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=German Industrial Standard
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3 • s + + + + + + + + 500 - 420 St 42-1

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3.5.8
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90° 90° 9~1 50° 50° +
2 • s 420 - 340 St 34-2
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90° 50° 5d c 50° 50° 500 - 420 St 42-2
3 • s
I 90° 90° 90<1 50°
5
50° 540
- 440 St 46-2
90 90 + ~ 5
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600 - 500 St 50-2
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+ 720 - 600 St 60-2
+ + + ! + 850 - 700 St 70-2

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Ox = Oxide = Oxydischer Typ.
Ze = Cellulose = Zellulose Typ.
So = Special type = Sondertyp.
Fe-Es = Iron Powder Acidic = Eisenpulver sauer.
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0,7 1,0 0,7 5.2 0,3 20.6 53,2 9,6 8,3 0,03 Ox
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5 5 C F
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7,5 6,5 12 Mg °
53 48 38 41 Si 02
5 5 13 2,5 A e203
10 7,5 0,75 Mn °
39 Mn 02
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2 2
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6 .i.J".,
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2
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A ~ ~\jj Si 02 ~ 20 %
241
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References
1 ~ Welding Handbook
Seventh Edition, Volume 1 - 5
American Welding Society (AWS).
2 - Welding Inspection
3 - Electroslag Welding
by B.E. Paton
American Welding Society (AWS) .
4 - Soldering Manual
5 - Welding Handbook
Fifth Edition, Section 3 - 5
6 - Welding Handbook
Sixth Edition, Section 1, 2, 3A, 3B, 5
7 - Non-Cutting Shaping,
by F.Petrak
Edition Leipzig..
8 - Welding Engineering
by Prof.R.L. Agarwal and Prof.Tahil Manghnani
Khanna Publishers, Delhi-India.
465
9 - Welders Guide
by James E. Brumbaugh
Theodore Audel Co. Indianapolis, Indiana.
10 - Electric Slag Welding

by B. Paton
MIR PUblishers, Moscow.
11 - Electric Arc Welding Practice

b9 L. Shebeko
MIR PUblishers, Moscow.
12 - Audels Welders Guide

by Frank D. Graham
Treasure House of Books, Bombay 1, India.
13 - Plasma - Arc Equipment

by E. M. Esibian
Mir Publishers, Moscow.
14 - Welding Skills and Practices

by J.W.Giachion, W.Weeks and E. Brune
American Technical Society (ATS>,Chicago, Illinois.
15- The Science and Practice of Welding

by A. C. Davies
Cambridge University Press, London-New York
Melbourne.
466
16 - The Oxwelder's Handbook

15th Edition
The Linde Air Products Company, New York.
17 - The Metallurgy of Welding

by Dr. D. Seferian
Chapman and Hall, London.
18 - Welding Process Technology

by P.T. Houldcroft
Cambridge University Press, London-New York
Melbourne.
19 - Welding for Engineers

by H. Udin, E. R. Funk and J. Wulff
J.Wiley,New york and Chapman and Hall, London.
20 - Gas Welding and Cutting

by D.Glizmanenko and G.Yevseyev
Peace Publishers, Moscow.
21 - Grundlagen der Schweisstechnik

von Prof. Dr. R. Probst
VEB VERLAG Technik Berlin.
22 - Leicht verstan!liche Werkstoffkunde fur den

Stahlschweisser
von karl Mrosko
VEB Verlag Technik Berlin.
467
23 - Schweiss - und Schneidetechnik

Herausgeber: Ing. Georg Herden
VEB Carl Marhold Verlag, Halle (Saale).
24 - Fiigen
von H. Salcher und M. Feuerhak
VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin.
25 - Materialprufnormen fur Metallische Werkstoffe

DIN Taschenbuch 19
Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA) Berlin W 15 •
26 - Der Schutzgasschweisser, Teil I

von H.Fischer und L.Baum
Deutscher Verlag fur Schweisstechnik GMBH,
Dusseldorf.
27 - Fachkunde fur Schweisser, Band I

von Hans Endter
28 - Die Verfahren der Schweisstechnik

Deutscher Verlag fur Schweisstechnik (DVS)
Gmbh, Dusseldorf.
29 - Grundlagen der Schweisstechnik - Laten

VEB Verlag Technik Berlin •
30 - Die Gas - Schweiss u n g

von Felix Wuttke
VEB Verlag Technik Berlin
468
31 - Schutzende Oberflachen durch Schweissen und

Metallspritzen
von H.Wirtz und H.Hess
Deutscher Verlag f.Schweisstechnik (DVS) GmbH,
DUsseldorf.
32 - Leitfaden fur Lichtbogenschweisser

von Verlag Technik Berlin.
33 - Grundlagen der Schweisstechnik-SonderschwRiss

verfahren
34 - Theorie der Schweissprozesse

von Prof. G. I. Pogodin-Alexejew
35 - Handbuch der Schweisstechnik

Jurgen Ruge
Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
36 - Grundlagen der Schweisstechnik - Gestaltung

37 - Das Metallspritzverfahren
von Eberhard Kretschmar
VEB Carl Marhold Verlag, Halle (Saale).
38 - Schweissen,Schneiden und Laten von Metallen

von K.K. Chrenow
VEB Carl Marhold Verlag Halle, (Saale).
469
39 - Schweissen nichtrostender Stahle

von Dr.- Ing • F. W. Strassburg
Deutscher Verlag F.Schweisstechnik (DVS)
GmbH ,Dusseldorf.
40 - Handbuch der Lottechnik

von Dr. - Ing. Erich Luder
Verlag Technik Berlin.
41 - Werkstattbucher - Das Loten

von Dr.-Ing. R.von Linde
Springer Verlag Berlin/Gottingen/Heidelberg.
42 - ZIS - Mitteilungen 8
Zentralinstitut f.Schweisstechnik der DDR,
Halle ( Saale ).
43 - Weichlote
by Edmund R.Thews
Metall-Verlag GmbH, Berlin-Grunewald.
44 - The Fundamentals of Gas Welding

by Felix Wuttke
Edition Leipzig.
45 - Der Gasschweisser
by W. Marfels
Deutscher Verlag fur Schweisstechnik Gmbh,

Dusseldorf.
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bushels (U.S. dry measure) = 0~0352 m3
.
cable lengths (U.S.) = 720 ft = 219.456 m
cable lengths (British) = 608.ft
calories c 4.187 joules
carats = 200 mg.
centares • 1m 2 • 10.76 ft 2•
centilitres • 0.01 litres
centimeters = 0.3937 in = 0.0328083 ft • 0.01094 y•
• 10 mm
centimeters of Hg= 5.352391 in water. 0.193368 Ib/in 2
• 27.84507 Ib/ft 2 .135.951 kg/~2
chains (Gunther) • 4 rods. 66 ft
chains (EngineerS) = 100 ft
coulombs. 3 x 10 9 • electrosUti.c units of charge (esu)
cubic ce~timeters • 0.00099973 litres • 0.06102338 i~3
• 0.00003532 ft3
cubic feet • 1728 in 3 • 7.480519 U.S. gallons
• 6.288 Imperial gallons =28317.017 cm3
.'28.31625 litres.
cubic meters. 35.314455 ft3 • 264.17 U.S. gallons.
• 219.97 Imperial gallons. 6.2989 blrrels
(bbl)
• 999.98 litres
decaliters. 10 I • 2.64 U.S. gil Ions • 0.35 ft 3

decameters. 10 m • 32.81 ft.
473
declgr••s • 0.1g • 1.543 grains

decilitres • 0.1 I
decimeters. 0.1 m • 3.94 in
degree .rc • 0.01745329 radians
dr••, • 21.343 grains. 1.771 g
dynes. 10- 5 newtons. 0.1019716 x 10- 5 kp
electron (ev.} • 1.602 x 10- 19 joules

electrostatic units of potential 300 volts
ells. 1.725 t-
farads (coulombs/volt) • 9 x '0" electrostatic units

of capacitance
fathoms • 6 ft
feet. 30.48006 em • 12 in • 0.3048 m • 0.3333 y.
fluidounces (u.S. liquid measure) • 29.573 cm3 •
8
fluidrams (U.S.).
fluidounces (Imperial) • 28.416 cm3 • 8 fluidrams (British)
fluidrams (u.S. liquid measure) • 60 minims (U.S.)
• 3.696 cm 3
fluidrams (imperial) .60 minims (British)
a 3.5516 cm
3
foot-pound.ls • 0.04213 joules

foot-pounds (ft-Ib) • 1.3554 joules lwatt-seconds
• 0.138255 m kg.
foot-pounds/second. 0.00136 K.W •• 0.00182 HP.
Furlongs = to chains. 660 ft.
474
gallons (U.S.) = 0.83268 Imperial gallons = 0.13368 ft 3

= 3.785332 I = 4 Quarts = 0.023809 barrels
= 4.546 I.
gills (U.S. liquid measure) = 4 fluidounces = 118.3 cm 3

gills (Imperial) = 5 fluidounces = 142.1 cm 3
grains = 0.0648 g
grams = 15.43236 grains = 0.035274 ounces
= 0.00224623 Ib = 6.85 x 10. 5 slugs = 1000 mg
= 0.001 kg = 980.665 dynes
hands = 4 in
hectares = 2.471 acres
hectograms. 100 g. = 3.527 ounces
hectolitres = 100 I = 3.53 ft 3 = 2.84 bushels (dry)
hectometers = 100m = 109.36 y.
henry (rolt. sec/amp) = 109 electro magnetic units
horsepower = 0.7457 K.W •• 0.7068 Btu./sec. = 33000 ft.lb/min
= 550 ft. lb/sec.= 745.7 Watts = 0.1781K.Cal./Sec
= 1.013872 metric horsepower.
horsepower (metric) • 75 Kg.m/sec. = 735.496 watts.
hoursepower hour. 2545.06 Btu.
hundred weight (short) • 100 lb • 45.36 kg.
hundred w~lght (long) = 112 lb = 50.802 kg.
inch. 2.54 cm • 1000 mils
inch of mercury = 0.033421 at~ • 33.8639 millibars
= 13.5951 in water = 0.491157 lb/in 2
• 0.03453 Kg/cm2
475
inch of water = 0.73556 in Hg = 0.1868324 Hg.
= 0.0361275 Ib/in 2 = 0.00246 atm.
joul~ = 0.238~ cal. = 107 ergs = 0.7376 ft lb

kilocalory = 3.96707 Btu
kilogram = 2.204622 pounds(avOirdup~is)=2.679 pound (troy)
= 70.931 poundals = 1000 g
7
'. kilogram = meter = 7.233 ft. l b = 9.8066 x 10 ergs
= 9.8066 watts.
kilOgram/cm2 = 0.9678 atm = 28.958 in Hg = 14.2234 p.s.i.
kilolitre = 1000 I = 1.31 yards 3
kilometer = 0.62137 miles = 0.53955 nautical miles
kifometer/h = 0.9113426 ft/s = 54.68 ft/min = 0.9113 ft/s
= 0.539 knots
kilowatt = 0.9478 Btu/s = 737.6
ft.lb/s = 1.341 HP.
kilowatt hour = 3415 Btu = 3.6 x 106 joules
knot = nautical miles/h = 1.15155 miles / h = 1.852 km/h
league = 3 miles
light year = 9.4605 x 105 km.
link = 20;1168cm = 0.22 Ylrds • 7.92 in
litre. 1000.027 em 3 • 61.02503 in 3 • 0.0351 ft 3
• 0.006289 barrels. 0.2199 Imp. gallons
• 0.2643 U.S. gil Ions • 0.908 qUlrls (dry ... sure)
• 1.057 qUirts (liq . . .Isure)
meter = 39.37 in • 3.28083ft • 1.093611 Ylrds • 4.97 links
• 0.199 rods. 100 em = 1000 mm.
meter/s = 2.237 miles/h. 3.6 Km/h • 196.85 ft/min
micron. 10- 6m • 10000 Angstro.s
476
mile (Statue) = 5280 ft = 1760 yards = 1.609347 km.

= 0.8683925 nautical miles
mile (nautical) = 1.852 i<m
mile/h = 1.4667 ft/s = 0.8583925 knots (nautical miles/h)
= 0.447 m/s = 88 ft/min
mil I iii t e r (m I) = 1 c m3
millimeter (mm) = 0.03937 in = ·,000 micron = 0.001 m

mi I = 0.001 in
minim (U.S. liQuid measure) = 0.0616cm3
min i m (I mp.) = O. 0592 c m3 .
myriameter = 10.000 m = 6.2 miles
nail. 2.25 in
newton • 105 dynes
newton - meter = 107 ergs
ounce (avoirdupois) • 28.3495 grams. 437.5 grains
ounce (troy) • 31.103 g
parsec. 3.26 light years
peck. 2 imp. gallons
penny weight ~ 1.555 g
pint (U.S. 1ig. measure) = 0.473
pint (U.S. dry measure) • 0.55
,.
pint (Imp.) • 0.5683 1
pounda1 • 0.13825 newtons
pound (avoirdupois) • 7000 grains
pounds/ft 3 • 0.1337 1b/U.S. gallon • 16.018 kg/",3
• 0.01602 gfcm 3
477
pound per cubic inch (pci) = 27.68 g/ m3 = 2.036 in Hg.

= 2.309 ft of water at 16°C.
= 0.06805 atm.
pound troy = 240 penny weights = 5760 grains
= 0.3732 kg
quart = 2 pints
quart (U.S. liq measure) = 0.946
quart (U.S. dry measure) = 1.1011
qua rt (I mp • ) = 1.36
qUintal = 100 kg.
radian = 57.29578 degrees arc

radial's/s = 0.159155 revolutions/s = 9.8493 revs/so
revolution: 6.283185 radians
rod: 5.0292 meters: 5.5 yards
rood : 40 square rods
scruple: 1.295 g
slug: 31.175 pounds = 14.59 kg.
square centimeter: 0.0001 m2 : 0.155 in 2
square foot: 929 cm 2 : 144 in 2 : 0.0929 m2
: 0.111 yardS 2
square inch: 6.451626 cm2 = 0.0069 ft 2
square km = 0./3861 miles 2 = 106 m2 : 247.1 acres.
square link: 62.726 in 2
square meter: 10.76 ft 2 : 1.195985 yardS 2 : 1550 in 2
square mile = 640 acres: 258.9 hectares
square yard = 0.836 m2
steres (m3) = 1.31 yardS 3
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