LÍMITES DE UNA FUNCIÓN VECTORIAL

Si : f(t) = [ f1(t),f2(t),f3(t)] , ꓯtЄꓣ

lim f ( t ) = [ lim f 1 ( t ) , lim f 2 ( t ) , lim f 3 ( t ) ]

t → t0 t → t0 t → t0 t → t0

Ejemplo:
1−√t+1 t
1) Si : f ( t ) = ( , , 1 )
1−t t+1

1− √t + 1 t
lim f ( t ) = [ lim , lim , lim 1 ]
t → 0 t → 0 1−t t → 0 t + 1 t → 0

lim f ( t ) = ( 0 , 0 , 1 )
t → 0

et−e ln t
2) lim f ( t ) = lim [ , , 2)
t → 1 t → 1 t−1 t−1

Por Hospital :

et−e et
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = e
t → 1 t−1 t → 1 1

1
ln t t
lim ( ) = lim ( )= –1
t → 1 1−t t → 1 −1

lim f ( t ) = [ e , – 1 , 2 ]
t → 1

1 − cos ( sen t ) cos t − cos ( sen t ) 1

3) lim [ , , ]
t → 0 sen 2 ( sen t ) t2 t+π

sen ( sen t ) cos t − sen t + sen ( sen t ) cos t 1

= lim [ , , ]
t → 0 2 sen ( sen t ) cos ( sen t ) cos t 2t t+ π

sen ( sen t ) cos t − cos t + sen ( sen t ) ( − sen t ) + cos t cos ( sen t ) cos t 1
= lim [ , , ]
t →0 2 sen ( sen t ) cos ( sen t ) cos t 2 t+ π

1 0 1 1 1
= [ , , ] = [ , 0, ]
2 2 π 2 π
Propiedades operacionales de límites de funciones vectoriales

Si : lim f ( t ) = ā , lim g ( t ) = b̅ , lim k ( t ) = k

t → t0 t → t0 t → t0

Entonces:
1) lim [ f(t) ± g(t) ] = lim f ( t ) ± lim g ( t ) = ā ± b̅
t → t0 t → t0 t → t0

2) lim [ k(t) f(t) ] = lim k ( t ) lim f ( t ) = k ā

t → t0 t → t0 t → t0

3) lim [ f(t) . g(t) ] = lim f ( t ) . lim g ( t ) = ā . b̅

t → t0 t → t0 t → t0

4) lim [ f(t) x g(t) ] = lim f ( t ) x lim g ( t ) = ā x b̅

t → t0 t → t0 t → t0

Ejemplo:
sen t 1
Si : f ( t ) = ( , cos t , )
t t+π
1 + cos t 1
g(t)=( , , sen t + t )
sen t cos t

sen t 1 1 + cos t 1
a) lim [ f ( t ) . g ( t ) ] = lim ( t
, cos t , t + π ) . tlim ( sen t
, cos t , sen t + t )
t →π t →π →π

0 1
= ( ,–1, ) . (0,–1,π)
π 2π
1 3
= 0 + 1 + =
2 2

0 1
b) lim [ f ( t ) x g ( t ) ] = ( ,–1, ) x (0,–1,π)
t →π π 2π

i j k
1 1 1 −2π2+1
= 0 −1 = –πi+ i = (–π+ )i = ( )i
2π 2π 2π 2π
0 −1 π

1−2π2
= ( ,0,0)
2π
Ejercicios:

1. lim ( √ t , t 2 , sen t )
t → 2

3t
2. lim ( ln t , √ 1 + t 2 , )
t → 2 4−t2

t 3+5t
3. lim ( , ,5t2 )
t → 3 4+t2 t2

sen 7 t sen 5 t tan 3 t

4. lim ( , , )
t → 0 t sen 3 t sen 2 t

t2−1
5. lim ( e t , ,t2+1 )
t → 1 t−1

3
tt−1 sen √ t − 1 1−t2
6. lim ( , , )
t → 1 t ln t t 2n − 1 sen π t
DERIVADAS DE FUNCIONES VECTORIALES ( f ’ ( t ) )

Sea:
f(t) = ( f1(t);f2(t);f3(t); ... ;fn(t) )

f‘(t) = ( f‘1(t);f‘2(t);f‘3(t);...;f’n(t) )

f ‘ ( t ) también se define como el vector tangente o velocidad de f.

Velocidad escalar ( / / f´ ( t ) / / )
La velocidad escalar o el módulo o magnitud es la norma de la derivada de la función vectorial.

Ejemplo:
1. f ( t ) = ( 2 cos t , 2 sen t )
x = 2 cos t x 2 = 2 cos 2 t
y = 2 sen t y 2 = 2 sen 2 t

x 2 + y 2 = 4 ( cos 2 t + sen 2 t )
x2 + y2 = 4.1
x2 + y2 = 4

f ‘ ( t ) = ( – 2 sen t , 2 cos t )

Velocidad escalar :

/ / f ‘ ( t ) / / = √ ( − 2 sen t ) 2 + ( 2 cos t ) 2 = √ 4 . ( cos 2 t . sen 2 t )

//f‘(t)// = 2
Si : y = mx + b

Vector tangente a la curva f ( t )

VT = f‘(t)

Recta tangente a la curva f ( t )

L T = { t f ‘ ( t 0 ) + f ( t 0) / t   }

Ejemplo:
1. Hallar el vector tangente y la recta tangente a la siguiente curva :
f ( t ) = ( 4 cos t , 3 sen t ) ; t  [ 0 , 2 π ]
en los puntos:
3√2
(0,3) y (2√2 , )
2

f ‘ ( t ) = ( – 4 sen t , 3 cos t )

* En ( 0 , 3 ) :
π
4 cos t = 0 t = = t0
2
π
3 sen t = 3 t = = t0
2

 f‘ (
π
2
) = (–4,0)

LT = { t(–4,0)+(0,3)} = {(–4t,0)+(0,3) }

π
f‘ ( ) = (–4,0)
2
LT = {(–4t,3)}
π
f ( ) = (0,3)
2
 3√2
* En ( 2 √ 2 , ):
2

√2 π
4 cos t = 2 √ 2 cos t = t =
2 4
3√2 √2 π
3 sen t = sen t = t =
2 2 4

π 3√2
f‘ ( ) = (–2√2 ; )
4 2
3√2 3√2
LT = {t (–2√2 ; ) + (2√2 ; )
2 2
π 3√2
f ( ) = (2√2 ; )
4 2

x2
4 cos t = x 16 cos 2 t = x 2 cos 2 t =
16
y2
3 sen t = y 9 sen 2 t = y 2 sen 2 t =
9
x2 y2
+ = 1
16 9

Y
3

3√2
( 2√2 ; )
2

4 X

LT
Algunas propiedades de derivadas

o Dt [ α(t).f(t) ] = α(t).f‘(t) + f(t).α'(t)

Ejemplo:
α ( t ) = sen t
f ( t ) = ( 4 cos t , 3 sen t )
D t [ α ( t ) . f ( t ) ] = sen t ( – 4 sen t , 3 cos t ) + ( 4 cos t , 3 sen t ) cos t
= ( – 4 sen 2 t , 3 sen t cos t) + ( 4 cos 2 t , 3 sen t cos t )
= [ 4 ( cos 2 t – sen 2 t ) , 6 ( sen t . cos t ) ]
= ( 4 cos 2 t , 3 sen 2 t )

o Dt [ f(t).g(t) ] = f(t).g‘(t) + g(t).f‘(t)

o Dt [ f(t) x g(t) ] = f(t) x g‘(t) + g(t) x f‘(t)

f(t) . f‘(t)
o Dt [ //f(t)// ] =
//f(t)//  0

Ejemplo:
Si : f ( t ) = ( cos 2 t , sen 2 t )
Hallar D t / / f ( t ) / /

f(t) . f‘(t)
Dt //f(t)// =
//f(t)//

( cos 2 t ; sen 2 t ) . ( −2 sen 2 t ; 2 cos 2 t )

Dt //f(t)// =
√ cos 2 2t + sen 2 2t

( − 2 sen 2 t cos 2 t + 2 sen 2 t cos 2 t )

Dt //f(t)// =
1

0
Dt //f(t)// = = 0
1
INTEGRACIÓN DE FUNCIONES VECTORIALES

Sean : f ( t ) , g ( t ) y α ( t ) , funciones vectoriales :

f ( t ) = { f 1 ( t ) , f 2 ( t ) , f 3( t ) , . . . , f n( t ) }

b b b b

∫ f ( t ) d t = ( ∫ f1 ( t ) d t , ∫ f2 ( t ) d t , . . . , ∫ fn ( t ) d t )
a a a a

Propiedades:

b b b

1 . ∫[ α ( t ) . f ( t ) ± β ( t ) . φ ( t ) ] d t = ∫ α ( t ) . f ( t ) d t ± ∫ β ( t ) . φ ( t ) d t
a a a

b b b

2 . ∫ c .f ( t ) d t = ∫ c d t . ∫ f ( t ) d t
a a a

b b b

3. ∫ [α(t) x f(t)] dt = ∫ α(t)dt x ∫ f(t)d t

a a a

b b

4 . // ∫ f ( t ) d t // ≤ ∫ // f ( t ) // d t
a a

Ejemplo:

2
t
1. ∫( ; √t2−1 ; 4t3) dt
1+t2
1

2 2
t 1 2t 1 1 1 5
∗ ∫
1+t 2 dt =
2
∫
1+t 2 dt =
2
ln | 1 + t 2 | ] 21 =
2
( ln 5 − ln 2 ) =
2
ln ( )
2
1 1

u
 tan θ = √ t 2 − 1
d t = sec θ . tan θ d θ
sec θ = t

2 2 2

∗∗ ∫ √ t − 1 d t = ∫ tan θ . sec θ . tan θ d θ = ∫ ( sec 2 θ − 1 ) . sec θ d θ

2

1 1 1

2 2 2

∫√t −1 dt =
2 ∫ sec 3 θ d θ − ∫ sec θ d θ
1 1 1

∫ sec 3 θ d θ − ∫ sec θ d θ

∫ sec 3 θ d θ = ∫ sec θ sec 2 θ d θ

Integrando por partes :

u = sec θ du = sec θ tan θ d θ
d v = sec 2 θ d θ v = tan θ

∫ sec θ sec 2 θ d θ = sec θ . tan θ − ∫ tan θ . sec θ . tan θ d θ

= sec θ . tan θ − ∫ sec θ ( sec 2 θ − 1 ) d θ

∫ sec 3 θ d θ = sec θ . tan θ − ∫ sec 3 θ d θ + ∫ sec θ d θ

2 ∫ sec 3 θ d θ = sec θ . tan θ + ∫ sec θ d θ

1 1
∫ sec 3 θ d θ = sec θ . tan θ + ∫ sec θ d θ
2 2
 1 1
∫ sec 3 θ d θ − ∫ sec θ d θ = sec θ . tan θ + ∫ sec θ d θ − ∫ sec θ d θ
2 2
1 1
= sec θ . tan θ − ∫ sec θ d θ
2 2
1 1
= sec θ . tan θ − ln ( sec θ + tan θ )
2 2

∫ √ t 2 − 1 d t = ∫ sec 3 θ d θ − ∫ sec θ d θ
1
2
1 1
∫√t2 −1 dt =
2
[ t √ t 2 − 1 − ln ( t + √ t 2 − 1 ) ] ] 21 =
2
[ 2 √ 3 − ln ( 2 + √ 3 ) ]
1

2
4t4
∗∗∗ ∫( 4 t 3 ) d t =
4
= t4 ] 21 = 16 − 1 = 15
1

2
t 1 5 1
∫( 2 ; √t2−1 ; 4t3) dt = ( ln ( ) ; [ 2 √ 3 − ln ( 2 + √ 3 )] ; 15)
1+t 2 2 2
1
LONGITUD DE ARCO DE UNA CURVA

Sea una curva : f ( t ) = [ f 1 ( t ) ; f 2 ( t ) ; f 3 ( t ) ; . . . ; f n ( t ) ]

y dos puntos de la curva P = f ( t 1 ) y Q = f ( t 2 ) ,

la longitud de arco de la curva f ( t ) desde P hasta Q está dada por :

t2

L = ∫ // f ′ ( t ) // d t
t1

Ejemplo:
1. Hallar la longitud de arco de la curva :
f ( t ) = ( a cos t , a sen t , b t ) ,
desde t = 0 hasta t = 2 π

f ´ ( t ) = ( – a sen t , a cos t , b )

/ / f ´ ( t ) / / = √ a 2 sen 2 t + a 2 cos 2 t + b 2 = √ a 2 + b 2

2π

L = ∫ (√a2+ b2 ) dt = (√a2+ b2 ) t ] 20π = 2π√𝑎2 + 𝑏2

0

1.1. Hallar la longitud de arco de la curva :

t3 t −1
f(t)=(t,1, , ) ,
6 2
desde t = 1 hasta t = 3
14
Rpta: L =
3

1.2. Hallar la longitud de arco de la curva :

f ( t ) = ( 3 t cos t , 3 t sen t , 4 t ) ,
desde t = 0 hasta t = 4
25
Rpta: L = 26 + ln 5
2
2. Hallar la longitud de la parábola
y = 4x2
entre los puntos ( 0 , 0 ) ; ( 1 , 4 ) en forma vectorial .

y = 4x2 ; (0,0) y (1,4)

y’ = 8x = 0 x = 0  y = 0
y‘‘ = 8

(1,4)

(0,0) X

De:
y = 4x2
x = t x = 1 , y = 4 t2 = 1
y = 4t2 x = 0 , y = 0 t1 = 0

f(t)=(t,4t2)
f´(t)=(1,8t)

/ / f ´ ( t ) / / = √ 1 + 64 t 2

1
1
L = ∫ √ 1 + 64 t 2 d t = [ 8 √ 65 + ln ( 8 + √ 65 ) ]
2
0