LUNAR ORBITER MISS ION A DESCRI PTION

As Approved by t h e
Ad Hoc Surveyo$rbiter Utilization Committee
September 29, 1965

Amended
June 1, 1966

Prepared by t h e
Lunar Orbiter Project Office
Langley Research Center
Langley Station, Hampton, Va.

NAT IONAL AERONAUT ICS AND SPACE ADM I N ISTRAT ION

I
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
Page
1. Introduction 1
I
I

1 11. Objectives, Ground Rules and Constraints 3

I
I 11. Orbit Design 7
IV. Site Selection 10
V. Lunar Terrain Assessment 14
VI. Site Evaluations 30
I V I 1. Comparison of Mission with Criteria 34
 1. INTRODUCTION

The Lunar O r b i t e r P r o j e c t and the Surveyor P r o j e c t have a joint g o a l

of obtaining s u f f i c i e n t topographic and geologic d a t a of t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e t o

I c o n f i r m Apollo LEM landing g e a r d e s i g n and to l o c a t e L E M landing s i t e s

having slopes l e s s than 6' and protuberances l e s s than 1 / 2 - m e t e r high o r

d e p r e s s i o n s l e s s than 1 / Z - m e t e r deep on the f r o n t f a c e of the moon.

The L u n a r O r b i t e r contribution i s topographic i n f o r m a t i o n of up t o

2 of the lunar s u r f a c e a t resolutions approaching one m e t e r and

10,000 k m

3 0 , 000 k m 2 at n e a r l y eight m e t e r s resolution p e r flight. The S u r v e y o r w i l l

contribute s o i l m e c h a n i c s data and s m a l l s c a l e r e l i e f of r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l

a r e a s surrounding the Surveyor site. Obviously the s t r a t e g y f o r s i t e

s e l e c t i o n m u s t balance the O r b i t e r and Surveyor capabilities against the

Apollo re q u i r erne nts .

The p u r p o s e of t h i s document i s to p r e s e n t t h e L u n a r O r b i t e r M i s s i o n A

as approved by the Ad Hoc S u r v e y o r / O r b i t e r Utilization Committee on

S e p t e m b e r 29, 1965 and a m e n d e d J u n e 1, 1966. The approved m i s s i o n

r e f l e c t s the inputs f r o m many discussions among p e r s o n n e l i n the Lunar

O r b i t e r P r o j e c t Office, Bellcomm, the U. S . Geological Survey, the

S u r v e y o r P r o j e c t Office, NASA H e a d q u a r t e r s , and the Manned S p a c e c r a f t

Center. B e l l c o m m published a Lunar O r b i t e r M i s s i o n Planning R e p o r t which

 2

suggested that the e a r l y O r b i t e r m i s s i o n s s a m p l e the v a r i o u s lunar t e r r a i n

types which look promising f r o m the e a r t h . The USGS defined and mapped

t h e s e promising t e r r a i n types and m a t e r i a l l y a s s i s t e d i n the selection of the

s i t e s f o r Mission A . The Surveyor I h a s been included a s a Mission A s i t e ,

and wherever feasible, proposed future S u r v e y o r s i t e s have been included.

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III. ORBIT DESIGN

The t r a n s i t time ( e a r t h t o moon) for the Lunar O r b i t e r s p a c e c r a f t is

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 h o u r s . Upon r e a c h i n g the moon t h e s p a c e c r a f t will deboost

into a n e l l i p t i c a l or bit t h a t h a s a perilune altitude of about 200 k m . Following

a waiting period of s e v e r a l days during which t i m e t h e o r b i t w i l l be defined

and the l u n a r physical p r o p e r t i e s w i l l be c a l i b r a t e d , the s p a c e c r a f t will

t r a n s f e r to a n o r b i t with a m i n i m u m perilune altitude of 46 k m . It i s f r o m

t h i s o r b i t t h a t the p r i m a r y photographic s u r v e y will be p e r f o r m d . Some of

the significant o r b i t a l p a r a m e t e r s and the r e a s o n f o r t h e i r s e l e c t i o n a r e

i t e m i z e d i n F i g u r e 1.

It i s noted i n the f i g u r e that t h e perilune altitude v a r i e s between 46 and

60 k m . T h i s v a r i a t i o n 1i n e a r l y affects the photographic r e s o l u t i o n obtainable

and is t h e r e f o r e of c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t . The v a r i a t i o n i s c a u s e d by e a r t h

effects and l u n a r g r a v i t a t i o n a l a n o m a l i e s ( J 3 ) . F i g u r e 2 shows t h e perilune

altitude v a r i a t i o n due to the e a r t h effects and the e a r t h plus moon effects.

In addition t o the e a r t h and moon effects on the p e r i l u n e altitude, the photo-

g r a p h i c r e s o l u t i o n is a l s o degraded when photographing s i t e s which a r e

located off p e r i l u n e . This i s the d i r e c t r e s u l t of a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e photo-

g r a p h i c altitude. The altitude change a s a function of t r u e a n o m a l y

(angle off p e r i l u n e ) is shown i n F i g u r e 2.

 8

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IV. SITE SELECTION

The ground r u l e s for Mission A define t h a t it s h a l l be a t e r r a i n sampling

m i s s i o n which e x a m i n e s the S u r v e y o r I s i t e , examines promising future

S u r v e y o r s i t e s , and concentrates on the Apollo zone. Figure 3 r e p r e s e n t s a

tool f o r f i r s t - o r d e r s i t e selection. This f i g u r e shows the a p p r o x i m a t e

distribution of promising Surveyor s i t e s , the significant m a r e and highland

a r e a s within the Apollo zone, and the S u r v e y o r i s i t e . C r a t e r s a r e randomly

distributed throughout the a r e a . F r o m this f i g u r e the a p p r o x i m a t e a r e a s to

place Lunar O r b i t e r Mission A s i t e s c a n b e s e e n .

The exact locations of t h e s i t e s f o r M i s s i o n A w e r e s e l e c t e d by i t e r a t i n g

between the geological considerations and the ground r u l e s and c o n s t r a i n t s

staying within the bounds defined by the o r b i t a l design. Ten s i t e s w e r e

initially chosen within the Apollo zone. As a r e s u l t of the a c t i o n of the Ad Hoc

S u r v e y o r / O r b i t e r Utilization Committee, one of t h e s e s i t e s (the c r a t e r

L a n s b e r g ) was dropped and replaced by S u r v e y o r s i t e 5 - 5 0 . Since t h e m i s s i o n

was proposed and approved, t h e s u c c e s s f u l S u r v e y o r I m i s s i o n h a s been

performed. It h a s been proposed and approved t h a t photography of the

Surveyor I s i t e be added to Mission A by deleting s i t e s A-8, A-9, and A-10

and adding sites A-8.1 and A - 9 . 1 . Site A - 9 . 1 i s t h e S u r v e y o r I s i t e and

 11

s i t e A - 8 . 1 i s a relocation of s i t e A-8 to prevent i n t e r f e r e n c e with photography

of the Surveyor I s i t e . The approved s i t e locations f o r M i s s i o n A a r e s h a v n

on F i g u r e 4 and a r e tabulated i n the USGS site evaluations s e c t i o n of this

document .

It h a s not been d i s c u s s e d , but it is considered t h a t a 1 6 - f r a m e sequence

of photography will be taken i n the i n i t i a l o r b i t and a t l e a s t two f r a m e s r e a d

out s u c h t h a t the s y s t e m p e r f o r m a n c e c a n be evaluated b e f o r e t r a n s f e r t o the

photo o r b i t . The location of the s i t e i s i n M a r e Smythii and the s i t e is

designated A-0.
 12

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V. LUNAR TERRAIN ASSESSMENT:::

A. Gener a1 Statement

The s e l e c t i o n of Lunar O r b i t e r photographic s a m p l e a r e a s h a s been

b a s e d p r i m a r i l y on the 1:1,OOO,OOO-scale U. S. Geological S u r v e y Lunar

T e r r a i n Map of the e q u a t o r i a l zone ( l a t . 10°N - 10°S; long. 60°E - 6OOW).

Some 46 t e r r a i n units a r e delineated i n t h i s a r e a at a n a v e r a g e r e s o l u t i o n

of one k i l o m e t e r . The data and analytical techniques employed i n the d i s -

crimination of t h e s e units a r e of fundamental i m p o r t a n c e to the Unmanned

Lunar O r b i t e r M i s s i o n s and a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d i n the following pages.

B. Data S o u r c e s

The data s o u r c e s which provide t h e b a s e s of morphological mapping

and quantitative definition a r e categorized into two fundamental types :

1. Qualitative

a. A. C . I . C . c h a r t s

b. E a r t h - b a s e d photography; Lunar Atlas, P e a s e , Herbig

c. U. S. G. S. 1:1, 000,000-scale geologic maps

d. Ranger VII, VIII, and I X photography

2. Quantitative :

a. Slope component m e a s u r e m e n t s

This s e c t i o n 1s p r e l i m i n a r y and has not

been edited or r e v i e w e d for conformity
:::By D r . Lawrence Rowan, u. S . Geological S u r v e y wlthu s Geologlcalsurvey standards
and n o m e n c l a t u r e

I
 15

b. Relative relief data

c. C r a t e r density studies

The USGS T e r r a i n Map, t h e r e f o r e , i s the product of c a r e f u l analysis

and c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e s e qualitative and quantitative d a t a . The b a s i c t e r r a i n

units - m a r e , uplands, and c r a t e r s - a r e described i n n u m e r i c a l t e r m s which

have i m p o r t a n t applications t o both engineering and scientific problems. The

p r e s e n t paucity of high and m o d e r a t e resolution data i n m o s t t e r r a i n types is

emphasized h e r e , because resolution i s a highly influential f a c t o r i n r e l a t i v e

roughness, and consequently, i n s i t e selection and c e r t i f i c a t i o n .

Qualitative Data
0

Geologic mapping on the 1:1,OOO,OOO-scale A. C. I. C . c h a r t s h a s been

i n p r o g r e s s since 1961, and h a s r e s u l t e d i n a t l e a s t p r e l i m i n a r y m a p s of the

e n t i r e a r e a covered by the Lunar T e r r a i n Map. It i s i m p o r t a n t to e m p h a s i z e

t h a t geologists have studied the morphological details of this a r e a carefully,

using the b e s t available photography and seeing conditions. The resulting

geologic m a p s ( F i g u r e 5), t h e r e f o r e , provide v e r y significant t e r r a i n data.

The geologic boundaries a r e frequently t r a n s f e r r e d d i r e c t l y to t e r r a i n

boundaries. Exceptions to this s t a t e m e n t do o c c u r , however, when chronolo-

gically s i m i l a r geologic units have different morphological and r e l a t i v e

roughness c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Additional value i s contained i n t h e s e geologic

 16

m a p s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , s i n c e they provide the n e c e s s a r y knowledge

concerning genetic p r o c e s s e s which will guide extrapolations of t e r r a i n

roughness and bearing s t r e n g t h data. C u r r e n t geological investigations

using Ranger photography will have considerable in fluence on i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

concerning t h e s e fundamental genetic p r o c e s s e s and t h e formulation of

discriminating c r i t e r i a .

Quantitative Data

Photometrically d e r i v e d slope component m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e t h e p r i m a r y

quantitative s o u r c e of information concerning l u n a r morphology. Approxi-

m a t e l y 150, 0 0 0 m e a s u r e m e n t s distributed among 48 individual s a m p l e a r e a s

constitute t h e r a w d a t a which have been t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y , i n o r d e r t h a t

units of differential r e l a t i v e roughness might be n u m e r i c a l l y defined.

Briefly stated, the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t s of v i s u a l a p p r a i s a l s of

his t o g r a m s and examination of t h e functional r e l a t i o n s between r e l a t i v e

roughness and v a r i o u s s t a t i s t i c a l p a r a m e t e r s . Both a p p r o a c h e s provide

b a s e s upon which judgments o f r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s c a n be m a d e and a rough-

ness scale established,

Typical slope frequency distributions a r e shown i n F i g u r e 6. Opposing

end points of the r e l a t i v e roughness s p e c t r u m a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by slope

component s a m p l e s f r o m M a r e Nubium ( M a r e I-A) and H e r s c h e l (Sculptured

 17

Highlands 11-D). Clearly, the s m o o t h e r m a r e is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a "peaked"

curve, while the rougher uplands yield a v e r y low c u r v e . One of a l a r g e

number of the i n t e r m e d i a t e types is r e p r e s e n t e d by the "Bode B" s a m p l e

(11-B). It is apparent that slope frequency distribution c u r v e s provide a

rapid m e a n s of evaluating r e l a t i v e roughness both i n s p e c i f i c s a m p l e a r e a s

and f o r extrapolation p u r p o s e s .

The differential d e g r e e s of peakedness of h i s t o g r a m s can be efficiently

e x p r e s s e d b y the s t a n d a r d deviation, (?- . This p a r t i c u l a r p a r a m e t e r e x p r e s s e s

-
the d i s p e r s i o n of slope component values, while the mean, X defines
Ab'
-
the c e n t r a l tendency of the slope component population. These values, XAb

v e r s u s C A b have proven t o be efficient d i s c r i m i n a t o r s of t e r r a i n types

( F i g u r e 7). The t r a n s i t i o n i n t e r m s of relative roughness f r o m smooth m a r e

t o rough uplands is c l e a r i n this d i a g r a m . Additionally, upland b a s i n s (11-A)

group closely and s u g g e s t a fundamental morphologic difference when c o m -

p a r e d t o the m a r i a 1 s a m p l e s .

The above d i s c u s s i o n only briefly outlines the g e n e r a l value of slope

s t a t i s t i c s a s quantitative d e s c r i p t o r s of lunar topography a t the one-kilometer

s c a l e of resolution. F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s has suggested that definition of sub-

units is a l s o quite f e a s i b l e a t t h i s and higher r e s o l u t i o n s . Additional quan-

t i t a t i v e s o u r c e s have been examined, especially i n the highland u n i t s . The

 18

photometric slope m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e m o s t efficient i n a r e a s of gentle topog-

raphy. Relative r e l i e f m e a s u r e m e n t s , therefore, provide a n i m p o r t a n t

-
s u p p l e m e n t a r y p a r a m e t e r i n t h e highland t e r r a i n units ( F i g u r e 8 ) . The XR

and ,TR values accompanying t h e s e d i a g r a m s c l e a r l y define the r e l i e f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of 11-B, 11-C, and 11-D. Unit 11-A is excluded, s i n c e it is

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by v e r y low relief i n t h e s e highland b a s i n s .

Increasing albedo i n the m a r i a h a s been f r e q u e n t l y equated with i n c r e a s i n g

c r a t e r density, and t h e r e f o r e with i n c r e a s i n g r e l a t i v e roughness. Figure 9

d e m o n s t r a t e s a h i g h e r c r a t e r density i n the r a y - c o v e r e d a r e a s , a s opposed

to rayless maria. The albedo in the r a y e d a r e a i n c r e a s e s proportionally.

T h e s e points s u g g e s t t h a t the r a y - c o v e r e d a r e a s i n the m a r i a a r e r o u g h e r

t h a n t h o s e which have no r a y d e p o s i t s . This g e n e r a l i z a t i o n h a s been supported

by s l o p e frequency s t u d i e s and analysis of R a n g e r s VII, VIII, and IX

photography. S i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s have been d e m o n s t r a t e d i n the light and d a r k

m a r i a of Mare S e r e n i t a t i s .

C. Resolution

Resolution, o r slope length, is c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y h e r e f r o m t h e

above discussed p a r a m e t e r s b e c a u s e of its profound effects on r e l a t i v e

roughness. Generally, the unresolved r e l i e f a t any point on the l u n a r s u r f a c e

 19

can be added to that which can be resolved and h a s been m e a s u r e d . It i s

implied, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t s t a t i s t i c a 1 , p a r a m e t e r s used t o e x p r e s s roughness

will i n c r e a s e with d e c r e a s i n g slope length. Slope frequency a n a l y s i s of

the Ranger VI1 o n e - m e t e r resolution frame, P3:979, confirms this

hypothesis ( F i g u r e 10). Lightly ray-covered maria yields a n a r i t h m e t i c

-
mean, XAb, of about 1. O o , and i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a peaked frequency

c u r v e a t one-kilometer resolution. At one-meter resolution, however, the

-
c u r v e i s low and the XAb = 4. 5 6 O ( F i g u r e 10). Significantly, the frequency

c u r v e is v e r y s i m i l a r to that shown for the uplands unit 11-D i n F i g u r e 6 .

The functional relationship between slope length and t h e m e d i a n f o r the

a v e r a g e m a r i a i s shown i n F i g u r e 11. It i s important, however, to note t h a t

detailed relationships f o r t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a r e unknown and m u s t be defined

for e a c h m a j o r t e r r a i n type.

D. T e r r a i n Calibration

E m p h a s i s h a s been placed on t e r r a i n a n a l y s i s techniques, r e s u l t s , and

interpretations. Lunar morphology i s , however, controlled i n a complex

way by volcanic p r o c e s s e s , i m p a c t p r o c e s s e s , and e r o s i o n . High resolution

photography of a r e a s which provide maximum i n f o r m a t i o n concerning t h e s e

p r o c e s s e s is n e c e s s a r y t o a m o r e complete understanding of l u n a r morphology.

The r a t i n g s c h e m e (A, B, C ) used i n Section VI f o r M i s s i o n A r e f l e c t s the

i m p o r t a n c e of t h e s e a r e a s to t e r r a i n calibration. Since R a n g e r s VII, VIII,

 20

and I X did not provide high r e s o l u t i o n c o v e r a g e of d a r k maria, upland t e r r a i n

units and c r a t e r units, p a r t i c u l a r attention has been given t o t h e s e a r e a s .

F u r t h e r development of extrapolation techniques f o r m a j o r t e r r a i n units is

l a r g e l y dependent upon adequate high resolution c o v e r a g e of t h e s e a r e a s .

T e r r a i n units considered to be e s p e c i a l l y c r i t i c a l f o r t e r r a i n c a l i b r a t i o n

p u r p o s e s a r e listed below i n t e r m s of i n c r e a s i n g r e l a t i v e roughness a t the

one-kilometer resolution s c a l e :

I-B - DarkMare

I -A - Average M a r e

I-c - Ridged M a r e

I -1v - Ray-Covered M a r e

11-A - Highland B a s i n s

111-B-2 - F l o o r s of Deformed C r a t e r s

11-B - Subdued Uplands

I11-A - 3 - Crater Rims

11-D - Sculptured Highlands

Although the upland and c r a t e r units a r e r o u g h e r than the g e n e r a l m a r e

types a t one-kilometer resolution, they a r e i m p o r t a n t in t e r r a i n c a l i b r a t i o n

studies. These a r e a s m a y a l s o p r o v e to b e of significantly h i g h e r b e a r i n g

s t r e n g t h than the m a r e m a t e r i a l s . Brief descriptions concerning t e r r a i n

c a l i b r a t i o n and r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s a r e given i n Section V I .

 22

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VII. COMPARISON O F MISSION WITH CRITERIA

The approved Lunar O r b i t e r Mission A h a s been p r e s e n t e d and i t i s of

importance to c o m p a r e the r e s u l t s with the objectives, ground r u l e s , and

constraints. F i g u r e 12 gives a s u m m a r y of the t e r r a i n s a m p l e s and i t is

s e e n t h a t a r e a s o n a b l e balance i s obtained, that i s , s i x m a r e s a m p l e s which

a r e the highest p r i o r i t y type, four highland s a m p l e s , and one c r a t e r s a m p l e .

It i s of i n t e r e s t to note that a f t e r the second s i t e one m a r e and one highland

s a m p l e have been obtained. This i s i m p o r t a n t to t h e t e r r a i n c a l i b r a t i o n

objective in c a s e of e a r l y s p a c e c r a f t f a i l u r e .

F i g u r e 1 3 shows the s i t e distribution f o r e a c h t e r r a i n type. The m a r e

s i t e s a r e reasonably d i s t r i b u t e d between about 42OE and 4 3 O W . The m o s t

promising highland a r e a s e x i s t only in the e a s t e r n portion of the Apollo zone

and t h r e e s i t e s a r e distributed i n this a r e a . The one c r a t e r s i t e i s s e l e c t e d

n e a r t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of the Apollo zone and a l l s e l e c t e d s i t e s a r e located

within the Apollo zone.

Six of the nine s i t e s a r e proposed S u r v e y o r s i t e s and s i t e 9 . 1 i s the

Surveyor I site. Of the t h r e e non-Surveyor s i t e s , one ( s i t e 3 ) could become

a Surveyor s i t e and the other two ( s i t e s 1 and 2) a r e i n the e x t r e m e e a s t e r n

p a r t of the Apollo zone which i s not a c c e s s i b l e to S u r v e y o r .

 35

Because of the film handling constraints, it is i m p o r t a n t to r e v i e w the

film utilization for Mission A. F i g u r e 14 shows a film budget s u p e r i m p o s e d

on a m i s s i o n profile. The conclusion i s that the film r e q u i r e m e n t s to p e r f o r m

Mission A a r e within the total film capacity of the s y s t e m . In f a c t , t h e r e

a r e 10 f r a m e s i n e x c e s s of the r e q u i r e m e n t . F o r gener a1 infor ma tion, the

t
nine s i t e s and the nominal lighting conditions a r e shown on F i g u r e 15.

The conclusion of the c o m p a r i s o n of the m i s s i o n with the c r i t e r i a i s

that the Lunar O r b i t e r Mission A s a t i s f i e s the objectives, ground r u l e s , and

c o n s t r a i n t s and i s within the capabilities of the Lunar O r b i t e r s y s t e m .

36
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