Question 1-4 are based on the following passage.

Published in 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities remains one of the
most important texts in the field of urban planning. The author, Jane Jacobs, proposed that
only by acknowledging the complex interplay between the residential commercial, and
industrial could we begin to develop cities that would not only be safe but also enjoyable.
This thinking ran counter to many of the theories of r the urban planning movements Of the
sixties and seventies, many of which advocated the separation of residential and commercial
zones, and attempted to create orderly, efficient utopias. In doing so, however, they neglected
the human element and many today feel that this is one of the major causes of the urban
decay so prominent in many metropolitan areas.

As larger American cities attempt to combat crime and suburban flight, city leaders are
reconsidering many of Jacobs's ideas and incorporating those ideas in sometimes unexpected
ways. One prime example of this is The Grove, a shopping center in the Fairfax district of
Los Angeles. Attached to the Farmer's Market, this sprawling commercial area resembles a
village more than a mall, and intentionally so. There are outdoor seating areas, a pond, and
many cafes mixed in with upscale shops. The question that remains, however, is whether this
contrived community atmosphere will be able to replicate the dynamics of a naturally
occurring neighborhood, and only time will provide the answer.

1. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the
first? ….
A. A generalization based on a previously stated hypothesis
B. The logical conclusion to the ideas proffered in the introductory sentences of the first
paragraph
C. A description of a case study that hopes to demonstrate the efficacy of the ideas
promoted in the first paragraph
D. A rebuttal of the claims made by the urban planners mentioned earlier in the passage
E. Suggestions that ought to be taken seriously by the aforementioned city planners and
urban dwellers alike

2. In the second paragraph, the author refers to The Grove as an example of ....
A. an unnatural collection of buildings that hopes to create a new sense of community
B. successful city planning, based on the complex interplay of different aspects of human
life
C. the kind of ineffective urban design that leads to suburban flight and downtown decay
D. a modern contrivance trying to piggyback on a time-honored community tradition
E. a highly suspect attempt to lull people into a false sense of community based on
shopping

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to ....

A. urge the public to support zoning initiatives that would further the goals of planners
such as Jacobs
B. lambaste short-sighted urban planners who neglect to consider the human element
when planning a community
C. sympathize with people attempting to create a vibrant community without the
requisite social support systems
D. cast doubt on the efficacy of some methods of urban planning while drawing attention
to one more novel approach ally
 E. educate readers about the potential pitfalls of idea developing a community without
considering factors

4. According to the passage, the urban planners sixties and seventies would most likely
respond to developments such as The Grove by ....
A. lauding the project's designers for their foresight in recognizing that neighborhood's
need for an open-air place in which to gather
B. questioning the decision to place the new center so close to a previously established
gathering and shopping area
C. warning that the mixture of dining and shopping establishments, combined with the
disorganized layout, will lead to inefficiency
D. praising local residents for supporting an artificially created community in an attempt
to foster true relationships with neighbors
E. fearing that such a center will fail to recognize the complex interplay between the
human users and the businesses that have been installed

Question 5-8 are based on the following passage.

Although oft-maligned in modern culture, the pigeon once stood not only for speed
reliability but also for grace and beauty Darwin himself became a pigeon fancier after
beginning to work with the humble Columba / via, discovering them to be more fascinating
than he had formerly believed. During the Victorian age, in fact, raising show pigeons was a
popular hobby, with new breeds continuously arising as amateur (and not-so-amateur)
ornithologists crossed animals in the hopes of creating ever more fantastic creatures. One of
the most sought-after varieties was known as the Almond Tumbler a name presumably
derived from the color of the birds combined with the distinctive flight style. Over the course
of 'many generations, this bird was so manipulated as to have a beak so small as to prevent
the adult birds from feeding their offspring. And yet, it was wildly popular, drawing high
prices at auctions and high prizes at competitions.

How then did an animal once so well-loved come to be so loathed? As recently as World
War II, the military used pigeons to carry messages, but today. Many people would kick a
pigeon before they would feed one. Perhaps it is just a problem of population, density, a lack
of esteem for that which is ubiquitous. Pigeons hhave become our constant urban companions
and as such, have been transformed from symbols of peace, plenty, and prosperity, to
representatives of disease and decay.

5. The primary purpose of this passage is to ....

A. convince the reader of the nobility of the pigeon, based on its history as a symbol of
virtue
B. dissuade the reader from mistreating a once-majestic animal that has fallen from favor
C. rebut claims that the pigeon carries disease any more frequently than do other
domestic animals
D. promote a renewal of pigeon fancying and a resurgence of breeds such as the Almond
Tumbler
E. suggest that there might be more to the story of some urban wildlife than is commonly
known
6. The case of the Almond Tumbler is most analogous to which of the following?
A. A strain of wheat that can be grown in plentiful quantities but loses much of its
nutritional value the process
B. Arabian horses that are able to run at phenomenal speeds due to centuries of careful
breeding designed to enhance those physical attributes
C. Vitamins that were purported to provide all of the necessary nutrients but have since
been found not to be very effective
D. The dachshund, a popular breed of dog that is nonetheless prone to severe back
problems, due to weaknesses exacerbated by any targeted breeding The wild rock
doves that are most commonly found nesting in the faces of cliffs far from human
habitation me
E. The wild rock dove that most commonly found nesting in the faces of cliffs far from
human habitation

7. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about Darwin, if true, could be
most effectively used to improve the popular view of pigeons today?
A. Darwin realized that the pigeon was ant a fascinating example of evolutionary
adaptation.
B. Darwin understood that the pigeon's value as a messenger was superior to that of
other birds.
C. Darwin's familiarity with pigeons led him to value aspects of the bird that he would
never have otherwise noticed.
D. Darwin spoke at length about the need to treat all living things with great esteem.
E. Darwin learned to value peace, plenty and prosperity as he became older.

8. According to the passage, the disparity between the Victorian and modern view of
pigeons might be explained by ....
A. the poor performance of those pigeon troops involved in espionage during World War
B. inherited problems common to some of the most popular breeds of fancy pigeons
C. the fact that pigeons have become such a prosaic feature in many urban areas
D. documented cases of diseases spread through human-pigeon contact
E. the common belief that pigeons are filthy animals, living among us in squalor

Question 9-12 are based on, the following passage.

Though the term "literature" seems as though it would be simple to define, only a few
moments of pondering the question "what is literature?" is required before one realizes how
complex it really is. Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, a Muslim philosopher who lived during the eighth
century, A.D., wrote that, "Literature is the garment which one puts on what ho says or writes
so that it may appear more attractive," When viewed in this light, literature begins to
resemble less a description of content itself than an artistic veil draped over content.
On the other hand, the term literature is cast in a harsher light when viewed as the
twentieth century Russian thinker Roman Jakobson did; he declared that literature is
"organized violence committed or ordinary speech." Jakobson thus suggests that the
unstructured, conversational words that define ordinary speech are transmogrified into a
particular arrangement on the page and, in so doing, become literature.
 Another facet to consider is the public's perception of literature. While some may
define cave paintings as literature, others would argue that they are merely graphic
inscriptions that, though perhaps narrative, are not literary. Others may argue that banned
books, such as Go Ask Alice, published in 1971 and excluded from many library shelves and
schools, are not literature because the content cannot be universally appreciated. Because
these questions remain unanswered and are largely subjective, in the final analysis, it may
prove impossible to define the term "literature."

9. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
A. The question of "what is literature" has been answered differently by different
cultures at different points in history.
B. Asking questions such as "what is literature' is an ultimately fruitless endeavor since
there will never be consensus on the answer
C. Literature is a little understood concept to this day because few scholars have thought
to attempt to define it.
D. Attempts to answer the question “what is literature" are doomed to failure because
literature has no defining characteristics other than the label, literature, itself.
E. A seemingly well understood concept is shown to have been subject to much
disagreement in the past and is expected to continue to be the subject of disagreement.

10. The author of the passage most likely mentions cave paintings In order to ….
A. prove that such merely graphic depictions have never been considered literature
B. provide an example of a type of artwork that has long been accepted as a form of
literature
C. demonstrate that the definition of literature may require more than morely telling a
story
D. emphasize that efforts to develop a definition of literature are destined for failure
E. underscore that content must bo universally appreciated in order to be deemed
literature

11. Based on the passage, about which of the following would Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq and
Roman Jakobson be most likely to disagree?
A. Literature is more concerned with aesthetic criteria than substance.
B. Without the label "literature" the ugliness of most writing would bo apparent.
C. Literature is dangerous because of its inherently violent structures.
D. Literature may have innate characteristics by which it may be recognized.
E. Banned books are not literature because they are not universally appreciated.

12. Based upon the passage, which of the following is NOT an example of a work of art that
could be considered literature?
A. A comic book that tells the story of a Greek myth
B. A court transcript of a trial for a double murder
C. A play that recounts the dissolution of marriage
D. A dramatic retelling of a conversation between two world leaders
E. A novel that has been unanimously praised by critics and readers alike
Question 13-15 are based on the following passage.

Although the theory that all things in nature are conceived of the same elementary
substance is now familiar to most philosophers, when Baruch de Spinoza proffered his
version of this theory in the tense religio-political climate of seventeenth-century Europe, he
met not only with censure but with threats and even exile. Cast out the Jewish community in
his youth due to heterodox ideas, Spinoza found himself once again reviled in his early
adulthood, this time by many prominent members of Dutch society. One is forced to wonder
how much of the isolation in this brilliant man's life was due to these imposed periods of
solitude as opposed to being solely due to his philosophical goal of living a life of the mind.

13. Which of the following, if true, would provide the best support for the author of the
passage's statements regarding the French Revolution?
A. Many of the late eighteenth century's prominent philosophers claimed, after the end of
the French Revolution, that the fighting had been inevitable due to a changing
political climate around the world.
B. The Russian Revolution was based in large part on a changing philosophy regarding
the status of commoners and its leaders attributed many of their initial theories on
ideas inspired by the events leading up to the French Revolution.
C. Many writers in the years immediately before the outbreak of the French Revolution
wrote pamphlets regarding the rights of man that were then used to garner popular
support by the leaders of the Revolution.
D. Spinoza " believed that war between factions within a country was an unfortunate side
effect of living closely with other people, many of whom would necessarily have
beliefs that differed from one's own beliefs.
E. Modern day France sets great store by its philosophers, asserting that it is through the
ideas of the great thinkers that France is able to maintain a position of global
prominence, and due to those ideas that it has such a rich history.

14. Based on the passage. Which the following statements about Spinoza's experience with
members of Dutch society is most supported?
A. Negative views of Spinoza led to more than e motional consequences.
B. Spinoza was exiled by prominent members of Dutch society.
C. Spinoza s treatment by members of Dutch society reminded him of his youth.
D. Members of Dutch society believed that natural objects were unrelated to each other.
E. Spinoza's attempts to blend in with Dutch society were thwarted.

15. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
A. Spinoza was a martyr to old-fashioned ideas who lived and died in undeserved
obscurity, due to the narrow-mindedness of others.
B. If the Dutch society of the seventeenth century had been more receptive, the course of
history might have been dramatically different.
C. The French Revolution was, at the most fundamental level, a fight to determine which
idea would gain ascendancy.
D. All tangible objects are made from the same universal substance, as shown by the
seventeenth century philosopher Spinoza.
E. Spinoza may be viewed as an example of someone who suffered for proposing ideas
that were, at that time, unpopular.