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2 The Circulatoy System
Prepared by: LING MEI TENG
The human heart
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
The structure of the human heart
1. Heart is situated between the two lungs in the thoracic cavity.
2. The function of heart is to pump blood continuously around the
body, from birth to death.
3. Four chambers;
a) two upper chambers (atria)
– receive blood returning to the heart
b) two lower chambers (ventricle)
– pump blood out of the heart
4.The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right
because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to all the parts of the
body.
5.Valves are present to allow blood to flow in only one direction.
6.Bicuspid and tricuspid valve prevent blood from flowing back into
the atria.
7.Semi lunar valves prevent blood from flowing back into the
ventricles when the ventricle relax.
How blood flow in heart?
1. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium via the
pulmonary veins.
2. Deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body enters the right
atrium via the vena cava.
3. As blood fills the atria, the atria contract and push the blood into
the two ventricles.
4. When the ventricles begin to contract, the bicuspid and tricuspid
valves are closed, and blood is pushed out through the semi‐lunar
valves into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta.
5. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary
arteries while oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the
rest of the body.
6. The first sound “lubb” is caused by the closing of the bicuspid and
tricuspid valves.
7. The second sound dub is caused by the closing of the semi‐lunar
valves.
The circulation of blood in humans
The pumping of the heart
1. The heart is made up strong cardiac muscle.
2. Cardiac muscle is myogenic (contract and relax
without the need to receive impulses from the
nervous system).
3.The cardiac muscles are interconnected enabling
electrical signals to be conducted rapidly through the
heart, and at the same time stimulate the cardiac muscle
to contract in coordinated way.
4. The coordination of the heart is initiated and
coordinated by a pacemaker (cluster of cells that
sets the rate at which the heart contracts).
How blood propelled through the human circulatory system
1. Pacemaker:
a) located at the wall of the right atrium.
b) generates electrical impulses.
c) made of sinoatrial node (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV)
node
d) regulated by parasympathetic (slows down) and sympathetic
(speeds up) nerves.
e) controlled by adrenaline or epinephrine (increases heartbeat
rate during moments of fear or threat).
2. SA node generates electrical impulses which spread rapidly over the
walls of both atria, causing both atria to contract.
3. From the SA node, the impulses reach the AV node.
4. From the AV node, specialized muscle fibres (bundle of His, bundle
branches and Purkinje) conduct the signals to the apex of the heart
and throughout the walls of the ventricles.
5. This causes the ventricles to contract and push blood out to the
lungs and body.
Contraction of skeletal muscle around veins
1. When skeletal muscle contract, they
squeeze the veins and push blood through the
veins.
2. The veins have one‐way valves that allow
blood to flow only towards the heart.
How blood pressure is regulated
1. Blood pressure:
a) Pressure exerted on the wall of the blood vessel.
b) Force that drives blood through the arteries and capillaries.
c) Highest in aorta and large arteries during systole (the
contraction of ventricles when blood is pumped out of the
aorta and pulmonary artery).
d) typical blood pressure reading 120 (systolic) /80
(diastolic)mmHg
e) Regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
Baro receptors in the wall Baro receptors in the wall of
of aorta and carotid aorta and carotid arteries are
arteries are stimulated less stimulated
Rate of nerve Rate of nerve
impulses increases impulses decreases
Cardiovascular centre in Cardiovascular centre in
medulla oblongata medulla oblongata
Nerve impulses are Nerve impulses are
sent to effectors sent to effectors
1. Relaxation (vasodilation) of
smooth muscle in the blood 1. Contraction (vasocontriction) of
vessel walls. smooth muscle in the blood vessel
2. Resistance of the blood flow in walls.
blood vessels reduces. 2. Resistance of the blood flow in blood
3. Weaker cardiac muscle vessels increases.
contractions. 3. Stronger cardiac muscle contractions.
4. Heartbeat rate decreases. 4. Heartbeat rate increases.
Blood pressure increases
Blood pressure decreases
Normal blood pressure
Activity 4
Answer
Activity 5
Answer