTxvebi anketis am nawilSia Tavmoyrili. Sesabamisad, mTavar datvir-
Tvasac anketis es nawili atarebs, amitom mis formirebas, masSi SekiTxvebis gan-
lagebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveulebriv, misi formirebis sami ZiriTadi
principia met-naklebad cnobili.
_ SekiTxvebis logikuri Tanamimdevrulobis principi: rodesac SekiTxvebi
winaswar dadgenili sqemisa da logikis mixedviT aris formulirebuli.
_ monocentrulobis principi: rodesac anketaSi erTi centraluri SekiT-
xvaa formulirebuli da danarCenebi damxmare SekiTxvebis rols asruleben mxo-
lod. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi SekiTxva anketis Sua nawilSia mo-
Tavsebuli;
_ policentristuli principi: rodesac ara erTi, aramed ramdenime ZiriTadi
SekiTxvaa Camoyalibebuli.
• daskvniTi (pasportuli) nawili
anketis es nawili respondentis socialur-demografiul maxasiaTeblebs
(sqesi, asaki, profesia, erovneba, ganaTleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba,
sacxovrebeli adgili an samuSao da sxv.) Seexeba.
anketis Sedgenisas unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, rom mis Sesavsebad res-
pondents didi dro ar unda esaWiroebodes. amisaTvis sakmarisia 30-40 wuTi; anke-
ta ar unda iyos SekiTxvebiT gadatvirTuli; klasikuri tipis anketa 15-20 kiT-
xvaze mets ar Seicavs; sasurvelia, rTuli SekiTxvebi anketis Sua nawilSi iyos
moTavsebuli; yoveli SekiTxva gramatikisa da logikis wesebis dacviT unda iyos
Sedgenili; logikurobis principis dacva niSnavs, rom dasawyisSi ama Tu im faq-
tis dadgenaze unda iyos saubari da mxolod amis Semdeg mis Sefasebaze, rac
sociologiuri gamokvlevis umniSvnelovanesi moTxovnaa.
Tuki gamokiTxva intervius meTodiT tardeba, maSin kiTxvars an intervius
blanks Tan unda axldes calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad formulirebuli Sevse-
bis wesebi da calkeuli miTiTebebi interviuerisaTvis. formulirebebi, romel-
sac interviueri iyenebs, warmosaTqmelad advili unda iyos da rTul sintaqsur
konstruqciebs ar unda Seicavdes.
davaleba:
• SeadgineT sociologiuri gamokiTxvis anketa TqvenTvis sasurvel rome-
lime Temaze.
• jgufSi isaubreT imaze, Tu ra da ra saxis SekiTxvebi gamoiyeneT Tqven
mier Sedgenil anketaSi; cal-calke daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
• isaubreT imaze, Tu ra principi daudeT safuZvlad Tqven mier Sedgenil
anketas da ratom.
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sociologiis Sesavali
*SeniSvna:
cvladi sociologiuri sidide aris socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri aspeqti, rome-
lic droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. magaliTad, diurkemis mixedviT, aseTia TviTmkvlelo-
bis koeficienti. cvladi sidide SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli da damoukidebeli.
sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
Empirical Sociology
empiriuli sociologia _ sociologiis dargi; sociologiur gamokvlevaTa mTe-
li kompleqsi, romelic sociologiuri gamokvlevis meTodebisa da teqnikis sa-
fuZvelze socialuri informaciis mopovebasa da analizzea orientirebuli.
Empeiria berZnulad cdas, dakvirvebas niSnavs.
empiriulis qveS zogadad adamianuri gamocdileba, dakvirveba igulisxmeba.
Applied Sociology
gamoyenebiTi sociologia _ praqtikuli xasiaTis dargobrivi sociologiuri
disciplinaa. igi Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologiuri codnis, sociologiis
meTodologiisa da kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebis saSualebiT Seiswavlis da
wyvets sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mraval praqtikul amocanas.
89
kaxa qecbaia
sociologiuri gamokvleva
`... dadis, wers, gamokiTxvas atarebs, mTeli dRe kompiuterTan zis ...~
2010-2011 wlebSi soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis mimarTu-
lebis I da II kursebis studentebma sociologiuri gamokvleva Caatares, rome-
lic qarTuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri codnis dones da Sesabamis kultu-
ras Seexeboda. gamokvlevaSi 50 studentma miiRo monawileoba. TiToeulma Sem-
TxveviTi SerCevis principiT 2-2 respondenti gamokiTxa. mTlianobaSi 100 adamia-
ni gamoikiTxa. studentebi maT Semdegi kiTxvebiT mimarTavdnen: `ra iciT socio-
logiis Sesaxeb?~ da `Tqveni azriT, vin aris da ras akeTebs sociologi?~
dasmul kiTxvas SedarebiT zusti pasuxi im adamianebma gasces, romlebsac
odesme hqoniaT Sexeba sociologiasTan an socialur mecnierebebTan saerTod
(universitetSi swavlis periodSi da sxv.); maTi procentuli maCvenebeli Zalian
dabali (6-7%) aRmoCnda. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 30%-ma aRniSna, rom socio-
logi `sxvis azrebs Seiwavlis, dadis, wers, gamokiTxvas atarebs an mTeli dRe
kompiuterTan zis,~ xolo respondentTa didma umravlesobam, samwuxarod, ar
icoda, ra aris sociologia. unda iTqvas isic, rom gamokvlevaSi daaxloebiT
Tanabrad iyvnen warmodgenili sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom sociologia saqarTveloSi arc ise popularuli
mecnierebaa, rasac Tavisi mizezebi gaaCnia. sabWoTa ideologiis wlebSi igi ak-
rZaluli iyo. mas gasaqani mxolod damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg mieca,
amitom didi xnis manZilze CvenSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda sociologiuri
kvlevis tradiciebi, amitom am yvelaferma uaryofiTad iCina Tavi Cveni gamok-
vlevis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, sociologiis mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi arse-
buli umaRlesi saswavleblebidan ramdenimes aqvs mxolod. arc sociologiuri
kvlevis centrebis raodenobaa maincdamainc damakmayofilebeli. kerZo firmebi
da kompaniebi naklebad arian dainteresebuli profesionaluri sociologiuri
servisebiT. TiTqmis ar arsebobs dawesebuleba, sadac sociologia dasaqmebu-
li, magram, miuxedavad amisa, axalgazrdobis interesi am axalgazrda mecniere-
bis mimarT mainc sagrZnoblad matulobs. es kanonzomiericaa, radganac sazoga-
doebis demokratiuli gardaqmnebi, Tavisufali savaWro da sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebi, axali informaciuli teqnologiebi da sazogadoebis gaRiavebis pro-
cesebi sociologias aucileblad Rirseul adgils daumkvidreben qarTul sa-
zogadoebaSi da, Sesabamisad, sociologiuri codnis kulturis donec amaR-
ldeba. male albaT warsuls Cabardeba is dro, rodesac sociologis arseboba
mxolod moaxloebuli arCevnebis win gaaxsendebaT.
90
sociologiis Sesavali
sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
Clinical Sociology
klinikuri sociologia _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis nawilia, romelic socia-
luri adaptaciisa da sxva socialuri problemebis kvlevisas kvlevis Terapi-
ul meTodebs SeimuSavebs da gamoiyenebs.
dasavleTis qveynebSi Zalze popularuli specialobaa sociolog-klinicisti.
Social Engineering
socialuri inJineria _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis dargia, romelic orientire-
bulia:
• adamianTa qcevisa da ganwyobis Secvlaze.
• socialur problemaTa gadawyvetaze.
• cvalebad garemoSi socialuri institutebis adaptirebaze, socialuri
aqtivobis SenarCunebaze da sxv.
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
***
`socialuri realobis specifikis SegrZneba imdenad aucilebelia sociolo-
gisaTvis, rom mxolod gansakuTrebulad sociologiur kulturas SeuZlia misi
momzadeba da miyvana socialuri faqtebis gagebamde.~
`sociologia, marTlac, mxolod im dRes SeiZleboda dabadebuliyo, rodesac
igrZnes, rom aramaterialuri socialuri movlenebi mainc realur nivTebad rCebi-
an da kvlevas eqvemdebarebian.~
`SeuZlebelia socialuri movlenebis individualuridan gamoyvana, mTelisa _
nawilidan, rTulisa _ martividan, sazogadoebis deduqcia _ individidan. sazoga-
doeba aris realoba sui generis; mas sakuTari Tvisebebi aqvs, rasac saerTod ver
vxvdebiT mTels danarCen samyaroSi.~
emil diurkemi
93
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis mokle istoria
`sociologiis mowodeba daavadebuli sazogadoebis gankurnebaa.~
i. l. moreno
94
sociologiis Sesavali
inglisi
empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebis erT-erT samSoblod inglisi miiCneva,
rasac araerTi gamokvleva adasturebs. jer kidev 1598 wels gamoica jon stounis
naSromi `londonis gamokvleva~, xolo 1777 wels gamocemuli jon hovardis unikalu-
ri gamokvleva inglisisa da uelsis sagrafoebis cixeebis aRweras Seexeboda (pati-
marTa kveba, tanisamosi, Sromis pirobebi da sxv.). arsebuli mdgomareoba mis mier Se-
darebuli iyo safrangeTis, germaniis, holandiisa da Sveicariis cixeebSi arsebul
viTarebasTan. igi meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT SedarebiTi analizis metad sainte-
reso nimuSs warmoadgens. anketirebis meTodis safuZvleze Seiswavla jon sinklerma
Sotlandiis soflis mosaxleobis Sromis pirobebi (21-tomiani naSromi).
95
kaxa qecbaia
safrangeTi
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
96
sociologiis Sesavali
germania
SeniSvna:
cxovrebiseuli situaciebi uamrav siurprizs sTavazobs praqtikos socio-
logs, amitom is mudmivad axal-axali gadawyvetilebebis miRebis proceSi imyofe-
ba. Sesabamisad, yvelaze didi sirTule swored aq iCens Tavs. kerZod, sociologi
advilad SeiZleba moeqces mmarTveli elitis anda kvlevis damkveTis gavlenaSi,
rac obieqturobis principis darRvevaa. is ar unda iqces maTi interesebis msaxu-
rad.
99
kaxa qecbaia
VI leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
sazogadoeba
sociologiis cnebaTa Soris mTavari sazogadoebis cnebaa. is yvela socio-
logiur cnebasTan SedarebiT zogadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. sociologi-
isaTvis sazogadoebis cnebas imitom aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom mis ga-
gebazea damokidebuli sociologiis, rogorc mTliani mecnieruli sistemis, xasia-
Ti. amitom sazogadoebis cnebis gansxvavebuli gageba aseve erTmaneTisagan gansxva-
vebul sociologiur Teoriebs warmoSobs. sociologiis ama Tu im tips sazogado-
ebis esa Tu is gageba udevs safuZvlad. Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologi neil
smelzeri Tavis wignSi `sociologia~ ambobs, rom am sityvas yoveldRiur metyve-
lebaSi yvelani Tavisuflad viyenebT, magram mecnierebisaTvis misi ganmarteba
dRemde didi Tavsatexia, raSic, imave smelzeris TqmiT, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sa-
yovelTaod gavrcelebuli mravali mosazrebis arseboba qmnis siZneles. mosazre-
baTa simravlidan mTavrisa da arsebiTis gamoyofa problema gaxda.
jer kidev aristotele SeniSnavda, rom sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa erToblio-
baa, romelic sakuTari arsebobisaTvis sakmarisia. amis Semdeg uamravi mosazreba
gamoiTqva sazogadoebaze, magram aristoteles azri, rom sazogadoeba adamianTa
erToba, kavSiri da gaerTianebaa, yvela maTganSia SenarCunebuli. hobsi, ruso da
loki ambobdnen, rom sazogadoeba kontraqtiT (xelSekrulebiT) gaerTianebul ada-
mianTa erTobaa. sociologiis mama konti miiCnevda, rom sazogadoeba socialuri
organizmis Semadgeneli elementebis erTobliobaa, xolo spenseris azriT, sazoga-
doeba adamianur mimarTebaTa mudmivobaa; tards miaCnda, rom sazogadoeba mimbaZ-
vel adamianTa urTierTobaa; sociologiis klasikosi diurkemi ki sazogadoebas im
individTa krebulad warmoadgenda, romlebic erTmaneTTan mudmiv mimarTebaSi im-
yofebian. TiToeuli am mosazrebidan Cans, rom sazogadoebis cneba erTi romelime
calke aRebuli niSnis mixedviT aris ganmartebuli, rac arasworia. am yvelafer-
Tan erTad sazogadoeba amave dros adamianTa urTierTobaa, adamianTa urTierToba
ki mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos. amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sazogadoeba urTier-
TobaSi myof adamianTa gaerTianebaa, romelic istoriuli da kulturuli xasia-
Tis mqonea. erTmaneTTan kavSiriT adamianebi istoriul da kulturul samyaros
qmnian, rac, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis specifikas warmoadgens.
sazogadoeba adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis Sedegad warmoSobili sinamdvi-
lea, Tumca erTad cxovreba sazogadoebis arsobriv niSans ar warmoadgens, radga-
nac erTad cxovreba biologiuri samyaros calkeul warmomadgenelTaTvisac ar
aris ucxo. magaliTad, mwerebis, frinvelebis, cxovelebisa da civsisxliani orga-
nizmebis erTobas sazogadoebad moixsenieben xolme da ityvian: WianWvelebis sazo-
gadoeba, futkrebis sazogadoeba da sxv. Tumca TiToeuli maTganis bunebrivi er-
Toba Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba adamianTa erTobebisagan. arc erTi bunebrivi erTo-
ba Segnebuli kavSirebis Sedegad ar aris Seqmnili. garda amisa, WianWvelebis sa-
zogadoeba, rac iyo aseulobiT wlebis winaT, iseTivea dResac, rasac ver vityviT
adamianTa im did erTobaze, romelsac sazogadoeba hqvia. sazogadoebis specifikis
gamomxatvelia termini sociumi. es imas niSnavs, rom mxolod adamianebi arian so-
cialuri, anu iseTi arsebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian erTob-
livi cxovrebiTa da saqmianobiT, Segnebuli, myari, aucilebeli da ganmeorebadi
urTierTobebiT. sazogadoeba _ es aris sociumi, romelsac Sromis socialuri da-
nawileba axasiaTebs (diurkemi). sazogadoebis cneba adamianTa Tanacxovrebis ka-
nonzomierebaTa gacnobierebas gulisxmobs. is adamianTa Segnebuli da gacnobiere-
buli erTobaa. misi interpretaciis araerTi saintereso paradigmaa cnobili soci-
ologiaSi.
100
sociologiis Sesavali
gerhard lenski
(dab. 1924 w. 13. 09.)
102
sociologiis Sesavali
afrikeli buSmenebi
103
kaxa qecbaia
agraruli sazogadoeba
lenskis azriT, daaxloebiT 5 aTasi wlis winaT axlo
aRmosavleTSi kidev erTi teqnologiuri revolucia mox-
da, romelmac Secvala msoflios didi nawili. es agro-
kulturis Camoyalibeba iyo, rac guTnis gamogonebasa da
misi saSualebiT xvna-TesvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
tuaregis tomis
warmomadgeneli
104
sociologiis Sesavali
postindustriuli sazogadoeba
industriuli sazogadoebebis umravlesoba (magaliTad, amerikuli, iaponuri,
finuri da sxv.) teqnologiuri ganviTarebis momdevno fazaSi Sevida, romelsac
postindustriuli sazogadoeba ewodeba. termini amerikelma sociologma deniel
belma Semoitana im axali teqnologiebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic ekonomikis axali
tipis safuZvels qmnis da informaciis warmoebazea orientirebuli.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis ekonomika `servisul meurneobazea~ agebuli. mas
maRali marketinguli kultura axasiaTebs, rac TavisTavad pirovnebaTSorisi ko-
munikaciebis, ganaTlebis, Teoriuli codnisa da mecnieruli kvlevebis priori-
tets gulisxmobs. Tu industriul sazogadoebaSi materialuri sagnebis warmoebaa
mniSvnelovani, postindustriulSi es adgili codnam, informaciam daikava. am ti-
pis sazogadoebis informaciul ekonomikas kompiuteruli teqnologiebi uzrun-
velyofen. am tipis sazogadoebis sinonimia `codnis sazogadoeba.~
105
kaxa qecbaia
Temi sazogadoeba
`gemainSafti~ `gezelSafti~
tradiciuli adaT-wesebi, rwmena, formaluri samarTali, `dawerili kanone-
dauwereli kanonebi. bi.~
naTesauri kavSirebi, axlobloba. profesionaluri specializacia, romelic
saojaxo rolebs ar emTxveva.
TanagrZnoba da urTierTdaxmareba, pirovnuli interesebis racionaluri gan-
adamiani sxvas SeiZleba uangarod xorcieleba, adamianebs Soris saqmiani uri-
daexmaros. erTobebi, fuliT angariSsworeba da sxv.
kultura religiur Rirebulebeb- kultura saero, sekularizebul Rirebu-
zea dafuZnebuli; sakraluris pri- lebebzea dafuZnebuli,
mati. sakraluris profanacia.
ZiriTadi institutia ojaxi, Temi adamianTa xelovnuri gaerTianeba, didi ga-
da mezoblebi; soflis Temi. adami- erTianebebi da organizaciebi, asociaciebi
anTa bunebrivi gaerTianeba. da sxv. (mTavroba, saqmiani wreebi, politi-
kuri partiebi da a. S.).
111
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
_ yuradRebiT waikiTxeT zemoT moyvanili fragmenti da erTmaneTs Seada-
reT adamianTa da cxovelTa gaerTianebani, gamoyaviT maTTvis saerTo da gan-
sxvavebuli, specifikuri niSnebi;
_ moamzadeT esei Temaze: `adamiani da cxoveli.~
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 3-10.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Tavi I, gv. 7-14.
3. Э. Гидденс, Социология, М. 2005. gv. 17-20.
damatebiTi literatura:
8. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 5-12.
9. kaxa qecbaia, Jurnalistikis sociologia (sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi), Tb.,
2003. gv.G5-13.
10. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 7-25.
11. a. berZeniSvili, Ria-informaciuli sazogadoeba da demokratia. kr. `filo-
sofiuri Ziebani,~ t. XV, gv. 332-344.
12. Дж. Масионис, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 24-36.
13. А. Кравченко, В. Анурин, Социология, ПИТЕР, 2004. gv. 9-36.
14. Руководитель авторского колектива П. Павленок, Социология, М. 2002. gv. 7-19.
15. Поппер, К. Открытое общество и его враги (The Open Society and Its Enemies), т.1- 2, 1965,
113
kaxa qecbaia
ra aris sazogadoeba
`...jgufis saxiT individTa ubralo Tavmoyra jer kidev ar Seadgens sazo-
gadoebas. sociologiuri gagebiT, sazogadoeba iqmneba maSin, rodesac individ-
Ta urTierTSexebis garda maT Soris kooperacia arsebobs. sanam jgufis wevre-
bi TavianT Zalisxmevas erTi saerTo miznis an miznebis garSemo ar gaaerTiane-
ben, manamde maT Soris gamaerTianebeli kavSiri umniSvneloa...
sazogadoeba organizmia...~
herbert spenseri
H
masala gansjisaTvis
114
sociologiis Sesavali
v) `mikroadamiani~
`Tanamedrove adamiani~ sazogadoebis istoriuli formalizaciis Sedegia.
sazogadoeba istoriis gzaze nawevrdeba `mcire socialur jgufebad~ da eqvemde-
bareba formalur wesebs anu iseT normebs, romlebic miRebulia SeTanxmebiT da
daculia oficialurad gamwesebuli moxeleebis mier.
amiT adamiani kargavs misasvlel gzas egreT wodebuli saerTo interesebis-
ken. marTlac, sazogadoeba, rogorc saerTo interesebis matarebeli, aRar arse-
bobs – is socialuri jgufebis grovaa. meore mxriv, adamiani Zalian mcirea imis-
Tvis, rom ataros didi interesi. is `didi Temobis~ wevri ki araa, aramed `mcire
socialuri jgufisa~. is `socialuri atomia.~
amgvari adamianis Camoyalibeba iwyeba jer kidev antikuri polisis rRvevi-
dan. didi imperiebis xanaSi berZeni mowyda sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis cocxal
asparezs. is didi imperiis moqalaqed iqca, imperiisa, romelsac misi Tvali da
`plastikuri~ cnobiereba ver gaswvdeboda.
magram berZenma ipova Sinagani gza `zogadisken~ -- es iyo Caketva sakuTar
TavSi da mierTeba gonebasTan anu `aucileblobasTan~. stoelebma da epiku-
reelebma gakvales es axali gza pirovnebis gadasarCenad. TviTCaRrmavebiT adami-
ani uerTdeboda sakuTar `me~-ze upirobod maRla mdgom sulier erTianobas da
xdeboda didi, uxrwneli msoflios natexi.
qristianulma sarwmunoebam upirobod uaryo es gza. man codvad da warmar-
115
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
klasikuri inglisuri sociologiis fuZemdebeli
_ herbert spenseri
didi ingliseli sociologi, sociologiis pozitiuri
skolis warmomadgeneli herbert spenseri daibada 1820 wlis 27
aprils qalaq derbiSi, maswavleblis ojaxSi. uari Tqva kem-
brijSi ganaTlebis miRebaze (SemdgomSi londonis sauniversi-
teto kolejis profesorobac iuara). erTi periodi maswavleb-
lobda kidec; iyo rkinigzis moxele, inJineri, Jurnalisti
(Jurnal `ekonomistis~ redaqtoris TanaSemwe). axlo urTier-
Toba hqonda im droisaTvis metad cnobil adamianebTan: j.
eliotTan, j. luisTan, j. s. milTan da j. tindelTan. safran-
geTSi ramdenimejer mogzaurobisas konts xvdeboda. 1853 wels
memkvidreobis miRebis Semdeg mTeli darCenili cxovreba mecni-
erebas (istoria, filosofia, sociologia) miuZRvna. misi msof-
lmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia kontis po-
zitivizmma da im droisaTvis Zalze popularulma evolucio-
nizmma.
spenseris Semoqmedebis gasaRebs warmoadgens naSromi `ZiriTadi safuZvlebi~
(First Principles, 1862). darvinis saxeTa Teoriis gamoqveynebamde Svidi wliT adre spenser-
ma dawera statia `ganviTarebis hipoTeza~ (The Development Hypothesis), romelSic evolu-
ciis ideebi hqonda Camoyalibebuli. igi evoluciis erT-erT faqtorad bunebriv ga-
darCevas aRiarebda (is aris avtori terminisa `met-naklebad SeguebulTa gadarCena~).
evolucia mas esmoda, rogorc `materiis integraciisa da diferenciaciis procesi.~
spenseris mTavari naSromia mravaltomeuli saxelwodebiT `sinTezuri filosofiis
sistema~ (A System of Syntetic Philosophy). igi moicavs: `biologiis principebs~ (2 tomi. 1864-
1867), `fsiqologiis principebs~ (2 tomi. 1855), `eTikis principebs~ (2 tomi. 1892-93), `so-
117
kaxa qecbaia
***
`yoveli adamiani unda akeTebdes imas, rac mas surs, Tuki es ar arRvevs sxva
adamianis Tavisuflebas.~
`mecniereba organizebuli codnaa.~
herbert spenseri
118
sociologiis Sesavali
VII leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
kultura
sazogadoebis cnebasTan erTad kulturis cneba Tanamedrove sociologiis
erT-erTi fundamenturi kategoriaa. igi im faqtorebisa da Zalebis kompleqsia,
romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenebsa da procesebs gansazRvraven. am
movlenebisa da procesebis Sesaswavlad sociologiam specialuri xedva, midgoma
gamoimuSava, romelic kulturologiuri xedvis saxeliTaa cnobili. mis mixedviT,
socialuri sinamdvilisa da am sinamdvileSi adamianTa socialuri qcevisa da moq-
medebis saidumloebaTa gasaRebi kulturis kvlevaSi mdgomareobs. garda amisa, aR-
saniSnavia isic, rom Tavad kultura socialuri fenomenia. amis gamo Tanamedrove
dasavlur sociologiaSi sazogadoebasa da, kulturas Soris tolobis niSans sva-
men, anu, Cveulebriv, rodesac msjeloben sazogadoebaze, kulturas gulisxmoben
da, piriqiT, rodesac saubroben kulturaze, sazogadeba aqvT mxedvelobaSi. kul-
turisadmi msgavsi midgoma misi socialuri bunebidan momdinareobs. zogadi azriT,
kulturis cneba xom yvelafer imas gulisxmobs, rac adamianis mier aris Seqmnili.
kulturis elementebi
simboloebi
sxva cocxal arasebaTa msgavsad, adamianebi garemomcvel samyaros grZnobis
organoebis saSualebiT aRiqvamen, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians sxva unaric
aqvs ganviTarebuli _ igi sazriss debs realobaSi, anu samyaros calkeul elemen-
tebs simboloebad gardaqmnis (`adamiani somboloebis Semqmneli arsebaa,~ _ ernst
kasireri), mis mier Seqmnil sagnebsa da movlenebs simbolur mniSvnelobas aZlevs;
am SemTxvevaSi kultura simboloebisa da niSnebis mowesrigebuli sistemis saxiT
gvevlineba. kulturis es elementi xSirad gamoiyeneba reklamis teqnikaSi. simbo-
los amgvari gagebis gamo, Tavis mxriv, reklama ara marto biznesis aucilebeli
elementia, aramed kulturis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva. gansxvavebul kultu-
rasTan aradaekvaturi mimarTebis mizezi am kulturis simboloebis mniSvnelobis
arcodna an argageba SeiZleba iyos. aqedan ki e. w. `kulturul Sokamde~ Zalze ax-
lo manZilia. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia zog kulturaSi Tavis daqneva Tanxmobis
niSani iyos, zogan ki _ uaryofis. Sesabamisad, am kulturis simboloebis mniSvne-
lobis arcodna didi usiamovnebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. gansxvavebuli simbo-
loebi aqvT ara marto sxvadasxva kulturebs, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac Se-
iZleba gansxvavebuli simboloebis arseboba. magaliTad, erTsa da imave kultura-
Si SesaZlebelia bewvis qurqi simdidris niSanic iyos da cxovelebisadmi veluri
mopyrobis gansaxierebac.
ena
kulturis samyaros gasaRebs ena warmoadgens, radganac is adamianebs urTier-
Tzemoqmedebis, interaqciis saSualebas aZlevs. igi amave dros kulturul memkvid-
reobas da kulturuli transmisiis (procesi, romlis Sedegad kultura Taobidan
Taobas gadecema) meqanizms warmoadgens. Cvens organizmSi arsebuli genebis msgav-
sad, ena kulturis organizmis genebis funqcias asrulebs. enis meSveobiT mkvid-
rdeba kulturaSi saukuneobiT dagrovili sibrZne da tradiciebi. ena gvagebinebs
sxvaTa gamocdilebas. enis funqcia zogadad da gansakuTrebiT misi socialuri xa-
siaTi kargad Cans didi germaneli filosofosis martin haidegeris gamonaTqvamSi,
rom `ena yofierebis saxlia~. sociologias enasTan mimarTebaSi is ufro aintere-
sebs, Tu rogor myardeba adamianebs Soris urTierToba misi saSualebiT da ro-
gor ayalibebs ena socialur sinamdviles. sociologiis mama ogiust konti ambob-
da, rom `ena im tipis simdidres qmnis, romliTac erTdroulad da Tanabrad sar-
geblobs nebismieri adamiani da amiT mis codnas aranairi ziani ar adgeba~. Tana-
medrove amerikul sociologiaSi miRebuli Tezisis mixedviT, haidegeris cnobili
gamonaTqvami aseTnairad gaigeba: adamianebi socialur sinamdviles enis kulturu-
li prizmidan iReben.
122
sociologiis Sesavali
Rirebulebebi
sinamdvilisadmi SemecnebiT an esTetikur damokidebulebasTan erTad adamians
RirebulebiTi xedva da, Sesabamisad, RirebulebiTi unarebi da orientacia gaaCnia,
rac, faqtobrivad, sinamdvilisadmi SefasebiTs damokidebulebas niSnavs, oRond am
SemTxvevaSi Sefasebas vaWrobasTan da yidva-gayidvasTan araferi aqvs saerTo. Ri-
rebuleba raRacis mowonebas an armowonebas gulisxmobs da, amdenad, subieqturo-
bis niSniT xasiaTdeba. es is kriteriumebia, romlebic kargisa da cudis, sasurve-
lisa da arasasurvelis, keTilisa da borotis da a. S. garCevaSi gvexmareba. maga-
liTad, riTi aixsneba ledi gagas anda jeimz bondis popularoba? yoveli maTgani
garkveuli niSnebis matarebelia, romelTa meSveobiT faseulobaTa gavrcelebuli
da popularuli sistema iqmneba, romelsac TiToeuli Cvengani iziarebs an ar izi-
arebs. kulturuli Rirebulebebi did gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kulturuli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb met-naklebad
srulyofili warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad ganvixiloT amerikeli sociologebis mier
Camoyalibebuli Tanamedrove amerikuli kulturis fundamenturi Rirebulebebi.
Tanamedrove amerikuli kulturis fundamenturi Rirebulebebia:
• Tanabari SesaZleblobebi _ amerikuli sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis mniSvne-
lovania ara Tanabari mdgomareoba, aramed Tanabari SesaZleblobebi, rac
imas niSnavs, rom warmatebis miRwevis Tanabari Sansi aqvs yvelas.
• konkurentuloba da warmatebuloba _ rac imas niSnavs, rom sportSi, poli-
tikaSi, biznesSi, universitetsa Tu sxvagan mxolod gamarjvebisaTvis vTama-
SobT. konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli Sesabamis jildosac iRebs warmatebis
saxiT.
• materialuri komforti _ warmatebis miRwevis Sedegad mopovebuli fuli ma-
terialuri siamovnebis wyaro xdeba. naTqvamia, `bednierebas ver iyidio,~ mag-
ram SeZlebuli amerikelebisaTvis es sasaciloa.
• aqtiuroba da Tavdadebuli Sroma _ amerikeli is adamiania, vinc Tavis Cana-
fiqrs bolomde miiyvans, oRond amas is didi Sromisa da aqtiurobis fasad
aRwevs. am SemTxvevaSi wamyvan Rirebulebas warmoadgens ara beds Serigeba,
aramed moqmedeba da mxolod moqmedeba.
• praqtikuloba da efeqturoba _ amerikelebis didi nawili praqtikas ufro
metad afasebs, vidre Teorias. praqtikuli saqmianoba imdenad aris Rirebu-
li, ramdenadac mas fuli moaqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amis gamo amerikas ara
aqvs ganyenebuli filosofiuri azrovneba. amerikuli filosofia _ pragma-
tizmi _ sargeblianobis principzea agebuli. samagierod, amerikas, aqvs so-
ciologia, Zalze praqtikuli da efeqturi mecniereba, romelic fulis Sov-
nis samsaxurSia Camdgari.
• progresi _ am RirebulebiTi orientaciis matarebeli adamiani fiqrobs, rom
awmyo yovelTvis jobia warsuls. progresi am SemTxvevaSi `siaxlis~ da `sa-
ukeTesos~ sinonimia da zneobriv ganviTarebasTan araferi saerTo ara aqvs.
• mecniereba _ mecnieruli codna imitom aris amerikuli Rirebulebebis auci-
lebeli Semadgeneli, rom mis safuZvelze iqmneba uaxlesi teqnologiebi,
romelTa daxmarebiTac amerikelebi mravali mwvave problemis gadawyvetas
imedovneben.
• demokratia da Tavisufali mewarmeoba _ es Rirebuleba politikur arCevneb-
Si Tavisuflebas, xolo ekonomikis sferoSi Tavisufali warmoebis ganviTa-
rebas gulisxmobs.
• Tavisufleba _ igi pirovnebis individualuri iniciativebisaTvis didi mniS-
vnelobis miniWebas niSnavs. amerikelebi miiCneven, rom adamiani Tavisi perso-
naluri miznebis miRwevaSi SezRuduli ar unda iyos.
• jgufisadmi kuTvnileba, identoba _ individualuri Tavisuflebis aRiare-
basTan erTad amerikelebis didi nawili adamians jer kidev afasebs gende-
ruli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi da a. S. kuTvnilebis mixedviT.
amerikuli kulturis RirebulebiTi orientacia motanilia amerikeli socio-
logis robin uiliamsis (1970 w.) mixedviT.
123
kaxa qecbaia
kulturuli mravalferovneba
kulturuli mravalferovnebis cnebiT sociologebi sxvadasxva kulturebis
gansxvavebaTa Sedegad kulturis, rogorc mTlianobis, Camoyalibebas aRniSnaven.
kulturuli mravalferovneba gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis Rirebu-
lebebi, gemovnebebi, codna da normebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi erTian msoflio
kulturas, anu msoflio kulturul mozaikas qmnian. es daaxloebiT sxvadasxva fe-
ris ZafebiT moqsovili feradi xaliCis msgavsia. am mravalsaxeobaSi TiToeuli
kultura unikaluri da ganumeorebelia, anu, Tanamedrove terminologiiT rom
vTqvaT, TiToeuli kultura sakuTari identobis matarebelia, raSic did rols
ena asrulebs. saqarTvelos magaliTi adasturebs, Tu ra didi roli Seasrula
qarTulma enam sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebasa da
damoukideblobis mopovebaSi. kulturis mravalferovneba kulturebs Soris dia-
logsa da tolerantobas gulisxmobs.
Tavis mxriv, kulturaTa Soris kavSiri kulturuli difuziis mizezic SeiZ-
leba gaxdes. kulturaTa difuzia kulturebs Soris kavSiris meSveobiT erTi ad-
gilidan mezobel regionSi inovaciebis gavrcelebas niSnavs (kulturis difuziis
magaliTia al. makedonelis laSqrobebi, romlis meSveobiT aziis qveynebSi berZnu-
li kultura Sevida).
subkultura
subkultura erTiani kulturis SigniT kulturis gansakuTrebul sferos aR-
niSnavs. is ara marto gansxvavebas, aramed ierarqiulobas gulisxmobs. igi gabato-
nebul an `meinstrimul~ (ZiriTadi kulturuli mimarTuleba drois garkveul mo-
nakveTSi) kulturaSi iseTi elementebis Serevas gulisxmobs, romelic mTels
msoflioSia aRiarebuli. sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis arseboben calkeuli jgufebi,
romlebic specifikur kulturas qmnian, magram es xels ar uSlis kulturis an-
dergraunds (kulturis WeSmariti, SemoqmedebiTi mimarTulebebis erToblioba) sa-
kuTari mravalferovnebis SenarCunebaSi.
multikulturalizmi
multikulturalizmi amerikaSi SemuSavebuli specialuri saganmanaTleblo
programaa, romelic amerikis kulturul mravalferovnebas aRiarebs, magram sxva-
dasxva kulturuli tradiciebis erTmaneTTan gaTanabrebas iTvaliswinebs. am saqme-
Si problemas qmnis enisa da umciresobebis sakiTxebi, Tumca multikulturalizmi
amerikaSi dRemde problematuria.
125
kaxa qecbaia
kontrkultura
kontrkultura gabatonebuli kulturis sa-
pirispiroa. bevri mkvlevari mas kulturis ganax-
lebisa da gardaqmnis winapirobad ganixilavs.
kontrkulturis magaliTia 1960 wels arsebuli
kulturuli meinstrimis winaaRmdeg hipebisa da
mogvianebiT pankebis gamosvla amerikaSi, rome-
lic ewinaaRmdegeboda da gmobda konkurentul,
egoistur da meterialistur amerikul kultu-
ras da cxovrebis saerTo stilis mimdevari iyo.
kontrkulturebi dResac aqtiurad gamodian da
ibrZvian gabatonebuli kulturebis winaaRmdeg.
maskultura
masobrivi kultura XX saukunis movlenaa. igi manamde arsebuli yvela tradi-
ciuli kulturuli normis transkulturul normad gadaqcevas gamoxatavs. mas-
kultura e. w. saSualo, masis adamianzea gaTvlili da misTvis gasageb enazea Seq-
mnili. misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebidan gamoyofen bavSvTa subkulturas, romelic
bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnili maskulturis sagnebis industrias warmoadgens _ esaa
standartuli saTamaSoebi da TamaSebi, bavSvTa manivelirebeli aRzrdis teqnolo-
giebi da sxv. maskulturas axasiaTebs Souindustria da masobrivi sanaxaobebi.
igi bazrisaTvis aris gankuTvnili da masSi War-
bobs seqsis kulti, Zaladobis propaganda da egoiz-
mi. mis demokratiul procesad SeniRbvasa da gasaRe-
bas xels uwyobs Tanamedrove media da komunikaciis
saSualebebi. maskultura adamians mxolod biosocia-
lur arsebad ganixilavs, romelsac Wamisa da seqsis
meti araferi axsovs.
marginaluri kultura
kulturologiuri gagebiT, tranzitul mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani aris mar-
ginaluri (kideze, zRvarze myofi) kulturis warmomadgeneli, anu am tipis socialu-
ri jgufi gansazRvrul kulturul identobas moklebulia da misi kulturuli
mdgomareoba gaurkvevelia. marginaluri kultura socialuri transformaciebis Se-
degia. mas axasiaTebs kulturuli pluralizmi, arsebuli Rirebulebebisa da norme-
bis uaryofa, socialuri jgufis cnobierebis mTlianobis rRveva da Sinagani diskom-
forti. religiur terminologias Tu vixmarT, es aris `bolo Jamis,~ anu `apokalif-
suri kultura.~
126
sociologiis Sesavali
globaluri kultura
Tanamedrove globalizaciurma procesebma da informaciulma teqnologiebma
kulturis globalizaciis procesebi daaCqara. kulturis globalizacia niSnavs
imas, rom kulturis avtorebi mTeli msoflios xalxebi xdebian da Sedegad iseTi
kultura iqmneba, romelic samomxmareblo xasiaTis matarebelia. globaluri kul-
turis simboloebia supermarketebisa da hipermarketebis sistema. Tanamedrove
msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi Casvlisas Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom iqac iseTnairad acvi-
aT adamianebs, rogorc TqvenTan; arc iq mosmenili pop-musika iqneba TqvenTvis uc-
xo da a. S. es yvelaferi globalurma ekonomikam, komunikaciis globalurma siste-
mebma da globalurma migraciulma procesebma gamoiwvia. Tumca am yovelives gar-
kveuli winaaRmdegobac axlavs, kerZod is, rom adamianebi samyaros sakuTari kul-
turis prizmidan uyureben da Sesabamisad, aseTi adamianebi mtkivneulad ganicdian
kulturis globalizacias da globaluri kulturis warmoqmnis procesebs.
127
kaxa qecbaia
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan `sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~
kulturis gavlena sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
`...SevadaroT ori aTi wlis biWi. erTi maTgani daibada loZSi, safeiqro mrewve-
lobis muSis ojaxSi, meore _ eskimosebis sadgomSi aliaskis Crdilo-dasavleT
sanapiroze. pirvelma maTganma icis gamravlebis
tabula, icis, ras emyareba avtomobilis muSaoba,
icis poloneTis bevri istoriuli TariRi, icnobs
quCaSi moZraobis wesebs, axsnis mzis amosvlasa da
Casvlas da a. S. yvelaferi es aliaskaSi mcxovreb
biWs arc gaugia.
samagierod, man icis karaqis keTeba, qamandis
xmareba, gzis gagneba qariSxalSic, polarul Rame-
Sic, SeuZlia marxilSi ZaRlebis Sebma da bevri
sxva ram, razedac loZel biWs araferi gaegeba. ma-
sac SeuZlia axsnas mzis amosvla da Casvla, magram
misi axsna sul sxvanairia, iseve rogorc misi war-
modgenebis sistema cxovrebaze, ojaxze, religiaze,
samarTalze da a. S. ai aRzrdis Sedegebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi. fiziologiuri procesebi, romlebic
gansazRvraven maTi swavlebis biologiur safuZ-
vlebs, identuria, magram swavlebis Sedegebi _ sruliad gansxvavebuli, vinaidan
orive miekuTvneba sxvadasxva ekonomikur sistemas, maTi ojaxebi sxvadasxvanairad
moipoveben moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis saSualebebs, gansxvavebulia erTobani,
romlebsac isini miekuTvnebian, gansxvavebulia maTi sazogadoebis kultura. amri-
128
sociologiis Sesavali
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti Tamaz buaCiZis wignidan `filosofiuri narkvevebi~ (t. II.)
ra aris kultura?
`...buneba gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis mxolod erT nawils. meore nawilis
ganmsazRvreli TviTon adamiania. am debulebis naTelsayofad moviyvan martiv ma-
galiTs: adamiani, rogorc bunebis Svili, unda gamoikvebos, da sagulisxmoa is,
rom sakvebis mopovebis, damzadebis da miRebis wess TviTon adamiani adgens. es ma-
galiTi gamodgeba kulturis gansazRvrebisaTvis. am cnebas ufro xSirad farTo
azriT iyeneben. kultura farTo mniSvnelobiT yovelive imis erTobliobaa, rac
adamianis, Tavisufali moqmedebis, Semoqmedebis Sedegia. am SemTxvevaSi `kultura~
da `civilizacia~, aseve farTo gagebiT, emTxveva erTmaneTs. adamiani iwyeba mxo-
lod iq, sadac iwyeba ase gagebuli kultura an ase gagebuli civilizacia: adami-
ani imiT gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, rom cxoveli cxovrobs mxolod bunebis sfe-
roSi, adamiani ki cxovrobs or sferoSi _ bunebisa da kulturis sferoSi. adami-
ani ver iarsebebs, Tu ar Seqmna xelovnuri iaraRebi, xelovnuri sagnebi, Tu ar
daumata isini bunebriv sagnebs. xSirad ismis kiTxva: nuTu adamianSi yvelaferi
cvalebadia, nuTu adamianSi ar SeiZleba raRac ucvlelis povna? adamiani xom
swored adamiania da ara niangi an virTxa? ra aris misi es ucvleli arseba? Cemi
pasuxi aseTi iqneba: adamianis ucvleli arseba swored Semoqmedebaa, e. i. cvaleba-
di sagnebis, axlis Seqmnis unaria. adamiani qmnis iseT fenomenebs, romlebsac bu-
nebaSi ver ipoviT _ magaliTad, tansacmels, saxls, taZars, mecnierebas, mwerlo-
bas, zneobriv wesebs, religias, saxelmwifo wyobas. adamianis arseba swored Se-
moqmedebaa, romlis nayofi tradiciad iqceva da TandaTanobiT Taobidan Taobas
gadecema. ase iqmneba adamianTa istoria. me aRvniSnavdi kidev erT garemoebas: ada-
miani qmnis kulturas, magram amave dros kultura qmnis adamians _ rogoricaa
kultura, iseTia adamiani, arc erT pirovnebas ar ZaluZs gadaabijos Tavis kul-
turas. yoveli bavSvi eziareba Tavisi eris enas, tradiciebs, zne-Cveulebebs: ena
adamianis Seqmnilia, magram bavSvis winaSe `Zevs~, rogorc asaTvisebeli obieqturi
sagani. asevea kulturis sxva fenomenebic.
radganac kultura gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis raobas, savsebiT gamar-
Tlebulia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT, vTqvaT, I saukunis adamiani Tanamedrove
adamianisagan, maSin rodesac I saukunis mgeli an virTxa Tanamedrove mglis an
virTxis igiveobrivia. rac Seexeba `kulturisa~ da `civilizaciis~ cnebaTa
sxvagvar gamoyenebas, unda iTqvas Semdegi: Spenglerma am ori mdgomareobis gan-
sasxvaveblad drois cneba Semoitana: yovel kulturas, e. i. Semoqmedebas, gar-
kveuli drois Semdeg mosdevs civilizacia _ Semoqmedebis kvdomis, gaxevebis
periodi. am kulturisa da civilizaciis wyalgamyofi droa.
129
kaxa qecbaia
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti akaki yulijaniSvilis wignidan `kulturis Teoria~
kulturis TamaSebrivi Teoria
`... holandielma kulturologma iohan haizingam Ta-
maSi daakavSira ara mxolod xelovnebasTan, aramed kul-
turasTanac...
igi amtkicebs, rom kulturaSi monawileobs da arse-
biT rols asrulebs TamaSis elementi, metic, TamaSis es
elementia kulturis macocxlebeli suli, mis gareSe
kultura ver iarsebebs, xolo TamaSis sulis daknineba
kulturis dakninebasac niSnavs. haizingasTvis TamaSi
aris Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, romelic qmnis kul-
turas, rac ufro metia, vidre TviTSenaxva da gadarCeni-
saTvis brZola. haizingas azriT, TamaSi ufro metia, vid-
re wminda fiziologiuri movlena anda fiziologiurad
gansazRvruli fsiqikuri reaqcia. TamaSi, rogorc aseTi,
scildeba wminda biologiuri Tu wminda fsiqikuri moR-
iohan haizinga vaweobis farglebs, igi sazrisis mqone funqciaa. haizinga
(1872-1945) Tvlis, rom radganac TamaSi sazrisis mqonea, masSi ara-
materialuri elementic monawileobs, rasac gons, `suls~
uwodebs. TamaSi kulturaSi gvxvdeba, rogorc mocemuli sidide, romelic win
uswrebs kulturas da Semdgom Tan sdevs mas dasabamidan awmyomde. TamaSi
yvelgan warmogvidgeba, rogorc qcevis Cveulebrivi cxovrebisagan gansxvavebu-
li ragvaroba. haizingas azriT, TamaSi saxeebiT manipulirebas efuZneba, rom is
sinamdviles sicocxlis moZrav formebs unacvlebs da amiT mis gardasaxvas ax-
dens. haizinga cdilobs TamaSis procesSive dakvirvebiT Caswvdes TamaSs, ro-
gorc kulturuli cxovrebis faqtors.
haizingas azriT, adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moRvaweobis
yvela saxe imTaviTve gamsWvalulia TamaSiT. TamaSi TavisTavad aris kulturis
erT-erTi safuZveli da misi monawile. Tuki kulturaSi daknindeba TamaSis ro-
li da mniSvneloba, es mauwyebeli iqneba kulturis krizisisa. haizinga XX sau-
kunis kulturis krizisis fesvebs seriozulobiT aRsavse XIX saukuneSi xe-
davs, romelsac didi adgili ar dautovebia TamaSis funqciisaTvis kulturul
procesSi. tendenciebma, romelic am funqcias gamoricxavs, TandaTan gabatone-
buli adgili daikava. haizinga aRniSnavs, rom am periodis sazogadoebis su-
130
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr gamoyaviT klasikuri da Tanamedrove qarTuli kultu-
ris ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da Sesabamisi masala cxrilebis saxiT warmoadgineT.
_ Tqveni azriT, SeiniSneba Tu ara Tanamedrove qarTul kulturaSi marginalobis
elementebi (dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi konkretuli magaliTebi moiyvaneT)?
_ aRwereT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens media da komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSuale-
bebi kulturaze.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 157-196.
2. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 32-41.
3. a. yulijaniSvili, kulturis Teoria, Tb., 2009. gv. 32-75; 122-197; 244-254.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni. (rus. Enaze). sankt-pe-
terburgi. 2003. gv. 50-54.
2. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 100-138.
3. e. kodua, kulturis sociologia, Tb., 2001. gv. 113-185 ; 286-292.
131
kaxa qecbaia
132
sociologiis Sesavali
meTodologiuri rekomendaciebi
• SeniSvna:
Tanamedrove da sabWouri kulturis Zeglebi SegiZliaT Tqven TviTon SearCi-
oT. aq moyvanili erT-erTi maTgani mxolod magaliTis rols asrulebs.
133
kaxa qecbaia
es sainteresoa
fotosociologia
melanqoliuri fotografi _ reJisor mark romanekis (aSS, 2002 w.) filmidan
`foto erT saaTSi~ _ sayofacxovrebo fotosuraTebis siuxveSi Cveni cxovrebis
arafokusirebuli detalebis danaxvas cdilobs. `bevri ar iRebs iseT wvrilmanebs,
rogoricaa mitovebuli saxli, Wyleta benzingasamarT sadgurze, gadagdebuli sa-
TamaSo, magram swored msgavsi wvrilmanebi qmnian mTlian suraTs, ris fotografi-
rebasac adamianebi ar axdenen,~ _ gakvirvebulia igi.
fotosuraTis, rogorc artefaqtis (laTinurad
artefactum xelovnurad Seqmnils niSnavs; zogadad mate-
rialuri da sulieri kulturis nimuSebs kulturologi-
asa da sociologiaSi artefaqtebs miakuTvneben) arsi, mi-
si polisemiuroba (aseve plakatis, filmis an Ria bara-
Tis) iseTi konteqstebiTaa ganpirobebuli, rogorebicaa:
socialuri mocemuloba, realoba da reJisura. amitomac
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fotografia aRmoCenaa sociologia-
Si. `fotografia da sociologia TiTqmis erTdroulad
moevlinen qveyanas~. Tavdapirvelad fotografiis, ro-
gorc socialuri informaciis wyaros, mimarT did inte-
ress maincdamainc ar iCendnen sociologebi, Tumca dRes
es viTareba gamosworebulia da vizualuri sociologia
erT-erTi yvelaze metad popularuli mimarTulebaa Tana-
medrove sociologiaSi. dRes fotoze aRbeWdili indivi-
dis an socialuri jgufis saxe da moqmedebis adgili so-
ciologiuri kvlevis mimzidveli sferoa. yoveldRiuro-
bis socialuri konstruqtivizmi da sajarooba aris is, rasac sociologi fotosu-
raTebSi, gansakuTrebiT saojaxo albomebSi eZebs.
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, fotografias Zalze didi evristikuli potencia-
li aqvs. sociologisaTvis fotografia sul mcire sami aspeqtiT mainc aris sainte-
reso:
134
sociologiis Sesavali
Tanamedrove sociologiidan
vizualuri sociologia
(mcire amonaridebi)
`Cveni cxovrebis did nawils fotosuraTebi warmarTaven. informaciuli
warwerebi ikonogramebma (informaciis matarebelma gamosaxulebebma) Secvala,
romlebic mTel rig akrZalvebs gamoxataven. amgvarad garesam-
yaros aRqma fotoebis saSualebiT xdeba. `vizualuri warmo-
saxva~ _ vizualuri samyarosa da masSi Cveni adgilis kriti-
kuli gaazrebaa.
sociologia da fotografia daaxloebiT erTdroulad gaC-
ndnen. 1839 wels konti wers `pozitiuri filosofiis kursis~
bolo fragmentebs, romelSic axali mecnieruli dargis aRsa-
niSnavad pirveladaa Setanili sityva `sociologia.~ TiTqmis
imave wels aRmoCenil iqna fotografia _ safrangeTSi lui da-
gerisa da nisefor nipesisa da inglisSi uiliam talbotis mier.
fotoebi ori umTavresi miznis realizebaSi gvexmareba:
piotr Stompka
1) fotoebze gamosaxuli detalebis dawvrilebiTi Seswav-
la sazogadoebis TaviseburebaTa axsnaSi gviwyobs xels, rac fotos ubralo aRwe-
ra ar aris. rogorc timoTi kari wers: `vizualuri sociologiis specialisti obi-
eqtebis garegnul mxareze dakvirvebiT Sinaganis damoaaSkaravebas cdilobs~. rac
exmianeba sociologiaSi gavrcelebul gamoTqmas: `roca raimes garegnuli mxare so-
ciologiur axsna-ganmartebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, SesaZlebelia imis Tqma, rom vi-
zualuri sociologiis specialistis davaleba Sesrulebulia.~
135
kaxa qecbaia
136
sociologiis Sesavali
137
kaxa qecbaia
meToduri rekomendaciebi
adamianis habitusi, saxis gamometyvelebisa da sxeulebrivi konstruqci-
is CaTvliTac ki, socialuri da profesiuli kuTvnilebis niSnebi, tansacme-
li da moda, individualuri gansxvavebebi da a. S. _ es yvelaferi sociolo-
giuri kvlevis amouwuravi interesis sagania. adamianis garegnuli saxe, misi
imiji SesaZlebelia kulturologiuri, fsiqologiuri, istoriuli, anTropo-
logiuri, sociologiuri da sxva saxis kvlevis sagani iyos, magram amjerad
Cveni mizania ganvixiloT is kulturuli niSnebi da simboloebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac iqmneba (konstruirdeba) warmatebuli adamianis `socialuri
portreti,~ anu adamianisa, romelmac sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi aRiareba
moipova.
yovel epoqaSi `sxeulebriobis~ gansakuTrebuli teqnika arsebobda, ro-
melic gamoCenil, warmatebul adamianebs Sesaferis, komfortul garegnul
iers uqmnis. adre amisaTvis dRevandel imijmeikerebze aranakleb profesio-
nalurad zrunavdnen mkeravebi, fotografebi, mxatvrebi, modeliorebi da
sxva msgavsi specialobis adamianebi. sakiTxis Rrmad Seswavlisas irkveva,
rom warmatebuli adamianebis mier sxvebis winaSe sakuTari Tavis wardgenaze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba SemTxveviTi ambavi ar aris (Tanamedrove amerikul
sociologiaSi am sakiTxis Teoretikosi irving hofmania). is, rogorc reJi-
sori, ise iTvaliswinebs `sadamdgmelo efeqtebs.~ am SemTxvevaSi publikis
molodinebs ewireba sakuTari sulier-goniTi samyaro da piradi survilebi;
Tumca pirovnebis socialuri reprezentaciis saSualebebi sxvadasxvanairia,
amitom Cveni amocanaa gamovavlinoT is gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi da
xerxebi, romlebic sxvadasxva droSi sxvadasxvanairia, amisaTvis ki vizualu-
ri sociologiis meTods gamoviyenebT.
mokle pasuxi kiTxvaze _ `ra aris vizualuri sociologiis meTodi?~ _
daaxloebiT aseTi SeiZleba iyos: es aris gamosaxulebis gaSifvris saSuale-
ba, romliTac dakvirvebis monacemebs verbaluri analitikuri saxe eZleva,
rac empiriuli monacemebis interpretaciis erT-erTi Zalze saintereso saSu-
alebaa.
vizualuri sociologiis meTodi pirvelad ingliselma da amerikelma
anTropologebma gamoiyenes `primitiuli kulturebis~ Sesaswavlad (Sesabami-
si fotoebi da filmebi); dRes vizualuri anTropologia erT-erTi moduri
specialobaa dasavleTSi. kvlevis es meTodi gamorCeulia imiT, rom:
• kvlevis sagnad aRebulia ara sxva xalxebis, aramed sakuTari kultura;
• empiriuli masalis saxiT gamoiyeneba mTeli rigi `vizualuri teqstebi~;
• kvlevis procesSi aqcenti keTdeba ara calkeuli artefaqtebis Seswav-
laze, aramed simboluri da socialuri struqturebis urTierTmimar-
Tebaze (statusi, normebi da sxv.);
vizulauri analizis meTodis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT sasurvelia
gaecnoT p. Stompkas, p. burdies, r. bartis, u. ekos da J. bodriaris naSro-
mebs, rac garkveulwilad gamokvlevis Teoriuli bazis Seqmnasa da damouki-
debeli xedvis CamoyalibebaSi gamogadgebaT. kvlevis dasrulebisTanave Tqven
138
sociologiis Sesavali
mogiwevT sakuTari teqstis Seqmna. nu ifiqrebT imaze, sworia Tu ara is, rac
dawereT. sakuTari mosazrebebi CamoayalibeT riskianad da Tavisuflad. amas-
Tanave Tqven mier Sesrulebuli praqtikuli samuSao unda iyos Tanamimdev-
ruli, logikuri da sociologiuri da literaturuli gagebiT dasrulebu-
li. es praqtikuli davaleba Tqvengan saqmisadmi SemoqmedebiT midgomas moiT-
xovs; empiriuli vizualuri masala Teoriuli codniT datvirTeT da sabo-
loo jamSi sociologiuri interpretaciis nimuSi _ `najeri aRwera~ gamogi-
vaT (termini kliford gircma Semoitana).
imedia, praqtikumis Sesruleba mcire profesiul siamovnebas mainc mo-
ganiWebT.
momaval saauditorio Sexvedramde.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. Штомпка П. Введение в визуальную социологию (интеракция, интервью, интерпретация),
2007, № 4, gv. 6-12. URL:http://sociologist.nm.ru/articles/schtompka_01.htm
2. Барт Р. Camera lucida. Комментарий к фотографии. — М., 1997. Электронный вариант книги
см.: URL:http://nova.iatp.by/03/barthes_camera_lucida.pdf
3. Гирц К. «Насыщенное описание»: В поисках интерпретативной теории культуры //
Культурология. XX век. Дайджест. Ч. I. М.: ИНИОН, 1997.
4. Эко У. Отсутствующая структура. Введение в семиологию. — М., 1998.
5. Гофман И. Представление себя другим в повседневной жизни. — М.: "Канон-Пресс-Ц",
"Кучково поле", 2000, СС. 296-392. (Глава "Роль выразительности в передаче впечатлений о
себе").
6. Визуальная антропология: новые взгляды на социальную реальность: Сб. научн. ст. / Под
ред. Е.В. Ярской-Смирновой, П.В. Романова, В.Л. Круткина. — Саратов: Научная книга,
2007.
7. Женщина и визуальные знаки / Под ред. А. Альчук. — М.: Идея-Прогресс, 2000.
8. Захаров А.В. Что значит интерпретировать текст?
9. Sontag Susan. On photography URL: http://www.susansontag.com
damatebiTi literatura:
1. Сальникова Е.В. Мир внешний — мир внутренний // Наука телевидения. Научный альманах,
вып. 2. — М.: ГИТР, 2001.
2. Сальникова Е.В. Советская культура в движении: от середины 1950-х к середине 1980-х.
Визуальные образы, герои, сюжеты. — М.: Изд-во ЛКИ, 2008.
3. Петровская Е. Непроявленное. Очерки по философии фотографии. — М.: «Ad Marginem»,
2002. См. также ее статьи в журнале "Синий диван", 2005, № 4.
4. Брекнер Р. Изображенное тело. Методика анализа фотографии // Интер, 2007,
5. Подорога В.П. Символ и выражение. — М.: 2002.
6. Михалкович В.И., Стигнеев В.Т. Поэтика фотографии. — М., 1989.
7. Дашкова Т.Ю. Невидимые миру рюши: одежда в советском предвоенном и военном кино //
ТМ, весна 2007.
8. Козлова Н.Н. Социально-историческая антропология. — М.: Ключ-С, 1999.
9. Нуркова В.В. Зеркало с памятью. Феномен фотографии. Культурно-исторический анализ. —
М.: РГГУ, 2006.
10. Ad Marginem'93. Ежегодник лаборатории постклассических исследований Института
философии Российской академии наук. — М.: "Ad marginem", 1994.
internetresuresebi:
1. URL:http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/hristoforova3.htm
2. Визуальная антропология в образовании: опыт и перспективы
Институт проблем современного искусства — Статьи о визуальной социологии и массовой
культуре. Библиография. Медиа-репрезентации пола.
• SeniSvna:
miuxedvadDimisa, rom pirvelkurselebTan naadrevia vizualuri socio-
logiis problemebsa da meTodikaze saubari, vfiqrobT, rom maTTan adreuli
Sexeba saqmes namdvilad ar gaafuWebs.
139
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
`adamiani didi asoebiT~ _ rusuli warmomavlobis didi amerikeli sociologi _
pitirim sorokini
`pitirim sorokini rTuli da raRaciT paradoq-
suli adamiani iyo. is zustad grZnobda drois kon-
fliqtebs da maTs swor formulirebas axdenda. Tavi-
si pedagogiuri da saswavlo-samecniero saqmianobiT
man didi wvlili Seitana harvardis universitetSi
sociologiis formirebis saqmeSi. sociologiis kori-
fe _ parsonsi misi kolega iyo, xolo `mister socio-
logia~ _ mertoni _ mowafe. pitirim sorokini _ es
iyo `adamiani didi asoebiT~ (amonaridi harvardis
universitetis gazeTidan).
XX saukunis erT-erTi udidesi sociologi piti-
rim sorokini daibada 1889 wlis 23 ianvars vologdis
guberniaSi, sofel turiaSi (amJamad respublika komi).
rogorc `tradiciul~ rusul ojaxSi gazrdils, me-
tad mZime bavSvoba hqonda. deda adre gardaecvala. xe-
losani mama mudmivad samuSaos ZebnaSi iyo da amito-
mac mcirewlovan bavSvebTan erTad bevrs mogzaurob-
da. alkoholis moyvaruls xSirad `TeTri xurveba~
emarTeboda, romlis drosac bavSvebs sastikad us-
wordeboda. bavSvebisadmi aseTi udieri mopyrobis Sedegi didxans emCneoda piti-
rims saxeze (mas tuCi gauskda). amis gamo man Tavis ZmebTan erTad miatova mama da
mas sikvdilamde (1900 wlamde) ar Sexvedria.
igi, rogorc eserTa partiis wevri, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli revoluciuri ide-
ebis popularizaciis saqmeSi, ris gamoc sami weli cixeSi ijda. cixeSi yofnis
Jams gaecno kropotkinis, tolstois, darvinisa da spenseris ideebs. partiul saq-
mianobas karga xans ganagrZobda `amxanag ivanovis~ fsevdonimiT.
1908 wels Cavida peterburgSi. surda sociologiis ganxriT gaegrZelebina
swavla bexterevis mier peterburgis universitetSi axaldaarsebul fsiqonevro-
logiur institutSi, magram mouxda iuridiuli fakultetis damTavreba (msoflio-
Si cnobilma sociologebma m. kovalevskim da e. de robertim aq daaarses socio-
logiis pirveli kaTedra. mogvianebiT petrogradis universitetSi pitirim soro-
kinmac daaarsa sociologiis kaTedra, sadac moRvaweoba mas ar dascalda). 1910
wels gamoCnda misi pirveli publikaciebi. sorokini xSirad monawileobda eTnog-
rafiul eqspediciaSi, rac SemdegSi aisaxa mis sociologiur SromebSi.
1922 wlis 26 seqtembers rusuli inteligenciis sxva cnobil warmomadgenleb-
Tan erTad gasaxlebul iqna peterburgidan e. w. `filosofiuri gemiT.~ mcire xniT
iyo berlinSi, Semdeg aSS-Si gamgzavrebamde cxovrobda CexeTSi. 1923 wels Cavida
aSS-Si. kiTxulobda leqciebs aSS-is sxvadasxva kolejebsa da universitetebSi.
1930 wels gaxda aSS-is moqalaqe. 1931 wels harvardis universitetSi daaarsa soci-
ologiis fakulteti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda 1942 wlmade. 1931-1959 wlebSi iyo
harvardis universitetis profesori. iyo amerikis sociologTa asociaciis prezi-
denti (1965 w). gardaicvala 1968 wels.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `sociologiis sistema.~ ortomeuli. 1920; `danaSauli da
SurisZieba, sociologiuri etiudi sazogadoebrivi qcevisa da moralis ZiriTad
formaTa Sesaxeb,~ 1914; `socialuri da kulturuli dinamika~ _ aRiarebulia soci-
ologiis klasikur naSromad, oTxi tomi. 1937-1941; `revoluciis sociologia,~ m.
2005; `socialuri mobiloba,~ m. 2005; `samarTlis zogadi Teoriis elementaruli
sakiTxebi,~ m. 2009; `ruseTis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba.~ 1923; `rusi eris ZiriTadi
niSnebi meoce aswleulSi,~ 1967; `Cveni drois krizisi,~ 1914; sainteresoa agreTve
misi statia `lenini _ fanatikosi da socialuri eqstremisti.~ 1963 wels aSS-Si
gamoica misi avtobiografiuli xasiaTis naSromi `grZeli gza.~ misi mowafeebi iy-
140
sociologiis Sesavali
***
`Cven jer kidev imdenad cota ram viciT socialur movlenaTa `idumali~ sam-
yaros Sesaxeb, rom am sferoSi realobasTan miaxloebul nebismier codnasac ki
fasdaudebeli Rirebuleba aqvs.~
`sociologia unda iyos zusti mecniereba. is subieqturi msjelobebisagan un-
da ganTavisufldes.~
pitirim sorokini
frederik jeimsoni
141
kaxa qecbaia
VIII leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
socializacia
sociologiis ZiriTad cnebebsa da kategoriebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelova-
ni adgili socializaciis cnebas ukavia. socializacia adamianis sociumis wevrad
gaxdomas, anu, ubralo sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamianis gasazogadoebriobas, sazo-
gadoebriv arsebad qcevas niSnavs, amitom sociologia dainteresebulia sociali-
zaciis procesis mTeli rigi meqanizmebis SeswavliT.
socializacia adamianis mier socialuri normebis, kanonebis, qcevis wesebisa
da RirebulebaTa aTvisebis procesia, romlis drosac igi sazogadoebaSi cxovre-
bisa da socialuri normebis dacvis unar-Cvevebs gamoimuSavebs. amdenad, sociali-
zacia aqtiuri procesia, romelSic adamianis cnobiereba da nebeloba monawile-
obs. msgavsi ram cxovelTa samyaroSi ar arsebobs, radganac cxovelis qceva da
moqmedeba biologiurad winaswar daprogramebulia, adamianebi ki garkveul socia-
lur gamocdilebas saWiroeben imisaTvis, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi aiTvison
da sazogadoebaSi Tavi komfortulad igrZnon. socialuri gamocdileba pirovne-
bis Camoyalibebis aucilebeli pirobaa. pirovneba am gamocdilebis internalizaci-
is anu SeTvisebis gziT yalibdeba. adamiani socializaciis procesSi sociumis mi-
er xangrZlivi istoriuli da kulturuli gamocdilebis Sedegad SemuSavebul
normebs Soris garkveul arCevans akeTebs: zog normas iRebs, rogoric is aris,
zogs kidev uaryofs. am uaryofis procesSi igi SeiZleba axali Rirebulebebis
Semqmneladac mogvevlinos. amitom socializaciis procesi arsebuli tradiciuli
memkvidreobis aTvisebasTan erTad siaxlesac gulisxmobs, anu am azriT sociali-
zacia novaciurobis tendenciebis matarebelic aris.
socializaciis procesi TviTobis SegrZnebasac gulisxmobs. sakuTar indivi-
dualobas, `meobas,~ anu Tanamedrove terminiT rom vTqvaT, identobas adamiani so-
cialur arsebad Camoyalibebis procesSi SeigrZnobs. am dros xdeba TviTobis gan-
viTareba. amitomac Tanamedrove sociologiam identoba da socializacia erTma-
neTTan daakavSira, ufro metic, xSir SemTxvevaSi gaaigiva kidevac.
socializaciis procesis sociologiuri analizi adamianis ganviTarebis zo-
gadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea ori ZiriTadi
midgoma: pirveli _ sabunebismetyvelo-biologiuri, romlis cnobili warmomadgene-
lia Carlz darvini. man adamianis ganviTareba memkvidreobiT miRebul biologiur
kanonzomierebas dauqvemdebara; xolo meore midgoma am saqmeSi socialur garemos
aniWebs upiratesobas da amitomac igi socialur-mecnierul midgomadaa cnobili
(magaliTad, b. uotsoni da sxvebi), oRond es imas ar niSnavs, rom biologia mTli-
anad unda amoviRoT adamianis ganviTarebis procesidan. amis gakeTeba ugunureba
iqneba, magram unda vicodeT, rom adamianis yofierebis struqturis pirveli Sre
aris biologiuri, bunebrivi mocemuloba, romelsac socialuris saxiT masTan Se-
darebiT yofierebis ufro maRali fena mosdevs. amitom, rodesac vambobT, rom ada-
miani biosocialuri arsebaa, swored es gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi. buneba am SemTxvevaSi
socialuris arsebobis fizikuri safuZvelia, amitom mas Tavis mniSvnelobas ar
vukargavT sociologiaSi, magram bunebaSi ar xdeba adamianis socializacia. es
procesi sociumis prerogativaa, amitom sociologiisaTvis yofierebis am sferos
kvlevaa mniSvnelovani. adamians adamianad socialuri garemo anu sazogadoeba _
`meore buneba~ ayalibebs. amis sailustraciod sociologiaSi xSirad mohyavT so-
cialuri izolaciis magaliTebi, magaliTad, socialuri garemosagan izolirebu-
li bavSvebis tragikuli istoriebi (gaixseneT radiard kiplingis moTxroba `maug-
li~) da sxv.
142
sociologiis Sesavali
socializaciis Teoriebi
fsiqologisturi Teoriebi:
zigmund froidi: pirovnebis elementebi _ pirovnebis frodiseuli Teoria
fsiqoanalizis saxeliT aris cnobili. mis mixedviT, adamians ori ZiriTadi moT-
xovnileba aqvs: pirveli _ sqesobrivi, romelsac froidi cxovrebis instinqts anu
eross (ZvelberZnuli lxinisa da siyvarulis RmerTi) uwodebs, da meore _ agresi-
uli miswrafeba, sikvdilis instinqti anu Tanatosi (ZvelberZnuli sikvdilis
RmerTi). es urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebi (sicocxlis, siyvarulis survili da
sikvdili) adamianis fsiqikis Rrma fenis _ aracnobieris doneze moqmedeben da
Zalze xSirad arasasurvel fsiqikur atmosferos _ Rrma fsiqologiur daZabulo-
bas iwveven. moTxovnilebaTa amgavri gagebis safuZvelze froidma pirovnebis sam-
wevriani fsiqologiuri modeli Seqmna. pirovnebis Semadgeneli elementebia: idi,
me da zeme (`idi,~ `ego,~ da `superego~). `idi~ (laTinurad `is, igi) adamianis Ziri-
Tadi miswrafebebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens da Tavisi fesvebi biologiur sam-
yaroSi aqvs gadgmuli. is dabadebisTanave arsebobs, magram sazogadoeba ewinaaR-
mdegeba mas. imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes frustracia (moTxovnilebaTa daukmayofi-
leblobisa da marcxis Sedegad warmoqmnili fsiqikuri mdgomareoba), bavSvma unda
iswavlos realisturi damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi. am saqmes axorcilebs ego
(laTinurad `me~), romelic individis gacnobierebul Zalisxmevas warmarTavs mem-
kvidreobiTi moTxovnilebebisa da sazogadoebrivi normebis erTmaneTTan SesaTav-
seblad. igi maSin viTardeba, rodesac Cven sakuTar identobas gavacnobierebT, mag-
ram amasTanave gvesmis, rom yvelafers, rac gvsurs, erTbaSad an saerTodac ver mi-
viRebT. sabolood adamianis pirovnebaSi superegos (laTinurad `zeme~) ganviTare-
ba xdeba, romelic Cven mier internalizebul (SeTvisebul) kulturul normebsa
da Rirebulebebs warmoadgens. is sindisis rols asrulebs da gvixsnis, Tu ratom
ar SeiZleba miviRoT is, rac gvsurs. misi formireba maSin iwyeba, rodesac bavSvi
mSobelTa kontrols gaacnobierebs da mixvdeba, rom sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebe-
bis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.
idi da superego erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi imyofeba da Tuki maTi mogvareba
bavSvobis asakSi ver moxerxda, igi SemdgomSi zedapirze amova da pirovnebis fsi-
qikur moSlas gamoiwvevs. mesa da zemes konfliqti _ es igive pirovnebisa da sazo-
gadoebis konfliqtia. maT Soris kompromiss froidma sublimacia daarqva. igi ada-
mianis egoisturi miswrafebebis socialurad misaReb qcevad gardaqmnas gulis-
xmobs (Tavis seqsualur energias sublimacias ukeTebs anu sxva, socialurad misa-
Reb miznebs dausaxavs da maT Sesabamisad moqmedebs). amis magaliTia ojaxis Seqmna
(froidis mixedviT, ojaxi sublimirebuli seqsia), sporti (agresiis sublimireba
xdeba) da a. S. froidis Sromebma didi dava da kamaTi gamoiwvia, magram froidma
adamianis pirovnebisa da socialuri bunebis TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove mkvlevar-
ze udidesi gavlena moaxdina. sociologebs es Teoria aswavlis, rom socialuri
normebis aTvisebis procesi siRrmiseuli pirovnuli xasiaTis matarebelia da mi-
sadmi zerele damokidebuleba dauSvebelia.
Jan piaJe: pirovnebis kognituri ganviTareba _ Sveicarielma fsiqologma Jan
piaJem adamianuri kogniciis Seswavlis safuZvelze pirovnebis ganviTarebis Teo-
ria Seqmna. kognicia am SemTxvevaSi SemecnebiT da inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs
niSnavs. amis mixedviT, man pirovnebis kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi etapi gamoyo:
• sensomotoruli stadia _ am stadiaze bavSvebs araTu TavianTi Tavis aRqmis,
aramed sakuTari arsebobis SegrZnebac ki ara aqvT. es adamianis ganviTarebis
is donea, rodesac igi samyaros mxolod SeigrZnobs. adamianebTan da sagneb-
Tan interaqciis Sedegad bavSvi rwmundeba, rom misi garemomcveli sagnebi
mudmivia. amas piaJe saganTa mudmivobis koncefcias uwodebs. amis magaliTia
is, rom bavSvisTvis dedis arseboba mudmivobaa.
• winare operacinaluri stadia _ daaxloebiT 2 wlis asakSi bavSvebi winare
operacinalur stadiaSi gadadian, rodesac isini pirvelad iwyeben enobrivi
da sxva simboloebis gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi maT jer kidev ara aqvT zo-
143
kaxa qecbaia
146
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ CamoayalibeT sakuTari argumentirebuli mosazrebebi socializaciis Teorieb-
Tan dakavSirebiT. raSi EeTanxmebiT maT da raSi ara?
_ moiyvaneT magaliTebi realuri socialuri cxovrebidan, romlebSic asaxuli
iqneba ojaxis, skolis, Tanatolebis an mediis roli bavSvis socializaciis pro-
cesSi.
_ socializaciis agentebidan Tqven romels aniWebT upiratesobas da ratom?
_ unda daemsgavsos Tu ara saswavlo dawesebuleba totalur instituts imisaT-
vis, rom uzrunvelyos xarisxiani ganaTleba?
_ moiyvaneT resocializaciis magaliTebi da jgufSi imsjeleT maT Sesaxeb.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 197-236.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 170-196.
2. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus.enaze). gv. 33-54.
147
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
`sociaciis Teoria~ _ georg zimeli
klasikuri germanuli sociologiis sayovelTaod aRia-
rebuli warmomadgeneli, filosofosi da kulturologi,
gviandeli periodis `sicocxlis filosofiis~ warmomadge-
neli georg zimeli daibada 1858 wlis 1 marts berlinSi.
swavlobda berlinis universitetSi, sadac SemdgomSi 20
wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda. universitetis xelmZRvane-
lobis antisemituri ganwyobilebis Sedegad arc Tu ise
warmatebuli akademiuri kariera hqonda. didi xnis manZilze
privat-docentis dabali Tanamdeboba ekava, Tumca msmenel-
Ta Soris didi popularobiT da maqs veberisa da henrix ri-
kertis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. 1914 wels strasburgis
universitetis Statiani TanamSromeli gaxda. pirveli msof-
lio omis gamo am universitetma funqcionireba Sewyvita.
zimeli 1918 wlis 28 seqtembers 60 wlis asakSi Tirkmlebis
kiboTi gardaicvala.
zimeli filosofiis istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc
`sicocxlis filosofiis~ gviandeli periodis warmomadgeneli. nicSes naazrevTan
erTad misi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia kantma da neo-
kantianelobam (misi disertacia kants Seexeboda). miuxedavad amisa, zimelis damsa-
xureba mecnierebis sferoSi, rogorc sociologiisa da kulturis Teoretikosisa,
ufro metia, vidre filosofiisa da esTetikis dargSi. sociologiaSi man sakuTari
Tavi `sociaciis TeoriiT~ anu `socialuri urTierTobis TeoriiT~ daimkvidra. mas
agreTve konfliqtologiis fuZemdebladac miiCneven.
zimelis mixedviT, wminda anu formaluri sociologia arkvevs imas, Tu rogor
iqmneba calkeuli individebis urTierTobebisagan sociumi. sazogadoeba socialuri
urTierTobebisagan iqmneba. socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi formebia: 1) socialuri
procesebi _ mas miekuTvneba mudmivi konkretuli mdgomareobebisagan damoukidebeli
movlenebi; magaliTad, iseTi, rogoricaa moda. moda msgavsi da gansxvavebuli niSne-
bis matarebeli socialuri cxovrebis formaa. modis mimdevari adamiani gansazRvru-
li jgufisadmi kuTvnilebasa da sakuTar gamorCeulobas erTdroulad avlens. modis
analizma zimeli `modis sociologiis~ fuZemdeblad aqcia.
2) socialuri cxovrebis formebs qmnis agreTve socialuri tipebi _ (cinoko-
si, Raribi, aristokrati, da sxv), da 3) `ganviTarebis formebi~ _ rac jgufis an
socialuri erTobis wevrTa ZalisxmeviT jgufis gafarToebis universalur pro-
cess gulisxmobs. jgufis wevrTa raodenoba individualobis xarisxis Semcirebis
xarjze xdeba.
zimelma didi dro moandoma sociologiis cnebiTi aparatis srulyofis saqmes.
mas miaCnda, rom sociologia damoukidebeli mecnierebaa, romelsac kvlevis sakuTari
sagani da meTodologia gaaCnia. oRond sociologia masTan `sociaciis~ farglebs
ver gascda. zimelis ZiriTadi naSromebia: 1) `socialuri diferenciacia. sociologi-
uri da fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi~ (1890); 2) `istoriis filosofiis problemebi~
(1892-1893 ww); 3) `eTikis Sesavali~ (1892-1893 ww); 4) `fulis filosofia~ (1900); 5) `reli-
gia~ (1906); 6) `sociologia~ (1908); 7) `kulturis filosofia~ (1911); 8) `goeTe~ (1913); 9)
`rembrandti~ (1916); 10) `sociologiis fundamenturi sakiTxebi~ (1917).
***
`urTierTobaTa samyaro _ es aris TamaSi, romlis yoveli moTamaSe Tanaswo-
ria da romelSic yvela moTamaSe gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobs.~
`yoveli moda ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos maradiulad arsebobdes.
modis yoveli Semdgomi gavrceleba dasasrulisaken miemarTeba, radganac igi
gansxvavebulobas spobs.~
georg zimeli
148
sociologiis Sesavali
es sainteresoa
ledi gagas fenomeni, rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis sagani
`xSirad Tavs uiRblo mowafesaviT vgrZnob xolme. amitom TiTqmis yovel
diliT veubnebi sakuTar Tavs, rom me supervarskvlavi var. me varwmuneb sakuTar
Tavs, rom SevZleb viyo iseTi, rogoric Cems fanebs surT. Tumca xSirad meCveneba,
rom adamianebs Cemi ganadgureba surT~.
ledi gaga
2011 w. 05.
stefani jonaTan anjelina germanota, igive ledi gaga, italiuri warmomavlo-
bis amerikeli pop-momRerali da kompozitori, daibada 1986 wlis 28 marts. igi xu-
Ti gremis da uamravi sxvadasxva prestiJuli jildosa da titulis mflobelia.
ledi gagas albomebi kolosaluri raodenobiT iyideba msoflioSi. misi fsevdoni-
mi `quinis~cnobili simReridan `Radio Ga Ga-dan~ momdinareobs.
149
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, rogor aRweven adamianebi cxovrebaSi didebasa da warmatebas?
_ airCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli romelime warmatebuli an didebis mwvervalze myo-
fi adamiani da moamzadeT esei imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miaRwia man am yvelafers.
150
sociologiis Sesavali
simboluri interaqcionizmi
maqs veberi iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac yuradReba miaqcia im rols,
romelsac yoveldRiuri qceva socialuri struqturis SesanarCuneblad asrulebs.
SemdgomSi man araerT sociologiur Teorias misca biZgi am mimarTulebis kvleva-
ZiebaSi. am Teoriebs Soris jorj herbert midis simboluri interaqcionizmia ga-
morCeuli. termini simboluri interaqcionizmi midis mimdevar blumeris mier aris
SemoRebuli (1969 w.).
midis simboluri interaqcionizmi sam amosaval debulebazea damyarebuli:
1) adamianebi sagnebis mimarT im mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze moqmedeben, romlebic
am sagnebs maTTvis aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom socialuri sinamdvile im mniSvnelo-
bebisagan Sedgeba, romelsac adamianebi sagnebsa da movlenebs miaweren; 2) saganTa
mniSvneloba im socialuri interaqciidan miiReba, romelic adamianebs Soris arse-
bobs; 3) es mniSvnelobebi ki simboluri interpretaciis sagani xdeba (xma, sityvebi,
Jestebi, gamometyveleba, aRnagoba da a. S.), anu, midis mixedviT, interaqcia simbo-
loTa gacvlis formis saxiT mimdinareobs. aqtori mniSvnelobebs im situaciis mi-
xedviT, romelSic is imyofeba, amowmebs da saxes ucvlis mas. simboluri interaq-
ciis dros adamianebi Jestebis interpretirebas axdenen, rac maTTvis Sesaferisi
mniSvnelobebis miniWebas niSnavs. interaqciis procesSi myofi adamianebi mxedve-
lobaSi iReben imas, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi da sakuTar qcevas sxvaTa moqmedebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT ayalibeben, rac sxvisi rolis aRebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi so-
cialuri interaqcia rolebis ormxriv aTvisebad gadaiqceva. saboloo jamSi, sim-
boluri interaqcionizmi Segvaxsenebs, rom sazogadoeba mis wevrebs Soris urTi-
erTzemoqmedebis Sedegia, oRond sazogadoebis qveS am SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiuroba
igulisxmeba, anu is sinamdvile, rogorsac mas adamianebi aqtualurad aRiqvamen.
153
kaxa qecbaia
eTnomeTodologia
simbolur-interaqcionistuli paradigma amtkicebs, rom adamianebi socia-
lur realobas yoveldRiuri interaqciis msvlelobaSi qmnian. magram rogor gan-
vsazRvravT Cven realobas? _ am kiTxvaze pasuxs eTnomeTodologia (`eTnos~_ xal-
xi, `meTodologia~ _ meTodebis, gzebis, saSualebebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) iZleva.
eTnomeTodologia Tanamedrove amerikelma sociologma harold garfinkelma Seqmna
da is im gzebisa da saSualebebis Seswavlaa, romelTa daxmarebiTac adamianebi Tavi-
anT garemomcvel yoveldRiurobas gaiazreben. garfinkeli Seecada socialuri sinam-
dvilis Signidan gaazrebas. am gaazrebaSi TiToeul Cvengans xels uSlis is, rom Cven
dabadebidanve sxvadasxva kulturul scenarebs varT Sezrdili da amitom maT arse-
bobas saTanadod ver aRviqvamT, rac, pirvel rigSi, yoveldRiurobis rutinulobis
bralia. yoveldRiurobis gasaanalizeblad garfinkelma specialuri meTodi gamoigo-
na, romelsac breching _ eqsperimenti daarqva. eqsperimentis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom sagangebod moxdes sazogadoebaSi arsebuli kulturuli normebis darRveva da
Semdeg _ reaqciebis CaniSvna da analizi. es yovelive imis saCveneblad dasWirda gar-
finkels, rom socialuri realobis stabiluri wyoba TiToeuli Cvenganis erTmaneT-
Tan yoveldRiuri interaqciisagan aigeba. eTnomeTodologias Zalian bevri kritikosi
hyavs, romlebic mas araseriozul kvlevad miiCneven imis gamo, rom is Cveulebriv
movlenebs araCveulebrivi meTodebiT ikvlevs. asea Tu ise, eTnomeTodologia yovel-
dRiurobis siRrmiseul analizSi Seucvlelia.
lad SemTxveviT saubrebs iwerda da Semdeg maT detalur analizs akeTebda. saCsma
Tavisi kvlevebi saubris struqturis analiziT daiwyo, magram misi Semdgomi mkvlev-
rebi iseTi sakiTxebiTac dainteresdnen, rogoricaa saubris funqcia, Sinaarsi da in-
terpretacia. saCsma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom TiTqmis yvela saubars bevri sa-
erTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba hqonda. saubris analizi gansazRvravs, Tu rogor viye-
nebT struqturas saubris wayvanisa da sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad.
socialuri gacvla
socialuri gacvlis Teoretikosebi amerikeli sociologebi jorj homansi da
piter blau arian.
maTi azriT, socialuri interaqcia gacvlis
principzea damyarebuli. saubaria rolebis gacvla-
ze. gacvla nacvalgebis principiT imarTeba. rode-
sac vinme CvenTvis gairjeba, yuradRebas mogvaqcevs
an raimes gvaZlevs, nacvalgeba moiTxovs, rom Cvenc
Sesabamisad gadavixadoT da vawarmooT balansi e. w.
socialuri aRricxvis wignSi. blau gacvlas ekono-
mikuri kuTxiT uyurebda, homansi ki _ biheviorizmis
poziciidan. anu mas miaCnda, rom adamianebi ufro
xSirad im qcevas imeoreben, romelmac maT warsulSi
raime jildo an warmateba moutana. am Teoriis mi-
xedviT, adamianebs Soris interaqcias swored gac-
vla warmarTavs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani imis
gadawyvetis dros, ra moimoqmedos, afasebs potenci-
ur sargebelsa da xarjebs da maT dabalansebas
cdilobs. msgavsi ram teqnologiurad maRalganviTa-
rebuli sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
gacvla angarebas gulisxmobs, rac tradiciul sa-
jorj homansi (daibada
zogadoebaSi naklad miiCneva, Tumca amerikeli soci-
1910 w.), harvardis universi-
tetis sociologiis ologebi fiqroben, rom gacvla yovelTvis ar aris
profesori civi da angarebiani (magaliTad, mSoblebis Tavgan-
wirva SvilebisaTvis da sxv.).
emociebis sociologia
socialuri interaqciis bunebis asaxsneladaa mowo-
debuli e. w. emociebis sociologia, romelic grZnobe-
bisa da emociebis gamoxatvas miiCnevs interaqciis um-
niSvnelovanes saSualebad. magaliTad, SeWmuxnuli war-
bebi, gabrazebuli yvirili is Jestebia, romlebic sxveb-
Tan urTierTobaSi gvexmarebian. emociebi gvimxelen
SiSs, mrisxanebas, sircxvils Tu siyvaruls. TiToeuli
maTgani socialurad organizebulia. emociebis socio-
logiis warmomadgenlebi (Tomas sCifi da suzan reT-
zingeri) did yuradRebas uTmoben sircxvilis kvlevas
da miiCneven, rom is umTavresia adamianur emociebSi. man
SeiZleba SegvzRudos an biZgi mogvces garkveuli moqme-
debisaTvis. amitomaa saWiro emociebis marTva, rac Zal-
ze Zneli saqmea, magram adamianebma es unda iswavlon.
socialuri interaqcia garkveulwilad emociebis mar-
Tvasac gulisxmobs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi `axali
Taobis~ kompaniebis TanamSromlebs sTxoven, rom rac
piter blau (daibada ar unda uWirdeT, samsaxurSi saxis bednieri gamometyve-
1918 w.), kolumbiis uni- leba unda hqondeT da iRimebodnen, xolo ra imaleba am
versitetis sociologi- Rimilis ukan, es ar aris mTavari. amasTan unda iTqvas,
is profesori rom emociebi Tumca aris CarTuli interaqciul proce-
155
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
_ SeecadeT CaataroT breching eqsperimenti Tqven mier SerCeul Cveulebriv gare-
moSi da jgufSi leqtoris daxmarebiT gaaanalizeT miRebuli Sedegebi.
_ gansazRvreT Tqveni socialuri statusi da roli. daagineT, ra kavSiria maT
Soris.
_ erT-erTi xumroba sociologebze aseTia:
`kiTxva: ramdeni sociologia saWiro naTuris gamosacvlelad?
pasuxi: arc erTi, radganac masTan yvelaferi wesrigSia; sistemis gamocvlaa sa-
Wiro.~
ra aris aq sasacilo? rogori adamianebi mixvdebian am xumrobas? ratom ver ga-
igebs mas yvela?
_ Tqveni azriT, ra gansxavebaa socialur da Teatralur dramaturgias Soris?
raSi eTanxmebiT hofmans da raSi ara?
_ ras niSnavs `socialuri buRalteria~ da iziarebT Tu ara socialuri gac-
vlis Teorias? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
_ am Temebidan erT-erTi moamzadeT saprezentaciod:
• emociebis sociologia,
• iumoris sociologia.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 99-156.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 197-223.
2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus.enaze). gv. 130-167.
4. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 72-82.
5. d. karnegi, rogor SeviZinoT megobrebi, rogor movimxroT adamianebi. Tb.,
1992. gv. 25-43.
156
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
M ekonomikuri sociologiis korife _ karl marqsi
157
kaxa qecbaia
158
sociologiis Sesavali
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti jeni TeiCmanisa da qeTrin evansis wignidan `filosofia~
marqsis memkvidreoba
`... Cvens dReebSi marqsis Teoria SeiZleba warmogvidges mxolod, rogorc inte-
leqtualuri TamaSi, romelic ifargleba moZvelebuli rwmeniT progresis Sesaxeb,
magram marqsis utopiur SexedulebaTa Zalis jerovani Seufasebloba misi moZRvre-
bis gaugebloba da SezRuduloba iqneboda. marqsis gavlena ganicada moazrovneTa
ara erTma Taobam ara marto evropaSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi. mTeli Cveni sauku-
nis manZilze yvela metad gamoCenili evropeli inteligenciis warmomadgeneli kiT-
xulobda marqss. Jan-pol sartri, simona de bovuari, miSel fuko, antonio gramSi,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT herbert markuzeze, Teodor adornosa da iurgen habermasze,
_ yvela isini erT dros aRfrTovanebuli iyvnen misi TxzulebebiT.
sayovelTaod cnobilia agreTve, rom marqsis ideebi gadmoiRes da Taviseburad
gardaqmnes Cveni drois yvelaze saxelganTqmulma politikosebma. marqsizmis tran-
sformacia moaxdina leninma, romelmac es Teoria Seuxama Tavis xedvas ruseTis sa-
xelmwifo socializmis saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb. fidel kastrom gamoiyena igi kubis re-
voluciaSi. mao Zedunma isargebla marqsizmis Cinuri versiiT, gramSim _ evropuliT.
saxelmwifo socializmis ideis aqtiurma gamtareblebma sityvieri xarki moixades
klasobrivi brZolis winaSe, amtkicebdnen, rom proletariatis gamarjveba maT sazo-
gadoebaSi miRweulia, da es mtkiceba ewinaaRmdegeboda marqsizmis winaswarmetyvele-
bas saxelmwifos kvdomisa da usaxelmwifoo sazogadoebis ayvavebis Sesaxeb...~
159
kaxa qecbaia
es sainteresoa
`Tanamedrove dasavleTSi seqsma ufro meti mniSvne-
loba SeiZina, vidre sulma. igi iseTive mniSvnelovani
gaxda, rogorc Tavad cxovreba~.
jorj ritceri
seqsualobis sociologia
qalis seqsualobis kontroli ara marto seqsualobis sociologiis, aramed,
saerTod, sakacobrio istoriis erT-erTi myari elementia.
Sua saukuneebis evropulma sazogadoebam amisaTvis specia-
luri mowyobiloba, e. w. `ubiwoebis qamari~ gamoigona, ro-
melsac qalebs acmevdnen da amiT uzRudavdnen maT seqsua-
luri aqtis Sesrulebas. dRes amgvar mowyobilobas versad
SevxvdebiT, magram seqsualobaze kontrolis meqanizmebi Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSic SenarCunebulia.
seqsualobas Tanamedrove sociologebi sxvadasxvagva-
rad ganixilaven. erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, igi socia-
luri uTanasworobis gamoxatulebaa. amis magaliTs amerika
iZleva, romlis mTel teritoriaze prostitucia akrZalu-
`ubiwoebis qamari~ lia, magram policielebis mier dakavebulTa statistikiT
irkveva, rom am akrZalvis damrRvevTa umravlesoba qalebi
arian. rogorc wesi, am mizeziT isini ufro xSirad xvdebian policiis ganyofile-
baSi. es faqti sociologebs aZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom prostituciiT da-
kavebul qalTa raodenoba aseTi kolosaluri ar iqneboda, maT rom mamakacebis da-
ri ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi hqonodaT. am mosazrebas sociologiaSi ZiriTadad
feministuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebi ar iziareben da, Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT
qalTa uflebebis dasacavad ibrZvian. feministebis azriT, Tuki qalSi mxolod seq-
sualobas mivaqcevT yuradRebas da mets arafers, maSin Zveli drois adamianebs da-
vemsgavsebiT, saidanac momdinareobs sityva `pornografia~ (berZnulad `porne~ _ ma-
makacis seqsualur mxevals, msaxurs niSnavs), romlebic qals, rogorc saxmar
nivTs, ise ganixilavdnen.
seqsualoba da seqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi industriadaa qceuli. dRe-
vandel kulturaSi seqsualoba sportul gatacebad iqca. am yvelaferma Tavisi
asaxva pova Tanamedrove adamianis metyvelebaSi da a. S. seqsualobasTan dakavSire-
biT sociologiaSi cnobilia e. w. `ucnauri identobis Teoria,~ romelic mamakacTa
seqsualuri orientaciis sakiTxs Seexeba.
sayuradReboa agreTve seqsualuri ganaTlebis sakiTxic. amerikis mTeli rigi
skolebis saganmanaTleblo programebSi specialuri sagani _ `seqsualobis safuZ-
vlebia~ Setanili, rameTu amerikel TineijerTa naxevarze meti aRiarebs, rom maT
seqsualuri gamocdileba ukve 16 wlis asakSi hqondaT. aseT viTarebaSi myofi ame-
rikelebi miiCneven, rom seqsualuri ganaTlebis SemoRebas azri aqvs, Tumca amis
Semdeg arsebuli statistikuri monacemebi saqmis gamosworebasTan dakavSirebiT da-
debiTi tendenciebis arsebobas ar adastureben, amitom seqsualuri ganaTlebis Se-
moRebis mowinaaRmdegeebi am saqmeSi ojaxs da mSoblebs aniWeben upiratesobas.
es sakiTxi Zalze problematuria CvenTanac. masTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoeb-
rivi azri dRemde sxvadasxvagvaria.
X leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
deviacia
sazogadoebis istoria aris mowme imisa, rom sazogadoeba nebismier drosa da
epoqaSi cdilobda adamianuri qcevis arasasurveli formebis CaxSobas. sazogadoe-
bisaTvis miuRebeli qceviT umeteswilad borotmoqmedebi an geniosebi, zarmacebi
an zedmetad Sromismoyvareni, Raribebi an mdidrebi gamoirCevian xolme. sazogado-
baSi miRebuli da aRiarebuli saSualo normisagan dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mimar-
TulebiT gadaxra, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis stabilurobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs. amitom sociologiaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis stabilurobis
meqanizmebis kvlevas, rac, faqtobrivad, deviaciis kvlevasac niSnavs.
deviacia laTinuri sityva deviattio - dan momdinareobs, rac gadaxras niSnavs.
man biologiasa da fizikaSi ufro adre daimkvidra Tavi, vidre sociologiaSi. so-
ciologiaSi igi SedarebiT gvian damkvidrda sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli kul-
turuli normebis gacnobierebuli da winaswarganzraxuli darRvevis aRsaniSnavad.
misi gageba socialuri konteqstisa da situaciis gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs. is
socialurad konstruirebuli moqmedebaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi socialuri
konteqstis gareSe ar arsebobs, anu qceva, TavisTavad aRebuli, arc normaluria
da arc devianturi. misi devianturoba socialuri konteqstidan da situaciidan
gamomdinereobs. deviantur qcevas xSirad adareben danaSauls _ sazogadoebaSi
oficialurad miRebuli sisxlis samarTlis normebis darRvevas, Tumca sociolo-
gebi maTi gaigivebis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi arian. magaliTad, gidensi miiCnevs,
rom devianturi qceva da danaSauli araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda avurioT erTma-
neTSi, radganac devianturi qceva ufro farTo mniSvnelobis mqonea, vidre danaSa-
uli. danaSauli normidan iseTi gadaxraa, romlis drosac irRveva kanoni. maSin
rodesac deviaciis mravali iseTi forma arsebobs, romelic kanoniT ar isjeba, ma-
galiTad, nudizmi (laTinurad nudus -SiSveli) da a. S.
danaSaulisa da devianturi qcevis SeswavliT ZiriTadad ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli mecnierebaa dakavebuli. esenia kriminologia da devianturi qcevis so-
ciologia. kriminologia qcevis im formebs Seiswavlis, romlebic sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. mas, rogorc wesi, danaSaulis kriteriumebi, dam-
naSaveobis donis cvlilebebi da mis Sesamcireblad mimarTuli politika aintere-
sebs. devianturi qcevis sociologia, bunebrivia, kriminologiuri gamokvlevis Sede-
gebs iyenebs, magram amasTanave igi iseT gadaxril qcevebs Seiswavlis, romelTac kri-
minologia ar exeba da mis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. sociologebs ainteresebT, Tu ra-
tom ganixileba zogierTi qceva, rogorc devianturi, vin aris devianti, ra ubiZgebs
mas gaxdes devianti anda sad gadis zRvari normalurobasa da gadaxras Soris.
162
sociologiis Sesavali
163
kaxa qecbaia
icavs. kerZod, adamianebi warmoidgenen, Tu ras ifiqreben maTze ojaxis wevrebi, ax-
loblebi, megobrebi. msgavsi warmodgena kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac adamia-
ni gaacnobierebs, rom mis urigo saqciels SeiZleba samsaxuris dakargva mohyves
da a. S. amgvarad, xorcieldeba e. w. socialuri kontroli; magram arian gamonak-
lisebic, romlebic fiqroben, rom maT araferi aqvT dasakargi da kanonis damrRve-
vebad gvevlinebian. hirSim socialuri kontrolis oTxi tipi SemogvTavaza:
• mibmuloba _ myari socialuri kavSirebi konformulobis piroba xdeba, anu
adamianebs arsebul normebTan miabams, susti ki, piriqiT, Tavisufal sivrces uq-
mnis mas da deviaciisken ubiZgebs;
• erTguleba _ Tu adamiani sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa realizaciis kanonieri
saSualebebis erTgulia, maSin is arasodes iqneba devianti. iseTi adamiania devian-
tobisaken midrekili, romelic naklebad aris darwmunebuli warmatebis miRweva-
Si;
• CarTuloba _ adamianis CarTuloba kanonier saqmianobaSi (samsaxurSi, swav-
laSi, sportSi da sxva) deviantobis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas aferxebs. isini,
vinc amgvari saqmianobiT dakavebuli ar arian da usaqmod dayialoben, didi alba-
Tobaa, rom deviantebi gaxdnen;
• darwmunebuloba _ moraluri da sazogadoebrivi normebis mimarT rwmena
xels uSlis adamians devianturi qcevis CadenaSi.
hirSis analizSi devianturi qcevis manade arsebuli yvela mizezi erT mTlia-
nobaSia warmodgenili. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom sinamdvileSi deviacias sxvadasxva mo-
tivacia aqvs. es SeiZleba iyos siZulvili (danaSauli vinmes an rames siZulvilis
gamo), rasobrivi an eTnikuri SuRli, an sulac genderuli problemebi da sxva. so-
ciologebma Seiswavles agreTve danaSaulis saxeebi da gamoyves pirovnebis wina-
aRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (magaliTad, sxvebis mimarT Zaladoba), sakuTrebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (magaliTad, sxvisi sakuTrebis xelyofa), organi-
zebuli danaSauli da sxva. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas mTeli rigi meTodebi aqvs
SemuSavebuli deviaciisa da danaSaulis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. am saqmis Se-
sasruleblad aris mowodebuli iseTi organizaciebi, rogorebicaa policia, sasa-
marTloebi da cixeebi. sociologebma sasjelis gamamarTlebel Semdeg oTx motiv-
ze gaakeTes aqcenti:
• SurisZieba _ sasjelis erT-erTi uZvelesi formaa. sasjeli am SemTxvevaSi
Cadenili amoralurobis sazRaurad aris miCneuli;
• dakaveba, sazogadoebisagan izolirebis saSualebiT _ amgvari midgoma Tana-
medrove epoqisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am SemTxevaSi amosavali principia is, rom
deviacia damangrevelad moqmedebs sazogadoebaze da amitomac deviantebis izoli-
rebaa aucilebeli.
• reabilitacia _ es socialur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli
Tanamedrove strategiaa. am SemTxevaSi deviantoba ganixileba, rogorc socialuri
(magaliTad, siRaribe) da pirovnuli (fsiqikuri daavadeba da sxva) problemebis
Sedegi, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad sareabilitacio procedurebs gulisxmobs;
• socialuri dacva _ esec Tanamedrove midgomaa, oRond reabilitaciasTan
SedarebiT ufro msubuqi. Tuki sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs an ar unda deviantebis
reabilitacia da socialuri pirobebis reformireba, ai, maSin iwyebs amoqmedebas
socialuri dacvis meqanizmebi, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasi-
aTeebli.
miuxedavad amisa, yovelma Cvenganma icis, rom policia, sasamarTloebi da ci-
xeebi deviaciisa da damnaSaveobis mxolod Semcirebas uwyoben xels. garda amisa,
sociologs mudam unda axsovdes, rom devianturi qceva `mxolod cudi adamianebi-
sagan~ ki ara, cudi sazogadoebisagan momdinareobs.
166
sociologiis Sesavali
delikvantoba
delikvantobis cnebiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven aralegalur an antiso-
cialur moqmedebebs, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis socialur da samarTlebriv
normaTa darRvevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. delikvantobis kvlevis tradiciebs
sociologiaSi XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi saTave `Cikagos skolis~ sociologebma
(parki, burgesi) Cauyares, rodesac qalaquri ubnebis garemoSi e. w. `saZmoebisa~
da bandebis empiriuli Seswavla daiwyes. faqtobrivad, delikvanturi subkul-
turebis kvleva amiT daiwyo. sociologebma aCvenes, rom jgufSi arsebuli met-
naklebad myari struqturebi da Rirebulebebi damnaSaved qcevis process gana-
pirobebs. delikvanturi qcevis sxvadasxva pirobebs ikvlevda d. maca. man `de-
likvanturi dreifis~ cneba Semoitana. mis mixedviT, individebi devianturi
subkulturis saqmianobaSi ki ar arian CarTulni, aramed sazogadoebis mier
aRiarebuli moraluri miznebisa da normebis TandaTanobiT `neitralizebasa~
da maT subieqtur interpretacias axdenen, romlis mixedviT es normebi miuRe-
belia. am SemTxvevaSi individi arakanonier moqmedebebs sCadis ise, rom danaSa-
ulis an sircxvilis grZnobas saerTod ar ganicdis.
davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris deviacia sociologiuri gansjis sagani?
_ Tqveni azriT, ratom miakereben xolme adamianTa garkveul kategorias de-
viantis statuss?
_ kritikulad ganixileT deviaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi da Camoaya-
libeT sakuTari mosazrebebi maT Sesaxeb. am Teoriebidan romels eTanxmebiT
da romels ara?
_ SeecadeT, rom eseis an saprezentacio masalis saxiT warmoadginoT devia-
ciis problemis mogvarebis Tqveneuli xedva.
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 237-284.
2. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 178-217.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli. sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni. (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 13-16.
2. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 257-300.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 197-242.
167
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
`Temi da sazogadoeba~ _ Fferdinand Tionisi
(`Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft~)
klasikuri germanuli
sociologiis gavleniani fi-
gura ferdinand Tionisi dai-
bada 1855 wlis 26 ivniss
Slezing-holSteinis mxareSi,
qalaq oldensvortis max-
loblad mdebare patara so-
fel ripSi, fermeris ojaxSi.
cxovrobda patara qalaq hu-
sumSi. Tionisi germaniaSi
profesiuli sociologiis
erT-erTi fuZemdebelia. iyo
`gagebiTi sociologiis~ war-
momadgeneli da `formaluri
sociologiis~ Teoretikosi
da damcveli. mas mraval-
mxrivi ganaTleba hqonda mi-
Rebuli. swavlobda filoso-
fias, istorias, klasikur
enebs, arqeologias, ekonomi-
kasa da statistikas ienis,
bonis, laifcigis, berlinisa
da tiubingenis universite-
tebSi. 1877 wels tiubingenis
universitetSi klasikuri fi-
lologiis dargSi doqtoris
xarisxi miiRo. cxovrebis di-
di nawili kilis universi-
tetSi gaatara privat-docen-
tis wodebiT. sruli profe-
sori 1918 wels 63 wlis asak-
Si gaxda (pensiaze gasvlamde
ori wliT adre). pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom is jer kidev manamde aswavlida,
sanam 1933 wels nacistebma ar SeuSales xeli. is am droisaTvis msoflio donis
saxelovani mecnieri iyo. nacisturi doqtrinebi mis liberalur RirebulebiT ori-
entaciasTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi periodi socialis-
turi ideebisadmi simpaTiebsac ki iCenda. saxelovan mecniers ZaldatanebiT vera-
fers gaakeTebinebdnen da amitomac igi samsaxuridan daiTxoves. igi patara zRvis-
pira qalaq husunSi ganmartovda. Gferdinand Tionisi 1936 wlis 9 aprils q. kilSi
gardaicvala.
Tionisis mizani iyo sociologia mravalganzomilebian mecnierebad Camoeyalibe-
bina, romliTac is sociologiis formaluri Teoriis (skolis) fuZemdeblad gvevli-
neba. igi erTmaneTisagan ganarCevda wminda, gamoyenebiT da empiriul sociologias.
pirveli sazogadoebas statikur mdgomareobaSi Seiswavlis, meore _ dinamikaSi, xo-
lo mesame statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovre-
biseul faqtebs Seiswavlis. empiriul sociologias man sociografia uwoda (sityva-
sityviT `sazogadoebis aRweras~ niSnavs). Tionisi sazogadoebis or tips da, Sesabami-
sad, sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis amdenive formas ganarCevda erTmaneTisagan: Temursa
da sazogadoebrivis xolo socialuri cxovrebis formebad miiCnevda: 1) socialur
urTierTobebs, 2) calkeul jgufebs da 3) gaerTianebebs, korporaciebs.
168
sociologiis Sesavali
***
adamianTa namdvili da myari erToblivi Tanacxovrebaa Temi. masTan
SedarebiT sazogadoeba gardamavali da iluzorulia. amitom `gemainSafti~ unda
gavigoT, rogorc cocxali organizmi, xolo `gezelSafti~, rogorc cvalebadi
agregati da artefaqti~.
f. Tionisi
169
kaxa qecbaia
XI leqcia
Tema: socialuri jgufebi da organizaciebi
socialuri jgufebi
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi TiToeuli Cvengani ama Tu im socialuri jgufis wev-
ris saxiT aris CarTuli, anu erToblivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva formis Semadgene-
li nawili varT. adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebis Seswavla,
klasifikacia, misi Semadgeneli elementebis agebulebis aRwera da masSi mimdinare
procesebis analizi sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawi-
lia.
Cveulebriv, sociologiaSi adamianTa erToblivi myari cxovrebis aRsaniSna-
vad `socialuri erTobis~ cneba gamoiyeneba xolme. igi zogadi sociologiuri ka-
tegoriaa, romelsac farTo mniSvneloba aqvs da adamianTa yvelanair gaerTianebas
moicavs.
socialuri erTobis erT-erT formas
jgufi warmoadgens. socialuri jgufi er-
TmaneTTan urTierTobaSi myofi ori an me-
ti adamianisagan iqmneba. socialuri jgu-
fis wevrebs RirebulebaTa saerTo sistema
aqvT da sxva erTobisagan gankerZoebis
garkveuli principiT arian gamoyofilni.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebu-
li Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, jgufi ar
aris mxolod pirovnuli kontaqtebis sa-
fuZvelze Seqmnili Tavisufali socialu-
ri warmonaqmni. mas sakuTari Sinagani or-
ganizacia, kontrolis Sesabamisi formebi
da qcevis nimuSebi gaaCnia. jgufis iden-
tobis niSani garkveul RirebulebebTan
erTad SeiZleba iyos simboloebi, lozun-
gebi, ideebi, sxvadasxva saxis materialuri
sagnebi da a. S. maTi aucilebloba jgufSi
erTobisa da jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnobis ganviTarebiT aris gamowveuli.
jgufis RirebulebiTi orientaciis safuZvelze yalibdeba `jgufis cnobiereba,~
anu `Cvenis~ gageba. aqedan momdinareobs diqotomia: `Cven~ da `isini.~ `isini~ am Sem-
TxvevaSi im adamianebs gulisxmobs, romlebic jgufis wevrebi ar arian.
jgufis agebulebaSi sxva iseTi elementebic igulisxmeba, romlebic jgufis
wevrebi ar arian, rac imas niSnavs, rom zogjer adamiani jgufSi Sedis ara mTeli
Tavisi pirovnebiT, aramed mxolod masSi Sesasrulebeli rolis gamo. zogierTi
jgufi ki mTlianad STanTqavs pirovnebas (magaliTad, romelime politikuri an re-
ligiuri jgufi da sxva). amitom umeteswilad jgufi gansazRvravs misi wevris ga-
regnul ier-saxes (magaliTad, jarSi an policiaSi da sxva) da moralur niSanTa
kompleqss (magaliTad, iseTi rame ar unda Caidinos, rac jgufis Rirsebas SebRa-
lavs). jgufi adgens agreTve mis wevrTa funqciebsac. rogorc wesi, Sinaganad
mWidrod SekavSirebuli, fizikurad da moralurad mtkice da naTlad gamokveTili
funqciebis mqone jgufebi mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesasruleblad arian mowode-
bulni.
mis wevrTa gaerTianebis mixedviT jgufi SeiZleba iyos Ria da daxuruli. Ria
aris jgufi, romlis wevrebs aranair gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs ar uyeneben da
amitom misi wevroba Tavisufalia yvelasaTvis, xolo daxurul jgufSi axali wev-
ris miRebis kriteriumebi zustad aris dadgenili da gansazRvruli. arsebobs ki-
dev e. w. SezRuduli jgufebi, romlis wevrad gaxdoma arc mkacrad SezRudulia
da arc mTlad Tavisufali.
170
sociologiis Sesavali
171
kaxa qecbaia
rTa sxvadasxvaobisa, sadavo ar aris is, rom lideri marTlac yovelmxriv gamor-
Ceuli pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia sxva adamianebze zegavlenis moxdena, maTi
gayolieba; inteleqtis mxriv SeuZlia didi moculobis informaciis aTviseba da
saTanado interpretacia; Semgueblobis mxriv advilad egueba cvalebad moTxov-
nebs. lideris Tvisebebs Soris mniSvnelovania gulmodgineba, Sromismoyvareoba,
saqmisadmi didi enTuziazmiT midgoma, sakuTari interesebis msxverplad gaReba da
a. S.
socialuri qseli
sociologiis klasikosma georg zimelma Tavis droze mcire jgufebis soci-
aluri dinamika Seiswavla da bevri saintereso axali cneba Tu termini Semoitana
sociologiaSi. ori wevrisagan Semdgar socialur jgufs man diada uwoda (maga-
liTad, col-qmari). diada interaqciis intensivobiT gamoirCeva. masTan SedarebiT
triada (samwevriani jgufi) interaqciis kidev ufro maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.
socialuri kavSiris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani formaa qseli. sociologebi mas
sust socialur kavSirebs miakuTvneben. miuxedavad kavSiris sisustisa (kavSiris
uSualoba igulisxmeba), is Tanamedrove informaciul sazogadoebaSi erT-erTi um-
Zlavresi resursia. misi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli formaa msoflio ablabuda _
interneti, romlis gareSe Tanamedrove komunikaciebi warmoudgenelia.
socialuri organizaciebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Cveni winaprebi ZiriTadad mcire socialur jgufebad
(ojaxebi, gvarebi, megobarTa da axlobelTa wreebi da sxva) cxovrobdnen. socia-
luri cxovrebis msgavsi forma tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebebisaTvis iyo dama-
xasiaTebeli. amJamad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri cxovreba mTeli rigi
formaluri organizaciebis garSemo trialebs, romlebTan urTierToba TiToeul
Cvengans yoveldRiurad uxdeba. ase rom, sociologiuri analizis sferoSi socia-
luri organizaciebis cneba Semodis.
termin `socialur organizacias~ ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. erT-erTi mniS-
vnelobis mixedviT, igi miznobriv jgufs, im adamianTa gaerTianebas aRniSnavs,
romlebic garkveuli miznebis ganxorcielebas organizebulad eswrafvian. zogier-
Ti sociologis azriT, `socialuri organizaciis~ msgavsi gageba Tanamedrove in-
dustriul sazogadoebasTanaa SesabamisobaSi, romelsac racionalizebuli Sinaga-
ni organizaciis mqone adamianTa didi gaerTianebebis arseboba axasiaTebs.
organizaciis cnebis meore mniSvnelobaSi adamianebisa da moqmedebis sxvadas-
xva saSualebebis xelmZRvanelobisa da marTvis wesebi da funqciebis koordina-
cia igulisxmeba.
organizaciis cnebis mesame mniSvneloba ki individebis, socialuri jgufebis
an institutebis moqmedebaTa sistemas gulisxmobs, romelic jgufis wevrTa Tanac-
xovrebis harmonizebas axdens. organizaciis cnebis am ganmartebebidan Cans, rom
igi sadiskusio sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba. zogjer mis nacvlad `socialur wyo-
bas~ xmaroben, rac albaT politologiuri termini ufroa, vidre sociologiuri.
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri organi-
zacia adamianebis, jgufebisa da institutebis marTvis, funqciebisa da saSualebe-
bis koordinebis meTodebis sistemad ganixileba, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo
im spontanur wesebTan, romlebsac aravin ar warmarTavs.
sociologebi ganasxvaveben formalur da araformalur organizacias. pirve-
li zustad formalizebuli, institucionalizebuli rolisagan da sanqciebis
formaluri sistemebisagan Sedgeba, anu samarTlebrivi gziT dadgenili wesebisa
da dawesebulebaTa formaluri sistemisagan. araformalur organizaciebSi socia-
luri rolebis, araformaluri institutebisa da araformaluri sanqciebis iseTi
sistema moiazreba, romelic Taobidan Taobas adaT-wesebiTa da tradiciebiT gada-
ecema da yoveldRiuri interaqciis procesSi spontanurad warmoiSoba.
amerikelma sociologma amitai etcionim formaluri organizaciebis sami tipi
gamoyo: utilitaruli, normatiuli da iZulebiTi.
173
kaxa qecbaia
•
utilitaruli organizaciebi: yvela is adamiani, romelic xelfasis gamo mu-
Saobs, utilitarul organizacias ekuTvnis _ organizacias, romelic adami-
anebs TavianTi Sromis safasurs uxdis. magaliTad, msxvil biznesSi arse-
bobs mogeba mewarmisaTvis, xolo mosamsaxureTaTvis _ xelfasi. am SemTxve-
vaSi organizaciis wevrad gaxdomas safuZvlad xelfasis miReba udevs;
• normatiuli organizaciebi: normatiul organizaciebSi adamianebi Sedian
ara xelfasis, aramed im miznis gamo, romelsac isini moralurad misaReb
Rirsebis saqmed miiCneven (magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxis Tavisufali asocia-
ciebis wevroba);
• iZulebiTi organizaciebi: am tipis organizaciebis wevroba iZulebiT xdeba
(magaliTad, cixeebi an fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebi da sxva. Tumca unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofo iZulebiTi organizaciaa
pacientisaTvis, magram utilitarulia fsiqiatrisaTvis, romelic iq muSaobs
da xelfass iRebs, xolo normatiuli organizaciaa im adamianisaTvis, rome-
lic nebayoflobiT qvelmoqmedebas eweva da saavadmyofos exmareba).
organizaciis cnebis sociologiuri analiziT ZiriTadad organizaciuli so-
ciologiaa dakavebuli, romelic Tavis safuZvlebs maqs veberis mier SemuSavebuli
biurokratiis Teoriidan iRebs. sociologiaSi arsebobs agreTve organizaciis Teo-
ria, romelic marTvis formaluri da araformaluri struqturebis Teoriul ana-
lizs akeTebs. masze didi gavlena iqonia struqturul-funqcionalisturma socio-
logiam. man organizacia sistemis saxiT warmoadgina, romelsac organizaciuli si-
cocxlisunarianoba da garemosadmi adaptacia axasiaTebs (parsonsi, mertoni).
biurokratia
Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, biurokratia organizaciis efeqturi marTva da
organizaciuli sakiTxebis zutad gadawyvetis saSualebaa. igi marTvis Cinovnikur
aparatTan asocirdeba da uaryofiT Seferilobas iZens, Tumca maqs veberma biu-
rokratia sazogadoebis aucilebel elementad miiCnia da mis Sesaxeb yoveldRiu-
robaSi gavrcelebuli azris nacvlad pozitiuri Sinaarsi Cado masSi. veberma ide-
aluri biurokratiuli organizaciis 6 ZiriTadi niSani gamoyo. esenia:
• specializacia: biurokratias specializaciis Sesabamisad movaleobebis mka-
fiod gansazRvreba axasiaTebs;
• Tanamdebobrivi ierarqia: biurokratiuli organizacia TanamSromelTa ver-
tikaluri Tanamdebobrivi wesrigiT xasiaTdeba;
• mkafiod gansazRvruli da dadgenili wesebi sistema: kulturuli tradicie-
bis nacvlad biurokratiuli organizacia winaswar dadgenili racionalize-
buli wesebis mixedviT moqmedebs;
• teqnikuri kompetencia: biurokratebs maTi Sesaferisi unar-Cvevebi aqvT, ro-
melic dadgenili wesebis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia;
• upirovnoba: pirovnebaze maRla biurokratiuli wesebi dgas. aq pirovnuli
momentebi gamqralia;
• formaluri, werilobiTi komunikacia: biurok-
ratiis gulia ara adamianebi, aramed qaRaldebi. adami-
anebs Soris komunikacia mkacrad formalizebul da
oficialur saxes atarebs.
veberis mixedviT, idealuri biurokratia adamia-
nis yovel nabijs mizanmimarTulad aregulirebs, Tum-
ca realurad adamianebi sakamod kreatulebi arian bi-
urokratiul SablonebTan midgomaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi
biurokratiis araformalur aspeqtebTan gvaqvs saqme.
biurokratias mTeli rigi problemebi axasiaTebs. maT
Soris erT-erTi biurokratiuli gaucxoebaa, romlis
Sesaxeb jer kidev veberi amaxvilebda yuradRebas. misi
azriT, formaluri institutebi adamians ganuwyvetliv
moZravi meqanizmis ubralo WanWikad aqceven. sociolo-
174
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ SeecadeT sakuTari gamocdilebidan moiyvanoT pirvelad da meoreul jgu-
febs Soris gansxvavebis magaliTebi.
_ Tqveni azriT, ratom zRudavs biurokratia pirovnebas da ra gamosavali
unda moiZebnos am problemis mosagvareblad?
_ liderobis romeli tipia TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom?
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 609-654.
2. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 308-331.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni. (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 8-11.
2. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 224-257.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 168-196.
4. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 98-101, 113-122.
175
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
***
`sociologia aris mecniereba, romelic miiswrafvis socialuri moqmedebis gagebi-
saken da amiT kauzalurad xsnis mis processa da moqmedebas.~
`samecniero sferoSi `avtoritetulia~ is, vinc mxolod erT saqmes emsaxureba.~
`mowodebiT mecnierebisa da namdvili profesionalebis mosasmenad Cvens leqcieb-
ze mosulma studentebma rodi uwyian, rom asi profesoridan oTxmocdaaTi araTu
ar aris cxovrebis fexburTis ostati, aramed saerTod Sors dgas im saqmisagan,
romelsac emsaxureba.~
`mxolod dardiTa da molodiniT verafers gaxdebi. sxvanairi moqmedebaa saWiro _
unda Seesabamebode `dRis moTxovnebs~ da sakuTar saqmes admianurad da profesio-
nalurad unda moepyra. mocemuli moTxovna martivi da gasagebi gaxdeba maSin, ro-
desac yoveli Cvengani sakuTar demons ipovis da mis xmas mousmens.~
Mmaqs veberi
es sainteresoa
sportis sociologia
sportis sociologia dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinaa, romelic
sports ganixilavs, rogorc socialur fenomens. mis mixedviT, sporti gacnobie-
rebuli saTamaSo saqmianobaa, romelic kavSirSia ekonomikur, politikur, kul-
turul, erovnul da a. S. sxva socialur institutebTan. sportis sociologiis
problemebia: sporti, rogorc sociokulturuli movlena, sportis socialuri
funqcia, sporti da dasveneba, sporti da agresia da mravali sxva. igi Zalze
popularuli dargia ganviTarebul qveynebSi. am dargis specialistebi aqtiurad
arian CarTuli sportis sxvadasxva saxeobis ganviTarebaSi. dasavleTis qveyneb-
Si sportul dawesebulebebsa da klubebSi sociologiuri servisi Cveulebrivi
movlenaa. sportis sociologia sportuli koleqtivebisa da organizaciebis so-
cialuri problemebis kvlevas specifikuri meTodebiT axorcielebs.
pele, diego maradona, lionel mesi, debi uiliamsebi, rafael nadali, ma-
ikl jordani, rojer federeri, novak jokoviCi da a. S. _ dRes isini msoflio-
Si aleqsandre makedonelze, iulius keisarsa da napoleonze ufro metad cno-
bili adamianebi arian. maTi saxelebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi nebismieri
asakisa da specialobis adamianebma ician.
deb uiliamsebs `didi slemis~ tur-
niri erTeulTa Soris 20-jer aqvT mogebu-
li. vinusis angariSze 7 gamarjvebaa, xo-
lo serenam gamarjveba 13-jer izeima. rac
Seexeba erT-erT prestiJul _ uimbldonis
turnirs, ukanaskneli 11 turniridan maT 9
aqvT mogebuli. amasTan finalSi debi 4-
jer Sexvdnen erTmaneTs.
Tanamedrove sociologebi sports ga-
nixilaven, rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovre-
bis wessa da socialur movlenas. sportis
amgvari gaazreba mocemuli aqvs cnobil
frang sociologs pier burdies wignSi: `gansxvaveba, msjelobis socialuri
kritika~ (Targmnilia qarTul enaze). burdies mixedviT, sazogadoebis sxvadas-
xva socialuri fenebi gansxvavebuli intensivobiT misdeven sportis ama Tu im
saxeobas, romlis procentuli maCvenebeli miT ufro matulobs, rac ufro maR-
178
sociologiis Sesavali
Tanamedrove pos-
tklasikuri sazogadoeba
Zneli warmosadgenia fex-
burTis gareSe. dRes is
erT-erTi globaluri Ta-
maSia. 2010 wlis msof-
lio Cempionatis msvle-
lobisas iaponelma eq-
spertebma 30 miliardze
meti satelevizio CarTva
daiTvales. es cifrebi
kidev ufro matulobs
CempionTa ligis TamaSeb-
ze. misi gavrcelebis are-
ali didad aWarbebs gae-
rosac ki. msgavsi masob-
rivi xasiaTis mqone msoflio fenomeni, bunebrivia, sociologiur axsnas saWi-
roebs. riT aixsneba fexburTis aseTi popularoba? rogoria misi popularobis
socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebi? ra gavlenas
axdens fexburTi Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigSi? es aris is kiTxvebi, romleb-
sac fexburTis sociologiam unda gasces pasuxi. gansakuTrebuli kvlevis saga-
nia fexburTis racionalizaciisa da komercializaciis sakiTxi. postklasikur
epoqaSi fexburTis transformacia moxda. igi, faqtobrivad, daicala iraciona-
lizmisagan da pragmatuli, Zalze merkantiluri saxe miiRo.
***
`fexburTma gaTanga da gaabrua masebi. adamianur da politikur dramaze
maRla adamianTa absoluturi umravlesoba uyoymanod, srulebiT Riad da dau-
faravad fexburTis matCs ayenebs.~
Jan bodriari
179
kaxa qecbaia
XII leqcia
Tema: socialuri institutebi
termini `instituti~ laTinuri sityva institutum-idan momdinareobs da imas niS-
navs, rac dawesebulia, dadgenilia. mas sociologiaSi, sxva mecnierebebSi da yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva gageba aqvs, romlebic oTx ZiriTad mniSvnelobamde
SeiZleba daviyvanoT: 1) termini `instituti~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes garkveul pirTa
jgufs, romlebic sazogadoebriv funqcias asruleben; 2) instituti SeiZleba iyos
im funqciebis organizaciuli kompleqsi, romlebsac jgufis zogierTi wevri MmTe-
li jgufis mimarT asrulebs; 3) instituti aris dawesebuleba an dawesebulebaTa
erToblioba, romelic calkeul individs an individTa jgufs saSualebas aZlevs
Seasrulos upirovno sazogadoebrivi funqciebi sakuTari an jgufis wevrebis moT-
xovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT; 4) instituts uwodeben socialur rols, rom-
lebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs jgufisaTvis. institutis cnebis oTxive
ganmarteba SeiZleba mis or, farTo da viwro gagebaSi gavaerTianoT.
viwro gagebiT, institutis cnebas
teqnikuri mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod da
specializirebul samecniero Tu saswav-
lo dawesebulebebs aRniSnavs, farTo
mniSvnelobiT ki sazogadoebriv urTier-
TobaTa gansakuTrebuli sferos mareguli-
rebel normebs niSnavs. Tanamedrove soci-
ologiaSi miRebuli gansazRvrebis mixed-
viT, socialuri institutebis cnebaSi igu-
lisxmeba socialuri cxovrebis mTeli ri-
gi sferoebis: ojaxis, religiis, ganaTle-
bis, ekonomikisa da politikis, mareguli-
rebeli normebis, Rirebulebebis, simbo-
loebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, rolebisa da statusebis SedarebiT stabiluri da
integrirebuli erToblioba.
institutis bunebis gasagebad moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi: yvelasaTvis cnobi-
lia, rom garemosTan cxovelebi instinqtebis meSveobiT arian dakavSirebulni. in-
stinqti evoluciis procesis Sedegad cxovelTa gadasarCenad gamoCarxuli bune-
bis mZlavri instrumentia. magram ra qnas adamianma? man xom yvela Tavisi instin-
qti dakarga, xolo rac SemorCa, ar aris sakmarisi swrafadcvalebad socialur
garemoSi orientirebisaTvis. aseT viTarebaSi mSvelelis rolSi socialuri insti-
tutebi gamodian. isini sazogadoebaSi im rols asruleben, rasac instinqtebi cxo-
velTa samyaroSi. Tu instinqtebi bunebis evoluciis Sedegad arian gamoyvanilni,
socialuri institutebi kulturis evoluciis Sedegad arian miRebulni. oRond
socialuri institutebi exmarebian ara marto erTeul individebs, aramed mTlia-
nad sazogadoebas. maTi mizania sazogadoebis wevrTa umTavresi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba. sociologebma Seiswavles msgavsi moTxovnilebani da aRmoaCines,
rom yvelasaTvis aucilebeli da umTavresi moTxovnilebani arc ise bevria; aRmoC-
nda, rom maTi raodeniba xuTs ar aRemateba, Sesabamisad, socialuri institutebis
raodenobac amdenivea.
• gvaris gagrZelebis moTxovnileba (ojaxisa da qorwinebis instituti);
• usafrTxoebisa da socialuri wesrigis moTxovnileba (politikuri institu-
tebi, saxelmwifo);
• saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebis moTxovnileba (ekonomikuri institutebi,
warmoeba);
• momavali Taobebisadmi codnis gadacemis moTxovnileba (ganaTlebis insti-
tutebi, farTo gagebiT, mecniereba da kultura);
• sulieri problemebis mogvarebisa da cxovrebis sazrisis Ziebis moTxovni-
leba (religiuri institutebi).
180
sociologiis Sesavali
tia ara aqvs, amitom mas araformalur instituts vuwodebT. rodesac winamZRoli
(lideri) oficialurad dadgenili wesebis mixedviT aris arCeuli da mas moqmede-
bis saSualebebi da meTodebi detalurad, kanonis msgavsad aqvs mowesrigebuli, ma-
Sin saqme gvaqvs formalur institutTan. bavSvTa fexburTis gundis winamZRoloba
araformaluri institutia, xolo qveynis prezidentoba _ formaluri.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebulia institutebis dayofa maT mier
Sesasrulebeli Sinaarsobrivi amocanebis safuZvelze, rac institutebis gansaxor-
cielebel ZiriTad funqciebs Seesabameba. zogadad, institutebis funqcia adamian-
Ta cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi problemebis mogvarebaa. magaliTad, milionobiT
Seyvarebuli adamiani ojaxisa da qorwinebis institutis daxmarebiT agvarebs Ta-
vis problemas, avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi jandacvis institutebs mimarTavs da a.
S. adamianebi institutebis meSveobiT awesrigeben da ayalibeben socialur cxovre-
bas. am mizniT aris Seqmnili saxelmwifo, mTavroba, policia, sasamarTlo, advoka-
tura da sxv.
institutebi socialuri kontrolis funqciasac asruleben. isini TavianTi
normatiuli wesrigiT adamianebs stimuls aZleven Tavi Seikavon devianturi qcevi-
sagan da disciplinas amkvidreben sazogadoebaSi.
institutebi agreTve komunikaciuri funqciis matareblebic arian. am SemTxve-
vaSi isini kulturis im nawilad ganixileba, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoeba in-
formacias avrcelebs, dagrovil istoriul gamocdilebas momaval Taobebs gadas-
cems da a. S. institutebs mniSvnelovan socialur faqtebad miiCnevda emil diurke-
mic. institutebis Sesaxeb yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT Zneli ar
aris institutebis zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis gamoyofa:
• individebis mier institutebi aRiqmeba, rogorc garegani realoba: sxva sit-
yvebiT rom vTqvaT, yoveli calke aRebuli adamianisaTvis instituti garega-
nia anu damoukidebelia Cveni survilebisa da fantaziebisagan;
• individebis mier institutebi aRiqmeba, rogorc obieqturi realoba: es, faq-
tobrivad, winamdebare daxasiaTebis ganmeorebas warmoadgens, magram mas ar
emTxveva.
• institutebs maiZulebeli Zala aqvT: sazogadoebis wevrad yofna TiToeul
Cvengans, moswons Tu ara es, mTeli rigi wesebis Sesrulebas avaldebulebs.
asea institutebic, romlebsac pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi maiZulebeli xasia-
Ti aqvT. magaliTad, ojaxis instituti gvaiZulebs davemorCiloT mis mier
dadgenil wesebs. asea politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva institutebi.
• institutebs moraluri avtoriteti aqvT: rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom insti-
tuti ara marto sjis deviants, aramed moralurad kicxavs mas.
• institutebi istoriulobis niSniT xasiaTdebian: es imas niSnavs, rom insti-
tutebi sazogadoebis xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. isini ar-
sebobdnen Cvenamde da Cven Semdegac iarsebeben.
182
sociologiis Sesavali
SeniSvna:
sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi axlo momavalSi ZiriTadi socialu-
ri institutebis Sesaxeb calke leqciebs moismenen. magaliTad: ojaxisa da qorwi-
nebis problemebs `ojaxis sociologiaSi~ gaecnobian; religiis sakiTxebs _ `re-
ligiis sociologiaSi;~ saxelmwifos, politikisa da Zalauflebis problemebs
`politikis sociologia~ gaacnobs maT; warmoebis, Sromisa da biznesis sakiTxebs
`ekonomikuri sociologia~ Seaswavlis; pirovnebis socializaciisa da ganaTlebis
problematikis analizs `ganaTlebis sociologiis~ kursi iTvaliswinebs; Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare instituciur cvlilebebs studentebi `instituciur
cvlilebaTa sociologiis kursze~ gaecnobian, amitom sociologiis Sesaval kur-
sSi maTi dawvrilebiTi ganxilva, vfiqrobT, mizanSewonili ar aris.
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan
`sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~
socialuri institutebi
`... Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yoveli adamiani sargeblobs uamravi sxvadas-
xva institutis momsaxurebiTa da muSaobiT. igi ibadeba ojaxSi, izrdeba
ojaxSi, skolamdel dawesebulebebSi, sxvadasxvagvar skolebSi, muSaobs sxva-
dasxva sawarmoSi, sargeblobs qalaqis transportiT, rkinigzis momsaxurebiT,
informacias iRebs gazeTebidan, radioTi, televiziiT; kinoTeatrebi, klubebi
awyoben misTvis gasarTobebs; sxvadasxva maRaziebi amarageben; mis usafrTxoe-
bas uzrunvelyofs milicia da sasamarTlo; saSinao meurneobas, wylis, gazis,
eleqtroenergiis miwodebas uzrunvelyofs Sesabamis dawesebulebaTa sistema;
igi sargeblobs jandacvis samsaxuriT da a. S. mokled rom vTqvaT, TiToeuli
adamiani iswrafvis daikmayofilos sasicocxlo moTxovnilebani, amitom amya-
rebs kontaqtebsa da socialur urTierTobebs, qmnis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayo-
183
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
_ yuradRebiT waikiTxeT fragmenti. cnobili poloneli sociologis mier da-
saxelebul institutebs kidev ramdenime Tanamedrove socialur instituts
xom ar miumatebdiT?
sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
sekularizacia _ religiuri azrovnebis, religiuri cxovrebisa da organiza-
ciebis mier socialuri gavlenisa da mniSvnelobis dakargvis procesia. vebe-
ri ambobda, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mecnieruli azrovneba da racio-
nalizmi ikaveben religiuri rwmenis adgils. amas is sazogadoebis `ganjado-
ebas,~ `demagizacias~ eZaxda. faqtobrivad, es religiis saero, samoqalaqo
cxovrebis erT-erT rigiT nawilad gaxdomis procesia, romelic tradiciuli
Rirebulebebis momxreTa mZafr winaaRmdegobas awydeba yovelTvis. parsonsi
amis Sesaxeb ambobda, rom religia gavlenas ki ar kargavs, aramed ufro me-
tad specializebuli xdeba, rac sakamaTo sakiTxia dResac.
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti elvin tofleris wignidan `momavlis Soki~
dangreuli ojaxi
ben, rom ufro myar struqturaSi povon TavSesafari,~ _Dwers doqtor irvin
grinbergi, albert ainStainis samedicino kolejis fsiqiatriis profesori. am
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, ojaxi cvalebadobis qariSxlisagan dazRvevis saSuale-
baa. mokled ramdenad cvalebadi da uCveuloa gare samyaro, miT ufro mniSvne-
lovani xdeba ojaxis roli.
SesaZlebelia am kamaTSi orive mxare araswori iyos, ramdenadac momava-
li ufro naTelia, vidre gvgonia. ojaxebi, SesaZloa, ar gaqreba da arc axal,
oqros saukuneSi Seva. ufro mosalodnelia, rom is namsxvrevebad iqces, mag-
ram mxolod imisaTvis, rom SemdgomSi axali da ucnauri saxe miiRos.
davaleba:
_ eTanxmebiT Tu ara amerikuli socialuri futurologiis warmomadgenlis
mosazrebas ojaxis momavlis Sesaxeb?
_ rogor fiqrobT, ra SeiZleba iyos ojaxis dangrevis umTavresi mizezi?
_ tofleris terminebia `erTjeradi qorwineba~ da `seriuli qorwineba.~ Ti-
Toeuli maTgani warmatebuli droebiTi kavSirebis gamomxatveli cnebebia.
toflers miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ojaxma transformacia ga-
nicada da `erTjerad ojaxad~ gadaiqca. eTanxmebiT Tu ara tofleris am mo-
sazrebas ojaxisa da qorwinebis transformaciis Sesaxeb?
davaleba:
_ moiZieT Sesabamisi masalebi, romlebic asaxaven qorwinebis ritualis gan-
sxvavebas sxvadasxva xalxebsa da kulturebSi da moawyveT maTi ganxilva-pre-
zentacia jgufSi.
_ Tqveni azriT, socialuri institutebis funqciebidan romelia ufro metad
mniSvnelovani da ratom?
_ Tqveni azriT, rogori iqneboda sazogadoeba socialuri institutebis gare-
Se?
_ moamzadeT esei Temaze: `pirovnebis Tavisufleba da socialuri institute-
bi.~ N
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 155-177, 371-395, 426-460. 461-494.
2. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 85-90.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli. sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni (rus. Enaze). sanktpe-
terburgi. 2003. gv. 32-33.
2. a. kravCenko, sociologia, m. 1999. (rus. Enaze). gv. 332-352.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 390-521.
185
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
fragmenti kaxa qecbaias leqciidan religiis sociologiaSi
sazogadoebis transformacia da religia
`sicrue iqneba ukanaskneli sayviris xma, romelic
adamianis modgmas RvTis samsjavroze mouxmobs,
radgan Tqmula, rom meored mosvlisas qriste ver
povebs rwmenas dedamiwaze.~
frensis bekoni
`adamians daaviwyda RmerTi da gacofda.~
Kkonstantine gamsaxurdia
1
Масионис Дж., Социология, М., 2004. gv. 641-642.
2
amis Sesaxeb ixileT: q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia, Tb., 2008. ilias saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavi 13. religia. gv. 545.
3
Aix. Jan bodriari. `simulirebulebi da simulaciebi~ JurnalSi `paraleluri teqstebi,~ Tb., 1997.
gigi TevzaZis Targmani.
187
kaxa qecbaia
4
Е. Тофлер. Шок Будушего. М. 2002. gv. 146-147.
5
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia, Tb., 2008. ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba. Tavi 13. religia. gv.563.
191
kaxa qecbaia
valiereblad. daTvalierebas kidev ara uSavs ra, rom ara aqamde gaugonari iseTi
faqti, rogoricaa virtualuri sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT, es umZimesi
codvaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverplSewirvis religiuri aqtis Seb-
RalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram desakralizebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac `religia
specefeqti gaxda,~ aseTi ram savsebiT realuria6.
informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovrebis mxolod da mxolod ze-
dapiruli garsia, amitom virtualuri da kibereklesia verasodes ver Secvlis nam-
dvil taZars. is realuri taZris parodia da simulaciaa mxolod. erTxelac iqne-
ba, adamiani gamoaRwevs am simulaciisa da virtualuri realobis tyveobidan da
isev miubrundeba maradiul WeSmaritebasa da namdvil religiur rwmenas. fsevdo-
religiisa da fsevdorwmenis iluziiT gaTanguls, etyoba, jer kidev didi gamocda
elis win. didi mixvedra ar sWirdeba imas, rom xelovnurad Seqmnil, virtualur
sivrceSi konstruirebul fsevdoreligias ara aqvs momavali da rom yovelgvari
eqsperimentebi am sferoSi imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia.
religiuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTobaa, romelic virtua-
lizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba. virtualuri eklesia verasodes ver SeZlebs daexma-
ros Tundac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gamo uWirs. aseT adamians locvis gamZafrebul survils virtualuri eklesia ver
daukmayofilebs. rac Seexeba aRsarebis internetiT miRebis novacias, SesaZlebelia
es dasaSvebi iyos, magram am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom aRsareba SeiZ-
leba anonimuri iyos. garda amisa, es saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos, miT ufro maSin, roca
saqme adamianis sulier cxovrebas Seexeba. yovelive es im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, ro-
melsac avadmyofi TvaliT ar unaxavs da ise uniSnavs mkurnalobas. aRsarebis fun-
qcia marto codvaTa miteveba rodia. amasTan erTad misi mizania adamiani xelaxla
gaxados eklesiis wevri. xolo iq, sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia, masSi Sesvlis
survilic ar arsebobs. virtualuri eklesia, piriqiT, Trgunavs taZarSi siarulis
survils. is aukuRmarTebs namdvil religiur grZnobebs.
eklesia qristes sxeulia. imisaTvis, rom am sxeulis nawili gaxde, masTan
cocxali kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internetaRsareba xels uSlis. rac Seexeba qa-
dagebas da RvTis sityvis gavrcelebas, amisaTvis interneti kargi saSualeba SeiZ-
leba iyos, magram qadageba xom mxolod mp3 formatis audio an videoCanaweri ar
aris, is RvTis cocxali sityvaa, romelic ambionidan unda warmoiTqvas. garda ami-
sa, internets sakuTari metyvelebis wesi aqvs, romelic RvTismsaxurebis enas ar
Seesabameba7. religiis cifruli gamosaxuleba absurdia da meti araferi.
am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is sayveduri, romelsac Tanamed-
rove avtorebi klasikuri Teoriebis momxreTa misamarTiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod, pos-
tsekularul epoqaSi usafuZvloa sekularuli sazogadoebis eniT metyveleba8. es
sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram ara religiis misamarTiT, rad-
ganac religia marad axali da marad cocxali fenomenia. igive sociologebis das-
kvnebiT, veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic
yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli. amitom aseT viTareba-
Si zogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: sazoga-
doebis transformaciis procesi faqtia, magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi
faqti, romelic msoflio religiebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, virtualizacia da inteleqtis sa-
fuZvelze marTvis (qseluri ekonomika) moTxovna, savaraudoa, tradiciul religi-
ebSi bunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sazogadoeba isev dadgeba iracoinalizmi-
sa da mistikis moTxovnis winaSe. es ki desakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradi-
ul RirebulebebTan daabrunebs, xels Seuwyobs masobrivi cnobierebis diskredi-
tacias da yovlisSemZle gonebis moralur uZlurebas kidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.
6
ix. Ж. Бодрийар. Америка. Санкт-Петербург. 2000. gv.36.
7
Виртуальная религия. http:/www:ierei-karenev.ru/list/internet.htm
8
Sdr. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamowveva. iurgen habermasisa da iozef ratcingeris werilebi.
mTargmneli gia baramiZe. redaqtori gia xubua. Tb., 2010.
192
sociologiis Sesavali
SeniSvna:
advili SesaZlebelia, rom Rrmad morwmune, religiur adamianebs religiis
sociologiaze saubari araseriozulad miaCndeT, iqidan gamomdinare, rom religia
rwmenis saufloa, romelic mecnieruli diskursis miRmaa, xolo sociologia sa-
zogadoebis Semswavleli mecnieruli disciplinaa, romelic, erTi SexedviT, iq
yofs Tavs, sadac mas araferi esaqmeba.
sinamdvileSi es asec aris. saqme isaa, rom sociologias ar ZaluZs da arc eva-
leba religiur WeSmaritebaTa arc uaryofa da arc aRiareba. sociologia religiur
rwmenas aranair safrTxes ar uqmnis. sociologebi ar akeTeben daskvnebs romelime
religiis `avkargianobis~ Sesaxeb, religia sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis sferoSi im
garemoebis gamo Semodis, rom igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianisa da sazo-
gadoebis cxovrebaSi. ar arsebobs ureligio sazogadoeba da ureligio adamiani. re-
ligia asazrisianebs adamianis cxovrebas, gansazRvravs mis qcevas, msoflmxedveloba-
sa da RirebulebiT orientacias. amaSi vlindeba religiis socialuri buneba, romel-
sac religiis sociologia Seiswavlis. zogadad, religiis sociologiis amocana re-
ligiis socialuri da ara zebunebrivi sazrisis ZiebaSi mdgomareobs.
religiis sociologia sxva sociologiuri disciplinebisagan ara mxolod
Tavisi sagniTaa gamorCeuli, aramed imiT, rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdeba saero, samo-
qalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo da sakraluri Rirebulebebi. igi miwierisa da
zeciuris, saerosa da sakraluri Sexvedris adgilia, rac mis mimarT interess er-
Tiorad zrdis.
warmodgenili leqcia statiis saxiT Jurnal `religiaSi~ (#4, Tb., 2010) gamoq-
veynda. avtorma igi religiis sociologiis mkvlevris, saqarTveloSi am dargis pi-
oneris, profesor oTar gabiZaSvilis xsovnas miuZRvna.
193
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia safrangeTSi
kontis mier Seqmnili axali mecnierebis ganviTarebis gza imTaviTve ar iyo ia-
vardiT mofenili, Tumca Zalian male gamoCnda kaci, romelmac es axali mecniereba
manamde arnaxul simaRleebamde aiyvana. Tanamedrove sociologiaze man didi gavlena
moaxdina. es kaci sociologiis klasikosi emil diurkemia. kontma sociologiis kon-
turebi SemosazRvra (Tqva, rom sazogadoeba bunebis msgavsad mecnierul Seswavlas
eqvemdebareba. am SemTxvevaSi maTi meTodebi identuria), diurkemma ki sociologia fi-
losofiisa da fsiqologiis gavlenisagan gaaTavisufla da fexze daayena.
diurkemis droidan sociologia ufro popularuli xdeba safrangeTSi. amis
niSania XIX s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi moqmedi sociologiuri gamocemebi: Jurnalebi:
`socialuri reforma,~ `socialuri mecnierebebi,~ mogvianebiT vormsis iniciativiT
Seqmnili `saerTaSoriso sociologiuri Jurnali.~ 1898 wels diurkemma daaarsa
`sociologiuri weliwdeuli~ (sul Jurnalis 12 nomeria gamosuli), romelSic di-
urkemis sociologizmis momxre mowafeebi: m. morisi, m. halbvarki, l. levi-briuli,
s. bugle, J. davi, p. folkone, f. simiani TanamSromlobdnen.
diurkemma pirvelma Seqmna franguli sociologiuri skola. gansakuTrebiT po-
pularuli gaxda diurkemi mas Semdeg, rac sociologiis erT-erTma korifem _ par-
sonsma Tavis cnobil wignSi `socialuri moqmedebis struqtura,~ romelic diurke-
mis gardacvalebidan 20 wlis Semdeg, 1937 wels gamovida, diurkemis sociologiuri
koncefcia specialuri analizis sagani gaxada. mis Sesaxeb parsonsi ambobs, rom so-
ciologiaSi diurkemi movida, rogorc kontis mimdevari, romelmac Zalze rTuli
da originaluri sociologiuri koncefciis SeqmniT daimkvidra Tavi. parsonsma
oTx ZiriTad etapad dayo misi sociologiuri Semoqmedeba:
1) pirvel periods Seesabameba diurkemis sadisertacio naSromi `Sromis sazo-
gadoebrivi dayofa~ (1893 w.). es e. w. formalur-pozitivisturi periodia _ gulis-
xmobs formaluri sociologiis formirebis process. am SemTxvevaSi diurkemis Za-
lisxmeva sazogadoebis individualisturi Teoriebis kritikiskenaa mimarTuli (kri-
tikis obieqti spenseris Teoriaa). diurkemi miiCnevs, rom sazogadoeba individTa ja-
mi rodia. azri imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri urTierTobebi SeTanxmebul da dekla-
rirebul urTierTobebzea damyarebuli, romelic pirad interesebs efuZneba, diur-
kemisaTvis miuRebelia. sazogadoebis arsi zneobriv normebSia, romelic deklarire-
bul praqtikas aregulirebs. sazogadoebis buneba solidarobis im tipiT ganisaz-
Rvreba, romelic mis safuZvelSi devs. Tavis pirvel sociologiur naSromSi diur-
kemma meqanikuri da organuli solidarobis cnebebi Semoitana, romlebic sazogado-
ebriv urTierTobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs warmoadgenen. am periodSi diurkemi mxolod
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis utilitaruli Teoriebis kritikiT ar Semofarglula.
igi arc marqsis klasTa brZolis Teorias iziarebda da saerTod ar izidavda sa-
zogadoebis is Teoriuli modelebi, romlebic safrangeTsa da germaniaSi iyo Seq-
mnili. diurkemisaTvis amosavali socialurobis cnebaa. socialuroba, rogorc ase-
Ti, `individualuri qcevis kontrols~ gulisxmobs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT diurkemis
mier Semdgom periodSi Semotanili `socialuri faqti~ garegani da maiZulebeli
gaxdeba.
2) meore etapad parsonsi pozitiur meTodologiaze damyarebuli igive ideebis
sistematizacias ganixilavs, ris nimuSebad `sociologiuri meTodis wesebsa~ (1895 w.)
da `TviTmkvlelobas~ (1897 w.) miiCnevs. man xazi gausva am ukanasknelis gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas empiriuli sociologiisaTvis. am periodSi Semoaqvs diurkems `so-
cialuri faqtisa~ da `anomiis~ cneba, ayalibebs deviaciis sociologiis safuZvlebs.
3) mesame etapSi pozitivisturi poziciebis gadaxedvas gulisxmobs parsonsi,
rac ramdenime statiaSia fiqsirebuli: `individualuri da koleqtiuri warmodge-
nebi~ (1899 w.), `moraluri ganaTleba~ (1902-1903 ww.), `moraluri faqtis determina-
cia~ (1907 w.) da sxv.
4) meoTxe periodi empiriuli gamokvlevebis axal sferos Seexeba, rac Tavis
kulminacias aRwevs naSromSi `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~ (1913
w.). mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis diurkems Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moraluri
krizisis analizis saqmeSi. am mxriv igi akritikebda Tavis Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logs, kriminalistsa da sociologs tards, romlis mixedviT, sazogadoebis Ziri-
195
kaxa qecbaia
Tadi kanonia mibaZva. amis sapirispirod, diurkemis azriT, sazogadoeba aris rea-
loba _ Sui Generis. igi erTgvar moralur erTobas warmoadgens (sociologia ki so-
cialuri faqtebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa), oRond aq religiuri morali ar igu-
lisxmeba. diurkemi am SemTxvevaSi saero moralis damfuZneblad gvevlineba.
gansakuTrebulia diurkemis Rvawli sociologiuri cnebebis Camoyalibebisa
da daxvewis saqmeSi. dRes ukve Tamamad SeiZleba Tqma imisa, rom ara marto fran-
guli, aramed mTlianad sakacobrio masStabiT sociologiis istoria diurkemam-
del da diurkemis Semdgomdroindel periodebad iyofa (msgavsad filosofiis is-
toriis sokratemdel da sokrates Semdgom, nicSemdel da nicSes Semdgomdrindel
periodebad dayofisa). SemdgomSi diurkemis sociologiuri ideebi gavlenas axdens
iseT mimdinareobebze, rogorebicaa struqturuli funqcionalizmi, struqturuli
lingvistika, saerTod, franguli struqturalizmi da sxv.
franguli sociologiis postdiurkemiseuli periodidan gamorCeulia edmond
goblos (1858-1935) 1925 wels gamocemuli wigni: `sociologiuri etiudi Tanamedro-
ve franguli burJuaziis Sesaxeb,~ romelSic franguli sazogadoebis socialuri
struqturis aqtualuri sakiTxebia gaanalizebuli diurkemis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg mis mier Seqmnilma sociologiurma skolam Tumca gaagrZela arseboba, magram
iseTi aqtiurobiTa da popularobiT ar gamoirCeoda, rogoriTac adreul period-
Si. am skolis tradiciebis SenarCunebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes misma mowafeebma:
marsel mosma (1872-1950), igi amave dros diurkemis axlo naTesavic iyo, da moris
xalbvakrma (1877-1945); mosma diurkemis mier daarsebuli Jurnalis gamocemis gag-
rZeleba scada. monawileobda parizis universitetSi eTnologiis institutis Seq-
mnaSi, iyo Joresis mier daarsebul gazeT `Humanite~-s TanamSromeli da 1906 wels
korespondentis rangSi ruseTSic imyofeboda. moris xalbvakri gvian SeuerTda
jguf Anne Sociologique-s. mis sicocxleSi arc erTi misi naSromi aRiarebuli ar yo-
fila TanamedroveTa mier. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki gairkva, rom igi axali socio-
logiuri koncefciis _ koleqtiuri mexsierebis Teoriis avtori yofila. is 1944
wels sorbonis universitetma axladSeqmnili socialuri fsiqologiis kaTedris
xelmZRvanelad airCia, Tumca 1945 wels nacistebma daapatimres da buxenvaldis sa-
koncentracio banakSi gaagzavnes, saidanac cocxali ar dabrunebula. misi wigni
`socialuri klasebi da morfologia~ 1970 wels xelaxla gamoica safrangeTSi.
II msoflio omis Semdgom frangul sociologiaze sagrZnoblad imoqmeda
frangulma egzistencializmma da marqsizmma (e. w. dasavluri marqsizmi). am perio-
dis anu (II msoflio omis Semdgomi) pirveli Taobis sociologebi arian: k. levi-
strosi _ funqcionalisturi mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli, struqturul lin-
gvistikaze dayrdnobiT socialur-anTropologiuri kvlevebiT iyo dakavebuli; J.
fridmani _ industriuli sociologiis problemaTa kvlevis iniciatori safran-
geTSi; J. stetceli _ didi roli Seasrula safrangeTSi sazogadoebrivi azris
kvlevis saqmeSi; sayuradReboa misi 1957 wels dawerili statia `sociologia saf-
rangeTSi.~ am Taobis sociologebs Soris mainc gamorCeuli figura raimon aronia.
man miaRwia imas, rom 1958 wels umaRlesi ganaTlebis frangul sistemaSi SemoRe-
bul iqna sociologis diplomi _ Licence de Sociology. saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvs
arons Teoriuli sociologiisa da, gansakuTrebiT, politikuri sociologiisa da
industriuli sociologiis sferoSi. omis Semdgomi `pirveli Taobis sociologeb-
ma~ myari mecnieruli safuZvlebi Seqmnes momdevno, e. w. `meore Taobis~ sociolo-
gebisaTvis, romelTa Soris gamoirCevian: m. kroze, a. tureni, a. mendrasi, J. reino,
e. de dempri. sociologiuri iniciacia maT amerikaSi miiRes.
safrangeTi gamorCeulia agreTve didi tradiciebis mqone sociologiuri
kvlevis centrebiTa da institutebiT, romelTagan gamorCeulia 1924 wels daarse-
buli `sociologiis franguli instituti,~ parizis, bordosa da strasburgis uni-
versitetebis sociologiis kaTedrebi; 1946 wlidan dRemde saintereso gamokvle-
vebs atarebs `sociologiur gamokvlevaTa centri,~ 1945 wlidan _ `demografiul
gamokvlevaTa nacionaluri instituti,~ 1938 wlidan _ `sazogadoebrivi azris
franguli instituti~ da `statistikur da ekonomikur mecnierebaTa nacionaluri
centri.~ safrangeTSi funqcionirebs sociologiuri kvleviTi centrebi da insti-
196
sociologiis Sesavali
***
Jan bodriari `mxedvelobis dakargavsTan erTad saTvaleebi da kontaq-
(1929-2007) turi linzebi gaxda Cveni sagvareulo proTezi. amis msgav-
sad kompiuteri gadaiqca xelovnur proTezad adamianebisa,
romlebic azrovnebis unars kargaven.~
***
`..Cveni kultura nagvis warmoebad iqca. sxva kulturebi, ubralo gacvliTi cik-
lis Sedegad, Warb produqcias qmnidnen da siWarbis kulturas daudes saTave, Cve-
ni ki auareba nagavs awarmoebs, romelsac namdvili sacvleli Rirebuleba adevs.
adamianebi sakuTar narCenTa narCenebi xdebian _ ai, aseTia sazogadoeba, romelic
gulgrilia sakuTari Rirebulebebisadmi, sazogadoeba, romelic Tavisive Tavs
gulgrilobisa da siZulvilisaken ubiZgebs.~
Jan bodriari
197
kaxa qecbaia
XIII leqcia
Tema: socialuri stratifikacia
socialuri stratifikacia sociologiis erT-erTi centraluri Temaa. is sa-
zogadoebis fenebad dayofas Seexeba da pasuxs iZleva kiTxvaaze, Tu ratom iyofi-
an adamianebi Rarib, SeZlebul da mdidarTa fenebad. re-
alur socialur cxovrebaSi adamianebs Soris uTanaswo-
roba did rols asrulebs. es is kriteriumia, romlis
mixedviTac Cven garkveuli jgufis warmomadgenlebs so-
cialuri ierarqiis maRal an dabal safexurze vayenebT,
rac sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas anu socialur stra-
tifikacias niSnavs.
termini stratifikacia laTinuri enidan momdinare-
obs (stratum–fenas, xolo facio keTebas niSnavs). socio-
logiaSi igi geologiuri mecnierebidan Semovida (geologiuri TvalsazrisiT, mi-
wa sxvadasxva fenebad aris dayofili).
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri stratifikacia ganimarteba, rogorc
sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sazogadoeba garkveuli kategoriis adamianebs ie-
rarqiulad anawilebs. igi oTx ZiriTad princips eyrdnoba:
• socialuri stratifikacia individualur gansxvavebaTa ubralo gamoxatu-
leba ki ar aris, aramed sazogadoebis Taviseburebas warmoadgens: arc mdidrebi,
arc Raribebi ar arian pasuxismgebeli socialuri stratifikaciis warmoSobisaT-
vis. es maTze ki ara, sazogadoebazea damokidebuli. is qmnis msgavs sistemas, rome-
lic SemdgomSi yoveli Cvenganis cxovrebas gansazRvravs.
• socialuri stratifikacia Taobebs moicavs: imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom
stratifikacia sazogadoebis niSania da ara individis, is faqtic metyvelebs, rom
uTanasworoba Taobebs moicavs. TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi Svilebs is socia-
luri mdgomareoba ukaviaT, rac adre maT mSoblebs ekavaT. Tumca adamianTa mdgo-
mareoba sazogadoebaSi ufro xSirad `horizontalur~ planSi icvleba, rodesac
isini samsaxurs icvlian. rogorc wesi, adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis socialuri
mdgomareoba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ucvleli rCeba, miuxedavad iseTi gamonak-
lisebisa, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, britni spirsi an maikl jordani, romlebsac
amJamindelTan SedarebiT adre sakmaod mokrZalebuli socialuri mdgomareoba
ekavaT sazogadoebaSi.
• socialuri stratifikacia universaluria, magram amasTanave cvalebadi: soci-
aluri stratifikacia yvelganmyofia, magram ra mizeziT da ramdenad uTanasworoa
adamianTa mdgomareoba, es konkretul sazogadoebazea damokidebuli. erT SemTxveva-
Si es prestiJiTaa ganpirobebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi _ simdidriT an ZalauflebiT.
zogierT sazogadoebaSi uTanasworoba aSkara da TvalSisacemia, zogSi ki ara.
• socialuri stratifikacia ara mxolod uTanasworobas, aramed garkveul
damajereblobasac gulisxmobs: damajereblobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom miuxedavad
uTanasworobisa adamianebs sjeraT arsebuli socialuri wesrigis samarTlianoba.
198
sociologiis Sesavali
199
kaxa qecbaia
tana. ralf darendorfma oTxi mizezi daasaxela imisa, Tu ratom ar xdeba mar-
qsistuli revoluciebi.
• kapitalistTa klasis fragmentacia: dRes msxvili kompaniebis mflobelebi
milionobiT aqcionerebi arian. istorias Cabarda is dro, rodesac kapitals
mxolod erTeulebi flobdnen.
• cxovrebis maRali done: sazogadoebaSi gaizarda gonebrivi SromiT dakave-
bul adamianTa ricxvi da adamianTa umetesoba sakuTar Tavs uzrunvelyofi-
lad miiCnevs.
• muSaTa organizaciebis raodenobis gazrda: adre muSebs ar hqondaT mZlavri
organizaciuli gaerTianebebi, amJamad maT aqvT profkavSiruli da sxva uf-
lebadacviTi organizaciebi.
• ufro farTo samarTlebrivi dacva: Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Sroma usaf-
rTxoa da kanonmdeblobiTaa daculi. garda amisa, arsebobs uamravi sadaz-
Rvevo kompania da a. S.
stratifikaciis gazomva
warmovidginoT socialuri sivrce, romelSic vertikaluri da horizontalu-
ri mdgomareobebi uTanabroa. daaxloebiT ase moiazrebda socialur stratifika-
cias pitirim sorokini, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava igi. man yuradReba
miaqcia imas, rom statusebs Soris uTanasworoba stratifikaciis umTavresi Tvise-
baa. ase rom, sorokinidan momdinareobs stratifikaciis gazomvis sakiTxi, romel-
sac stratifikaciis ZiriTadi formebi Seesabameba.
• ekonomikuri stratifikacia _ izomeba Semosavlebis odenobiT;
• politikuri stratifikacia _ izomeba Zalauflebis flobis maCveneblebiT;
• profesiuli stratifikacia _ izomeba prestiJiTa da ganaTlebis doniT;
stratifikaciis sxva formebic SeiZleba arsebobdes, magram isini imdenad mniSvne-
lovani araa.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi stratifikaciis gasazom koordinatTa sistemaSi
sazomi erTeulebi vertikalurad da erTmaneTis gverdiT arian ganlagebulni. es
erTeulebia:
• Semosavlebi (dolarebSi),
• Zalaufleba (imis mixedviT, Tu ramden adamianze vrceldeba miRebuli ga-
dawyvetileba),
• ganaTleba (ganaTlebis misaRebad daxarjuli wlebis raodenoba),
• prestiJi (statusisadmi pativiscema).
200
sociologiis Sesavali
201
kaxa qecbaia
masala gansjisaTvis
davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, socialuri uTanasworoba aucilebelia Tu ara sazogadoebi-
saTvis?
_ eTanxmebiT Tu ara cnobili amerikeli mwerlis mosazrebas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
202
sociologiis Sesavali
davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa sazogadoebis kastur da klasobriv stratifikaci-
as Soris?
_ ra saxiT uwyobs xels Tanamedrove sazogadoeba meritokratiis ganviTarebas?
_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom unda hqondes, devis-muris Tezisis mixedviT, firmis di-
reqtors meti anazRaureba, vidre rigiT TanamSromels?
_ moiZieT Sesabamisi masalebi saprezentacio TemisaTvis: `socialuri stratifika-
ciis transformacia saqarTveloSi.~
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 251-307.
2. g. asaTiani, sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura. Tb., 1969. gv. 5-28.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 128-129.
2. a. kravCenko, sociologia, m. 1999. (rus. Enaze). gv. 207-232.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 273-361.
masala gansjisaTvis
genderis sociologia
fragmenti jeni TeiCmanisa da qeTrin evansis wignidan `filosofia~
erTi Tu ori sqesi
`... 1949 wels simona de bovuari werda: `simarTle rom vTqvaT, sakmarisia sase-
irnod gavideT, xalxs Tvali movavloT da davrwmundebiT, rom adamianebi or kla-
sad iyofian. gansxvavebulia maTi tansacmeli, saxeebi, sxeulebi, Rimili, siaruli,
interesebi, saqmianoba.~
magram, meore mxriv, arsebobs da Rrma fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli sapirispiro
Sexedulebas, TiTqos sinamdvileSi kacobrioba erTsqesiania. es, rogorc Cans,
aracnobieri Sexeduleba, kerZod, vlindeba warmodgenaSi qalebis, rogorc aranor-
maluri mamakacebis, Sesaxeb. qalebi arian bavSvobaSi zrdaSeCerebuli, avadmyofi
an kastrirebuli mamakacebi. es ucnauri azri gvxvdeba zogierTi moazrovnis, maT
Soris aristoteles, Sopenhaueris, froidis da oto vainingeris TxzulebebSi.
Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, kacobrioba erTsqesiani saxeobaa an SeiZle-
ba aseTad iqces, iziarebs zogi feministi avtori, romlebic icaven androginobis
ideals.
es ideali gulisxmobs, rom yvelaze saukeTeso SesaZlebeli mdgomareoba
isaa, romelSic gauqmebuli iqneboda sqesobrivi rolebi Casaxvis, orsulobisa da
dedobis donemde. yvela institucionaluri da pirovnebaTSorisi urTierToba
aseT mdgomarobaSi Tavisufali iqneboda xelisuflebisagan, daTrgunvisa da usa-
marTlobisagan. androginuli idealis ganxorcieleba SeiZleboda uaxloes moma-
valSi xelovnuri ganayofierebisa da mecnierul damuSavebaTa meoxebiT, rac Seq-
mnida saSualebas bavSvebis dabadebisa da gazrdisa laboratoriebSi.
feminizmis am nairsaxeobis momxreni amtkiceben, TiTqos mamakacebisa da qale-
bis gansakuTrebuli fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebi socialuri inJineriis Sedegia. maTi
azriT, unda daviviwyoT fuZemdebluri ideologiebi, rac qalebs saSualebas mis-
cems iyvnen Zlierni da gambedavni, logikurad moazrovneni da analizis unaris
mqoneni, naklebad ainteresebdeT iseTi uRirsi da momqancveli saqme, rogoricaa
Cvili bavSvis movla. Tavis mxriv, mamakacebi iqnebodnen ufro mzrunvelni da
mgrZnobiareni, Tuki es Tvisebebi kvlavindebur Rirsebad CaiTvleba.
feminizmis sxvadasxva tipi
androginuli ideali, rogorc Cans, gulisxmobs, rom tradiciuli qaluri
rolebi mosawyeni, momqancveli da uRirsia, maSin rodesac tradiciuli mamakacuri
rolebi saintereso da adamianurad mniSvnelovania, magram zogierTi feministi
203
kaxa qecbaia
sxva Sexedulebisaa.
am meore skolis feministebi amtkiceben, rom mamakacebisa da qalebis buneba nam-
dvilad gansxvavebulia da rom qaluri buneba da fsiqologia iseTive Rirebulebis
mqonea, rogoriTac mamakacuri. qalebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi da unarebi, qa-
luri azrovnebis stili ufro intuiciuria, emociurad ufro gulwrfelia, Semoqme-
debiTi da farToa, vidre mamakacebis azrovneba. es stili warmoadgens mecnieruli,
racionaluri, logikuri, analitikuri azrovnebis wesis srulfasovan alternativas.
am feministebis amocanaa ar ganxorcieldes androginuli ideali, maT unda miaRwion
specifikuri qaluri unarebis, maTi WeSmariti Rirebulebebis aRiarebas, romlebic
saukuneTa manZilze saTanadod ar fasdeboda patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi.
feministuri moZraoba or klasad iyofa Tanasworobisa da samuSao adgilis
sakiTxebis Taobazec.
erT-erTi am skolis Tanaxmad, mamakacebTan Tanasworoba samuSao adgilebze
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis amocanaa. sxva skolis feministebi ki amtkiceben, rom aseTi
wonasworobis miRweva ar aris saWiro. gansxvaveba sqesebs Soris unda aRiaros sa-
zogadoebam, magram axali formiT, ramdenadac Tanaswori damokidebuleba mamakace-
bisa da qalebisadmi niSnavs usamarTlo damokidebulebas am ukanasknelebisadmi.
qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da bavSvebze zrunva umTavresad maT ekisrebaT. samuSaoze
daqiravebisas Tanabari pirobebi niSnavs, rom qalebi unda muSaobdnen ufro mets,
vidre mamakacebi (rac xdeboda kidec yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi).
magram savsebiT cxadia, rom Tu Sromis Tanaswori pirobebi iwveven usamar-
Tlobas, Sromis uTanasworo ganawilebas, maSin es Sromis pirobebi sinamdvileSi
ar aris Tanaswori. saboloo angariSiT, gansxvaveba or zemoaRniSnul Tvalsaz-
riss Soris emyareba sityva `Tanasworis~ gaurkvevel mniSvnelobas...~
davaleba:
_ rogoria Tqveni pozicia feministur debatebSi: iziarebT Tu ara feministur
ideebs? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
204
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia inglisSi
206
sociologiis Sesavali
***
`dRes, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, Cven Zalze saganga-
So, magram mravlismomtan samyaroSi vcxovrobT. es aris
samyaro, romelic cvlilebebiTaa moculi. igi Rrma kon-
fliqtebiT, daZabulobiT, socialuri uTanxmoebebiTa da
bunebrivi samyaros damangreveli Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giebis mizanmimarTuli SeteviT gamoirCeva. da mainc, Cven
ZalgviZs sakuTari bed-iRblis baton-patroni viyoT da
iseTnairad movawyoT Cveni cxovreba, rom msgavsi ram
verc ki warmoedginaT Cvens winamorbedebs.
rogor Seiqmna es samyaro? ratom aris, rom Cveni
cxovrebis pirobebi ase ar hgavs im pirobebs, romelSic
Cveni mSoblebi, bebiebi da babuebi imyofebodnen? saiTken
miqris momavali cvalebadoba? es kiTxvebi sociologii-
saTvis, kvlevis im sferosaTvis, romelic mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs Tanamedrove azrovnebis kulturaSi,
pirvelxarisxovan interess warmoadgns.
sociologia _ es aris mecniereba adamianTa jgufe-
entoni gidensi bisa da erTobebis socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. maTi
Seswavla gasaocari da gasatacebeli mecadineobaa, ram-
denadac sociologiis sagans Cveni, rogorc socialuri
arsebis, qceva warmoadgens. ganuzomlad farToa sociologiuri gamokvlevis mas-
Stabebi. igi yvelafers moicavs _ quCaSi adamianTa SemTxveviTi Sexvedridan dawye-
buli globaluri socialuri procesebiT damTavrebuli.
sociologia abstraqtuli azrovnebis sfero ki ar aris, aramed es aris mec-
niereba, romelsac adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis pragmatuli sazrisi aqvs. sociolo-
giis profesiis daufleba mosawyen saqmianobad araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda ga-
daiqces. saqmis aseTi viTarebisagan Tavis daRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba warmosax-
vis gamZafreba da sakuTari cxovrebis konkretul magaliTebTan sociologiuri
ideebisa da dakvirvebebis Sexamebaa.~
entoni gidensi
207
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia italiaSi
italia, uZvelesi evropuli universitetebis samSoblo (boloniis universite-
ti daarsda 1222 wels, romis universiteti _ 1303 wels), raoden gasakviric unda
iyos, didi xnis Semdeg daadga demokratiuli gardaqmnebis gzas, rac, ra Tqma un-
da, am qveyanaSi yvelaze demokratiuli mecnierebis _ sociologiis ganviTarebasac
Seexo. istoriulad politikisa da socialuri mecnierebisadmi interesiT italia
erT-erTi gamorCeuli qveyanaa, Tumca italiuri sociologiuri skola veberisa da
marqsis donis sociologebiT ar gamoirCeva, magram dRes italiuri sociologia
msofloSi aRiarebuli fenomenia. es aRiareba mas iseTma moazrovneebma moupoves,
rogorebic klasikuri italiuri sociologiis warmomadgenlebi vilfredo pareto
da gaetano moska arian.
pareto cnobilia, rogorc inJineri, ekonomisti
da sociologi. socialur da politikur mecniere-
bebSi aRiarebulia misi `elitis Teoria.~ sxva ita-
liel moazrovneTagan igi gamorCeulia liberaluri
azrovnebiT. misi mTavari naSromebia: `politikuri
ekonomiis kursi~ (1896-1897); `socialisturi sisteme-
bi~ (1902-1903); `zogadi sociologiis traqtati~ (1916);
`zogadi sociologiis Semoklebuli saxelmZRvane-
lo~ (1920).
italieli iuristi da sociologi gaetano mos-
ka paretosTan erTad `elitis Teoriis~ avtorad
aris miCneuli.
italiaSi sociologiuri Sexedulebebis Camoya-
libebasa da ganviTarebas didad Seuwyo xeli italie-
li neohegelianeli filosofosis benedito kroCes
(1866-1952) moRvaweobam, kerZod misma mosazrebebma sa-
xelmwifosa da politikis moraluri aspeqtebis Sesa-
vilfredo pareto xeb (igi italiis liberaluri partiis fuZemdebeli
(1848_1923) da ganaTlebis ministri iyo); meore msoflio omis
Semdgom Tavisi aqtiuri samecniero da saxelmwifoeb-
riv-politikuri saqmianobiT cnobili gaxda italieli sociologi luiji sturcio.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve sociologebis roberto mixelsisa (1876-1936) da antonio gram-
Sis (1891-1937 ww. _ marqsisti sociologi da politikuri moRvawe) saqmianoba.
sociologiaSi saswavlo kursebi italiis universitetebSi XIX saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi iqna SemoRebuli, Tumca sociologiis swavleba am droisaTvis savaldebu-
lod ar iyo miCneuli, radganac italieli swavlulebisaTvis sociologiis mniSvne-
loba jer kidev problematuri rCeboda. miuxedavad oficialuri mxardaWeris ararse-
bobisa, italiuri universitetebis Tavisufali saganmanaTleblo sivrce sociologi-
is ganviTarebisaTvis idealur pirobas warmoadgenda. aseT viTarebaSi italiaSi
mZlavr mimarTulebad Camoyalibda `kriminaluri sociologia~, romlis fuZemdeblad
iTvleba cnobili fsiqiatri Cezare lombrozo (1835-1909), xolo gamoCenili warmomad-
genlebi arian enriko feri (1856-1929) da alfredo niCefero (1876-1960).
rogorc wesi, sociologiuri kvlevebis aqtualizebas ekonomikuri da socia-
lur-politikuri pirobebi uwyobs xolme xels, rasac agrarul-industriuli eko-
nomikuri struqturisa da gadauWreli politikuri problemebis mqone italia kar-
ga xans moklebuli iyo. meore msoflio omis Semdeg italieli mecnierebi am mi-
marTulebiT msoflio gamocdilebis gacnobas da Seswavlas iwyeben. am saqmeSi di-
di roli Seasrula italielma sociologma frank feratorim, romelmac CikagoSi
Seiwavla `samrewvelo-industriuli sociologia~ da 1956 wels sociologiis Ta-
visufali maswavlebeli gaxda. 1961 wels igi romis universitetSi saTaveSi Caudga
italiaSi sociologiis pirvel kaTedras. kaTerda mrewvelobisa da saxelmwifo
marTvis struqturebis dargSi socialur eqspertebs amzadebda. SemdgomSi socio-
208
sociologiis Sesavali
***
`istoria aristokratiis sasaflaoa.~
vilfredo pareto
florian znanecki
(1882-1956)
polonuri warmomavlobis amerikeli sociologi. poloneTSi sociologiis
akademiuri skolis fuZemdebeli. Cikagos skolis warmomadgeneli. uiliam
tomasTan erTad dawerilma misma wignma; `poloneli glexebi evropasa da
amerikaSi~ empiriul sociologias daudo saTve.
florian znaneckis mixedviT, sociologia socialur sisitemaTa Semdegi
oTxi tipis Semswavleli mecnierebaa: 1) socialuri urTierTobani, 2)
socialuri rolebi, 3) socialuri jgufebi da 4) sazogadoebebi.
209
kaxa qecbaia
XIV leqcia
Tema: socialuri mobiloba
socialur stratifikaciasTan erTad sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTad cnebas
socialuri mobiloba warmoadgens. rogorc wesi, sociologiaSi socialur stra-
tifikaciaze saubars aucileblobiT mosdevs socialuri mobilobis ganxilvac,
radganac Tuki stratifikacia sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas gulisxmobs, mobi-
loba am fenebis SigniT da fenebs Soris moZraobas niSnavs. termini laTinuri
sityva mobilis-dan momdinareobs, rac moZravs, cvalebads niSnavs.
yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba ar aris statikuri mocemuloba. sa-
zogadoebis SigniT adamianebi ganuwyvetliv
moZraobaSi arian, droisa da viTarebis Sesa-
bamisad icvlian TavianT mdgomareobas socia-
luri ierarqiis kibeze, romelzec zogi maR-
la adis, zogi kidev dabla Camodis. swored
amgvar moZraobas eZaxian sociologebi socia-
lur mobilobas. adamianebTan erTad moZrao-
basa da cvalebadobas ganicdis sazogadoe-
bac. misi moZraoba an progresisaken, an reg-
resisaken aris mimarTuli. sazogadoebis cva-
lebadobis procesis Tanamdevia TiToeuli
Cvenganis an calkeuli socialuri jgufebis poziciebis cvalebadoba, mobiloba
anu gadaadgileba erTi poziciidan meoreSi.
sazogadoebis ierarqiul (stratifikaciul) kibeze calkeuli individebis an
socialuri jgufebis erTi poziciidan meore poziciaSi gadasvla ori ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebas gulisxmobs: qvemodan zemoT, rodesac statusis ga-
umjobeseba xdeba, maSin adgili aqvs `aRmaval mobilobas~ da zemodan qvemoT, ro-
desac statusis daqveiTeba xdeba, maSin saxezea `daRmavali mobiloba.~ arsebobs
agreTve vertikaluri da horizontaluri socialuri mobiloba.
socialuri ierarqiis kibeze moZraoba socialuri mobilobis arss warmoad-
gens. vertikaluri socialuri mobilobis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs individis an
jgufis gadasvlas erTi fenidan an erTi klasidan meore fenaSi an klasSi. am Sem-
TxvevaSi dabal socialur fenaze myofi jgufi an adamiani socialur fenaTa zeda
eSelonebSi moeqceva an, piriqiT, zeda fenidan qveda fenaSi aRmoCndeba. msgavsi so-
cialuri mobiloba gamoricxulia kasturi stratifikaciis mqone sazogadoebaSi.
igi industriuli, kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. hori-
zontaluri socialuri mobilobis dros poziciis an mdgomareobis Secvla xdeba
erTi fenis SigniT.
210
sociologiis Sesavali
211
kaxa qecbaia
davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, ra rols asrulebs prestiJi socialur mobilobaSi?
_ moiyvaneT vertikaluri da horizontaluri mobilobis amsaxveli ramdenime maga-
liTi realuri cxovrebidan da jgufSi gaaanalizeT. moyvanil magaliTSi ra faq-
torebma ganapirobes socialuri mobiloba?
_ moamzadeT esei Temaze: `socialuri mobiloba Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoe-
baSi.~
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 267-274.
2. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 360-363.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 60-61.
2. a. kravCenko, sociologia, m. 1999. (rus. Enaze). gv. 254-276.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 273-304.
4. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 300-321.
212
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia germaniaSi
evropaSi sociologiis namdvil samSoblod safrangeTTan erTad germaniac
unda CaiTvalos. sociologiis mecnierul disciplinad CamoyalibebaSi germanul
sociologias udidesi wvlili muZRvis.
sociologiaSi pirveli namdvili profesiuli mecnieruli skola Tavisi or-
ganizaciuli roliTa da mniSvnelobiT germaniaSi formaluri sociologia iyo,
romelic mxolod safrangeTSi arsebul diurkemis skolas Tu Seedreba. im droi-
saTvis evropul sociologiaSi kontisa da spenseris mier safuZvelCayrili evo-
lucionisturi naturalizmi iyo gabatonebuli. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani amocana
iyo sociologiis daxsna filosofiis gavlenisagan da misi gamoyvana `elituri
akademiuri salonebidan~ da codnis yvelasaTvis xelmisawvom dargad qceva. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom germanulma formalisturma sociologiam yvela am amocanas Tavi
warmatebiT gaarTva. skolas miekuTvnebian ara mxolod germaniaSi, aramed mTels
msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi da swavlulebi: g. zimeli, m. veberi, a. veberi,
f. Tionisi, l. fon vize, g. Smoleri, a. frikandti. originaluri zogadsociologi-
uri TeoriebiTa da sazogadoebis empiriuli kvlevis meTodologiasa da praqtika-
Si Setanili wvliliT maT waruSleli kvali datoves sociologiis istoriaSi,
riTac germanuli sociologia maRal mecnierul simaRleebze aiyvanes. formalis-
tebi miiswrafodnen mravalferovani socialuri samyaros _ socialuri movlenebi-
sa da urTierTobebis formalizebuli sociologiuri cnebebis saxiT moazrebisa-
ken. maTi sociologiuri koncefcia analitikur safuZvels emyareba (g. zimeli). zi-
melis mixedviT, formaluri anu wminda sociologia individebs Soris urTierTo-
bis formebs Seiswavlis. mas miaCnda, rom sazogadoeba aucilebeli (aprioruli)
socialuri formebisa da maT Soris kavSirebisagan aigeba. zimelis formaluri
sociologiis amosavali `sociaciis~ (socialuri jgufis) cnebaa.
germaniaSi sociologiis fuZemdebelTa Soris gamorCeuli figuraa maqs vebe-
ri, cnobili mecnieri, alfred veberis ufrosi Zma. veberis gardacvalebis Semdgo-
mi droidan moyolebuli ar darCenila dasavluri sociologiis arc erTi didi
warmomadgeneli, romelsac misi gavlena ar ganecados. veberis Sromebi zogadi so-
ciologiis, socialuri politikis, religiis sociologiis, sazogadoebis socia-
lur-ekonomikuri istoriis, meurneobisa da qalaqis sociologiis klasikur naS-
romebs warmoadgens, xolo veberis `idealuri tipebis Teoria~ sayovelTaodaa
aRiarebuli. Tanamedrove socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi saTaves veberis `socia-
luri moqmedebis Teoriidan~ iReben. veberma gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula so-
ciologiuri cnebebisa da kategoriebis, sociologiis meTodologiis Seqmnasa da
srulyofaSi.
veberis sociologiuri Teoria oponirebas uwevda marqsistul koncefcias.
germanuli sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze metad winaaRmdegobrivi figuraa karl
marqsi (1818-1883). marqsistuli sociologiis kraxis miuxedavad, marqsis mTeli rigi
ideebi mainc sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT is nawili, romelic sa-
zogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebas Seexeba. SeiZleba aqedanac iRebs saTaves Tana-
medrove germanuli ekonomikuri sociologia. marqsi sociologiaSi konfliqtis
Teoretikosis (klasTa brZola da revolucia) saxeliTacaa cnobili. veberisagan
gansxvavebiT, marqsi sazogadoebisaTvis materialuri faqtorebis gadamwyvet rol-
ze akeTebda ZiriTad aqcents da, aqedan gamomdinare, kulturisa da istoriis mate-
rialistur gagebas iZleoda. sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis erTi _ ekonomi-
kuri faqtoris saSualebiT axsnam marqsi erTfaqtorian sociologiur TeoriaTa
warmomadgenlad aqcia (veberi ki mravalfaqtoriani Teoriis warmomadgenelia); ve-
beris msgavsad, marqsic ar iyo gulgrili empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleve-
bis mimarT. am mxriv mas muSaTa klasis problematikis kvlevebi ainteresebda, ris-
visac gamokiTxvis anketebsac ki adgenda.
maqs veberTan erTad yovelTvis moixsenieba germanuli klasikuri sociologi-
is kidev erTi didi warmomadgeneli ferdinand Tionisi, romlis ZiriTadi naSromi
213
kaxa qecbaia
216
sociologiis Sesavali
iurgen habermasi.
dabada 1929 wlis 18 ivniss
zigmunt baumani
polonuri warmomavlobis Tanamedrove ingliseli sociologi. lidsis
universitetis sociologiis profesori. saxli gaiTqva holokostisa da
postmodernistuli konsumerizmis kvleviT. mas ekuTvnis uxilavi, eleqtronuli
sazogadoebis cneba. misi azriT, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli demokratia sxva
araferia Tu ara socialurisa da individualuris konsesusis
xelovneba.LlidsSi misi saxelobis instituti arsebobs.
217
kaxa qecbaia
XV leqcia
Tema: socialuri transformaciebi
termini `socialuri cvlilebebi~ anu socialu-
ri transformaciebi sociologiaSi farTo da viwro
mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba. farTo mniSvnelobiT,
socialuria yvela is cvlileba, rac ki sazogadoe-
baSi xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi socialuri cvlilebebi
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi ni-
San-Tvisebebisa da viTarebebis cvlilebas gulis-
xmobs. viwro mniSvnelobiT ki, `socialuri cvlile-
ba~ socialur cxovrebaSi _ sazogadoebis struqtu-
raSi, socialur jgufebSi, organizaciebsa da insti-
tutebSi mimdinare xdomilebebis gamomxatveli cne-
baa. am azriT mas ganmartaven, rogorc drois gan-
sazRvrul monakveTSi sazogadoebis umTavresi socialuri institutebis modifika-
ciis xarisxs (gidensi).
TiToeuli Cvenganis cxovrebaze mTeli rigi dinamiuri socialuri Zalebi ax-
denen gavlenas Tanamedrove uaxlesi teqnologiebiT dawyebuli da urbanuli, biu-
rokratiuli da sxva procesebiT damTavrebuli. yoveli maTgani socialur cvli-
lebaTa, kulturuli da socialuri institutebis transformaciis ama Tu im aspeq-
tebs warmoadgenen.
zogadad, cvlilebebi samyaros, bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebaa, magram
transformaciebi bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. bune-
baSi mimdinare cvlilebebs stiqiuri xasiaTi aqvs da garemoebaTa gaSlis wesiT
mimdinareobs. socialuri cvlileba ki adamianTa Segnebul, winaswarganzraxul
moqmedebas gulisxmobs da gacnobierebuli xasiaTi aqvs. Tumca zogjer sazogado-
ebac ar aris bolomde Tavisufali mTeli rigi gauTvaliswinebeli elementebisa-
gan, rac stiqiurobis niSans adebs calkeul socialur procesebs, magram mTlia-
nobaSi es ar cvlis adamianTa Segnebuli da gacnobierebuli saqmianobis erTian
suraTs. bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi calsaxa da determinaciuli xasiaTis mqo-
nea, maSin rodesac socialuri cvlilebebi adamianTa mravalferovani mizanmimar-
Tuli da Tavisufali Semoqmedebis Sedegia. socialuri transformaciebi adamianTa
aqtiuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT mimdinareobs. cxovelTa samyaroSi msgavsi ram
warmoudgenelia. bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi cvalebadobis procesSi erTsa da
imave xasiaTsa da Taviseburebebs inarCuneben, sazogadoebas ki TviTcvalebadobisa
da TviTganaxlebis unari aqvs, romelsac ogiust konti sazogadoebis specifikur
niSan-Tvisebad miCnevda.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri transformaciis procesis oTxi auci-
lebeli niSania gamoyofili:
• socialuri cvlileba gardauvalia: erTi Zveli andaza ambobs, rom `arafer-
Si ar unda iyo darwmunebuli sikvdilisa da gadasaxadebis garda~. Tumca Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebaSi orive maTgani transformacias ganicdis. sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobam sagrZnoblad moimata, aseve icvleba gadasaxadebis sistemac. ameri-
keli sociologis uiliam ogbornis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi uaxlesi
teqnologiebis wyalobiT materialuri kultura bevrad uswrebs aramaterialur
kulturas. magaliTad, genuri teqnologiebi ufro swrafad miiweven win, vidre is
eTikuri standartebi, romelTa meSveobiTac maTi regulireba unda moxdes. sazoga-
doeba, rogorc spenseri ityoda, cocxali organizmia, romelic miwyiv icvleba,
transformirdeba, rac gardauvalia.
• erTi SexedviT, socialur cvlilebebs winaswar ganzraxuli forma aqvs,
Tumca maTi umetesoba yovelgvari winaswar dadgenili gegmis gareSe xorcieldeba:
industriuli sazogadoeba sxvadasxva saxis cvlilebaTa stimulirebas axdens. ma-
218
sociologiis Sesavali
galiTad, mecnierebi energiis ufro efeqtur formebs eZeben, maSin rodesac sarek-
lamo agentebi gvarwmuneben, rom eleqtrosaqonlis gareSe Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovreba srulyofilebas moklebuli iqneba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom soci-
aluri transformaciebis mTeli rigi Sedegebis winaswar gaTvaliswineba, rogorc
wesi, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
• socialuri transformaciebi winaaRmdegobrivia: sazogadoebis istoria aCve-
nebs, rom socialur cvlilebebs kargi da cudi mxareebi aqvs. magaliTad, garkveu-
li saxis socialuri cvlileba SeiZleba sazogadoebis romelime fenis an jgufi-
saTvis sasargeblo iyos, magram amasTanave sxva fenis an jgufisaTvis _ saziano
da a. S. transformaciis winaaRmdegobrivi buneba swored amas niSnavs.
• sxva cvlilebebTan SedarebiT zogierT cvlilebebs ufro meti mniSvneloba
aqvs: zogierT cvlilebas droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs da, amdenad, naklebmniSvnelovania
(magaliTad, sagazafxulo an saSemodgomo moda), zogierTi ki, piriqiT, xangrZlivi
procesia da metad mniSvnelovani (magaliTad, informaciul sazogadoebaSi kompiu-
terebis gavrceleba da sxv.).
davaleba:
_SeadareT erTmaneTs modernisa da postmodernis sazogadoebebi. ra gansxvavebaa
maT Soris?
_socialuri transformaciis mizezebidan romeli migaCniaT umTavresad da ratom?
_Tanamedrove sazogadoebis daxasiaTebaSi sociologiis romel klasikoss (Tio-
nisi, veberi, diurkemi, marqsi) eTanxmebiT da ratom?
_moiyvaneT kulturis postmodernistuli transformaciis magaliTebi da jguf-
Si imsjeleT maT Sesaxeb.
_moamzadeT saprezentacio Tema: `qarTuli sazogadoebis postmodernistuli
transformacia.~
ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 55-77, 579-578.
2. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 389-408.
3. a. yulijaniSvili, kulturis Teoria. Tb., 2009. marginaluri kultura gv.
252-254; postmodernuli kultura. 300-302.
4. e. kodua, kulturis sociologia. Tb., 2001. gv. 157-184.
5. d. zaqaraia, postindustriuli _ informaciuli sazogadoeba (problemebi). Tb.,
2006. gv. 5-30.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 716-745.
2. ПОСТ-МОДЕРНИЗМ, ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ. Книжный Дом, Минск 2001. gv.56-59. 79-91. 342-351. 570-
581.
3. Новейший философский словарь. Постмодернизм. gv. 791-810.
4. fridrix nicSe, ese ityoda zaratustra, Tb., 1993. gv. 244-275.
5. J. bodriari, amerika (internet versia).
6. J. bodriari, omis pornografia, kr. `sociologiuri etiudebi,~ Tb., 2010.
gam. `universali.~ (Targmna eka lekiSvilma).
7. g. zimeli, sociologia (internet versia).
8. f. fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani, Tb.,1999. gv. 295-320.
223
kaxa qecbaia
***
`adamianTa urTierTgagebis saidumlo imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maT hqondeT
unari, sakiTxs sxva adamianebis TvaliT Sexedon da igi sakuTari da sxvisi
inetresebis gaTvaliswinebiT gadawyviton.~
henri fordi
224
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
adreuli periodi
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologiis samSoblo
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. sociologiis evropeli klasikosebis Semdgomi
droidan moyolebuli aSS sociologiis namdvil meqad iqca. amerikeli sociolog
jorj ritceris azriT, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sociologiis, rogorc mec-
nierebis, dabadebis zusti daTariReba Zalze Znelia, Tumca faqtia, rom jer kidev
1885 wels oberlinSi socialuri problemebisadmi miZRvnili specialuri kursi
arsebobda. arc kontis mier SemoRebuli termini _ `sociologia~ yofila ucxo
amerikelebisaTvis. 1854 wels mas iyenebda jorj fichiu, xolo uiliam grehem sam-
nerma 1873 wels ielSi socialur mecnierebaTa kursi SemoiRo. XIX saukunis 80-ia-
ni wlebidan amerikis universitetebSi gaCnda kursi saxelwodebiT `sociologia.~
1889 wels sociologiis erT-erTi pirveli ganyofileba kanzasis universitetSi
albion smolis mier iqna SemoRebuli, romelic 1892 wels Cikagos universitetSi
gadavida da iq daafuZna analogiuri ganyofileba. ase Caeyara safuZveli e. w. `Ci-
kagos skolas,~ romelsac am droidan II msoflio omamde amerikul sociologiaSi
wamyvani poziciebi ar dauTmia. amerikuli sociologiis adreuli periodis warmo-
madgenlebi politikuri liberalizmiT xasiaTdebian. am periodis sociologiuri
Teoriebi konceptualur safuZvlebs qmnian pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, misi keTil-
dReobisa da sazogadoebis progresisaTvis.
amerikaSi pirveli sociologiuri naSromebis gamoCenis droidan _ 1854 wli-
dan dRemde amerikuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi arc erTi iseTi faqti Tu movle-
na ar yofila, romelic sociologiis yuradRebis gareSe darCeniliyo. mTels
msoflioSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi albaT erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac yvela-
ze metad ician sociologiis fasi, misi roli da mniSvneloba sazogadoebisaTvis.
amerikelma sociologebma imTaviTve aiRes kursi socialur problemaTa mecnieru-
li Seswavlis gziT gadawyvetis mimarTulebiT. sociologiis klasikosebidan ad-
reul amerikul sociologiaze herbert spensers hqonda didi gavlena. am droisaT-
vis socialuri darvinizmis didi warmomadgeneli uiliam grehem samneri (1840-1910)
iyo, romelic sakuTar Teorias spenseris msgavsad darvinizmze amyarebda da adami-
anisa da mis garemomcvel garemos Soris konfliqtze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, mi-
iCnevda, rom am tipis garemoSi warmatebas mxolod Zlierebi aRweven, sustebi ki
warumateblobisaTvis arian ganwiruli. `im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar mogvwons is, rom
Zlieri gadarCeba, maSin Cven mxolod erTaderTi SesaZlebeli alternativaRa
gvrCeba mxolod, _ vaswavloT sustebs gadarCenis gzebi.~ msgavsi Teoriuli siste-
ma aSS-Si kapitalizmis ganviTarebas Seesabameboda. amerikeli sociologebis az-
riT, uiliam samneris sociologiuri koncefcia kapitalizmisaTvis konkurentuli
garemos SenarCunebis mcdeloba iyo.
samners ar eyo Zala sociologiuri skolis Camosayalibeblad. aseTi ram mog-
vianebiT Cikagos universitetSi moxda. rac Seexeba samners, miuxedavad popularo-
bisa, romliTac is im droisaTvis sargeblobda, dRes misi saxeli sociologiis
istorikosebma Tu ician mxolod. samnerTan erTad socialuri darvinizmis warmo-
madgenelia leter uordi (1841-1913), oRond ara radikaluri warmomamdgeneli. igi
imdenad popularuli iyo, rom 1906 wels niu-iorkis universitetTan Seqmnili `ame-
rikuli sociologiuri sazogadoebis~ (American Sociological Society) pirvel preziden-
tad airCies, romelsac gardacvalebamde edga saTaveSi. sociologTa es gaerTiane-
ba dResac wamyvan rols TamaSobs aSS-is erovnul-sociologiur asociaciaTa So-
ris. uordi erTmaneTisagan asxvavebda wminda sociologias, romelic socialur
cvlilebaTa bazisur kanonebsa da sazogadoebis agebulebas Seiswavlis, da gamo-
yenebiT sociologias, romelsac mecnieruli codnis safuZvelze sazogadoebis
gardaqmna evaleba.
am periodis amerikuli sociologiis warmomadgenelia torstein vebleni (1852-
1929). igi institucionalur skolas miekuTvneba. vebleni sociologiaSi ekonomiku-
ri mecnierebidan movida. mis sociologiur Teoriaze didi gavlena iqonies kantis,
225
kaxa qecbaia
Cikagos skola
Cikagos universitetSi sociologiis ganyofileba 1892 wels Seiqmna albion
smolis iniciativiT. smoli iyo sociologiis pirveli saxelmZRvanelos avtoric
(1894 w.). 1895 wels man daaarsa `amerikuli sociologiuri Jurnali,~ romelic
dRemde iTvleba avtoritetul sociologiur gamocemad. `amerikuli sociologiu-
ri sazogadoebac~ smolis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli. abreviaturis warumateblo-
bis gamo (American Sociological Society, SemoklebiT _ Ass ingl. enaze virs niSnavs), 1959
wels igi `amerikul sociologiur asociaciad~ (American Sociological Association _
ASA) gadakeTda.
226
sociologiis Sesavali
227
kaxa qecbaia
harvardis skola
harvardis universitetSi sociologiis ganviTarebas safuZveli rusuli war-
momavlobis erT-erTma didma amerikelma sociologma pitirim sorokinma (1889-1968)
Cauyara, romelmac aq Tavisi samecniero saqmianoba 1930 wels daiwyo. man gaxsna
harvardis universitetSi sociologiis fakulteti, romlis pirveli xelmZRvane-
lic TviTon iyo. sorokini cnobilia, rogorc `sociokulturuli dinamikis Teo-
riis~ avtori. mis sociologiur Teorias `integraluri sociologia~ ewodeba. mas-
ve ekuTvnis araerTi saintereso naSromi sociologiaSi. igi imdenad mniSvnelovani
figuraa sociologiaSi, rom mis naazrevs dRes gverds ver auvlis verc erTi so-
ciologi. harvardis skolis sorokinis mier mopovebuli damsaxurebisa da didebis
ganmtkicebasa da did simaRleebamde ayvanas Seuwyo xeli sorokinis mier parson-
sis mowvevam. am droidan moyolebeuli parsonsi amerikuli sociologiis gavleni-
an figurad iqca. talkot parsonsi (1902-1979) `socialuri moqmedebis Teoriis~ av-
toria. Tavis mowafe robert mertonTan erTad igi struqturuli funqcionalizmis
udidesi warmomadgenelia. harvardis skolis lideris poziciebze parsonsma Tavi-
si ufrosi kolega sorokini Secvala, rodesac misi Tanamdeboba _ sociologiis
departamentis xelmZRvanelis posti daikava. maT Soris mowafe-maswavleblis gul-
Tbili urTierToba sociologiis korifeebis arcTu keTilmosurne debatebad ga-
daiqca. bolos sorokini iqamdec ki mivida, rom ideebis moparvaSi adanaSaulebda
parsonss.
harvardis skolis cnobili warmomadgenelia agreTve sociologi jorj homan-
si (1910-1989), romelic `socialuri gacvlis Teoriis~ avtoria. homanss ekuTvnis
228
sociologiis Sesavali
kolumbiis skola
kolumbiis universiteti sociologTa yuradRebis centrad sociologiis kla-
sikosma robert mertonma (1910-2003) aqcia. igi sorokinisa da parsonsis mowafe iyo,
`amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis prezidenti~ (1957 w.), kolumbiis universite-
tis sapatio profesori. igi erTaderTi sociologia, romelic sociologiaSi Se-
tanili wvlilisaTvis Seamkes tituliT _ `MISTER SOCIOLOGYA.~ ganuzomelia mi-
si wvlili Teoriuli sociologiis, sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologiis, Tana-
medrove sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebisa da kategoriebis, mecnierebis sociolo-
giis, medicinis sociologiis, socialuri struqturis, biurokratiis, socialuri
stratifikaciis, socialuri deviantobisa da sxva araerTi sakvanZo problemis ana-
lizis saqmeSi. igi `saSualo donis sociologiuri Teoriebis~ avtoria. misi Taos-
nobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT aSS-Si 50-60-ian wlebSi mravali seriozuli da mas-
Staburi empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleva iqna Catarebuli. Tavisi cxovrebis
bolo wlebSi igi sociologTa ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebTan: kozerTan da
blausTan erTad struqturuli funqcionalizmis meTodologiis aRorZinebas cdi-
lobda, romlis meSveobiTac Tanamedrove dasavluri sociologiis xelaxali ga-
azreba surda. igi amerikuli sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze sapatio da avtori-
tetuli figuraa, romelmac udidesi kvali daaCnia sociologiis ganviTarebas ara
marto aSS-Si, aramed mTels msoflioSic.
robert mertonTan erTad kolumbiis skolis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi arian:
robert morison mark-aiveri (1882-1907), romelic cnobilia, rogorc sociologi da
politologi, man didi wvlili Seitana amerikaSi mSrali empirizmisagan socio-
logiis gamoyvanis saqmeSi, igi socialuri interesebis tipologiiT aris cnobili;
fsiqodramisa da sociometriis mamamTavari _ iakob levi moreno (1892-1974); paul
feliqs lazarsfeldi (1901-1976), romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula socio-
logiaSi maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebisa da danergvis saqmeSi. kolumbiis
skolis warmomadgenlad iTvleba `radikaluri sociologiis~ warmomadgeneli Car-
lz raiT milsi.
229
kaxa qecbaia
232
sociologiis Sesavali
SeniSvna:
amerikuli sociologiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebis kon-
cefciebs sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi dawvrilebiT gaecnobian klasi-
kuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebisadmi miZRvnili kursebis mosmenisas,
amitomac am SemTxvevaSi amerikul sociologiaze zogadi saubriT unda Semovifar-
gloT.
M
robetr parki talkot parsonsi
(1864-1944) (1902-1979)
233
kaxa qecbaia
SeniSvna:
robert mertoni 2003 wlis 23 Tebervals gardaicvala.
mertoni makarturis stipendiis mflobelic iyo, romlis odenoba 500 000 aSS
dolaris tolia. Estipendia jon da qeTrin makarturebis fondis mier aris dawe-
sebuli da nebismieri sferos warmomadgenels eZleva gansakuTrebuli miRwevisa da
xangrZlivi da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisaTvis. am jildos xSirad moix-
senieben, rogorc `grants genosTaTvis.~ stipendiaze nominirebas anonimurad axor-
cielebs fondis komiteti.
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia iaponiaSi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi im qveynebs Soris, romlebic saTanadod afaseben so-
ciologiis rols sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferos warmatebul funqcionirebaSi,
amomavali mzis qveyanaa gamorCeuli. iaponiaSi sociologiam did warmatebebs meo-
re msoflio omis Semdeg miaRwia, Tumca sociologiis istoria iaponiaSi ufro
adreuli periodidan iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi 1878 weli miiCneva aTvlis wertilad,
rodesac tokios saimperatoro universitetSi amerikelma sociologma e. fenolzma
sociologiisa da sociologebisadmi miZRvnili leqcia waikiTxa.
iaponelebma Tavdapirvelad sociologia Targmnes, rogorc `gungaku~ _ mecni-
ereba koleqtivis, jgufis Sesaxeb, Tumca male iaponur enaSi gaCnda termini `saka-
iagaku~ _ mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. 1882 wels iaponiaSi iTargmna da gamoi-
ca spenseris `sociologiis principebi.~ imave xanebSi iaponelebs saSualeba mie-
caT mSobliur enaze sociologiis mamis ogiust kontis naSromebsac gascnobod-
nen.
sociologiis istoria iaponiaSi ramdenime etapad iyofa, kerZod, sawyis peri-
odad XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebi miiCneva, romelic pirveli msoflio omis dasru-
lebamde grZeldeba; meore etapi iaponiaSi sociologiis institucionalizaciis
xanaa. igi pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebidan iwyeba da XX saukunis 30-ian wle-
bamde grZeldeba; momdevno etapi ki XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba da
meore msoflio omis dasrulebamdel periods moicavs; meoTxe etapi meore msof-
lio omis dasrulebidan iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba.
tokios universitetis sociologiis pirveli profesori 1893 wels masaoka
toiama gaxda. amave universitetSi 1903 wels amomavali mzis qveyanaSi sociologi-
is pirveli kaTedra gaixsna, 1920 wlidan ki sociologia savaldebulo sagnis sa-
xiT TandaTanobiT CaerTo iaponiis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis saswavlo
programebSi.
pirveli sayuradRebo sociologiuri naSromi iaponiaSi 1883-1884 wlebSi gamo-
cemuli nagao arugas samtomiani `sociologia~ iyo.
sociologia, dasavluri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, iaponiaSi ganviTarebis
sakuTari gziT miemarTeboda, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SedarebiT Tavisufali iyo da-
savluri gavlenisagan, radganac dasavluri sociologiisaTvis ucxo iyo sruliad
unikaluri movlenis _ iaponuri sazogadoebis specifika, amitom dasavluri soci-
ologia iaponiaSi erTgvari orientiris rols asrulebda mxolod.
iaponiaSi sociologiis popularizaciaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis cnobil ia-
ponel ganmanaTlebels fukuZima iukitis (1835-1901); kontis ideebis gamavrcelebeli
iyo agreTve cnobili ganmanaTlebeli amane nisi, romelmac didi roli Seasrula
iaponiaSi akademiuri sociologiis formirebis procesSi.
236
sociologiis Sesavali
237
kaxa qecbaia
***
`roca nicSes zaraTuSTram
brbos ukanaskneli adamianis Sesa-
xeb mouTxro, yvirili atyda: _
`mogvec es ukanaskneli adamiani,
zaratustra!~ `ukanasknel adamia-
nad gvaqcie!~ _ ayvirda xalxi. uka-
naskneli adamianis sicocxle fi-
zikur usafrTxoebasa da materia-
lur keTildReobas niSnavs, anu
swored imas, rasac dasavleli po-
litikosebi gulmxurvaled hpirde-
bian TavianT amomrCevlebs. marTla
mxolod `amaze iyo~ kacobriobis
istoria momarTuli am bolo
aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi? nuTu
unda gveSinodes, rom Cveni mdgoma-
reobiT erTdroulad bednierni
frensis fukuiama
da kmayofilni ukve adamianebi ki
iaponuri warmomavlobis amerikeli
ara, homo sapiens-is gvaris cxove-
moazrovne. daibada 1952 wlis 27 oqtombers
lebiRa viqnebiT?~
frensis fukuiama
238
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia ruseTSi
cnobili rusi sociologi da istorikosi m. kovalevski ixsenebda, rom ucxoe-
Tidan samSobloSi dabrunebisas sazRvarze Jandarmma hkiTxa: `xom ar mogaqvT wig-
nebi sociologiaSi? iciT Tu ara, rom ruseTSi es akrZalulia?~ es ambavi naTlad
mianiSnebs im faqtze, rom dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT ruseTSi sociologia didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi akrZaluli iyo; ar hqonda sakuTari dawesebulebebi, laborato-
riebi, saswavlo kursebi, gamocemebi, Jurnalebi da a. S. Tavisufali mecniereba
Tavdapirvelad miuRebeli aRmoCnda mefis ruseTisaTvis, Semdeg ki _ bolSevikuri
da bolos _ sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis. simarTle rom vTqvaT, totalitaruli
reJimebi ver itanen sociologias im martivi mizezis gamo, rom diqtaturis piro-
bebSi aravis ainteresebs sxvisi (sazogadoebrivi) azrebisa da Sexedulebebis Ses-
wavla. sociologia ruseTSi mtrul damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda xelisuflebe-
bis mxridan. ruseTSi rom sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi
yofiliyo, iqidan ar gaasaxlebdnen msoflio donis sociologs, harvardis univer-
sitetSi sociologiis fakultetis damaarsebel pitirim sorokins, romelic dRes
xelaxla aRmoaCines ruseTSi; Tumca ramdenic unda ilaparakon, dRes sorokini
amerikuli sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlad aris miCneuli. xelisuflebis
mxridan arakeTilmosurne damokidebulebis miuxedavad, sociologiisadmi interesi
rusuli sazogadoebis ganaTlebul fenaSi ar ganelebula.
1907 wels ruseTSi, peterburgSi cnobilma mecnierma v. bexterevma pirveli Ta-
visufali saswavlo-samecniero dawesebuleba `fsiqo-nevrologiuri instituti~ da-
aarsa, sadac 1908 wels cnobilma sociologebma m. kovalevskim da e. de robertim
ruseTis imperiaSi sociologiis pirveli kaTedra daaarses. swored aq swavlob-
dnen p. sorokini da n. kondratievi. im droisaTvis 160-milionian qveyanaSi es soci-
ologiis erTaderTi kaTedra iyo. sociologiisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
ruseTSi kidev didxans gagrZelda. 20-iani wlebidan sociologiisadmi interesi
TiTqos gaizarda, rasac 1918 wels petrogradisa da iaroslavlis universitetebSi
sociologiis kaTedrebis daarseba adasturebs, xolo 1920 wels petrogradis uni-
versitetSi mowveuli profesoris pitirim sorokinis TaosnobiT sociologiis fa-
kultetic gaixsna, sadac saxelovanma mecnierma mxolod 1922 wlamde, ruseTidan
gandevnamde imuSava.
mkvlevrebi sociologiis istorias ruseTSi ramdenime etapad yofen (mag., ia-
dovi, novikovi da sxv.): I etapi XIX saukunis Suaxanebidan iwyeba da 1918 wlamde
grZeldeba; II etapi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iwyeba da 50-iani wlebis bolom-
de grZeldeba; III etapi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba;
I etapze wina planze wamoweulia e. w. `subieqturi skola~ _ p. lavrovi da n. mixa-
ilovski; naturalisturi Teoriebi _ l. meCnikovi; organicizmi _ a. stronini, p.
lilienfeldi; fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba _ e. de roberti, n. kareevi; kovalev-
skis pluralisturi skola, romelic sociologias sinTezur mecnierebad miiCnev-
da; orTodoqsaluri marqsizmi _ v. lenini, g. plexanovi; neokantianeloba _ socio-
logiuri gnoseologia _ a. lapo-danilevski, b. kistiakovi; legaluri marqsizmi _
m. baranovski, p. struve; II etapze sociologia yvelaze arasasurvel mdgomareoba-
Si aRmoCnda. am periodidan sociologiuri gamokvlevebi ruseTis masStabiT Sew-
yvetilia. istoriuli materializmi (yalbi marqsistuli moZRvreba sazogadoebisa
da istoriis Sesaxeb), politikuri ekonomia da mecnieruli komunizmi (aseve yalbi
mecniereba) krZalaven sociologiur mecnierebas. es sociologiis dacemis perio-
dia. Semdgom etapze mdgomareoba TiTqos gamosworda, magram imperiuli da sabWou-
ri mentalitetisagan sabolood Tavis daRweva rusul sociologias dRemde uWirs.
xruSCovis droidan sociologia TiTqos aRidgens Tavis statuss, dasavleTSi
Zalze popularul mecnierebas, viTomda inteleqtualuri CamorCeniloba ar dag-
vwamono, saTanado yuradRebas aqceven sabWoTa kavSirSic. 1960 wels sakavSiro mec-
nierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutSi daarsebul iqna pirveli sociologi-
uri dawesebuleba _ sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ganyofileba (amJamad ruseTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis sociologiis instituti), analogiuri dawesebuleba gaix-
239
kaxa qecbaia
`sabWoTa eqsperimenti~
241
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala
fragmenti kaxa qecbias wignidan
`ganaTlebis sociologia~ (problemebi)
Tanamedrove, civilizebuli sazogadoebis arseboba warmoudgenelia ganaTle-
bis gareSe. postindustriul-informaciul sazogadoebaSi codna umTavresi sim-
didre da Zalaa. kompiuteris, internetisa da sxva uaxlesi teqnologiebis epoqaSi
sul ufro cxadi xdeba genialuri bekonis sityvebis WeSmariteba: `codna _ Zalaa~
da am Zalas moklebuli adamiani uZluri iqneba swori orientiris povnasa da Cve-
ni saukunis aTasgvari winaaRmdegobebiTa da problemebiT aRsavse cxovrebis labi-
rinTebSi gzis gakvlevaSi.
ganaTlebas didi adgi-
li uWiravs Tanamedrove
adamianis cxovrebaSi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi igi adamianTa
umetesi nawilis mTel
cxovrebas ikavebs. Tanamed-
rove adamianis kulturoge-
nezi ganaTlebis gareSe
warmoudgenelia. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi ismis metad sayu-
radRebo da amave dros zo-
gadsakacobrio kiTxva: _
rogori aris da rogori
unda iyos Tanamedrove ga-
naTleba, ramdenad srulyo-
filia ganaTlebis Tanamed-
rove sistema, am kiTxvaze
kompetenturi pasuxis gace-
ma moiTxovs ganaTlebisad-
mi mecnieruli, sociologi-
uri midgomis aucileblo-
bas, am sferoSi arsebuli
problemebis sociologiur Seswavlas.
ganaTleba socialuri yofierebis erT-erTi urTulesi da sapasuxismgeblo
ubania, romelsac mis Sesaxeb arsebul sxva specialur mecnierebebTan erTad (pe-
dagogika, fsiqologia) Seiswavlis ganaTlebis sociologia. am dargis mowinave
specialistebis azriT, Tanamedrove civilizaciis pirobebSi saxezea ganaTlebis
krizisis problema. zogadad Tu vityviT, es igive Tanamedrove civilizebuli ada-
mianis krizisis problemaa, romelic Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs socialuri
yofierebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. Camoyalibda da kidev ufro Rrmavdeba dispro-
porcia adamianur kulturasa da Tanamedrove swavla-ganaTlebis sistemebs Soris,
sazogadoebis miRwevebsa da `masebis kulturas~ Soris. yovelive aman ki Tavisi ga-
moxatuleba pova viwro specializaciaSi. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro Caketil-
ni arian TavianTi viwro specialobis wiaRSi imdenad, rom maTTvis SeumCneveli
xdeba TviT sakuTari moRvaweobis Sedegebi. iqmneba winaaRmdegoba komunikaciis
sferoSi. garda amisa, axalgazrda, romelsac aqvs pretenzia iyos saSualo donis
specialisti, iZulebulia swavla-ganaTlebas moandomos sul mcire 13 weli, xolo
imisTvis, rom umaRlesi kvalifikacia miiRos, sWirdeba 20 weli mainc, Tanac ganaT-
leba iwyeba Zalian adreul asakSi. ase rom, yrmobis, bavSvobisa da axalgazrdo-
bis sanukvari wlebi ganaTlebas xmardeba. aris SemTxvevebi, roca adreul asakSi
bavSvebs or an met ucxo enas aswavlian. ganaTlebis miRebis yvelaze sapasuxis-
mgeblo fazebi modis im periodze, rodesac adamianis socialurad TviTdamkvidre-
ba xdeba _ iqneba es profesiuli, saojaxo Tu samoqalaqo _ da yvelaferi es xde-
ba fsiqofizikur Sedegebze yovelgvari warmodgenis gareSe. fsiqologebi adastu-
242
sociologiis Sesavali
mecnierebis CamoyalibebaSi.
saqarTveloSi am dargSi pirveli mecnieruli naSromi ekuTvnis prof. ed. ko-
duas. wignSi `sociologia~(Tb., 1998) igi ganixilavs dargobriv sociologiebs da
maT Soris ganaTlebis sociologiasac (Tavi me-5).
rac Seexeba samecniero-kvleviT centrebsa da laboratoriebs, romlebic spe-
cialurad ganaTlebis sociologiis problemebis kvleviT arian dakavebulni, ase-
Ti ram saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. guldasawyvetia, rom am dargSi
kvleva-Zieba CvenSi ignorirebulia (etyoba, CvenSi ganaTlebis mesveurebs naklebad
ainteresebT sazogadoebrivi azri am problemebTan dakavSirebiT) da es didi arse-
nali ganaTlebis sistemis gardaqmnaSi gamouyenebelia, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom
sistemis gardaqmnaSi kerZo interesebia CarTuli, rac yovlad miuRebelia, radga-
nac aseT viTarebaSi reformebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba.
* * *
ganaTlebis sociologiis obieqti: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganaTlebis socio-
logia aris dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplina, mecniereba, romelic Seiswav-
lis ganaTlebas.
ganaTlebis sociologiis obieqti savsebiT naTelia. igi emperiuladac ki fiq-
sirdeba _ es aris ganaTlebis sfero, sazogadoebrivi yofierebis erT-erTi mxare,
sadac mimdinareobs da funqcionirebs ganaTlebis procesi, moqmedeben garkveuli
subieqtebi da sxvadasxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi Tu organizaciebi.
sagani: obieqtisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT rTuli da Zneli saqmea ganaTle-
bis sociologiis sagnis gansazRvra, rac, Tavis mxriv, am metad saintereso da
rTuli obieqtis iseTi mxaris gamoyofas niSnavs, romelic iqneba arsebiTi da ama-
ve dros, am dargis, rogorc mecnierebis, specifikas warmoadgens. sakiTxi ganaTle-
bis sociologiis sagnis Sesaxeb dResac sadavoa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, imdeni Tvalsazrisia, ramdeni mkvlevaricaa. amjerad mokled ganvixilavT
zogierT maTgans.
amerikeli sociologi m. trou (ganaTlebis sociologiis amerikeli warmomad-
geneli) miiCnevs, rom ganaTlebis sociologiis Seswavlis sagani unda iyos sazo-
gadoebaSi arsebuli e. w. formaluri sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebi _ skolebi,
kolejebi, universitetebi da a.S. ganaTlebis sociologiis sagnis aseTi gansaz-
Rvreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, Zalze farTo da masStaburia. igi am dargis moqmedebisaT-
vis farTo sferos moicavs, Tumca aq gaurkveveli rCeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra aris am kvlevaSi ZiriTadi, romelic aerTianebs, Tavis TavSi moicavs ganaTle-
bis sferos TiTqmis yvela elements. aqedan gamomdinare, aq ufro obieqtia mocemu-
li da ganxiluli, vidre sagani.
enciklopediebSi ganaTlebis sociologiis Semdegi gansazRvrebaa mocemuli:
`ganaTlebis sociologia aris sociologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis ganaTle-
bas, rogorc socialur instituts, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis formas~. am
SemTxvevaSi isev garkveuli tipis zogad debulebasTan gvaqvs saqme, Tumca aqve mi-
niSnebulia ganaTlebis sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba, rac imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom misi sagania ganaTlebis, rogorc socialuri institutis, socia-
luri procesis, socialuri analizi.
ufro farTod aris warmodgenili ganaTlebis sociologiis sagani a. meieris
wignSi. mis mixedviT, am dargis Seswavlis sagania ganaTleba da aRzrda, rogorc so-
cialuri procesis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba. ganaT-
lebis sociologiam swored am procesisaTvis aucilebeli damaxasiaTebeli kanonzo-
mierebani unda daadginos. am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gakeTebulia ganaTlebisa da aR-
zrdis problemebisadmi zogadsociologiuri midgomis aucileblobaze, rac misaRe-
bia kidec, magram ganaTlebis sociologiis aseTi farTo gansazRvrebisas ikargeba
konkretuli, is, rac sagnobrivi kuTxiT am mecnierebisaTvis aris saintereso.
sakiTxs exeba bulgareli sociologi donevi. mas ganaTlebis sociologiis
sagnis gansazRvrebaSi Seaqvs ganaTlebis sferos sxva sazogadoebrivi dargebisad-
mi mimarTebis sakiTxi. `ganaTlebis sociologia Seiswavlis im kanonzomierebebs,
romelic axasiaTebs ganaTlebas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebTan mimar-
244
sociologiis Sesavali
(skolis problemebi)
1940 w. 1982 w.
1. laparaki. 1. gaupatiureba.
2. saReWi rezina. 2. Zarcva.
3 xmauri. 3. Tavdasxma.
4. derefanSi sirbili. 4. qurdoba.
5. qaRaldis Zirs dayra. 5. bombis afeTqeba.
6. gacdenebi.
7. vandalizmi.
8. narkomania.
9. alkoholizmi.
10. bandebs Soris brZola.
11. aborti.
12. ven. daavadebebi.
13. mkvlelobebi...
250
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
sociologia saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi sociologiuri azrovneba XX saukunis dasawyisidan iRebs da-
sabams da igi evropuli sociologiiT sazrdoobda mudam. unda iTqvas, rom msof-
lioSi aRiarebuli sociologiuri Teoria saqarTveloSi ar Seqmnila da, Sesabami-
sad, veberis, Tionisis, mertonis an parsonsis msgavsi sociologebi Cven ar gvyo-
lia, rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia, Tumca es yovelive srulebiT ar am-
cirebs imas, rac sociologiis sferoSi saqarTveloSia gakeTebuli da amJamad
keTdeba.
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtia, rom sociologia ver gaCndeba da ganviTar-
deba iq, sadac adamiani da sazogadoeba yovelmxriv SezRudulia, sadac sazogado-
ebis bunebriv ganviTarebas uamravi xelisSemSleli faqtori eRobeba win. saqarTve-
los SemTxvevaSi swored msgavs viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ruseTis mier saqarTve-
los aneqsiam Ria, demokratiuli mecnierebis _ sociologiis ganviTareba sag-
rZnoblad Seaferxa, xolo sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mec-
niereba yalbi istoriul-materialisturi TeoriebiT iqna Canacvlebuli, Tumca
qarTveli mecnierebi didi riskis fasad mainc axerxebdnen sociologiuri proble-
mebis damuSavebas da safuZvels uyridnen sociologiis, rogorc sazogadoebis
Semswavleli damoukidebeli mecnierebis, saukeTeso tradiciebs saqarTveloSi.
sadavoa sakiTxi qarTuli sociologiis, rogorc suverenuli saazrovno feno-
menis, Sesaxeb, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, ubralod, erTma-
neTSi ar avurioT calkeul moazrovneTa socialuri Sexedulebebi da sakuTriv
sociologiuri Teoriebi. socialuri Sexedulebis qona sociologobas ar niSnavs.
es rom ase iyos, maSin adamianTa umravlesoba sociologi iqneboda. erTia calkeu-
li Sexedulebebis qona sazogadoebaze da meore _ mecnierulad dasabuTebuli Te-
oria mis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi sociologia imTaviTve ori _ akademiuri da sauniversiteto mi-
marTulebiT viTardeboda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi sociologiis mi-
marTulebiT moRvaweobdnen: arCil jorjaZe da grigol robaqiZe, romelmac 1902
wels `sociologiuri etiudebis~ saTauriT 5 werili gamoaqveyna; xolo mixako we-
reTlis `eri da kacobrioba~ samarTlianad aris miCneuli angariSgasawev socio-
logiur gamokvlevad; sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mniSvnelobas didad afasebda
didi ivane javaxiSvili, romelsac sami sociologiuri gamokvleva aqvs Catarebu-
li; 1923 wlidan Tbilisis universitetSi sociologiis kurss aleqsandre vaCeiSvi-
li kiTxulobda. masve ekuTvnis pirveli saleqcio kursi `sociologiis Sesavali~,
rogorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelos I nawili, misi II nawilis gamocema ver moxer-
xda; amave periodSi universitetSi leqciebis wasakiTxad iurievis (tartus) univer-
sitetis kursdamTavrebuli irodion surgulaZe moiwvies, xolo 1926 wlidan _ im
droisaTvis evropidan dabrunebuli giorgi naneiSvili. samive maTgani specialo-
biT iuristi iyo, Tumca maT didi wvlili Seitanes sociologiis sauniversiteto
skolaSi socialuri problematikis damuSavebaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-
navia safrangeTidan dabrunebuli konstantine kapanelis Rvawli, romelic qarTu-
li mecnierebis gamorCeuli figuraa. igi originaluri sociologiuri Teoriis _
`organotropizmis~ avtoria, rac im faqtis dadasturebaa, rom sociologiis sfe-
roSi originaluri Teoriebis Seqmnis ambicia qarTvelebsac hqondaT. sociologi-
is problemebis damuSaveba Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi XX s-is 20-iani
wlebis bolomde gagrZelda.
1925 wels saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mier ideologiur
sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad sociologias seriozuli winaaR-
mdegobebi Seeqmna, xolo 1930 wels sociologiis sakiTxebze gamarTul diskusias
sociologiis sruli ignorireba mohyva. Sesabamisad, Tbilisis universitetSi so-
ciologia amoRebul iqna saswavlo disciplinebidan.
sociologiisaken xelaxali Semobruneba `xruSCovis droidan~ iwyeba, kerZod,
1962 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT sociologiis reabilitacia moxda. imxa-
251
kaxa qecbaia
SeniSvna:
sociologia, mecnierebis sxva dargebTan erTad, zeerovnuli fenomenia, ami-
tom mTel rig uxerxulobas qmnis erovnuli niSniT sociologiaze saubari, magram
am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sociologiuri codnis is arsenali, rome-
lic ama Tu im qveyanaSia dagrovili.
253
kaxa qecbaia
***
paul lazarsfeldi
(1901 – 1976)
254
sociologiis Sesavali
sakiTxavi masala
amisa, am terminis xmarebis dros qreba iluzia imisa, rom TiTqos Jurnalistur
disciplinaTa sistemis gverdiT arsebobs e. w. `masobrivi komunikaciis Teoria~ da,
amis Sesabamisad, calke sociologiuri disciplina, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi Jurna-
listikis sociologia ekuTvnis sociologiur disciplinebs da amave dros Sedis
Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb arsebul mecnierebebSi. amitom Jurnalistikis sociologi-
is sagani arsebobs Jurnalisturi gamokvlevebis sagnis SigniT. mas aqvs rogorc
Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli amocanebi, rac Jurnalistikis Tanamedrove problema-
tikis SigniT ikveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalisturi saqmianoba iqceva sociologi-
uri kvlevis sagnad. Tavis mxriv, gazeTi (presa), radio da telegadacema bevrad
ufro saintereso da mecnieruli iqneba sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebis gaT-
valiswinebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca nayofieri sociologiuri analizi SeuZlebelia
myari sayrdenis gareSe, romelsac warmoadgens Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb arsebuli
mecnierebis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri nawili,
Jurnalistur saqmianobaSi ZiriTadia informaciis Segroveba, misi mopoveba,
damuSaveba, analizi, ganzogadeba da gamoyeneba, amiT erTmaneTs hgvanan Jurnalis-
ti da sociologi. sociologiuri gamokvleva iZleva imas, rac JurnalistebisaT-
vis ase aucilebelia, magram ver floben mas, magaliTad, auditoriis raodenob-
rivi Semadgenloba, interesebis struqtura, informaciis miRebis mecnieruli meTo-
debi, Temebs Soris damokidebuleba, damokidebuleba rubrikisadmi, Janrebisadmi
da sxv. yovelive es Jurnalists aZlevs saSualebas, rom Tavis Tavs auditoriis
TvaliT Sexedos, rom mkiTxveli da mayurebeli ar aris mxolod informaciis pa-
siuri mimRebi, rom mas yovelTvis ar moswons is, rasac Jurnalistebi did mniSvne-
lobas aniWeben. araviTar SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT masobrivi in-
formaciis saSualebebis sociologia (`masmediis sociologia~) da Jurnalistikis
sociologia. masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa sociologia, iseve rogorc Jur-
nalistikis sociologia, calke, konkretul-sociologiuri disciplinaa, romlis
ZiriTadi sagania sazogadoebrivi azri. bunebrivia, Jurnalistikis sociologia
ver iqneba mTlad mowyvetili sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaxeb mecnierebas, is auci-
leblad iTvaliswinebs am mecnierebis kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebs. Tavis mxriv, sazoga-
doebrivi azri Zalze saintereso sferoa mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobaze gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs
nikolo makiaveli Tavis umTavres TxzulebaSi `mTavari~, ris gamoc bevri mkvleva-
ri swored mas miiCnevs am terminis fuZemdeblad, Tumca, sinamdvileSi termini `sa-
zogadoebrivi azri~ inglisuri warmoSobisaa. igi XII saukuneSi inglisSi gaCnda.
termini pirvelad ingliselma mweralma da saxelmwifo moRvawem jon solberim
ixmara 1159 wels. aqedan gavrcelda igi sxvadasxva qveynebSi. dawvrilebiTi cnobe-
bi am terminis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT mocemulia germaneli sociologis ha-
bermasis wignSi: `cvalebadobis struqtura sazogadoebriv azrSi~. sazogadoebrivi
azris cnobili mkvlevrebi arian: p. lazarsfeldi, k. xarti, j. gelapi, g. lasue-
li, e. uilsoni, olporti, qentrili, berelsoni, xovlendi, Serifi da sxv. am da
sxva mkvlevrebis naazrevs angariSs uwevs Jurnalistikis sociologia. sazogado-
ebrivi azris SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT sociologebs: g. tar-
dis, u. lipmans, r. mertons, g. blumers da sxvebs.
Tavis mxriv, sociologiasTan kavSirSi Jurnalistika aviTarebs ara mxolod
Teorias, aramed aRrmavebs da srulyofs praqtikul mxaresac.
dRes mravali redaqcia, tele- da radiostudia iyenebs sociologebis gamoc-
dilebas. sociologiuri gamokvlevebi maTTvis informaciis ZiriTadi wyaros
rols asrulebs. Tanamedrove JurnalistikaSi farTod SeaRwia sociologiuri
kvlevis meTodebma, ramac gamoiwvia Jurnalistikisa da sociologiis urTierTga-
dakveTa da dRis wesrigSi daayena Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb calke sociologiuri
disciplinis arsebobis sakiTxi.
Jurnalistikis sociologiis sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi
sagani: Jurnalistikis sociologiis sagani ar aris Jurnalistikis istoriu-
li ganviTareba, rogorc es bevr mkvlevars miaCnia, Tumca igi farTod iyenebs is-
toriul codnas.
257
kaxa qecbaia
deo) sociologia.
calke gamoiyofa Jurnalistur urTierTobaTa sociologia da sxv. yvela ese-
ni Jurnalistikis sociologiis struqturuli elementebia, romlebic jer kidev
formirebis procesSi arian da calke kvleva-Ziebas saWiroeben.
tebis gacnobis procesSi. pirveli amocana dokumentebze muSaobisas aris maTi gac-
noba da klasifikacia.
yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli, umartivesi forma dokumenturi wyaros gamoye-
nebisa aris misgan cifrobrivi anda faqtobrivi mocemulobebis SerCeva da maTi
CarTva ZiriTad teqstSi. mTlianobaSi dokumenti rCeba mkiTxvelis an mayureblis
yuradRebis farglebs gareT, romelic endoba Jurnalists. magram am ndobas gamar-
Tleba sWirdeba, amitom Jurnalistma dokumenturi masalidan unda SearCios iseTi,
romelic namdvilad asaxavs aRsaweri movlenis WeSmarit arss. JurnalistikaSi do-
kumenti unda iqces masobrivi gansjisa da dafiqrebis saSualebad. ismis kiTxva:
ratom mimarTaven Jurnalistur praqtikaSi ufro metad am meTods? amasTan dakav-
SirebiT unda iTqvas, rom: a) gaTvaliswinebulia mayureblis an mkiTxvelis miswra-
feba e.w. `SiSveli faqtebisadmi~, pirdapiri mowmisadmi, romelsac dokumentis sa-
xiT awvdis maT Jurnalisti; b) dokumentSi mocemulia ara marto faqtobrivi masa-
la, aramed igi Taviseburad axasiaTebs mis avtors, warmoaCens mis fsiqotips, xasi-
aTs, RirebulebaTa orientacias da a. S., rac meTodis udavod mniSvnelovani maxa-
siaTebelia. dReisTvis adamianis sulieri samyaro ufro da ufro daxSuli xdeba
JurnalistisaTvis, amitom masSi SesaRwevad man sociologiasTan erTad uTuod un-
da gaiTvaliswinos filosofiuri anTropologiis (adamianTmcodneobis), sociolo-
giuri fsiqologiisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis miRwevebi.
dokumentebis damuSavebisas mniSvnelovania maTi gageba, gaazreba da logiku-
ri analizi. yovel mecnierebas, romelsac odnavadac ki aqvs Sexeba dokumentebTan,
SemuSavebuli aqvs maTTan damokidebulebis sakuTari meTodi, iqneba es literatu-
ruli, lingvisturi, istoriuli, fsiqologiuri, iuridiuli, Jurnalisturi Tu so-
ciologiuri. dokumentebis logikuri analizis ori ZiriTadi saxea cnobili Jur-
nalistikasa da sociologiaSi. esenia: tradiciuli klasikuri Tvisebrivi analizi
da Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi, raodenobriv-formalizebuli analizi anu kontent-ana-
lizi, dokumentebis Sinaarsis Tvisebrivi gazomva, rac gamomdinareobs maTi raode-
nobrivi analizidan. dokumentebis analizis es meTodebi yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba,
radganac dokumentebi yovelTvis ar saWiroeben zust raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
analizs. kvantifikaciis meTodi, kontent-analizis meTodi erTaderTia, roca: a)
gvaqvs erTgvarovani dokumentebis masivi da isini warmoadgenen Sesaswavl obieqts;
b) rodesac saWiroa analizis maRali sizuste; g) masala imdenad didia da bevri,
rom ar SeiZleba maTi Seswavla raodenobrivi Sefasebis gareSe; d) roca masala
ar aris sistematizebuli. kontent-analizi iZleva Sedarebis informaciis Sepiris-
pirebis saSualebas (mag., redaqciaSi Semosuli werilebis Sepirispireba avtorTa
SexedulebebTan), magram mas ar SeuZlia moicvas dokumentebis mTeli simdidre,
amitom is unikaluri masalebis Seswavlis dros gamoiyeneba.
a) tradiciuli Tvisebrivi analizi. igi ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba: sawyisi
etapia werilebis, dokumentebis winaswari gacnoba-wakiTxva Jurnalistis mier. es
aris e.w. `gamokvleva miniatiuraSi~. am SemTxvevaSi analizis logika sociologia-
sa da JurnalistikaSi TiTqmis igiveobrivia. dgindeba dokumentis namdviloba,
mdgomareoba, misi Seqmnis dro da adgili; xdeba avtoris ganzraxvaze yuradRebis
gamaxvileba. JurnalistikaSi avtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac is ara mar-
to informaciis wyaroa, aramed dakvirvebis elementic. yovelive es am meTodis ga-
regan mxares Seadgens. arsebobs kidev misi Sinagani aspeqtic, romlis drosac ga-
saTvaliswinebelia mocemuli dokumentis adgili da roli sazogadoebriv cxovre-
baSi. socialuri faqtebis gaxsnis mizniT bevri mkvlevari am proceduras rTulad
miiCnevs, magram arc erT sociologs ar uxdeba dokumentebTan ise xSirad urTier-
Toba, rogorc Jurnalists. maTi wakiTxva, SeiZleba iTqvas, JurnalistisTvis yo-
veldRiuri saqmianobaa, romlis drosac saWiro unar-Cvevebi Jurnalists avtomatu-
rad uviTardeba SemoqmedebiT procesSi.
b) Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi, raodenobrivi formalizebuli analizi; kontent-
analizi.
(kontent-analizis Sesaxeb vrceli informacia mocemulia wignSi: a.
zdravomislovi. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis meTodologia da procedura. Tb.
261
kaxa qecbaia
262
sociologiis Sesavali
4. `amerika _ sustia.~
5. `aSS da misi mokavSireebi komunistebis kontrolqveS imyofebian~ da sxv.
dadginda, rom msgavsi profaSisturi ideebis sixSire TerTmetjer metia mis
sapirispiro SexedulebaTa sixSireze. umaRlesma sasamarTlom kontent-analizis
Sedegebi miiRo, rogorc eqspertizis obieqturi mtkicebuleba, da mis safuZvelze
gazeTis gamocema akrZalul iqna. garda amisa, kontent-analizi rCeba albaT erTa-
derT meTodad, romelic gamoiyeneba ara marto presis masalebis, aramed litera-
turuli teqstebis sociologiuri analizisaTvis.
cnobilma sociologma pitirim sorokinma evropuli portretuli ferweris
kontent-analizis safuZvelze sagangebod Seiswavla, Tu rogor icvleboda sxva-
dasxva epoqaSi klasebsa da sqesTa Soris urTierToba. man SeniSna, rom mxatvarTa
SemoqmedebaSi mamakacTa portretebTan SedarebiT ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba da
maRali Sefaseba qalTa portretebs eZleva. p. sorokini saWirod da aucileblad
Tvlida xelovnebis nawarmoebTa kontent-analizs, rac, misi azriT, xelovnebasTan
dakavSirebul mraval Rrma socialur problemas axdida fardas (msgavsi saxis
kvlevebiT dakavebuli iyvnen mkvlevrebi: u. uilsoni, j. koli, l. louentali, b.
berelsoni, m. albrexti, r. inglisi, l. vitmani, d. eifleri da sxv.). yovelive ze-
moaRniSnulidan naTelia, rom teqstualuri analizis erT-erTi mZlavri instru-
menti aris kontent-analizi. igi Jurnalistebs fasdaudebel daxmarebas gauwevs
(Tumca CvenSi naklebad vxvdebiT am meTodis gamoyenebas da mis safuZvelze Ses-
wavlil da gaanalizebul teqstebs).
d) gamokiTxva sociologiasa da JurnalistikaSi. gamokiTxvis meTodi (inter-
viu, saubari) erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania JurnalistikaSi. igi yvelaze metad
aris Seswavlili Jurnalistebis mier da misi calkeuli momentebi sociologia-
Sic gamoiyeneba. aq aSkarad Cans Jurnalistikisa da sociologiis urTierTkavSi-
ri. JurnalistikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba intervius meTodi. Jurnalistikis Te-
oriaSi interviu ganisazRvreba, rogorc Janri, romelic warmoadgens saubars
Jurnalistsa da erT an ramdenime pirs Soris kiTxvebis saSualebiT. rac Seexeba
Jurnalistur da sociologiur praqtikas, aq is aris ara Janri, aramed informa-
ciis miRebis erT-erTi meTodi, da am gziT miRebuli informacia SeiZleba Car-
Tul iqnes nebismier Jurnalistur nawarmoebSi. am meTodis gamoyenebas Jurnalis-
tikasa da sociologiaSi bevri saerTo mxare aqvs, Tanac ar unda iqnes daviwyebu-
li TiToeuli maTganis specifika. sociologiaSi interviu mecnierulobas inarCu-
nebs, JurnalistikaSi ki igi Zalze farTo diapazonSia mocemuli _ Cveulebrivi
saubridan dawyebuli, detaluri da winaswar dagegmili saubris CaTvliT damTav-
rebuli. es ukanaskneli ki aucilebel kavSirSia intervius sociologiur meTod-
Tan.
Jurnalistika intervius yvela cnobil meTods iyenebs _ iqneba es Tavisufa-
li interviu, paneluri, fokusirebuli, jgufuri da sxva. Zalian Znelia Jurna-
listikaSi e.w. masobrivi intervius Catareba, romlis drosac didi jgufi gamoi-
kiTxeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven anketur gamokiTxvas. am SemTxvevaSi Jurna-
lists es meTodi ainteresebs gazeTisadmi, mayureblisadmi, gadacemisadmi mkiTxve-
lis damokidebulebis gasarkvevad. garda amisa, Jurnalisturi nawarmoebis momza-
debisas gamokiTxvis meTods Zalze xSirad iyenebs presa, e.w. `gazeTis sociolo-
gia,~ da televizia. am SemTxvevaSi anketis adgils iWers gazeTis furceli (soci-
ologiuri anketa gazeTis furclebze anda interaqtiuli gamokiTxva satelevizio
gadacemebisas dReisaTvis Cveulebriv movlenad iqca).
e) socialuri eqsperimenti, fsiqologiuri testi da sociometria.
es meTodebi naklebadaa aprobirebuli JurnalistikaSi. am sferoSi isini ax-
la ikideben fexs. mniSvnelovania maTi kombinirebuli saxiT moxmareba. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom am da sxva meTodebis gamoyenebas JurnalistikaSi
ar unda hqondes stiqiuri xasiaTi, rac, Tavis mxriv, isev da isev Jurnalistikis
sasargeblod metyvelebs. zemoaRniSnuli meTodebidan JurnalistikisaTvis met-nak-
lebad cnobilia socialuri eqsperimentis meTodi, Tumca mis gamoyenebas isev da
isev kombinirebuli xasiaTi aqvs. socialuri eqsperimenti sociologiuri gamok-
263
kaxa qecbaia
264
sociologiis Sesavali
jorj gelapi
(1901-1984)
265
kaxa qecbaia
es sainteresoa
saerTaSoriso sociologiuri organizaciebi
Catare-
kon- Catarebis
bis we- kongresis ZiriTadi Tematika
gresi adgili
li
I 1950 ciurixi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze sociologi-
(Sveicaria) ur gamokvlevaTa zemoqmedeba ~
II 1953 lieJi (bel- `socialuri stratifikacia da socialuri
gia) mobiloba,~
`saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi da maTi gadaw-
yveta,~
`sociologiur gamokvlevaTa Tanamedrove
ganviTareba,~
`sociologTa swavleba, profesiuli saqmia-
noba da pasuxismgebloba.~
III 1956 amsterdami `socialur cvlilebaTa problema XX sau-
(holandia) kuneSi~.
IV 1959 milani da `sociologia da sazogadoeba~.
streze
(italia)
V 1962 vaSingtoni `sociologebi sazogadoebriv da politikur
(aSS) asparezze,~
`ganviTarebis sociologia,~
`sociologiur TeoriaTa arsi da probleme-
bi~.
267
kaxa qecbaia
`adamiani ar aris arc yvelaze Zveli, arc yvelaze mudmivi problema ...
... adamiani iseve gauCinardeba, rogorc zRvis qviSaze moxazuli figura...~
268
sociologiis Sesavali
269
kaxa qecbaia
daskvnis sanacvlod
270
saxelTa saZiebeli∗
adorno, T 5, 24, 158, 159, 209, 216
avaliani, s 68
aixbaumi, v.l 215
aleni, f 146
aleqsanderi, j 231
aleqsandre makedoneli 178
amazisi 94
ainStaini, a 70, 76, 141, 185
amilaxvari, a 46
amasari, e.k.v 266
anaqsimandre 69
anaqsimeni 69
andersoni, C 232
anjeli, r 267
aristotele 41, 49, 51, 62, 67, 68, 100, 203,
aroni, r 133, 196, 240
aronsoni, r 231
aruga, n
arCeri, m 267
asaTiani, g 25, 203, 253
aspi, e 38
atlanti 71, 72
axenvaldi, g 57
balzaki, o 194
bardti, h.p 214
barti, r 138
baramiZe, g 192
baranovski, m 239
batoniSvili, v 64
baumani, z 217
baxofeni, i 77
bekoni, f 33, 41, 186, 242
beli, a 60
beli, d 105, 106, 231
beki, u 111
bekeri, h 164, 165, 230
bela, r.n 190
benjamini, j 231
bergeri, p 189, 190, 220, 230
berki, p 25
bernardi, j 232
bernsi, r 245
berjesi, e 23, 59, 226
berJeroni, h 202
berZeniSvili, a 113, 253
bismarki, o.f 194
biube, f 194
∗
saxelTa saZiebeli Seadgines soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis mimarTulebis
studentebma: jaba arabiZem, mari morgoSiam, qeTi civaZem da nodar Jvaniam.
271
biSa,m. f.k 33
blau, p 31, 155
blani, l 194
blenvili, J 34
blumeri, g 98, 153, 257
boasi, f 77
bodriari, J 24, 135, 136, 138, 179, 187, 197, 222, 223,
bokli, h.T 63
boltmeri, t 240, 267
bouvari, s.d 159
botomori, t 206
brauni, z 214
brevermani, a 231
brijmeni, p 98
bruno, j 60
bruse, J 34
buaCiZe, T 129
bugle, s 195
burgesi, j
burdie, p 24, 78, 138, 178, 197
buti, C 96
butru, 91
gabiani, a 252
gabiZaSvili, o 193
gablo, e 196
gaigeri, T 215
gaidenko, p 240
galtungi, i 63
gamsaxurdia, k 186, 250
garfildi, e 234
garfinkeli, h 24, 31, 154, 230
gastoni, r 266
gelapi, j 257, 265
geleni, a 181
gidensi, e 5, 24, 25, 39, 84, 147, 167, 175, 185, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 223,
gizo, f 194
gidinqsi, f.d 66, 98
giiari, a 51
giligani, q
goete 60, 148
gorozia, v 253
gofmani, i 23, 24, 31, 154, 230
gramSi, a 159
graunti, j 95
grinbergi, i 185,
grosi, b 133
groti, j 34
gruanti, j 27
guguSvili, p 252
guldi, s.j 54
gumploviCi, l 56
272
da gama, v 63
davi, J 195
davidovi, i 240
davenanti, C 95
daviT aRmaSenebeli 250
dalamberi, J.l 33, 41
danelia, s 25, 41
dantoni, J 194
darvini, C 117,
darendorfi, r 31, 206
da ros muri s.e 237
de goli, S 63
devisi, a 204
devisi, k 202
de-vo, k 34
dekarte, r 33, 68, 70, 194
de dempri, e 196
de roberti, e 140, 239
delmoni, e 96
derida, J 24, 197
deflemi, m 149
didro, d 194
dinuaie, J 34
diui, j 243
diurkemi, e 11, 21, 22, 23, 31, 45, 49, 67, 77, 86, 91, 92, 93, 100, 101, 163, 189, 195, 196, 220,
243,
dokinzi, r 54
dostoevski, T 22
eboti, e 232
evansi, q 47, 159, 203,
edamsi, j 228
eko, u 138
elioti, j 117
engeli, e 97, 214, 215
engelsi, f 157, 240
endriusi, q 85
emersoni, g 98
epikure 41
esqiroli, J.d 34
etcioni, a 173
vagneri, a 214
vainingeri, o 203
vaiczekeri, k.f 216
valerstaini, e 231, 267
vaskleri, v 98
vaJa-fSavela 60
vaSingtoni, b.t 226
vaCeiSvili, a 251
vebi, b 96, 205, 228
vebi, s 96, 205
veberi, a 97, 128, 213, 215
veberi, m 97, 228
273
veberi, m 5, 11, 21, 22, 23, 50, 67, 97, 108, 109, 128, 148, 151, 152, 158, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178,
188, 189, 199, 200, 213, 214, 215, 220, 226, 251,
vebleni, t.b 181, 225
vestergardi, j 206
vestermarki, e 206
viviorka, m 267
vize, l.f 216
vilarme, l 96
visvede, g 12
vilaresi, d 36
vilhelm dampyrobeli 95
vindelbandi, v 75
vitgenSteini, l 205
vitrovi, b 266
volteri, J.f 33, 194
voltmani, l 56
voneguti, k 202
vormsi, r 56, 195, 266
vriTi, l 227, 266, 267
vulfi, u 184
vundti, v 215
zakermani, h 235
zaratustra 238
zaqaraia, d 223
zdravomislovi, a 126
zevsi 71
zeterbergi, g 98
zimeli, g 22, 23, 66, 148, 149, 172, 190, 223, 226,
znanecki, f 98, 209, 226, 227
zola, e 134, 194
zombarti, v 50
zontagi, s 136
zorbau, p 227
Talesi 69
Tmar mefe 250
TevzaZe, g 187
TeiCmani,j 47, 159, 203,
Tionisi, f 22, 28, 97, 110, 168, 169, 213, 214, 215, 220, 251,
Turnvaldi, r 215
274
iuresi, e.a 214
ixhaizeri, g 215
kakubava, s 5
kalhuni, q 15, 25, 32, 39, 85, 113, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 187, 191, 212,
kanti, i 120, 148, 225
karlaili, T 194
kapaneli, k 64, 251
kardozo, f 267
kareevi, n 239, 266
karnegi, d 151, 156, 159
kartozia, b 253
kasireri, e 122
kastelsi, m 106,
kastro, f 159
katoni 119
kaWkaWiSvili, i 253
keleri, s 15, 25, 32, 39, 85, 113, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 187, 191, 212
keiveni, r 227
kenedi, j 141
keniti, t 237
kersebumi, v 95
ketle, l.a.J 27, 28, 58, 59, 96, 98, 174, 194, 215
kingi, g 95
kinzi, a 128
kionigi, r 267
kistiakovi, b 239
klarki, m 226
klintoni, b 235
kobeini, k 101
koeni, s 63
kovalevski, m 140, 239, 266
kolberi, J 95
kolumbi, q 63
kodua,e 16, 32, 39, 113, 131, 223, 244, 252, 253
kondorse, m.J.a.n 33
kondratievi, n 239
konti, l 33
konti, o 10, 11, 15, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 93, 100, 117, 151, 176,
188, 194, 195, 218, 236,
konti, r 33
konfuci 51, 67
koperniki, n 76
kostava, m 53, 60,
kouli, j.r 234
koulmani, j 50, 231
kravCenko, a 185, 203, 212,
kresi, k 228
kroze, m 196
kromveli, o 95
kroCe, b 208
kulanJi, f 91
kuli, C.h 23, 98, 144, 151, 227,
kunio, i 237
275
koulmani, j 50
kuperi, a.J 228
lagerfeldi, p 179
lazarsfeldi, p 27, 95, 98, 99, 229, 230, 235, 254, 257
laibnici, v 68
laiTi, d 15, 25, 32, 39, 85, 113, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 187, 191, 212
lavrovi, p 239
lali, d 237
lao-Zi 67
lamartini, a 194
landbergi, f 184
landbergi, j 95
landesko, j 227
laplasi, p 95
lapo-danilevski, a 239
lasueli, g 257
lafiti, J 34
levini, k 65
levenStaini, a 214
lev-briuli, l 195
levi-strosi, k 196
levontini, r 54
ledi gaga 149, 150
ledereri, e 215
lekiSvili, e 223, 236
lemerti, e 165
lenini, v 140, 159, 239, 240
lenski, g 102, 103, 105, 106, 107
le-ple, f.p 59, 96, 194
liapuJi, u 56
lilienfeldi, p 55, 239, 266
liotari, J.f 197, 221, 222
lipmani, u 257
liski, a 231
lobaCevski, n 76
loki, j 5
lombrozo, C 162, 163, 208
lomonosovi, m 240
lopretao, J 54
lui, j 117
lui-filipe 34
lumani, n 31, 217
lukmani, T 230
lutiZe, b 5, 15, 32, 39, 85, 113, 212, 223, 253
magelani, f 63
madleni, l 194
makarturi, d 236
makarturi, q 236
makgregori, d 99
mak-dugali, u 64
malTusi, T 52, 53, 95
276
malinovski, b 44, 45, 77, 206
mamardaSvili, m 240
manhaimi, k 22, 217, 232
maradona, d 178
marati, J 194
mark-aiveri, r.m 229
markuze, h 5, 24, 158, 159, 209, 216, 220, 221
marSaki, i 215
marSali, t.h 205, 240, 267
martineli, a 267
martino, h 29
marqsi, k 21, 31, 50, 106, 107, 108, 127, 157, 158, 159, 165, 188, 199, 206, 213, 220, 226, 231, 240,
maseni, k 34
masionisi, j 25, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 223
maslou, a 99
matezi, a 194
maueri, e 227
maumato, b 238
megrelie, k 5
meTiuzi, f 227
meio, e 98
meklapi, f 106
mendesi, r.t 36
mendrasi, a 196
meri, m 96
merdoki, j 127
mertoni, v 236
mertoni, r.k 23, 31, 95, 98, 140, 141, 164, 174, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 251, 257, 270
mertoni, r 236
mesi, l 178
meCnikovi, l 63, 239,
midi, m 77,
midi, j.h 31, 144, 153, 227,
milardi, j 20
mili, j.s 34, 117
milsi, C.r 14, 23, 24, 141, 181, 229, 230, 270
mixailovski, n 239
mixelsi, r 174, 208
monteskie, S.l 20, 61, 62, 63, 64, 194,
mopasani, g 194
morgani, l 77
moreno, i.l 82, 83, 94, 229, 231
morisi, m 195
mosi, m 196
moska, g 208, 209
muri, v 202
nadali, r 178
naneiSvili, g 251
napoleoni 57, 96, 178, 194
neru, j 63
neCaevi, n 245
nikoloz I 34
ninulito, i 106
277
niutoni, i 69, 76
nisi, a 236
nicSe, f 101, 109, 116, 120, 121, 148, 186, 196, 216, 221, 223,
niCefero, a 208
novikovi, v 239
noniaSvili, k 16, 85,
nufildi, s 207
paran-diuSatle, a 96
parki, e 245
parki, r.e 23, 59, 98, 226, 227, 233, 270
pareto, v 208
parmenide 73
parsonsi, t 5, 23, 31, 140, 141, 174, 195, 206, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 240, 251
pele 178
peti, v 27
piaJe, J 143, 144, 206
piTagora 68
pini, x 266
pirkeri, T 214
planki, m 70, 216
platoni 34, 51, 62, 67, 68,
plxanovi, g 239
pokrovski, n 240
poperi, k 110, 111, 158
poseidoni 71
pristoli, j 14
ptoleme 76
puankare, a 70
puasno, a 34
pufendorfi, s 119
278
riCi, a 231
redklif-brauni, a.r 45, 77, 206
reino, J 196
rembrandti 148
reSid-faSa 34
rokfeleri, j 207
robaqiZe, gr 251
robespieri, m 194
romaneki, m 134
romulusi 94
rosi, e 98
rojersi, e 235
ruzvelti, T 262
rusTaveli 250
ruso, J.J 33, 56, 60, 194,
tabiZe, g 250
takabe, t 238
takeSi, o 238
279
tardi, g 65, 195, 257
tauna, g 98
taufleri, s 98
teilori, e 77
teilori, f 98
teni, i 194
teri, J 194
tie, n 237
tilixi, p 189, 190
tindeli, j 117
tiurgo, a.r.J 33
toda, t 238
toiama, m 236
toinbi, a 141
tokvili, a 50
tolstoi, l 60
tomasi, u 98, 98, 226, 227
tompsoni, s 98
tompsoni, j 14
tongo, t 237
torkvemda, t 116
tofleri, e 184, 191,
triversi, r 54
trou, m 244
trocki, l 230
turvili, a 96
tureni, a 196
uaiti, m 205
uaithedi, a.n 68
uels-barneti, i 228
uili, n 231
uiliamsi, v 178
uiliamsi, r 123
uiliamsi, s 178
uiliamsi, j 54
uilsoni, e 54, 257
uordi, l 23, 65, 98, 225, 243, 266
uotsoni, b 142
faberi, v 130
federeri, r 178
feltci, f 215
fenolzi, e 236
feratori, f 208
feri, e 208
fergiusoni, a 20
fereoli, J 131, 167, 175, 185, 203, 212,
floberi, g 194
filopovi, a 245
fichiu, j 225
fixte, i.g 74
folkone, p 195
fon vize, l 213
forbeniusi, f 77
280
fordi, h 183, 224
frezeri, j 45, 77
freieri, h 214, 215
frikandti, a 213, 214
fridmani, d 267
fridmani, J 196
fridmani, j 240
friSi, m 50, 130
froidi, z 77, 82, 83, 143, 203,
fromi, e 158, 216
fuko, m 159, 197, 268
fukuiama, f 223, 238
fulie, a 56
fulie, J 34
furie, S 95, 194
qei-Satluorti, j 96
qeTevan wamebuli 250
qentrili, j 257
qecbaia, k 16, 39, 68, 113, 186,
qvaCaxia, v 5, 240, 252, 254
qsenofane 73
yulijaniSvili, a 5, 130, 131, 223
Sau, k 228
Seleri, m 158
Selingi, f.i 74
SevardnaZe, e 252
Serifi, j 257
Sefle, a 55
Svaiceri a 141
Siuci, a 31, 190, 230
Slizi, e 98
Sliki, m 75
Smoleri, g 97, 213, 215
Sopenhaueri, a 186, 203
Spengleri, o 120, 121, 129, 216
Staineri, r 60
Steberi, a 215
Stompka, p 135, 138, 267
SCepanski, i 16, 32, 39, 107, 111, 113, 128, 131, 156, 175, 183, 185, 267
Sumperti, i 50
Celeni, r 63
Codorou, n 231
cagleri, a 266
ciceroni 119
Zeduni, m 159
Zenoni 41
wereTeli, m 251
WavWavaZe, i 250
xanZTeli, gr 250
281
xarti, k 257
xasaia, z 25, 114, 253
xovlendi, e 257
xruSCovi, n 251
xubua, g 192
282
Dewey, J 243
Comte, A 27
Sontag, S 139
Word, L 243
Альчук, А 139
Анурин, В 16, 32, 40, 113
Барт, Р 139
Бодрийяр, Ж 192
Боронов, А 25
Брекнер, р 139
Гидденс, Э 15, 113
Гирц, К 139
Гофман, И 139
Дашкова, Т 139
Захаров, А 139
Кравченко, А 16, 32, 85, 113
Круткина, В 139
Козлова, Т 139
Масионис, Дж 16, 32, 40, 85, 113, 187
Михалкович, В 139
Нурикова, В 139
Павленок, П 16, 32, 40
Петровская, Е 139
Подорога, В 139
Попер, К 113
Романова, П 139
Сальникова. Е 139
Стигнеев, В 139
Тофлер, Э 191
Штомпка, П 139
Эко, У 139
Ярской-Смирнова, Е 139
283
s a r C e v i
284
leqcia VI _ sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi: sazogadoeba........................................................100
masala gansjisaTvis: cxovelTa gaerTianebani (fragmenti) _ i. SCepanski ..................111
ra aris sazogadoeba (fragmenti) _ h. spenseri........................................................................................114
masala gansjisaTvis: adamianTa sazogadoeba (fragmenti) _ z. xasaia ..........................114
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: klasikuri inglisuri
sociologiis fuZemdebeli _ herbert spenseri.......................................................................................117
285
masala gansjisaTvis: genderis sociologia _ `erTi Tu ori sqesi~ (fragmenti) _
j. TeiCmani, q. evansi ............................................................................................................................................................203
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia inglisSi...................................................................................................205
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia italiaSi ..................................................................................................208
286
avtoris Sesaxeb
287
Kakha Ketsbaia
Introduction to Sociology
(Leqtures)
(in Georgian)
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge
288