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Prison State
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DIRECTED BY
Dan Edge

ANNOUNCER: Tonight on FRONTLINE—

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: My mama was locked up, my daddy, my brothers, my cousins, everybody.

ANNOUNCER: There are 2.3 million people locked up in the United States—

KEITH HUFF: I spent more time in prison than I’ve been in society. It’s a shame.

ANNOUNCER: —around half for non-violent crimes.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: I shouldn’t be in here. I’m in here, basically, for skipping school.

ANNOUNCER: These inmates are costing states billions they can’t afford.

MARK BOLTON, Dir., Louisville Dept. of Corrections: Our number one frequent flyer is not dangerous, but we have
probably spent millions dollars on this guy.

ANNOUNCER: FRONTLINE takes you inside one American neighborhood where getting locked up is a part of
everyday life—

TED LUCKETT, Deacon, Catholic Charities: This system is set up for them to fail because when they come out of
prison, there’s nothing for them.

ANNOUNCER: —and inside one state that is trying to fix a broken system.

Commissioner HASAN DAVIS, KY Dept. of Juvenile Justice, 2012-14: Incarceration has become the response to every
social problem that we encounter.

MARK BOLTON: Jail doesn’t work. Prison doesn’t work.

Rep. JOHN TILLEY (D), Kentucky Legislature: We need to distinguish between who we’re mad at and who we’re
afraid of.

ANNOUNCER: Tonight on FRONTLINE, Prison State.

Keith’s Story

KEITH HUFF: My name is Keith Huff. I’m from Louisville, Kentucky. I’ve been incarcerated five times in the Kentucky
state prison system. I got a total of 27 years in the system.

NARRATOR: Keith Huff is a million-dollar prisoner. The state of Kentucky has spent an estimated $1.1 million
incarcerating him. He’s been diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

KEITH HUFF: I do great in prison, for some reason. It’s sad, but I do. I do great in prison, I mean, because I got the
structure and people telling me what to do. When I got somebody behind me, on me, I do great in life. I really do.

NARRATOR: Keith is currently serving five years for burglary, theft and impersonating a police officer. He’s set to be
released in three months.

KEITH HUFF: I do some stupid stuff. I have been coming in and out of prison since the early ‘80s. Every time I’ve left
prison, it’s like a revolving door. It’s just a cycle. It’s a curse. And where I come from, the neighborhood I come from,
most everybody get locked up. And I mean everybody.

NARRATOR: Keith is from the Beecher Terrace, a housing project in the west end of Louisville, Kentucky, where
around one in six people cycle in and out of prison every year.

KAYLA MILLER: Yes, a lot of people in my family been locked up.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: My big brother been locked up, my daddy.

JAYJUAN: My uncle’s been to prison.

RI-RI KINNISON: Yeah, my daddy. And my granny.

NARRATOR: Kentucky spends more than $15 million a year incarcerating people just from Beecher Terrace and the
surrounding neighborhoods.

KAYLA MILLER: My brother Ike has been locked up three or four times.

JODECI CHADWICK: My best friend Eric’s in prison right now.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: My uncles— well, almost all my uncles.

KENDALE WOOLFOLK: I’d say I was incarcerated 50 times.

JODECI CHADWICK: My granddaddy’s been locked up, my sister been locked up, my cousins, all of them.

NARRATOR: This is the story of a year in the lives of four residents of Beecher Terrace—

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I got cousins on both sides that have been locked up.

NARRATOR: —men who’ve been in and out of prison for decades.

KEITH HUFF: I spent more time in prison than I been in society. That’s a shame.

NARRATOR: Children getting locked up for the first time.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: When I go to jail, I don’t feel like it teaches me a lesson.

MELLERNEE JONES, Juvenile Court Social Worker:She is so angry, Christel could be headed towards prison if she
doesn’t get it right now.

GIRL: My mother been locked up.

MARK BOLTON, Dir., Louisville Dept. of Corrections: You know, the United States locks up more people than any
other country in the world.

BOY: Me and my cousin, we got some crack cocaine.

NARRATOR: It’s the story of a place where incarceration is almost inevitable—

Commissioner HASAN DAVIS, KY Dept. of Juvenile Justice, 2012-14: Incarceration has become the response to every
social problem that we encounter. They’re doing bad at school, lock them up. A problem in the home, look them up.

NARRATOR: —and of a state trying to break the cycle.

MARK BOLTON: We really have to look at a paradigm shirt in this business of how we operate justice. Jail doesn’t
work. Prison doesn’t work.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: I’m 15 years old. And I’m in here, basically, for skipping school.

Fall

Christel’s Story

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: My name is Christel Tribble, and I live in Beecher Terrace. It’s basically a regular ghetto. I know a
lot of people that’s been in jail— my dad, my uncles— well, almost all my uncles— my cousins. But I’m my own
person. I want to go on American Idol when I get older, or I want to be a detective.

NARRATOR: Christel is 15. She lives with her mother and four brothers and sisters in a two-bedroom apartment on
Beecher Terrace. Her father has been locked up most of her life.

ROSE TRIBBLE, Christel’s Mother: I think it played a real big part in Christel’s life, and not good. She really didn’t
know him. He didn’t really know her. So it was, like, every time he got out, he was starting over, starting over,
starting over. You know, so it— for the child, I think it fills them a lot with anger, which causes a whole lot of
problems as they get older.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: I don’t like him. Every time he told me he was going to come back and stuff like that, be in my
life, he lied, so— as I got older, I didn’t care about my daddy anymore. I want to believe that my mama’s my daddy,
too, so— oh! I don’t want to talk about it no more.

ROSE TRIBBLE: Christel started acting out a little bit when she was in elementary, but she really started acting up
when she hit middle school. As she got older, all this stuff was just waiting to come out. It was just waiting.

NARRATOR: Last year, Christel was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and ADHD. After a classroom fight, she was sent
to an alternative school for disruptive children. Now she’s stopped showing up and has just been summoned to
court for truancy.

ROSE TRIBBLE: This is all coming down on you. You know which way you heading to? Piggy? Do you like it? Are you
sure because we back in the court again for truancy. If they got to, if they feel they have to, they could lock you up.
Is that what you want? This is stuff that they can do because you gave them permission to.

And look at me. Just think, if you graduate, go to a college, this is something you can talk about with pride because
you could share your stories with other kids. You’d be one of the hood project kids that proved a whole lot of
people wrong. And I know you can. I know you can. Your family, we know you can. Can’t nobody do nothing about
this but you. That’s it, just you. Quit being a knucklehead.

Twitter #LockedUp

MICHELLE ALEXANDER, Assoc. Prof. of Law, Ohio State University: In these communities where incarceration has
become so normalized, the system operates practically from cradle to grave. When you’re born, your parent has
likely already spent time behind bars.

You’re likely to attend schools that have zero tolerance policies, where police officers patrol the halls, where
disputes with teachers are treated as criminal infractions, where a schoolyard fight results in your first arrest. You
find that a very, very young age, even the smallest infractions are treated as criminal.

And that’s where it begins. It sends this message whether if you follow the rules or you don’t, you’re going to jail.
Just like your uncle, just like your father, just like your brother, just like your neighbor, you, too, are going to jail. It’s
part of your destiny.

MARK BOLTON, Dir., Louisville Dept. of Corrections: Hey, how’s it going, man? Anything good going on? Got
everything under control?

PRISON STAFF MEMBER: Yes, sir.

MARK BOLTON: How’re you doing? How’re you doing?

NARRATOR: Since the 1970s, the number of people locked up in the United States has grown from 300,000 to 2.3
million. Kentucky has been at the center of this prison and jail expansion. The number of inmates here has risen
faster than in almost any other state.

MARK BOLTON: Our number one frequent flier has been in and out of here over the last five years about 95 times.
He is not dangerous. And throughout the entire criminal justice system, we have probably spent millions of dollars
on this guy.

Gentleman, good afternoon. I’m Director Bolton.

NARRATOR: Louisville’s jail is a few hundred yards from Beecher Terrace. It’s home to inmates awaiting trial or
serving time for minor offenses.

MARK BOLTON: Keeping busy, huh?

We’ve got a jail capacity of 1,793 beds.

[in prison temporary dorm] Who’s been in here longer than 72 hours, anybody? No, longer than 72 hours.

On any given day, we are trending over 2,000, sometimes as high as 2,100, 2,200.

[in dorm] We’re crowded.

INMATE: Yeah, I know.

MARK BOLTON: I mean, we’re crowded. If I can get you out of here, because I need the space, we’re going to get
you out of here.

INMATE: OK.

MARK BOLTON: We’re always over capacity. We’re always having to house inmates in nooks and crannies, on the
floor, in any available space that we have.

[to inmate] How’re you doing? Detoxing pretty hard? Yeah? Heroin? Let’s see. Boy, you was using a lot.

At any given time, we’re detoxing up to 90 people. Residential detox beds are full. So more often than not, they
come here to jail.

How’re you guys doing?

NEW INMATE: Could be better.

MARK BOLTON: So what are you in here for?

NEW INMATE: Heroin.

MARK BOLTON: Heroin?

NEW INMATE: Yeah.

MARK BOLTON: Don’t have room for you here.

We’re locking up people that we’re pissed off at. We ought to be using this space for people that we’re afraid of,
violent folks, people that are going to hurt me and you.

We’ve gone through just an explosion of jail and prison construction in this country, costing us billions and billions
of dollars to build, and another billions and billions of dollars to operate. And we’ve come, I think, to a fork in the
road where we just can’t do that anymore because, number one, we can’t afford it. And secondly, we are locking
people up that don’t need to be locked up.

McDuffie’s Story

CHARLES McDUFFIE: My name’s Charles McDuffie, age 67, and I’m here for breaking the law.

NARRATOR: Charles McDuffie is in state prison serving a five-year sentence for burglary.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: I had a drug problem. I turned to drugs for help. It ease your mind for a minute, you know,
then you’re right back to where you started from, you know? But here I am, man, still here. Still here.

NARRATOR: Forty-five years ago, McDuffie served with the 11th Cavalry in Vietnam.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: That’s when I first started doing drugs, started drinking, in Vietnam, you know? I started
smoking marijuana, and it seemed like it made it easier, you know, to get through it, you know? But getting out
[unintelligible] It’s crazy. I seen a lot of killing and stuff, man, you know? It was rough. It was rough.

NARRATOR: Since Vietnam, McDuffie says he’s had almost no mental health treatment. He’s set to be released from
prison in two months. Keeping him locked up over the years has cost an estimated $200,000.

BRYAN STEVENSON, Professor, NYU School of Law: Incarcerating people is very, very expensive. Creating an
infrastructure to house and control hundreds of thousands of people costs billions of dollars.

And what’s bizarre is that we’ve actually taken money away from systems that are designed to help people stay
out of jail and prison — education, health and human services, family services, social services — to fund an
investment in incarceration. You invested in jails and prisons almost conceding that there’s a whole community that
has to go to jail or prison. We can’t do anything for them other than incarcerate them.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: My mama was locked up, my daddy. My cousins on my mama and my daddy’s side, most of
them been locked up. I got uncles, brothers, everybody.

Demetria’s Story

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I got 11 charges. Who gets 11 charges at the age of 14? Who does that? Like, I don’t even— I
don’t— I mean, I really didn’t even peep myself getting that many charges. I didn’t even peep myself going to
court that many times. Like, where did all the time go? Where did all of these charges go?

NARRATOR: Demetria grew up on Beecher Terrace. She’s already been to juvenile jail three times. She’s now been
charged with assaulting her aunt, her legal guardian, and placed in a shelter run by the juvenile courts. She’s on
medication for anxiety disorder.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I just got a short temper. It’s, like, my anger be taking over. I’m not— I don’t know. When
people get on butt with me, I just can’t let nobody talk crazy to me. Like, I feel like I got to say something back.

JACQUELINE BROCK, Juvenile Court Youth Worker:All this fighting, violence— that does not solve the problem,
baby, in life. It really doesn’t. It makes it worse. A lot of kids I worked with over the years, they’re dead or they’re in
prison doing long time. When I say life, they’re doing life. And that’s not a good life.

NARRATOR: When Demetria was 9, her mother was shot dead. The police say she killed herself. Her family thinks
she was murdered.

JACQUELINE BROCK: She’s still having a difficult time in dealing with her mom’s death. Several times, she has
expressed to me that’s why she fights, because she’s still mad about her mom’s death.

[to Demetria] You’re going to have to break the cycle. So when do you plan on breaking the cycle?

And at the rate that she’s going, I really fear prison and death for her if she don’t turn some things around.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: No, I do not think I’m no different. I don’t try to get locked up. I don’t think going to jail’s
good. But when I go to jail, I don’t feel like it teaches me a lesson. I feel like it just makes me even more madder. It
don’t do nothing. I don’t— like, you know how people go, “It taught me a lesson. I never”— it don’t teach me a
lesson. It just makes me even more madder, like, so now I have to do all this time, cool, cool. When I get out, now
it’s really like world war three. [unintelligible] exactly what goes through my mind, world war three.

NARRATOR: If Demetria is found guilty of assault, she could face a year in juvenile detention.

Commissioner HASAN DAVIS, KY Dept. of Juvenile Justice, 2012-14: Incarceration has become the response to every
social problem that we encounter. They’re doing bad at school, lock them up. If there’s a problem in the home, a
behavior problem, you want to lock them up. And so we’ve criminalized the entire population of our young people.

Instead of responding to it appropriately in the community, in the schools, in the home, with social services, we
want to do the ultimate response. We want to lock them up and teach them a lesson.

But we could take each one of these inmates and put them up at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York for a
month with room service and still not get to the amount of money we’re spending every year for them. I mean,
does that make sense?

NARRATOR: It costs the state an average of $87,000 a year to incarcerate a child. Kentucky spends more than $50
million annually locking up juveniles, most of whom have never committed a violent offense.

Winter

Rep. JOHN TILLEY (D), Kentucky Legislature: We need to distinguish between who we’re mad at and who we’re
afraid of. The United States comprises about 4.5 to 5 percent of the world’s population, yet we incarcerate 24 to 25
percent of the world’s prisoners.

And then you look at Kentucky, and over the past decade, from about 2010 backward to about ‘99, we had a prison
growth rate of 45 percent. The average for the rest of the country was 13 percent. Kentucky had truly become the
epicenter for prison growth. Our spending jumped almost 220 percent to nearly half a billion dollars.

NARRATOR: Now states like Kentucky can no longer afford this growth and are trying to reduce their prison
populations. In 2011, the Kentucky legislature passed a law overhauling incarceration in the state. Thousands of non-
violent offenders like Keith Huff will be released early over the next decade. Some of the money saved will be
spent on treatment for addicts like Charles McDuffie.

Rep. JOHN TILLEY: It’s controversial, but the bill estimates savings of somewhere near a half a billion dollars over a
decade. Nobody would dispute that prison serves a core function of government. We need to segregate those
individuals who are a threat to public safety. Those individuals that we’re mad at, there may be a better way. There
may be treatment. There may be intense supervision. Or there may be any number of things that would serve not
only the individual better and his or her family, but society much better, as well.

KEITH HUFF: Well, today, I’m being discharged, and I’m really happy about that. I’m a little kind of jittery, though,
but you know, that just come with the turf. But most likely, I’m going to— I’m excited to go home today.

INMATE: Take care of yourself.

INMATE: I got you, brother. Pick your butt on up out of here, man.

INMATE: Take care of yourself, man.

KEITH HUFF: OK, brother. Thank you, man. Y’all take care of yourself. Stay out of trouble, man.

I’m not coming back to penitentiary. Ain’t no ifs or buts, I’m not coming back to the pen. I’m going to do
everything in my power to stay out. I don’t care if I have to call anybody to get me some help, I’m not coming back
here.

The most beautiful sight in the world!

NARRATOR: Under the Kentucky reforms, Keith is being released six months early. This should save the state more
than $15,000 if he doesn’t get sent back to prison.

KEITH HUFF: I’m glad to be released early. But I know it’s going to be really hard, really hard. I don’t know how I’m
going to get my Social Security and I don’t even know how I’m going to bet my Medicaid to pay for my medicines.
No one going to give me a job because I’m a convicted felon.

ALLISON ROBINSON, Parole Officer: Mr. Huff, I’m Officer Robinson. I will—

NARRATOR: Keith was diagnosed with his schizophrenia in prison. He has a long history of burglary, fraud, theft and
substance abuse. Intensive parole supervision is supposed to help him stay out of trouble.

ALLISON ROBINSON: Understand you shall submit to random alcohol and drug testing. Understand that seven
nights a week, you’re to be at the address on Marion.

KEITH HUFF: Right.

ALLISON ROBINSON: OK, I am not here to send you back to prison. That’s not my goal.

KEITH HUFF: Yes, ma’am.

ALLISON ROBINSON: My goal is that in six months, I can hand you that final discharge. You are this close to being
done. You can do this, all right?

KEITH HUFF: Yes, ma’am. I know I can. Thank you.

ALLISON ROBINSON: And communicate with me. Trust me. If something’s going on and I can help you, let me know
and I’ll help you.

KEITH HUFF: Yes, ma’am.

ALLISON ROBINSON: OK? So if something—

KEITH HUFF: I’m not going back to Beecher Terrace this time because I want to get a fresh start in my life.

Glad to be with you.

NARRATOR: Keith has found a room in a group home for ex-prisoners.

KEITH HUFF: You won’t have no problem out of me.

HOME MANAGER: Good.

KEITH HUFF: I don’t use drugs and alcohol, so I’m pretty— I get along well with everybody, and I appreciate you
giving me the opportunity, ma’am.

HOME MANAGER: And that’s what it’s all about. Ted’s got this program to try to help people get themselves that
second chance.

KEITH HUFF: Yes, ma’am. I appreciate you giving me the opportunity.

ROBERT: Everyone deserves a second chance.

KEITH HUFF: That’s right.

TED LUCKETT, Deacon, Catholic Charities: Of course, this is Robert’s third or fourth.[laughter]

KEITH HUFF: Yeah, man. No, we’ve been in prison together.

TED LUCKETT, Deacon, Catholic Charities: His biggest challenge is right now surviving. The state is trying to pick up
a little bit, but it’s still terrible.

KEITH HUFF: I ain’t got no coat or nothing.

TED LUCKETT: The system’s set up for them to fail because when they come out of prison, there’s nothing for
them. And Keith was released from prison with just the clothes on his back, no money, not even a winter coat. He
come out with his khaki pants, his sweatshirt, and that was it, and not a dime in his pocket.

If it wasn’t for this, house where would he be? I mean, he’d be homeless and without a dime in his pocket. If I’m a
criminal, what’s the first thing I’m going to do? I’m going to get me some money, and the only way I know how to
get money is— is to do it my way. And they’re right back in where they started.

KEITH HUFF: I’m really scared, to be honest about it. My parole conditions state that I have to stay off of drugs and
alcohol, and I don’t know how I’m going to do it. I only have 30 days supply of my medicine, but I’m hopeful.

It feel good to be free! I know I got a role ahead of me of getting my life together. But I want somebody to have
something to say good about me. I just want to leave something behind to say, “Well, at least he did change. He
tried to change.”

I’m overjoyed today, and I thank the Lord for giving me another opportunity to— to go on with my life.

[www.pbs.org: More on challenges after prison]

NARRATOR: The Kentucky prison reforms did not address juvenile incarceration. The state locks up more than a
thousand children each year for minor offenses like truancy.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: [playing monopoly] Bank error in your favor! Get out of jail free! Go to jail, do not pass go, do
not collect $200.

BOY: I’m already in jail.

NARRATOR: Fourteen-year old Demetria is still at the juvenile shelter. She’s due in court soon for the assault on her
aunt, who she’s lived with since her mother was killed. This weekend would have been her mother’s birthday.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: Miss Collins, can I please go to my mama’s grave site on Sunday for her birthday?

COUNSELOR: You know that that’s considered a special pass, but because you are not on the right track to earn a
home pass, getting a special visit on Sunday is an incentive. So what plans do you have set for yourself to be able
to earn a special visit? Because you ain’t been on the right track, mama.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I’m going to be good for the rest of the week, I promise.

COUNSELOR: You do what you’re supposed to do from now until Friday, and I will consider it.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I’m going to follow my behavior plan.

SUPERVISOR: Your behavior contract? You do what you supposed to do from now until Friday, and we’ll think
about a pass on Sunday. But I’m not going to tell you yes today and then you act terrible the rest of the week. But I
will say that I will consider it if your behavior is good from today to the end of the week. But the bottom line is
even if you do whatever you supposed to do in here and your aunt says no, then it’s no. I know you can do it,
Demetria. It’s up to you to do it.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: Thank you.

[on the phone] Hello. How’re you doing? On Sunday, can you come and get me and take me to my Mama’s
gravesite? Why? Why? I say I know you all are going. So why can’t you come get me, take me, then bring me back?
You don’t have to come here. You’re right.

Why would you keep me here on my mama’s birthday? Why? You don’t guide me. You don’t help me at all. You
bring me down. You do not guide me. On my mama’s grave, you do not guide me, you bring me down! No, none of
you all guide me. All you got to do is talk about me. I guide myself.

I said, look at you, you never have cared! You never have. No, I’m here because you don’t care. I’m going to be here
on my mama’s birthday because you don’t care.

COUNSELOR: Start saying your goodbyes.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: My time’s up, but I love you.

COUNSELOR: Go take a few minutes, Demetria. Go take a few minutes. If you’re going to cry, well, you’re going
right in the back.

NARRATOR: Three days later, Demetria’s mother’s birthday. She has a pass to leave the facility at 1:00 PM and is still
hoping her aunt will come and get her.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I’m going to start banging on the window. You know you’re supposed to be here.

NARRATOR: If Demetria leaves on her own, she’ll be charged with escape and sent to juvenile jail.

Demetria would later flee the court shelter.

[www.pbs.org: Watch on line]

NARRATOR: Back on Beecher Terrace, 15-year old Christel has been skipping school again. She leaves the house each
morning, but then doesn’t show up for class. Now her mother says she has no choice but to get a court order called
a “beyond control” warrant so she won’t be prosecuted for Christel’s truancy.

ROSE TRIBBLE: She has been messing up, period. We have had problems almost every day. Every day. This past
week, I think she went to school Monday, and that’s probably the only day she went to school. The only thing I can
do is take an out of control warrant to protect myself as far as all the absences that she’s had. There’s nothing else I
can do. I don’t know how to help my daughter.

NARRATOR: Christel has also picked up another charge for resisting arrest after a classroom fight. Her court date is
approaching, and now she faces jail.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: My life’s messed up. I’m in a school full of bad people, full of bad kids. I’m 15, I’m in the court
system, and I probably got, like, six charges right now. I’m going to be locked up. And I can’t do it! I have a lot of
problems. Life is not perfect. It’s not perfect.

I wrote a prayer. It’s my prayer to God. “I pray to you, God, just please help me. I don’t know who I am anymore. I
need your help. I’m tired and I just want some rest. I just want to sleep. I’m just tired, period. I’m ready to give my
life up. I am ready die. I want to do it myself. That’s why I need you, so I know where I belong.”

NARRATOR: Three nights before her court hearing, Christel overdoses on pills she stole from her mother.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: “I’m a lying, evil, crazy, pathetic problem child. I have nothing to live for, or nothing to become.
I’m useless. And I’m so ready to go. And if I shall go to hell, then that’s where I was meant to me. I don’t deserve
your love or mercy, or life in general. Just please, I beg you, just help me. Amen.”

ROSE TRIBBLE: When I went in to see Christel, Christel was still laying in the bed. She’s been crying a lot and she’s
red around the eyes. So I just sat on the— we both sat on the bed with her, you know, and I just talked to her. I felt
bad seeing her in there like that, responsible, sort of like I failed her. And I wanted her to be out, too. [weeps]

NARRATOR: Under Kentucky’s prison reforms, Charles McDuffie is being released into drug rehab.

DISCHARGE OFFICER: Have any questions about anything?

CHARLES McDUFFIE: No.

DISCHARGE OFFICER: Thank you.

GUARD: Good luck to you, man.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: All right. All right, man. All right.

Oh, I love it. I love it! I even got some new shoes to walk out with.[laughs] I love it, man. Yeah.

Take me out!

I ain’t coming back. Hopefully, I’m not. I know it’s not going to be easy. I know that it’s going to be hard. But my
plan is I’m not coming back. I like my freedom.

NARRATOR: McDuffie will spend six months in a drug treatment facility.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Man!

INTAKE OFFICER: I’m going to ask you these questions. Do you have any drugs on you? No smoke, no weed, no
spice, no pills?
CHARLES McDUFFIE: No!

INTAKE OFFICER: You’re going to get asked that a hundred million times.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: That’s good. That’s a good thing.

GROUP MEMBERS: [in unison] We, the residents of St Ann’s, have come to believe that those who have had
problems in the past deserve a chance to make a positive change.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: I mean, I’m— I think it’s nuts. [laughs] But I got myself in this situation, so I got to deal with it.

GROUP MEMBERS: [in unison] Hey, McDuffie!

CHARLES McDUFFIE: I’m a Vietnam veteran, and I’ve been clean since March 25th, 2011.[applause] I hope to do the
program to stay clean. I just thank everybody for welcoming me to the group.

I don’t like it. But I look at it like this. If it helps me stay clean and not ever use drugs again, you know, I’m all for it,
you know?

NARRATOR: Inmates released early under the prison reforms have to report regularly to their parole officer. But
Keith Huff has gone missing.

ALLISON ROBINSON, Parole Officer: Keith at this point has been declared an absconder. Being declared an
absconder means that you are a fugitive. It means that I will be turning his case over to our fugitive task force to
locate him.

I’m highly disappointed. In the first meeting with Keith, I really honestly felt that he was genuine, he was ready to
change. He’s been in and out of the system for 40 years, so I really thought he was ready. He had less than six
months to be completely done with this.

I attempted to call his cell phone number, did a home visit, worried, of course, you know, because he’s had medical
problems. So at this point, not knowing anything else that’s going on, I’m just horribly disappointed.

NARRATOR: A month has passed since Christel’s overdose. Her court date for resisting arrest and truancy has been
rescheduled for today. She could be sent to juvenile jail, but the court is offering an alternative.

SHERRY HURLEY, Juvenile Public Defender: Well, you’ve got the truancies here and here. The “beyond control” is
back here. But then right there, it’s the disorderly conduct, resisting arrest.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: OK.

SHERRY HURLEY: Their offer is to plead guilty to the resisting arrest. They would ask that you go on home
incarceration.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Be on the watch?

SHERRY HURLEY: Be on the watch for a period of time. If you’re on the watch, you got to go to school every day
because not going to school is a violation. Good behavior at home, good behavior at school, go to school— I mean,
it’s kind of like you’re at a point right now where you got to make a decision of, you know, I’m going to change, or
you know, things are going to go downhill real fast.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: I’m going to take the deal.

SHERRY HURLEY: Are you sure?

Judge DEANA “DEE” McDONALD, Jefferson County District Court:All right, Miss Tribble, this is a document marked
“admission of guilt.” Have you had plenty of time today to go over everything on this document with your
attorney, Ms. Hurley?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yes, ma’am.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: All right, Miss Tribble, how do you plead to the charge of resisting arrest, guilty or not
guilty?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Guilty.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: The sentence for that today is 20 days on HIP. And you are to attend school daily with
no unexcused absences, OK?
SHERRY HURLEY: Thank you.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: All right, that’s all for today. Thank you.

I hate having to lock children up. It is used as a last resort. I don’t believe detention is a deterrent with adolescents.
We have reduced the population in our detention facility since I’ve been on the bench by 30 percent. We took
money and redirected it into the home incarceration electronic monitoring, which allows us to let children go home
far more often than it used to.

MELLERNEE JONES, Juvenile Court Social Worker:Know what this is? It’s getting thick, Christel! Getting thick!

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: And it’s not going to get no thicker.

MELLERNEE JONES: Is that the last time?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yeah, it’s the last time.

MELLERNEE JONES: All right, what leg you want it on?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Left.

MELLERNEE JONES: Being on HIP means if you have any issues at school or at home, then we don’t talk about it,
you just get locked up and come to the youth center. Is that going to be a problem?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: It’s not going to be a problem.

MELLERNEE JONES: We’re not going to get locked up?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: No.

MELLERNEE JONES: It’s not too tight?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Not too tight.

MELLERNEE JONES: When you hear that click, you’re on HIP. You don’t get off until?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: The 24th.

MELLERNEE JONES: Good luck. Once you get home, it’s going to send us a page that everything’s hooked up
correctly. If I don’t get the page, then I’ll be calling you. Christel, 20 days.

Christel’s at that crossroads. She could finally get it now and decide, OK, you know, they’re right, I do have to go to
school, I do need to get my stuff together. But she’s on that level where she can go either way because she is so
angry, she could be headed towards prison if she doesn’t get it right, right now. I hate to say that about any kid,
but it is a reality.

NARRATOR: Three days later, Christel skips school.

[www.pbs.org: Share your thoughts]

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: When the police came, I didn’t know what was going on. And I got arrested. You just never
want to be in the predicament.

INTAKE OFFICER: Tribble, Christel. Christel, have you currently or recently been pregnant?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Uh-uh.

INTAKE OFFICER: Have you ever attempted suicide, caused harm to yourself?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yes.

INTAKE OFFICER: When?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: A long time ago.

INTAKE OFFICER: Are you thinking about it now?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Uh-uh.

INTAKE OFFICER: Did you have a history of violent behavior?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yes.

INTAKE OFFICER: On a scale of one to ten, how sad are you?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Ten.

INTAKE OFFICER: On a scale of one to ten, how mad are you?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Ten.

NARRATOR: Christel faces up to 65 days in juvenile detention.

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: It’s confusing. You get chained up, like I’m a criminal. I’m here with people for robbery and
other stuff. I’m— people that actually did stuff. I had the handcuffs. The handcuffs was chained around my waist
and it had a lock on it, like I was going to break loose or kill somebody. So I don’t get it. I’m 15 years old. I was on
HIP, and I’m in here basically for skipping school.

Spring

NARRATOR: A year after the Kentucky reforms were rolled out, prison and jail numbers are slowly starting to fall.

MARK BOLTON, Dir., Louisville Dept. of Corrections: You all right?

INMATE: Yes, sir.

MARK BOLTON: You look happy today.

INMATE: I’m always happy.

MARK BOLTON: I know you are.

INMATE: I’m still alive.

MARK BOLTON: I hear you. Beats the alternative, doesn’t it.

We’re starting to see, I think, some positive results from that, but certainly not to the extent that I was hoping for.

NARRATOR: Some of the inmates who were released early have already been re-arrested and locked up again in
Louisville’s jail. Many are mentally ill.

MARK BOLTON: Hey, man, what’s happening? How’ve you been?

INMATE: I’m doing fine, man. I keep coming back to jail.

MARK BOLTON: I remember you. I know you keep coming back to jail. What you keep coming back to jail for? But
you’re always so happy when you come here. What are you back for this time, man?

One of the big challenges we have here is our frequent flier population, and that is our chronic and persistent
mentally ill folks come that come to us on a regular basis. These are individuals that by and large are not violent or
a threat. They have a mental illness. They also may have substance abuse issues.

And we do a pretty good job of cleaning them up, getting them back on their medication, only to release them
right back out to the streets, a limited supply of medication, and that cycle just starts all over again. They end up
right back in here, and we do it all over again. You know, the true definition of insanity is doing the same thing
over and over again and expecting the results to be different.

NARRATOR: Keith Huff, who’s been on the run, has just been caught by the police. He’d stopped taking his
medications and was back on Beecher Terrace.

KEITH HUFF: Well, I’m in Jefferson County jail right now. I’m here for violating my parole. I been in this jail probably
30, 40 times. You know, I was really trying to do the right thing. But at the end of the day, I’m kind of disappointed
in myself because I stopped taking my medicine, and you don’t think rationally, like you should think. I made some
bad choices because I didn’t take my medicine. So really, I did it to myself. That’s basically what happened.

NARRATOR: Keith will now be sent back to state prison.

OFFICER: The alleged violations are as follows— absconding mandatory re-entry supervision, use of a controlled
substance, cocaine, failure to attend treatment for substance abuse. That’s what you’ve been charged with.

BRYAN STEVENSON, Professor, NYU School of Law: When we release people from prison, the risk of going back to
prison is very, very high, not because you’re going to commit a new crime, but because we create these conditions
for release that are very difficult to satisfy.

You have to pay $30 or $40 or $50 a month. You have to report on a regular schedule. You may have to be
employed. You can’t move. There are a whole host of things you cannot do, and lots of people who are struggling
with re-entry fail to do them. And you see these technical violations sending thousands of people back to jail or
prison, sometimes for years, maybe even decades.

KEITH HUFF: You kick me out on the street, and you tell me do this and do that. But at the end of the day, I don’t
have clothes. I don’t have food. I don’t have no transportation. It’s not easy. What do you expect that man to do?

INTERVIEWER: When you look ahead at the rest of your life, what’s going to happen to you?

KEITH HUFF: I don’t know. I’m just being honest with you. I don’t really know. Right now, I don’t really care.
[weeps] I really don’t.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Sometimes I can be just laying here, trying to get to sleep, and sometimes these nightmares
won’t let me go to sleep.

NARRATOR: Charles McDuffie has now been in rehab for a month. He is having nightmares about Vietnam.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Feels real. I wake up sweating. One day, everything were wet, pillow case, sheet and
everything.

STACY COLEMAN, Counselor, St. Ann Treatment Center:Mr. McDuffie suffers not only from the disease of addiction,
but he also has some post-traumatic stress issues stemming from his service during Vietnam. According to him, he
had 19 confirmed kills. But one, that has, as he says, his friend— that he brought back with him that he still has
dreams about, nightmares.

NARRATOR: The treatment facility has arranged for McDuffie to have therapy for post-traumatic stress.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: McDuffie, family.

GROUP: Hey, McDuffie.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: I went to Vietnam when I was 19 years old. Come back, I was 23. I knew something was wrong
with me, definitely, but I didn’t know what it was, you know? I got a lot of dark memories about Vietnam. A little
incident happened that I can’t— I can’t get over.

I killed a Vietcong that didn’t have a weapon. I shot that man about 30 times. I can see that little man right today,
you know, begging me not to kill him. But I did, you know? He was telling me he had kids, he had a baby son—
“Me got baby son. Me got baby son.” And I killed that man, you know?

I think it was murder— I mean, to me, the way I feel about it, you know? That was it, man. That was it. I become a
crack addict. Crack is the devil, for real. But today, I’m clean and sober. I feel good about myself. That’s about it.
That’s about it. [group claps]

NARRATOR: Demetria has been re-arrested after escaping from the juvenile shelter.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: I just got locked up. I left the group home, but the police got me in Beecher Terrace. I’m mad.
But what can I do? Can’t run from here, or I would have done did it.

Twitter #LockedUp

NARRATOR: Demetria could be released on home incarceration, but her aunt has told the courts she’s not ready to
take her back.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: She want me to be locked up. And no— she’s the only parent I know that does that. Any other
parent is fighting to get their child out of jail. She’s, “Keep her detained, and do this and do that.” Wait! I’m not
with none of that.

I don’t like asking people, “Can you take me in? Can I live with you?” No, I’m just not that type of person. I don’t
like to need nobody. I don’t like feeling like I need nobody.

It’s making me more mad. Locked up do not make you, “Oh, my God, I’m never going to do this again. Oh, my God.”
No, it make— it might make some people think that, but not me.

Commissioner HASAN DAVIS, KY Dept. of Juvenile Justice, 2012-14: I’m really sad to say that the data plays out
really clearly that once a child is involved with us formally, it increases the likelihood that they continue to be
involved with us or move to the adult system.

When you hear those doors lock behind you and somebody has to start calling for keys and for numbers every time
you move, and somebody’s watching you 24 hours a day, how do you help but internalize that, especially as a
child? How do you help but internalize that “This must be my natural habitat”?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: When I came in here, I was heartbroken. I was heartbroken when I get put in handcuffs. I felt
like I was getting torn apart. I shouldn’t be in here. No, I just shouldn’t. This is not my place.

NARRATOR: Christel is now going to face the judge whose court order she violated. Her jail sentence could be
extended.

Judge DEANA “DEE” McDONALD, Jefferson County District Court:All right, Christel Tribble. Miss Tribble, you stand
before the court on a motion to hold you in contempt for violation of my court order of home incarceration. It’s my
understanding that you are admitting to contempt for violation of HIP, is that correct?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yes.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: All right, Miss Tribble, I’m placing you on probation to the Department of Juvenile
Justice. Miss Tribble, you understand you are going to be on a curfew now. And if you violate your curfew, they’ll
bring you back to me. Do you understand what the next step is?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yes, ma’am.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: Any further violations of my order will result in a much longer stay at the detention
center. Are you clear?

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: Yes, ma’am.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: Make sure you are. All right, you will be released back on the HIP program. That’s all for
today. Thank you.

PUBLIC DEFENDER: Thank you. Do you have any questions on anything?

NARRATOR: The judge has given Christel one last chance. She’ll be allowed to go back home, but she’ll be on
probation for six months.

ROSE TRIBBLE: How’re you doing, criminal! [laughter] [crosstalk]

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: I got to get it done. I know!

When I’m 18, all this stuff going to be gone. I’m going to finish school. I’m going to go to college. I’m going to get
me a job. I’m not a screw-up. I’m not going to be one. Seems like it now, but wait until you see me in the future.
I’m going to be something when I grow up.

FRIEND: Hey, Piggy!

ROSE TRIBBLE: I think she’ll be OK. She’s just tired of going back and forth to court, and she don’t like for nobody
to tell her what to do. But she knows now that there’s really nothing else but camp or being removed from the
home. You know, you’ve used up everything else. So she know it’s getting real now. [laughs]

NARRATOR: After three months of rehab, McDuffie’s therapist is encouraging him to confront his past by writing a
letter to the man he killed.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: I thought it was stupid, you know? She said, “No, just try it.” She said, “Write a letter to
apologize,” you know? So I did.

When I was in Vietnam, I did something that I thought was wrong. To me, it was murder. I lived with this for years.
I have nightmares because of it. I did drugs to ease my problems. But it still comes back just about every day.

So I want you to know that I’m sorry. I’ve lost a lot thinking about you for all of the years. I’m sorry, and I am telling
you goodbye forever. I’ve suffered enough from you. No more. I’m not sick anymore, so now I’m able to deal with
you.

I got a sense of relief, you know? i don’t feel so guilty now, you know? I feel like guilt— you know, I feel guilt,
shame for all the years, you know? There are things that come with war, you know? I’m realizing all this. All this
stuff is just coming to me, you know, and it make— it give me a sense of relief, you know? I feel— I feel good
today. I feel good today. I feel better than I’ve felt for a long time.
Summer

NARRATOR: Demetria has been locked up for six weeks. The judge is trying to figure out what to do with her.

Judge DEANA “DEE” McDONALD, Jefferson County District Court:Whenever you guys are ready, you let me know.
OK. All right, let’s call her in. Demetria Duncan.

How’re you doing?

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: OK.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: A little jumpy? We’re here for sentencing on contempt stipulation—

NARRATOR: Demetria is hoping she can be sent back home to her aunt.

PUBLIC DEFENDER: There have been more significant problems here recently. We’re not denying any of that. But I
really think she can do this.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: Well, correct me if I’m mistaken, Miss Duncan, but you told me in court that you didn’t
want to live with your aunt.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: But I do want to go home now.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: Well, it’s amazing what the detention center will do for you. All right, my problem is, it is
a volatile home situation between Demetria and her aunt. She’s violated every other release that I’ve given her. You
stood in front of me, Miss Duncan, and told me you were not going to violate, and you were gone within 24 hours.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: But I promise I’m not going to leave.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: I know, but you promised me before, OK? I can’t trust your promise anymore. That’s my
problem. So I’m not going to release you pending dispo, OK? She’s remanded to LMYDC pending dispo. That’s all
for today.

NARRATOR: Demetria is ultimately sent to a state detention camp for teenage offenders.

Judge DEANA McDONALD: I don’t want to lock a youth up. That is not ever what I want to do. But as a last resort,
if I cannot get them to come to court, if I cannot get them to quit committing crimes, if I cannot get them to do
what they need to be doing, then sometimes that has to be done, if for no other reason than to make sure they
don’t commit any further crimes and to protect the community that we all live in.

It is a removal of the child from the home. I certainly don’t view that as punishment. A child may view that as
punishment, but it is treatment. It is treatment where the child doesn’t have the freedom of saying no.

NARRATOR: It’s 18 months since the prison reforms took effect. They are starting to have an impact. By 2013, there
were 1,300 fewer prisoners in Kentucky and almost 3,000 more places in drug treatment programs. Now the state is
also planning to reform its juvenile justice system. Kentucky has become a model, and other states are
implementing similar changes.

[www.pbs.org: More on Kentucky’s reforms]

BRYAN STEVENSON, Professor, NYU School of Law: We have now seen the national rate of incarceration finally
slow and get to the point where it hasn’t increased in the way it has over the last 40 years. And I think the big
question is whether we can sustain that.

I think our consciousness about what we’ve done is starting to grow. We recognize that we can’t incarcerate
ourselves out of some of these social problems. But we’ll need a few years of steady decline before we can actually
declare an end to an era.

NARRATOR: In the jail next to Beecher Terrace, it’s business as usual.

MARK BOLTON, Dir., Louisville Dept. of Corrections: So we’re back above 2000 this morning?

PRISON STAFF MEMBER: Yeah, 2004 this morning.

MARK BOLTON: OK.

There’s been some progress, but I think there’s a lot more progress to be made.

NARRATOR: Dozens of new drug addicts and mentally ill offenders continue to arrive every day.
MARK BOLTON: Hi. How are you?

I think locking up folks that are a clear and present danger to the community obviously makes the streets safer.
Locking up people for not paying their traffic fines, locking up people for possession of small amounts of drugs or
marijuana, locking up people who are intoxicated in public, locking up people that are mentally ill— well, that
certainly does not work and that does not keep the community any more safe.

KEITH HUFF: I’m back in state prison, right where I started at. Now, what I’m going to do when I get out, I don’t
know. I don’t know where I’m going to go at. I don’t know how to eat, clothe myself, none of that. So I just got to
deal with what God give me.

INTERVIEWER: So this is all going to happen again in—

KEITH HUFF: I don’t know. I can’t tell you what’s going to happen four or five months from now. I know after four
or five months, I know Department of Corrections got to turn me loose. What I do after that— I don’t know what
my future hold. I just don’t know. When you don’t have nothing and you don’t have hope, what the hell do you
have?

NARRATOR: McDuffie has completed his rehab and is a free man. So far, he’s stayed clean.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Well, I’m excited today because I’m going to see some people I haven’t seen for a long time.

VETERAN: Are you one of us brothers?

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Yes, I am.

VETERAN: Welcome home.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: All right, man. All right!

VETERAN: The guys are inside.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: And I’m going to meet some guys that I fought with. I haven’t seen them in 46 years.

I want to check in. I’m McDuffie. I was in the 11th Cav.

1st WOMAN: Thank you. Thank you for your service, sir.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: You’re welcome. You’re welcome any time.

1st WOMAN: And welcome home.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Thank you. Thank you.

1st WOMAN: I’m glad you came. Give me a hug!

CHARLES McDUFFIE: All right! All right. All right.

2nd WOMAN: Welcome home.

VETERAN: How you doing, brother?

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Doing good.

VETERAN: Good to see you.

2nd VETERAN: Welcome home, brother.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Thank you. Same here, man. Welcome home.

We fought together. You know, we’re like brothers, you know? Something else.

McKee, Man! How’re you doing?

McKEE: I’m doing great.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: 46 years!

McKEE: I remember you used to do all that singing for us.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: Oh, man. Feel good.

McKEE: After all these years, man. Long time, long time.

CHARLES McDUFFIE: That will never go away, the Vietnam war. I mean, man, that will never go away.

I feel real strong. I think I’m going to be all right this time. I don’t want to get caught back on that cycle again. I’m
doing good.

I’m OK. I’m OK. I’m OK. I’m OK. I’m OK.

McKEE’S WIFE: He’s talked a lot about you. Nice to meet you.

ROSE TRIBBLE: Christel’s been on probation for two months, and she’s been staying out of trouble. It’s like she’s
looking through new eyes. She’s doing what she got to do, you know?

It’s way better than it was. It’s way better. She’s been at school. She hasn’t had no problems with none of the
teachers, none with no kids. You know, she’s doing her work. It’s it’s better. She’s finally faced the fact that she’ll
never win an argument with me, you know? [laughs]

CHRISTEL TRIBBLE: I feel like I’ve changed. Yeah, I’m determined to stay out of the court system. I think they’re
trying to get me locked up, and if I prove them wrong, I’ll make them all look stupid, right?

ROSE TRIBBLE: I don’t think she’s going to be one of those statistics. I’m not saying that because she’s my child.
Well, yeah, partially, I am saying that because she’s my child because I’m one that’s going to push hard to keep her
steering the right way.

About a year ago, if you’d asked me, I probably would have said I think she’s going to wind up in penitentiary at
the rate that she was going. But it looks better, though, now. Looks a whole lot better. It does.

NARRATOR: Demetria spent almost a year locked up.

DEMETRIA DUNCAN: Yeah, times like this is, like, when I wish my mama was alive because I don’t think I’d be doing
all this if my mama was alive. But it is what it is. She’s not here, so— I just don’t care no more. I just don’t care.
Like, I don’t care. Not like I give a [expletive] I don’t give [expletive]. You know, I don’t care. Every time they catch
me, I’m going to run. I’m going to keep running until. I don’t care.

NARRATOR: Demetria was released back home to her aunt in early 2014, but then violated the terms of her
probation. She is now on the run.

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