FIRE ALARM

TEAM: FUSION
CHARAN B.V.S., 011204046
E.C.E III YEAR,SASTRA UNIVERSITY
charanbvs@gmail.com, #+919566169945
PRAVEEN A., 011204016
E.C.E III YEAR,SASTRA UNIVERSITY
angam.praveen@gmail.com, #+919629343135
DHEERAJ SINGH T., 011204059
E.C.E III YEAR,SASTRA UNIVERSITY
prince4ever.dheeraj@gmail.com, #919600791137
CHICHHILI NIKHILESH REDDY, 011204050
E.C.E III YEAR,SASTRA UNIVERSITY
nikhilesh.chichhili@gmail.com, #9677897812
CONTENTS:
1) INTRODUCTION

2) AIM

3) SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

4) OVERVIEW OF THE SOLUTION

5) ASSUMPTIONS

6) DECSRIPTION

7) LOGIC

8) PLAN OF DEMONSTRATION

9) FEATURES

10) MORE IDEAS

11) REFERENCES

12) SOFTWARES USED

INTRODUCTION:
Fire alarms are circuits which are used to warn people, in case of an event of a fire, by giving
out a sound alarm. There are many types of fire alarms. They are classified as smoke
detectors, heat detectors, mechanical detectors, etc. It is a very important gadget as it can
save many lives of the people and also preventing from large-scale destruction of property.
Hence it is essential to create a fool-proof fire alarm.

AIM:
The aim of our report is to Design and build a fire alarm that notifies only when there is a
fire.

SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM:

Basically we are using 4 different modules to differentiate between fire, smoke and other
false alarms.

Our constraints in the detection process are

 Rate of rise in temperature

 Smoke

 Light

 Threshold temperature

Taking into consideration the above constraints, we have designed our fire alarm circuit
whose block diagram is shown below.
OVERVIEW:
LM35 – Temperature sensor - used for converting temperature into voltage.

Temperature display - precision of 0.1degree Celsius

Rate-Of-Rise detector - using the rate of change in temperature, detects fire

Fixed temperature detector – used to detect the fire when temperature increases
above a threshold value (47degree Celsius)

Smoke detector – used to detect smoke

Light detector – used to detect fire with the aid of light intensity variation

Combinational logic – the heart of our circuit

Alarm1 – for excess smoke

Alarm2 - for fire

ASSUMPTIONS:
 Room must have atleast one window

 Room temperature – 25degree Celsius

 The room temperature does not change drastically due to climatic changes.

 Threshold Rate-Of-Rise – 1.1mV/second – for comparator 2(typical rate-of-rise in

case of fire)

 Threshold room temperature – 47degree Celsius – for comparator 1(typical value in

case of fire)

 A duct of 8cm diameter and horn-shaped top for smoke detection.

 Reference voltage in smoke detector – 2V (Set by varying the resistance of the

potentiometer)

 All reference voltages and temperatures are set in accordance to typical values
available. These values are subjected to change based on real time conditions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUIT:

TEMPERATURE DISPLAY MODULE:

The above block diagram can be explained as follows. If the temperature is 20 degree
centigrade the output of LM35 will be 200mV.This 200mV is converted to 2KHz by voltage to
frequency converter .This pulse train of 2KHz is converted into 200 pulses by Johnson
decade counter with 10 decoded outputs. These 200 pulses are counted by 3 digit BCD
counter and displayed as 20.0 degree centigrade in seven segment displays. The entire
procedure is explained in detail below.

LM35 TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER:

The LM35 IC is a precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
Its scale factor being + 10.0 mV/°C.
This drives the voltage to frequency converter, IC LM331.
VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER:

The LM331 IC is a voltage-to- frequency converter.

The output when used as a voltage-to-frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency
precisely proportional to the applied input voltage.

f(out)=(input voltage/2.09v)*(Rs/Rl)*(1/(Rt*Ct))

Rs, Rl, Rt and Ct are designed such that if the temperature is 20 degree centigrade the
output of lm35 will be 200mV and voltage to frequency converter converts it into 2kHz.
The design of voltage to frequency converter is given below

In the above circuit diagram,

Rs=12k+trimmer resistance
Rl=100k
Rt=1.2k
Ct=1nF
For the above values fout=around 1356 Hz for 200 mv input.
Instead of Rt =1.2k we will use Rt =6.8k. We will adjust 5k trimmer resistance such that we
will get an output of 2kHz.
JOHNSON DECADE COUNTER WITH TEN DECODED OUTPUTS(IC
74HC/HCT4017):

The 74HC/HCT4017 is a 5-stage Johnson decade counter with 10 decoded active high
outputs (Q0 to Q9).
An active low output from most significant flip-flop(5-9).
Active high and active low clock inputs CP0 and CP1 respectively.
It contains master reset input (MR).
Pin description is given below

PIN NO SYMBOL NAME AND FUNCTION

3,2,4,7,10,1,5,6,9,11 Q0 to Q9 Decoded outputs
8 GND Ground
13 CP1(active low) Clock input(high to low,edge
triggered)
14 CP0 Clock input(low to high ,edge
triggered)
15 MR Master reset input(active
high)
16 Vcc Power supply
12 Carry output from most
significant flipflops

We will connect the output of voltage to frequency converter to CP0 pin of this ic.

Next we will connect the 10th pin to the 3 digit BCD counter.

The function of this IC in a simple manner is, for every train of 10 pulses through clock input
(CP0) we will get a decoded output of one pulse through the 10th pin.

For the example mentioned above, for 2 KHz pulse train we will get 200 pulses from the 10th
pin.

This IC will be reset for every one second by 1Hz oscillator whose design is given below.

The circuit connections are shown in the temperature display circuit.

THREE DIGIT BCD COUNTER:

The MC14553B 3–digit BCD counter IC consists of 3 negative edge triggered BCD counters
that are cascaded synchronously.
A quad latch at the output of each counter permits storage of any given count.
The information is then time division multiplexed, providing one BCD number or digit at a
time.

PIN NO. FUNCTION

2,1,15 SELECTS THE DIGITS IN BCD
5,6,7,9 OUTPUTS TO DRIVE 7-SEGMENT DECODER IC
14 HIGH WHEN THERE IS OVERFLOW OF COUNT
12 CLOCK INPUT
10 LATCH ENABLE
11 DISABLE
13 MASTER RESET

POWER SUPPLY=PIN 16
GROUND=PIN 8
The output of Johnson decade counter is given to the clock input of the 3-DIGIT BCD
counter.

The latch enable pin and disable pin are grounded.

The master reset pin gets its input from a 1Hz oscillator whose design is described below.

The outputs are taken from the pins 5,6,7,9 and fed to the input pins of the BCD to 7-
segment decoder ic.

Internally the ic consists of an oscillator whose pins are 3, 4 to which a capacitor is externally
connected to set the operating frequency.

This capacitor fixes the multiplexing frequency at which counter IC drives the display
cathodes by using p-n-p transistors as a buffer through digit select pins

BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DRIVER/DECODER:

The ic used for this purpose is 74HC/HCT4511.

It decodes BCD data to a,b,c,d,e,f,g pins of seven segment display.

The same decoder IC is used to drive three 7 segment displays, since three displays are
selected by counter ic at a particular rate.The dot pin of second seven segment display is
always connected to Vcc.
THE TEMPERATURE DISPLAY CIRCUIT
SMOKE DETECTOR:

This is one of the important parts of the alarm. We are using a simple principle based on IR
detection. The detector uses an IR emitter and a photodiode. The IR emits infrared rays which are
continuously detected by the IR detector whose output voltage falls below the threshold level (given
to the inverted pin) of the op-amp. In case of smoke, the IR rays get scattered and as a result the
output voltage exceeds the threshold level of the op-amp (741 ic) thus giving an output. This drives
the indicator (alarm).The indicator includes a periodic ON-OFF of an LED and a buzzer.

We have assumed the reference voltage of the above smoke detector circuit to be 2V.

IR emitter and detector are placed at the extremities of a diameter of

8 cm.IR light is transmitted and smoke enters through the duct in a
direction perpendicular to the transmitted light. When excess smoke
is present between the IR emitter and detector the sensor gives an
output.
DIFFERENTIATOR:

The output of the temperature sensor (LM 35) is given as input to the differentiator.

This part of the circuit gives the rate at which the temperature is changing every second.

The output of the differentiator is given to the comparator 2(as given in fire alarm block
diagram).

In general, in the event of a fire, in a room, there is a temperature rise of 6.7deg Celsius –
8.3deg Celsius per minute.

The LM35 gives an output of 10mV for every 1deg rise in temperature. So for 6.7deg rise we
get 67mV as output.

But the above mentioned rate is in minutes. So to convert the rate in seconds we need to
divide it by 60. We convert it into seconds so as to normalize this part of the circuit.

So, we have set the threshold rise in temperature to be as 1.1mV.

Whenever the rate of rise is more than 6.7 degree centigrade the output of differentiator
will be more than 1.1mV which is applied at the non-inverting terminal. This is compared
with 1.1mV at inverting terminal.

If rate of rise is rapid a HIGH logic will be sent to combinational logic(as mentioned above in
the block diagram).
COMPARATOR 1:

As rate of rise is not the only criteria in deciding the fire we are using this comparator

Normally when there is a fire in the room, the temperature inside the room will reach 47
degree centigrade.

By using this we will connect output of LM35 to non-inverting input of the comparator and
470 mV is applied to the inverting terminal (since the scale factor of LM 35 is 10mV/degree
Celsius).

Whenever temperature is more than 47 degree centigrade it will send an active HIGH pulse.

Note: For the output of comparator to be in between 0-5 volts we will back to back zener
diodes or single power supply op-amps with 5 volt power supply.
LIGHT DETECTOR:

We are using a photodiode for the purpose of light detection.

The photodiode works on the principle that as light intensity, falling on it increases, its
resistance decreases.

We are using this principle in our fire alarm so as to detect the light obtained from the fire.

As mentioned in the problem statement there may be rise in temperature and smoke while
cooking for a feast on a sunny day, so we are using this sensor for not giving any false
alarms.

As shown in the circuit diagram there will be two op-amps in

inverting mode with photodiodes in their feedbacks. One op-amp with photodiode in its
feedback is kept out and is exposed to sunlight and the other inside the room. Both these
op-amps are connected to comparator input terminals. Whenever there is a fire accident
light intensity inside the room will be due to both fire and sunlight and the comparator
output varies.

You might get a doubt that light intensity will be reduced due to smoke but this can be
sorted out which is explained in the next block combinational logic.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC:
As mentioned above we have 4 sensors
1) Comparator 1(which checks whether the temperature is greater than 47degree Celsius)
2) Comparator 2 (which detects the rate of rise whether is greater than 6.7 degree per
minute according to our assumption)
3) Smoke detector
4) Light detector
In case, if we use op-amp as comparator we will use back-to-back zener diodes to get
output in between (0-5v). If we use LM 324 there is no need of the above connection as the
output will be in the range 0-5v.

Comparator1 Comparator2 Smoke Light Smoke Fire Heat/steam

detector detector
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 0

From the above truth table, using Karnaugh map the combinational logic circuit is obtained
as shown below. Steam /heat conditions are ignored in the combinational logic because
they give false alarms, in general. From the above table, a number of false alarms are
reduced.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DIAGRAM
PLAN OF DEMONSTRATION:

We have decided to place the following sensors on our sensor board (figure shown below)

 LM35 (SENSOR 1)
 INLET OF SMOKE DETECTOR DUCT (SENSOR 2)
 1 PHOTODIODE OF THE LIGHT DETECTOR (SENSOR 3)

The other photodiode is placed outside the room. The signal from this photodiode is
obtained either wired or wireless. The smoke detector duct has a horn-shaped top so
as that it gathers smoke and when the sensor output reaches the threshold voltage it
gives out a mild alarm as designed by us. The outputs of sensors present on the
board are transmitted to the PCB through pin connectors.

The entire circuit excluding the sensor board is placed inside an insulation box.
Power supply requirements:
 +12V
 -12V
 +5V
 Gnd
We will have separate pins for the above power supplies on our PCB to make the circuit
compact.
FEATURES:

 LM 35 – LINEAR OUTPUT WHEN COMPARED TO THERMISTORS AND

THERMOCOUPLES
 0.1DEGREE PRECISION IN TEMPERATURE DISPLAY
 EFFICIENT REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF FALSE ALARMS USING THE LOGIC
 SCAN RATE OF 1 SECOND FOR ROOM TEMPERATURE
 ADAPTIVE LIGHT DETECTOR
 LESS SENSITIVE TO STEAM/HEAT
 DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY MEMORY DEVICE AS IT IS AN ADAPTIVE CIRCUIT

MORE IDEAS:

SMOKE DETECTOR IC - A5347CA IS AVAILABLE IN MARKET AND CAN BE USED

WIRELESS INTERCONNECTIVITY CAN BE ESTABLISHED BETWEEN FIRE ALARMS
PLACED IN DIFFERENT ROOMS

REFERENCES:

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.datasheet4u.com
 www.educypedia.be
 www.rakshaksystem.com
 www.ktsensor.com

SOFTWARES USED:

 MULTISIM 10.1
 ORCAD CAPTURE