SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
Asesora:
SILVIA CARO-SPINEL Ph.D.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL Y AMBIENTAL
MAESTRÍA EN INGENIERÍA CIVIL
INFRAESTRUCTURA VIAL
DICIEMBRE DE 2011
BOGOTÁ D.C.
Tabla de contenido
ANTECEDENTES ................................................................................................................ 1
1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 3
2. OBJETIVOS.................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2. ESPECÍFICOS ........................................................................................................ 4
3. COMPACTACIÓN DE SUELOS ................................................................................ 5
3.1. GENERALIDADES ............................................................................................... 5
3.2. COMPACTACIÓN EN EL LABORATORIO .................................................... 6
3.3. COMPACTACIÓN VIBRATORIA ..................................................................... 8
3.3.1. Amplitud ......................................................................................................... 8
3.3.2. Frecuencia ....................................................................................................... 9
3.3.3. Masa Activa .................................................................................................... 9
3.3.4. Velocidad de Avance .................................................................................. 10
3.3.5. Vibración ....................................................................................................... 11
4. COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE ........................................................................ 13
4.1. CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO .................................................................................. 14
4.2. FUNCIONAMIENTO......................................................................................... 16
4.2.1. Sistema de Instrumentación ....................................................................... 16
4.2.2. Sistema de Documentación ........................................................................ 17
4.2.3. Tipos de Medición ....................................................................................... 19
4.3. BENEFICIOS ........................................................................................................ 20
4.3.1. Mejoramiento de la Densidad .................................................................... 20
4.3.2. Incremento de la Productividad ................................................................ 20
4.3.3. Reducción en Costos de Mantenimiento .................................................. 21
4.3.4. Registro de los Valores de Rigidez ............................................................ 21
4.3.5. Áreas no Compactables .............................................................................. 21
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4.3.6. Compactación a profundidad .................................................................... 22
4.3.7. Para los Contratistas .................................................................................... 22
4.4. COMPACTADORES .......................................................................................... 23
4.4.1. Hamm AG..................................................................................................... 23
4.4.2. Bomag ............................................................................................................ 27
4.4.3. Sakai ............................................................................................................... 30
4.4.4. Dynapac ........................................................................................................ 32
4.4.5. Ammann/Case ............................................................................................ 35
4.4.6. Caterpillar (CAT) ......................................................................................... 37
5. COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE EN EL MUNDO .......................................... 41
5.1. EUROPA............................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1. Austria ........................................................................................................... 42
5.1.2. Alemania ....................................................................................................... 44
5.1.3. Suecia ............................................................................................................. 45
5.2. ESTADOS UNIDOS ............................................................................................ 46
5.2.1. Texas .............................................................................................................. 48
5.2.2. Kansas............................................................................................................ 49
5.2.3. Dakota del Norte.......................................................................................... 50
5.2.4. Indiana........................................................................................................... 51
5.2.5. Mississippi .................................................................................................... 52
5.2.6. Nueva York................................................................................................... 54
5.2.7. Controles de Calidad para IC .................................................................... 55
5.2.8. Especificaciones de la Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) ..... 57
6. COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE EN COLOMBIA: UNA TECNOLOGÍA
EMERGENTE ..................................................................................................................... 59
6.1. ACTUALIDAD .................................................................................................... 59
6.1.1. Pruebas In Situ ............................................................................................. 60
6.1.2. Especificaciones para Compactación Convencional .............................. 61
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6.2. COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE EN COLOMBIA: UNA TECNOLOGÍA
EMERGENTE ................................................................................................................. 63
6.2.1. Costos de implementación ......................................................................... 64
6.2.2. Percepción al cambio ................................................................................... 65
7. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................ 72
BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................................. 74
ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................. 78
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Lista de Figuras
Figura 1. Curva Típica de Compactación ......................................................................... 7
Figura 2. Comparación curva de compactación Proctor (1) y Proctor Mod. (2) ........ 7
Figura 3. Diferencias de velocidad y separación de puntos de impacto ................... 10
Figura 4. Masa centrifuga del tambor. ............................................................................ 11
Figura 5. Ejemplo de sistema de instrumentación y documentación. ....................... 16
Figura 6. Proceso compactación completo con IC ........................................................ 19
Figura 7. Panel de Control Hammtronic ........................................................................ 24
Figura 8. Componentes del Hamm Compaction Quality- HCQ ................................ 25
Figura 9. Mapa de compactación o número de pasadas .............................................. 26
Figura 10. Sistemas de Compactación Dinámica .......................................................... 26
Figura 11. VARIOCONTROL - EVIB .............................................................................. 28
Figura 12. ECONOMIZER ................................................................................................ 28
Figura 13. Sistema BCM 05 ............................................................................................... 29
Figura 14. GPS de los sistemas BOMAG ........................................................................ 30
Figura 15. Visualización del CIS ...................................................................................... 31
Figura 16. Visualización del software de evaluación- Aithon PD .............................. 32
Figura 17. Componentes del Compaction Meter .......................................................... 33
Figura 18.DCA-S ................................................................................................................ 34
Figura 19. DCA-S con GPS ............................................................................................... 35
Figura 20. Experto de Compactación Ammann – ACE................................................ 36
Figura 21. ACE Plus DCA-S con GPS ............................................................................. 37
Figura 22. Sistema de compactación AccuGrade .......................................................... 38
Figura 23. Receptor GPS para generar posicionamiento en 3D .................................. 39
Figura 24. Proceso de compactación en Deponie Asten .............................................. 44
Figura 25. Estados que implementan Compactación Inteligente (IC) ....................... 47
Figura 26. Sitio de la demostración y Equipo empleado ............................................. 48
Figura 27. Compactador pata de cabra tambor sencillo: Caterpillar y Sakai ............ 49
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Figura 28. Equipos CAT empelados en el tramo de prueba US12, Marmarth-
Dakota del Norte................................................................................................................ 50
Figura 29. Maquinaria CAT en la pista de prueba SR-25 West Lafayette, Indiana.. 52
Figura 30. Sitio de la demostración en US 84 Wayne, Mississippi. ............................ 53
Figura 31. Sitio de prueba de la US219Springville, NY................................................ 54
Figura 32. Curva de compactación graficada en el software VEDA .......................... 56
Figura 33. Años de experiencia de los encuestados en procesos de compactación . 67
Figura 34. Técnicas de compactación .............................................................................. 68
Figura 35. Porcentaje de conocedores de compactación inteligente .......................... 68
Figura 36. Percepción sobre compactación inteligente ................................................ 69
Figura 37. Le gustaría trabajar con esta tecnología? ..................................................... 70
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Lista de Tablas
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ANTECEDENTES
En nuestro país hoy por hoy es lamentable el grado de desapego hacia las obras
viales que forman parte primordial de la sociedad y que prestan un valioso
servicio a la comunidad. En general, la red vial del país presenta un deterioro
prematuro quitándole la oportunidad de cumplir a cabalidad con su función de
proveer las posibilidades de transportar bienes y personas de forma eficiente y
segura. Esto no solo evidencia la falta de compromiso o de recursos por parte de
las entidades competentes sino también de los contratistas, quienes en su afán de
aumentar beneficios propios, y de paso sus utilidades, dejan de lado la calidad que
ameritan las obras civiles.
Generalmente, la planeación de los proyectos se centra en los costos, sin hablar del
desafortunado procedimiento de la licitación, en el que muchas veces se otorga el
contrato a la cotización más baja (modalidad incluso obligatoria en algunos entes
oficiales), con la consecuente mala ejecución y el deterioro anunciado de las
estructuras (Arcila, 2001).
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No es más caro construir mejor, es muy rentable a futuro cuando se realizan los
procesos adecuadamente, con materiales de calidad y se aplican las políticas de
mantenimientos apropiadas, de manera que se conserven nuestras vías por largo
tiempo.
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
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2. OBJETIVOS
2.1. GENERAL
2.2. ESPECÍFICOS
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3. COMPACTACIÓN DE SUELOS
3.1. GENERALIDADES
Son diversos los factores que se deben tener en cuenta para lograr una
compactación óptima: el tipo de suelo a compactar, su contenido de agua, las
curvas de compactación obtenidas en el laboratorio, la energía de compactación, el
número de pasadas, condiciones climáticas y ambientales, entre otros; y de igual
manera, en la escogencia del equipo de compactación influyen no sólo las
especificaciones establecidas para el proyecto sino también la experiencia del
contratista.
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Los siguientes son factores específicos del equipo, que determinan el buen
resultado de la compactación con rodillos dinámicos o vibratorios (Del Castillo et
al. 2000):
3.3.1. Amplitud
En compactación, la amplitud se refiere a la distancia que se desplaza el tambor en
vibración desde su posición de salida. Cuanto mayor sea la amplitud, mayor será
la energía de compactación generada por el rodillo vibrante. Cabe resaltar que la
masa activa del rodillo también influye, y en gran medida, sobre la energía de
compactación generada.
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Las amplitudes típicas para compactar suelos y material granular, como bases y
sub-bases, varía entre 0.7 mm y 2.0 mm. En la práctica, una amplitud más elevada
con la misma masa vibrante se traduce en mayor efecto en compactación y
profundidad.
3.3.2. Frecuencia
Se entiende por frecuencia el número de revoluciones por segundo que da la masa
centrifuga excéntrica del tambor. Las frecuencias se miden en hercios (Hz) y se
deben elegir en función de la amplitud ajustada de la máquina.
En obra, los suelos y materiales granulares, utilizan una frecuencia que varía entre
25 y 50 Hz, en función del material y de la amplitud ajustada.
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La masa activa ejerce presión por su propio peso sobre el material a compactar,
contribuyendo así con el resultado de la compactación. También la masa en
vibración y la relación entre las dos magnitudes influye en la potencia.
(a) (b)
Figura 3. Diferencias de velocidad y separación de puntos de impacto
(Tomado de: Manual de Compactación HAMM AG)
Sin embargo, a una velocidad muy alta (Figura 3b) en relación con la frecuencia de
vibración, los puntos de actuación del impacto resultan muy separados entre sí y,
como consecuencia, se reduce la profundidad que alcanza la energía de
compactación, requiriendo un mayor número de pasadas.
Rico y Del Castillo (1992) describieron como la velocidad de avance del rodillo
influye en el efecto de la vibración; y que la frecuencia del vibrador dividida entre
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dicha velocidad es una medida tosca del número de ciclos de carga que se
imparten al suelo y, por ende, influye notoriamente en su densificación para un
equipo dado.
3.3.5. Vibración
La vibración es el método con mayor eficiencia comprobada disponible en el
mercado. El efecto de compactación con rodillos vibratorios es producto de la
acción combinada de la frecuencia inductora de la fuerza centrifuga excéntrica, de
la amplitud, la velocidad de avance, el peso propio del rodillo y el área de
contacto. También, se debe tener en cuenta que la compactación depende de las
propiedades del material y de las condiciones externas al momento de realizar el
proceso de compactación.
(b)
(a)
Figura 4. Masa centrifuga del tambor.
(Tomado de: Manual de Compactación HAMM AG)
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4. COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE
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A principios de los años 80, BOMAG desarrolló un sistema de medida del valor
Omega -Terrameter®, el cual provee una medida de la energía de compactación
transmitida al suelo utilizando los datos del acelerómetro. Luego en 2000, BOMAG
introdujo el Módulo Vibratorio (EVIB), que reemplazó al valor Omega, al emplear
los datos del acelerómetro para determinar el desplazamiento del tambor, de
manera que se pueda estimar la fuerza aplicada y un modelo dinámico del rodillo-
suelo (Kröber et al. 2001).
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4.2. FUNCIONAMIENTO
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ÍTEM FUNCIÓN
Acelerómetro Mide la aceleración del tambor.
Unidad de
procesamiento Calcula el ICMV.
Unidad de Permite ver el proceso en tiempo real:
visualización *Panel de Control
*Pantalla
Unidad de Almacenamiento de datos medidos
documentación para posterior evaluación.
GPS Sistema de posicionamiento
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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(e) (f)
Existen tres tipos de medidas para equipos que aplican compactación inteligente:
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4.3. BENEFICIOS
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4.4. COMPACTADORES
4.4.1. Hamm AG
Los compactadores para material granular de esta marca son conocidos en el
mercado como la Serie 3000. Esta serie consta de compactadores de rodillo sencillo
dotados con características e innovaciones que le permiten desempeñarse
inteligentemente, con alto rendimiento, gran maniobrabilidad y un mínimo nivel
de ruido. Esta categorización incluye Hammtronic, Hamm Compaction Quality-
HCQ y Oscilación. A continuación se presenta una corta descripción de cada uno
de ellos:
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4.4.2. Bomag
BOMAG ha creado un sistema denominado VARIOCONTROL que provee a sus
compactadores con la tecnología de compactación inteligente al permitir la
adaptación automática de la amplitud durante el proceso de compactación, de
forma que las áreas con baja capacidad de carga son compactadas mediante una
amplitud efectiva alta y las áreas con alta capacidad de carga son compactadas con
una amplitud efectiva baja. Este procedimiento permite que la máxima energía de
compactación posible sea transferida sin que el tambor rebote y sin causar sobre
compactación. Los equipos que ofrece este fabricante constan de los siguientes
componentes (BOMAG, 2011):
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4.4.3. Sakai
Esta marca, con innovadora tecnología del Sistema de Información de
Compactación – CIS (Compaction Information System), provee un sistema digital de
medición y posicionamiento global para sus equipos de compactación de suelos y
pueden ser empleados a través de una variedad de aplicaciones (Sakai, 2011). Un
resumen de los componentes del sistema se ilustra en la Figura 15.
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4.4.4. Dynapac
El sistema de documentación de los compactadores Dynapac está desarrollado en
tres niveles (Dynapac, 2011):
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Figura 18.DCA-S
(Tomado de: DYNAPAC, 2011)
Además, el DCA-S con GPS permite ver el número de pasadas que requirió
cada área para alcanzar el CMV deseado (Figura 19).
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4.4.5. Ammann/Case
Los compactadores con Compactación Inteligente de Amman proporcionan una
respuesta precisa e inmediata a las obras civiles que requieren del proceso de
compactación (AMMANN, 2011).
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Tabla 2. Marcas que implementan Compactación Inteligente en sus compactadores de tambor sencillo.
SISTEMA DE
SISTEMA DE VALOR DE SISTEMA SISTEMA DE
MARCA MODELO DOCUMENTACIÓN GPS
MEDICIÓN MEDIDA OPERATIVO COMPACTACIÓN
Y EVALUACIÓN
HCQ
HCQ Vibración /
(Hamm HMV HCQ-GPS-
HAMM AG SERIE 3000 Hammtronic (Hamm Compaction Oscilación
Compaction (Adimensional) Navigator
Quality) (según el modelo)
Quality)
Requiere
BW 177 DH-4 BVC Sistema de Gestión de previa
EVIB
BOMAG BW 213 DH-4 BVC VARIOCONTROL Terrameter Compactación BCM Vibración instalación
(NM/m2)
BW 226 DH-4 BVC 05 Sistema BCM
05
Compatible
Serie SV610 CIS con la
CCV AithonMT -S
SAKAI Serie SV510 (Compaction N/A Vibración mayoría de
(Adimensional) / AithonPD
Serie SV505 Intelligent System) GPS en el
mercado
CA
DCA DCA
150/250/260/280
(Dynapac CMV Compaction (Dynapac
DYNAPAC (solo compaction Vibración DCA-GPS
Compaction (Adimensional) Meter Compaction
meter)
Analyzer) Analyzer)
CA 152–702
ADS
ACE
AMMANN / Kb (Ammann
SERIE SV (Ammann N/A Vibración ACE Plus
CASE (NM/m) Documentation
Compaction Expert)
System)
CS563E
CS573E
Sistema CCV AccuGrade
CATERPILLAR CS583E N/A AccureGrade Office Vibración
AccuGrade (Adimensional) GPS
CS663E
CS683E
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En el mundo de hoy, cada día aumenta el reto de gestionar proyecto de bajo costo,
ambientalmente amigables y con resultados concretos. Es aquí donde se destaca la
compactación inteligente como una tecnología que se ha convertido en una
salvación, pues no solo ayuda a prevenir el deterioro prematuro de los pavimentos
debido a procesos de compactación inadecuados, sino que también hace posible
hacerlo a bajo costo, pues evita pasadas innecesarias y ahorra dinero y tiempo.
Hasta ahora, las normas difieren un poco, principalmente, en lo relacionado con las
rutinas y procedimientos de calibración de los valores de medida de la
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5.1. EUROPA
5.1.1. Austria
En Austria los estándares para la construcción de vías, autopistas y carreteras
mediante la compactación inteligente fueron establecidos desde 1998 y declarados
obligatorios desde Julio de 1999. La norma RVS 8S.02.6 “Kontinuierlicher
Walzenintegrierter Verdichtungsnachweis”-(rodillo de compactación continua
prueba integrada) contiene los campos de aplicación, requerimientos del rodillo,
tipos de suelo, el sistema de compactación inteligente y los limites contractuales de
aceptación de los trabajos (Kolymbas y Fellin, 2000).
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5.1.2. Alemania
Las especificaciones alemanas para obras de infraestructura incluyen el uso de la
compactación inteligente. Estas fueron introducida desde 1994 y luego
actualizadas en 1997. Conocida como la ZTVE-StB, la norma alemana es aplicada a
subrasantes y suelos (Mooney et al. 2010). La falta de especificaciones para bases y
sub-bases se basa en la creencia de que el rodillo mide valores de compactación
más allá de los 20 ó 30 cm, que es el espesor estándar de las capas usadas en
Alemania.
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5.1.3. Suecia
La compactación inteligente y sus especificaciones para materiales no ligados
fueron introducidas en Suecia desde 1994. Las especificaciones (ATB Vag 2005)
para el uso de compactadores de rodillo integrado con compactación inteligente
rigen desde el 2005 (Mooney et al. 2010).
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La gráfica anterior muestra como año tras año son más estados los que se suman al
propósito de formular y formalizar proyectos que implementan esta tecnología.
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5.2.1. Texas
El Departamento de Transporte del Estado de Texas desarrolló un proyecto para
demostrar la eficiencia de la compactación inteligente en suelos cohesivos, base
granular y suelos estabilizados.
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5.2.2. Kansas
El sitio de la demostración realizado por el Departamento de Transporte de Kansas
hizo parte de un proyecto de expansión de la US69 en Pleasanton, al norte de Fort
Scott, Kansas (Chang et al. 2010).
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Los resultados indicaron que los valores de medición de los compactadores Sakai y
Caterpillar son repetibles, los compactadores pata de cabra mostraron valores de
compactación similares empleando diferentes configuraciones con amplitudes
altas, que los obtenidos con bajas amplitudes o configuraciones estáticas (Chang et
al. 2010).
Figura 28. Equipos CAT empelados en el tramo de prueba US12, Marmarth- Dakota del Norte
(Tomado de: White et al. 2010)
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TRAMO
EQUIPO
DE TIPO DE SUELO CARACTERÍSTICAS
EMPLEADO
PRUEBA
3 carriles trabajados con compactación
CAT CP56 1 SUELO COHESIVO
estática, frecuencia baja y alta.
Tambor liso con
2 SUELO COHESIVO Sección con señales de ahuellamiento
el kit de pata de
3 SUELO COHESIVO Área de producción
cabra
7 SUELO COHESIVO Área de producción
4 BASE GRANULAR Dos capas reforzadas con Geomalla TX5
CAT CS563E
5 BASE GRANULAR Material sin tratar
Tambor liso
6 BASE GRANULAR Material parcialmente tratado
5.2.4. Indiana
La demostración de campo en este Estado se realizó sobre la ruta estatal 25 (SR-25),
la cual es una autopista reciente que conecta a la I-65 con la CR750E en el norte de
Buck Creek, West Lafayette, Indiana (White et al. 2011).
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
Figura 29. Maquinaria CAT en la pista de prueba SR-25 West Lafayette, Indiana.
(Tomado de: White et al. 2011).
5.2.5. Mississippi
El sitio de las pruebas en este Estado fue la autopista US 84 en el condado Wayne,
Mississippi. En julio de 2009 se construyó un tramo vía de dos carriles de 4 millas
de longitud. Las primeras 6 pulg de la sub-base granular fueron tratadas con ~5%
de cemento como método de estabilización acorde con las especificaciones de
Departamento de Transporte de Mississippi- MSDOT (Chang et al. 2010).
52
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
53
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
54
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
Mississippi 2009
AMMANN/CASE Tambor Liso Sub-base granular
55
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
trabajo y corroborar si los resultados cumplen con las especificaciones iniciales del
proyecto.
56
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
57
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
GENERALIDADES
REQUERIMIENTO
58
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
6.1. ACTUALIDAD
59
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
60
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
Cada ensayo individual debe ser igual o superior al 98% del valor medio del
tramo, y solo se admitirá un resultado por debajo de dicho límite, siempre y
cuando sea mayor al 90%.
La tabla 6 resume los controles de calidad para compactación que son requeridos
en la actualidad por el Instituto de Desarrollo urbano de Bogotá.
62
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
Por esta razón, se cree que es en los entes estatales en donde se debe motivar el
cambio, pues son quienes poseen poder de decisión y están involucrados en los
procesos de planeación de los proyectos. Además son ellos quienes aún no actúan
acorde con la necesidad e importancia de construir infraestructura más duradera,
ya que éste no sólo es un problema económico sino también intergeneracional,
social e inclusive político. Los beneficios de implementar la compactación
inteligente han sido identificados y es sabido que son impresionantemente notorios
y muy significativos, no sólo para contratistas sino también para las entidades
estatales.
* ENTREVISTA con Felipe Moreno, Director de obras de la empresa Mario Huertas Cotes, Bogotá, 29 de septiembre de 2011.
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
El sondeo comercial realizado permitió estimar el valor de estos kits entre € 30.000
y € 35.000, es decir entre ochenta y noventa millones de pesos colombianos ($
80.000.000 - $ 90.000.000 m/cte.) aproximadamente, dependiendo de la TRM del
euro.
65
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
NÚMERO DE
OBRA CONTRATISTA ENCUESTADOS
INGENIEROS OPERARIOS
Calle 147 y 170
MHC 3 1
con Carrera 9
carreras 18 y 19 --- 2 2
con Calle 6
Madrid 2 1
La Vega 3 2
Concesión Vial
Sasmina 1 1
Panamericana S.A.S
San Juan de Rio Seco 2 1
Villeta 2 1
TOTAL 15 9
66
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
69
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
70
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
71
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
7. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
72
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
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COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
ARENAS, Hugo León. (2000) “Mecanismos del Proceso de Compactación de los Suelos.”
Teoría de los pavimentos. Universidad del Cauca. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Popayán,
60 – 87.
CHANG, George., MERRITT, David., XU, Qinwu., HORAN, Bob., WHITE, David.,
VENNAPUSA, Pavana., GIESELMAN, Heath., JOHANSEN, Luke., GOLDSMITH,
Rachel. (2008). “IC Field Demonstration on Cohesive Subgrade, Stabilized Subgrade, and
74
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
CHANG, George., MERRITT, David., XU, Qinwu., HORAN, Bob., WHITE, David.,
VENNAPUSA, Pavana., GIESELMAN, Heath., JOHANSEN, Luke., GOLDSMITH,
Rachel. (2010). “Cohesive Subgrade IC Demonstration US 69 Kansas: Final Report”
KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. Kansas, 102.
CHANG, George., XU, Qinwu., HORAN, Bob., WHITE, David., VENNAPUSA, Pavana.,
GIESELMAN, Heath., FLEMING, Bradley., JOHANSEN, Luke., QUIST, Stephen. (2010).
“Stabilized Subbase and HMA IC Demonstration US 84, Mississippi: Final Report.”
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. Mississippi, 44- 146.
CHANG, George., XU, Qinwu., MERRITT, David., HORAN, Bob., MICHAEL, Larry.,
WHITE, David., VENNAPUSA, Pravana., GIESELMAN, Heath., JOHANSON, Luke.,
GOLDSMITH, Rachel., ZHANG, Jiake., QUIST, Stephen. (2010). “Soils/Subbase and HMA
IC Demonstration US 219, Springville, NY: Draft Report.” FEDERAL HIGHWAY
ADMINISTRATION. NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. Springville,
NY, 179-180.
CHANG, George. XU, Qinwu. RUTLEDGE, Jennifer. HORAN, Bob. MICHAEL, Larry.
WHITE, David. VENNAPUSA, Pavana. (2011). “Accelerated Implementation of
Intelligent Compaction Technology for Embankment Subgrade Soils, Aggregate Base, and
Asphalt Pavement Materials- Final Report.” FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION.
Washington D.C., 60-73.
DEL CASTILLO, Hermilo y RICO, Alfonso. (2005). “La Ingeniería de Suelos en las Vías
Terrestres: Carreteras, Ferrocarriles y Aeropistas” Limusa, México, 153- 234.
75
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
KRÖBER, W., FLOSS, E., WALLRATH, W. (2001). “Dynamic soil stiffness as quality
criterion for soil compaction,” Geotechnics for Roads, Rail Tracks and Earth Structures,
A.A.Balkema Publishers, Lisse, Abingdon, Exton (PA), Tokyo, 189-199.
SAKAI. (2011). “CIS – Compaction Information System”. Sakai Heavy Industries, Ltd.
<http://www.sakainet.co.jp/english/index.html>, (Octubre 7, 2011).
76
COMPACTACIÓN INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS, BASES Y SUB-BASES EN COLOMBIA
77
ANEXOS
ANEXO 1
ESPECIFICACIONES FHWA PARA COMPACTACIÓN
INTELIGENTE DE SUELOS
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of the construction of the roadway fill embankment utilizing
Intelligent Compaction (IC) rollers within the limits of the work as described in the plans. IC is
defined as a process that uses vibratory rollers equipped with a measurement/documentation
system that automatically records various critical compaction parameters correlated to agency
standard testing protocols in real time during the compaction process. IC uses roller vibration
measurements to assess the mechanistic soils properties and to ensure optimum compaction is
achieved through continuous monitoring of the operations. Additional information on the IC
technology may be found on the website www.intelligentcompaction.com and from the
Transportation Research Board - NCHRP Report 676 on Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems.
The Contractor shall supply sufficient numbers of rollers and other associated equipment
necessary to complete the compaction requirements for the specific materials. The Contractor
will determine the number of IC rollers to use depending on the scope of the project. The IC
roller(s) may be utilized during production with other standard compaction equipment and shall
be used for the evaluation of the compaction operations.
EQUIPMENT
2. The output from the roller is designated as the Intelligent Compaction Measurement
Value (IC-MV) which represents the stiffness of the materials based on the vibration of
the roller drums and the resulting response from the underlying materials.
3. The IC rollers shall include an integrated on-board documentation system that is capable
of displaying real-time color-coded maps of IC measurement values including the
stiffness response values, location of the roller, number of roller passes, machine settings,
together with the speed, frequency and amplitude of roller drums. The display unit shall
be capable of transferring the data by means of a USB port.
4. Roller mounted GPS radio and receiver units shall be mounted on each IC roller. RTK-
GPS radio and receivers are required to monitor the location and track the number of
passes of the rollers.
1
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinates system divides the surface of
Earth between 80°S and 84°N latitude into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width and centered
over a meridian of longitude. Zone 1 is bounded by longitude 180° to 174° W and is centered
on the 177th West meridian. Zones outside of the Continental United States can be acquired on
the web at www.dmap.co.uk/utmworld.htm. The UTM for this project is Zone (xx) N. (DOT to
fill in the zone number)
Base Station - Ground mounted or virtual GPS base units that record values in northing,
easting, and the elevation data in meters using the UTM coordinate system along with the
longitude/latitude of the measurement values shall be provided. The GPS base station shall
broadcast updated correction data to the GPS receivers on the IC rollers and the hand-held
rovers during operations with a survey tolerance of not greater than 1.6 in. (40 mm) in both the
horizontal (x and y) directions.
Rover - A portable hand-held GPS radio/receiver for in-situ point measurements shall be
provided.
Data Analysis Software - Standardized data analysis software (Veda Alfa Vr.8.0 or
later) is available on the website www.intelligentcompaction.com or will be provided by
xxDOT. The software program will utilize the IC-MV data from the IC roller for analysis of
coverage, uniformity, and stiffness values during construction operations. As a minimum, the
following Essential IC Data Information and IC Data Elements shall be available in either
ASCII or text format for post processing.
Item Description
No.
1 Section Title
2
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
2 Machine Manufacture
3 Machine Type
4 Machine Model
5 Drum Width (m)
6 Drum Diameter (m)
7 Machine Weight (metric ton)
8 Name index of intelligent compaction measurement values (IC-
MV)
9 Unit index for IC-MV
10 Reporting resolution for independent IC-MVs – 90 degrees
to the roller moving direction (mm)
11 Reporting resolution for independent IC-MVs – in the
roller moving direction (mm)
12 UTM Zone
13 Offset to UTC (hrs)
14 Number of IC data points
The Contractor shall prepare and submit a written Quality Control Plan (QCP) for the
project. As a minimum, the QCP shall contain the following information:
3
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
General Requirements.
1. QCP shall be contract specific, stating how the contractor proposes to control the
materials, equipment, and construction operations including subcontractors and
suppliers as well as production facilities and transportation modes to the project
for the embankment operations.
2. The QCP shall include an organizational chart showing all quality control
personnel and how these personnel integrate with other management/production
and construction functions and personnel.
3. The QCP shall be signed and dated by the Contractor’s representative at the time
the QCP is submitted to the Engineer. The QCP shall be submitted no later than
15 days prior to commencing the embankment operations.
4. The xxDOT will review, sign, and date the QCP if the contents of the QCP are in
compliance with the requirements as stated herein.
5. The QCP shall be maintained to reflect the current status of the operations,
and revisions shall be provided in writing prior to initiating the change. The
QCP revision shall not be implemented until the revision has been accepted.
6. The QCP shall contain the name, telephone number, duties, and employer of
all quality control personnel necessary to implement the QCP. The minimum
qualifications of quality control personnel shall be as follows:
a. QCP Field Manager or Plan Administrator. The person responsible for the
execution of the QCP and liaison with the Engineer. Additionally the QCP
Field Manager requirements include:
4
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
c. IC Roller Operator. The person responsible for operating the IC roller and
attached IC equipment. Sufficient training for the roller operator shall be
supplied by a representative of the manufacturer of the equipment.
8. Embankment operations shall not begin before the QCP has been accepted.
1. AASHTO Standards.
2. ASTM Standards.
3. xxDOT Standards.
5
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
Quality Control Technician. The QCT shall be responsible for the following minimum
functions:
2. Test section construction and establishing target values for the maximum dry
density, optimum moisture content, production moisture content, strength of the
materials using the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), light weight deflectometer
(LWD), nuclear gauge, and the IC-roller(s).
4. Quality control testing for the maximum dry density and moisture content.
6. Daily set-up, take down and secure storage of GPS and IC roller components
Testing Facility. The location of the testing facility and a list of test equipment shall be
included. The testing facility shall be sufficient size to conduct the Quality Control tests, and a
satisfactory base on which compaction of the soil can be achieved in accordance with AASHTO
T 99 Method A (or as otherwise defined by the DOT) shall be provided. A statement of
accessibility of the testing facility shall be included that allows xxDOT personnel to witness
Quality Control activities and to review Quality Control tests.
A list of the testing equipment proposed for Quality Control testing and the test methods
and frequency of calibration or verification of the equipment shall be included. The Contractor
shall maintain a record of all equipment calibration or verification results at the testing facility.
The minimum frequency and procedures shall be as follows:
Materials Sampling and Testing. The procedures for sampling and testing of the soil
embankment and the frequency of tests shall be identified and include as a minimum the
following: (details to be modified/expanded as applicable by the DOT)
1. Moisture. The procedure for measuring the moisture content of the soil during
production compaction. The minimum frequency of tests per lift of material shall
be one test for each construction area.
6
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
2. Strength. The procedure for measuring the in-place strength of the soil. The
minimum frequency of tests shall be a minimum of one test for each
construction area.
3. Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content. The procedure for
measuring the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil for
the test sections and when there is a change in the soil type.
4. IC Roller Data. The procedure for obtaining the IC roller data. The frequency of
obtaining the data shall be a minimum of two times each day of soil compaction.
The data is date/time stamped which permits for external evaluation at a later
time.
GPS Check Testing. Prior to the start of production, the Contractor, GPS representative
and IC roller manufacturer shall conduct the following to check the proper setup of the GPS, IC
roller(s) and the rover(s) using the same datum:
1. On a location nearby or within the project limits, the GPS base station shall
be established and the IC roller and the GPS rover tied into the base station.
2. Verification that the roller and rover are working properly and that there is
a connection with the base station.
3. The coordinates of the roller from the on-board, color-coded display shall be
recorded.
4. The receiver from the rover shall be removed and placed on top of the
roller receiver and the coordinates shown on the rover display recorded.
5. The roller and rover coordinates shall be compared. If the coordinates calculate
as being within 1.6 in. (40 mm), the comparison is acceptable. If the coordinates
are not within 1.6 in. (40 mm), corrections shall be made as needed and the above
steps repeated until verification is acceptable. Work shall not begin until proper
verification has been obtained.
6. The project plan file provided by xxDOT shall be uploaded into the IC Data
analysis software and depending on the roller manufacture, the on-board IC
computer.
Test Sections. Test section evaluations are intended to determine the number of passes it
takes to achieve compaction at the optimum moisture content for the materials. Test sections
shall be approximately 225 ft (75 m) long and 24 ft (8 m) wide. The IC roller shall be utilized on
the test sections to establish the target IC-MV as correlated to the xxDOT standard testing
7
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
devices. GPS measurements for all testing devices will be obtained with the rover for correlation
to the IC-MV. (test section details to be modified/expanded as applicable by the DOT)
The evaluations shall be conducted for the various material types, on every lift where
there is a change of materials. The rollers shall use the same settings (speed, frequency)
throughout the section while minimizing overlapping of the roller. After each roller pass, a
nondestructive density device shall be used to estimate the density or stiffness of the material at
10 locations uniformly spaced throughout the test section within the width of a single roller
pass. The readings and the number of roller passes will be recorded. The estimated target density
will be the peak of the average of the nondestructive readings. Linear regression relationships
between the in-place density data and the number of passes will be used to determine if process
meets the xxDOT in-place compaction requirements.
The target IC-MV is the point when the increase in the IC-MV of the material between
passes is less than 5 percent on the compaction curve. The IC compaction curve is defined as the
relationship between the IC-MV and the roller passes. A compaction curve example is as
follows:
Target ICMV
ICMV<5%
Optimal pass
Once the target IC-MV is determined, compact an adjoining section using same roller
settings and the estimated roller passes to verify the compaction with the same nondestructive
devices after the final roller pass. Straight line best fit linear regression relationships between the
density testing and IC-MV data will be used to establish the production target IC-MV that meets
the xxDOT in-place compaction requirements. A linear regression curve example is as follows.
Target ICMV
ICMV
Target % Gmm
% Gmm
8
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
Soil Management. The procedures for management of the borrow pit and soil cut
sections to assure uniform soil material shall be included. The procedures for the necessary
adjustments in compaction because of a change in soil type shall be stated.
Response to Test Results. The response to quality control tests for the test sections and
during production compaction shall include as a minimum the following:
1. Moisture. The procedure for corrective action when the QC moisture tests are not
within -3 and +2 percentage points of the optimum moisture content.
2. Strength. The procedure for corrective action when tests do not meet the xxDOT
requirements for each soil type.
3. Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content. The procedure for
corrective action when the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content test results indicate that there is a change in the soil type.
4. IC Coverage Area and Uniformity Criteria. The procedures for re-working the
construction area when IC criteria for coverage area or the minimum IC-MV are
not met.
1. Quality Control Tests. The results from the moisture, strength, and maximum dry
density and optimum moisture content tests. All quality control test results shall
be signed by the QCT and submitted to the Engineer within 24 h of testing.
2. Equipment. Documentation of the manufacture, model, and type of rollers used each
day of soil compaction and the IC roller used for mapping the compaction of the soil.
The positioning of the IC roller(s) in the paving operations shall be noted.
3. IC-MV Analysis. The Contractors will analyze the IC-MV data for conformance
to the requirements for coverage area and uniformity and will submit the results to
the Engineer at the completion of the individual IC Construction Area operations.
9
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
IC data will be saved as Time History Data and Post- Processed Data. Post-
Processed Data will be imported using the all-passes and proofing-data formats.
All passes data includes the data from all of the passes and proofing data is the
data from just the last pass within a given area.
IC CONSTRUCTION
Technical Assistance. The Contractor shall coordinate for on-site technical assistance
from the IC roller representative during the initial seven (7) days of production and then as
needed during the remaining operations. As a minimum, the roller representative shall be
present during the initial setup and verification testing of the IC roller(s). The roller
representative shall also assist the Contractor with data management using the data analysis
software including IC data input and processing.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
This item will not be measured as it will be paid as a lump sum for providing for the
Intelligent Compaction for Soils on the project.
BASIS OF PAYMENT
The incorporating of the Intelligent Compaction process will be paid at the contract
lump sum price for Intelligent Compaction for Soils.
10
Generic - IC Specifications for Soils June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
This item includes all costs related to providing the IC roller including the fuel, roller
operator, GPS system, or any other equipment required for the IC process. All quality control
procedures including IC rollers and GPS systems representatives support and testing facility shall
be included in the contract lump sum price.
11
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of the construction of the aggregate base materials utilizing
Intelligent Compaction (IC) rollers within the limits of the work as described in the plans. IC is
defined as a process that uses vibratory rollers equipped with a measurement/documentation
system that automatically records various critical compaction parameters correlated to agency
standard testing protocols in real time during the compaction process. IC uses roller vibration
measurements to assess the mechanistic properties and to ensure optimum compaction is
achieved through continuous monitoring of the operations. Additional information on the IC
technology may be found on the website www.intelligentcompaction.com and from the
Transportation Research Board - NCHRP Report 676 on Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems.
The Contractor shall supply sufficient numbers of rollers and other associated equipment
necessary to complete the spreading and compaction requirements for the aggregate materials.
The Contractor will determine the number of IC rollers to use depending on the scope of the
project. The IC roller(s) may be utilized during production with other standard compaction
equipment and shall be used for the evaluation of the compaction operations.
EQUIPMENT
6. The output from the roller is designated as the Intelligent Compaction Measurement
Value (IC-MV) which represents the stiffness of the materials based on the vibration of
the roller drums and the resulting response from the underlying materials.
7. The IC rollers shall include an integrated on-board documentation system that is capable
of displaying real-time color-coded maps of IC measurement values including the
stiffness response values, location of the roller, number of roller passes, machine settings,
together with the speed, frequency and amplitude of roller drums. The display unit shall
be capable of transferring the data by means of a USB port.
8. Roller mounted GPS radio and receiver units shall be mounted on each IC roller. RTK-
GPS radio and receivers are required to monitor the location and track the number of
passes of the rollers.
1
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinates system divides the surface of
Earth between 80°S and 84°N latitude into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width and centered
over a meridian of longitude. Zone 1 is bounded by longitude 180° to 174° W and is centered
on the 177th West meridian. Zones outside of the Continental United States can be acquired on
the web at www.dmap.co.uk/utmworld.htm. The UTM for this project is Zone (xx) N. (DOT to
fill in the zone number)
Base Station - Ground mounted or virtual GPS base units that record values in northing,
easting, and the elevation data in meters using the UTM coordinate system along with the
longitude/latitude of the measurement values shall be provided. The GPS base station shall
broadcast updated correction data to the GPS receivers on the IC rollers and the hand-held
rovers during operations with a survey tolerance of not greater than 1.6 in. (40 mm) in both the
horizontal (x and y) directions.
Rover - A portable hand-held GPS radio/receiver for in-situ point measurements shall be
provided.
Data Analysis Software - Standardized data analysis software (Veda Alfa Vr.8.0 or
later) is available on the website www.intelligentcompaction.com or will be provided by
xxDOT. The software program will utilize the IC-MV data from the IC roller for analysis of
coverage, uniformity, and stiffness values during construction operations. As a minimum, the
following Essential IC Data Information and IC Data Elements shall be available in either
ASCII or text format for post processing.
Item Description
No.
1 Section Title
2
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
2 Machine Manufacture
3 Machine Type
4 Machine Model
5 Drum Width (m)
6 Drum Diameter (m)
7 Machine Weight (metric ton)
8 Name index of intelligent compaction measurement values (IC-
MV)
9 Unit index for IC-MV
10 Reporting resolution for independent IC-MVs – 90 degrees
to the roller moving direction (mm)
11 Reporting resolution for independent IC-MVs – in the
roller moving direction (mm)
12 UTM Zone
13 Offset to UTC (hrs)
14 Number of IC data points
The Contractor shall prepare and submit a written Quality Control Plan (QCP) for the
project. As a minimum, the QCP shall contain the following information:
3
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
General Requirements.
7. QCP shall be contract specific, stating how the contractor proposes to control the
materials, equipment, and construction operations including subcontractors and
suppliers as well as production facilities and transportation modes to the project
for the embankment operations.
8. The QCP shall include an organizational chart showing all quality control
personnel and how these personnel integrate with other management/production
and construction functions and personnel.
9. The QCP shall be signed and dated by the Contractor’s representative at the time
the QCP is submitted to the Engineer. The QCP shall be submitted no later than
15 days prior to commencing the embankment operations.
10. The xxDOT will review, sign, and date the QCP if the contents of the QCP are in
compliance with the requirements as stated herein.
11. The QCP shall be maintained to reflect the current status of the operations,
and revisions shall be provided in writing prior to initiating the change. The
QCP revision shall not be implemented until the revision has been accepted.
12. The QCP shall contain the name, telephone number, duties, and employer of
all quality control personnel necessary to implement the QCP. The minimum
qualifications of quality control personnel shall be as follows:
a. QCP Field Manager or Plan Administrator. The person responsible for the
execution of the QCP and liaison with the Engineer. Additionally the QCP
Field Manager requirements include:
4
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
d. IC Roller Operator. The person responsible for operating the IC roller and
attached IC equipment. Sufficient training for the roller operator shall be
supplied by a representative of the manufacturer of the equipment.
10. IC Equipment. The Roller supplier, make, roller model, number of IC rollers to
be provided, and the GPS system supplier to be utilized.
11. Material placement and compaction operations shall not begin before the QCP has
been accepted.
1. AASHTO Standards.
2. ASTM Standards.
3. xxDOT Standards.
Quality Control Technician. The QCT shall be responsible for the following minimum
functions:
8. Test section construction and establishing target values for the maximum dry
density, optimum moisture content, production moisture content, strength of the
5
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
materials using the light weight deflectometer (LWD), nuclear gauge, and the IC-
roller(s).
4. Quality control testing for the maximum dry density and moisture content.
6. Daily set-up, take down and secure storage of GPS and IC roller components
Testing Facility. The location of the testing facility and a list of test equipment shall be
included. The testing facility shall be sufficient size to conduct the Quality Control tests, and a
satisfactory base on which compaction of the aggregates can be achieved in accordance with
AASHTO T 99 Method A (or as otherwise defined by the DOT) shall be provided. A statement
of accessibility of the testing facility shall be included that allows xxDOT personnel to witness
Quality Control activities and to review Quality Control tests.
A list of the testing equipment proposed for Quality Control testing and the test methods
and frequency of calibration or verification of the equipment shall be included. The Contractor
shall maintain a record of all equipment calibration or verification results at the testing facility.
The minimum frequency and procedures shall be as follows:
Materials Sampling and Testing. The procedures for sampling and testing of the
aggregates and the frequency of tests shall be identified and include as a minimum the following:
(details to be modified/expanded as applicable by the DOT)
1. Moisture. The procedure for measuring the moisture content of the aggregates
during production compaction. The minimum frequency of tests per lift of
material shall be one test for each construction area.
2. Strength. The procedure for measuring the in-place strength of the aggregates.
The minimum frequency of tests shall be a minimum of one test for each
construction area.
3. Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content. The procedure for
measuring the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the
aggregates in the test sections.
6
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
4. IC Roller Data. The procedure for obtaining the IC roller data. The frequency of
obtaining the data shall be a minimum of two times each day of aggregate base
production. The data is date/time stamped which permits for external evaluation at
a later time.
GPS Check Testing. Prior to the start of production, the Contractor, GPS representative
and IC roller manufacturer shall conduct the following to check the proper setup of the GPS, IC
roller(s) and the rover(s) using the same datum:
5. On a location nearby or within the project limits, the GPS base station shall
be established and the IC roller and the GPS rover tied into the base station.
6. Verification that the roller and rover are working properly and that there is
a connection with the base station.
7. The coordinates of the roller from the on-board, color-coded display shall be
recorded.
8. The receiver from the rover shall be removed and placed on top of the
roller receiver and the coordinates shown on the rover display recorded.
9. The roller and rover coordinates shall be compared. If the coordinates calculate
as being within 1.6 in. (40 mm), the comparison is acceptable. If the coordinates
are not within 1.6 in. (40 mm), corrections shall be made as needed and the above
steps repeated until verification is acceptable. Work shall not begin until proper
verification has been obtained.
10. The project plan file provided by xxDOT shall be uploaded into the IC Data
analysis software and depending on the roller manufacture, the on-board IC
computer.
11. GPS check testing shall be conducted daily during production operations.
Test Sections. Test section evaluations are intended to determine the number of passes it
takes to achieve compaction at the optimum moisture content for the materials. Test sections
shall be approximately 225 ft (75 m) long and 24 ft (8 m) wide. The IC roller shall be utilized on
the test sections to establish the target IC-MV as correlated to the xxDOT standard testing
devices. GPS measurements for all testing devices will be obtained with the rover for correlation
to the IC-MV. (test section details to be modified/expanded as applicable by the DOT)
The rollers shall use the same settings (speed, frequency) throughout the section while
minimizing overlapping of the roller. After each roller pass, a nondestructive density device
shall be used to estimate the density or stiffness of the material at 10 locations uniformly spaced
throughout the test section within the width of a single roller pass. The readings and the number
of roller passes will be recorded. The estimated target density will be the peak of the average of
the nondestructive readings. Linear regression relationships between the in-place density data
7
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
and the number of passes will be used to determine if process meets the xxDOT in-place
compaction requirements.
The target IC-MV is the point when the increase in the IC-MV of the material between
passes is less than 5 percent on the compaction curve. The IC compaction curve is defined as the
relationship between the IC-MV and the roller passes. A compaction curve example is as
follows:
Target ICMV
ICMV<5%
Optimal pass
Once the target IC-MV is determined, compact an adjoining section using same roller
settings and the estimated roller passes to verify the compaction with the same nondestructive
devices after the final roller pass. Straight line best fit linear regression relationships between the
density testing and IC-MV data will be used to establish the production target IC-MV that meets
the xxDOT in-place compaction requirements. A linear regression curve example is as follows.
Target ICMV
ICMV
Target % Gmm
% Gmm
Response to Test Results. The response to quality control tests for the test sections and
during production compaction shall include as a minimum the following:
8
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
4. Moisture. The procedure for corrective action when the QC moisture tests are not
within -3 and +2 percentage points of the optimum moisture content.
5. Strength. The procedure for corrective action when tests do not meet the xxDOT
requirements for aggregate bases.
6. Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content. The procedure for
corrective action when the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content test results indicate that there is a change in the aggregate source.
7. IC Coverage Area and Uniformity Criteria. The procedures for re-working the
construction area when IC criteria for coverage area or the minimum IC-MV are
not met.
1. Quality Control Tests. The results from the moisture, strength, and maximum dry
density and optimum moisture content tests. All quality control test results shall
be signed by the QCT and submitted to the Engineer within 24 h of testing.
3. IC-MV Analysis. The Contractors will analyze the IC-MV data for conformance
to the requirements for coverage area and uniformity and will submit the results to
the Engineer at the completion of the individual IC Construction Area operations.
IC data will be saved as Time History Data and Post-Processed Data. Post-
Processed Data will be imported using the all-passes and proofing-data formats.
All passes data includes the data from all of the passes and proofing data is the
data from just the last pass within a given area.
IC CONSTRUCTION
Technical Assistance. The Contractor shall coordinate for on-site technical assistance
from the IC roller representative during the initial seven (7) days of production and then as
needed during the remaining operations. As a minimum, the roller representative shall be
present during the initial setup and verification testing of the IC roller(s). The roller
representative shall also assist the Contractor with data management using the data analysis
software including IC data input and processing.
9
Generic - IC Specifications for Aggregate Bases June 2011
DOT to modify as applicable to meet State Specifications
2
with production but they need to be at least 25,000 ft for evaluation. Partial construction areas
2
of 5000 ft or less will be included in the previous area evaluation. Partial construction areas of
2
greater than 5000 ft will constitute a full area to close out the material. Construction areas may
extend over multiple days depending on the operations.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
This item will not be measured as it will be paid as a lump sum for providing for the
Intelligent Compaction for Aggregates on the project.
BASIS OF PAYMENT
The incorporating of the Intelligent Compaction process will be paid at the contract
lump sum price for Intelligent Compaction for Aggregates.
This item includes all costs related to providing the IC roller including the fuel, roller
operator, GPS system, or any other equipment required for the IC process. All quality control
procedures including IC rollers and GPS systems representatives support and testing facility shall
be included in the contract lump sum price.
10
ANEXO 2
FORMATO DE ENCUESTA
UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL Y AMBIENTAL
MAESTRIA EN INGENIERIA CIVIL
2. Emplea usted la misma técnica de compactación sin importar el tipo de material sobre el que está
trabajando (subbases, bases y carpetas asfálticas)?
Sí No
Explique:
3. Emplea usted la misma técnica de compactación sin importar la clase de equipo de compactación
con el que esté trabajando?
Sí No
Explique:
4. Conoce sobre la tecnología de compactación inteligente para subbases, bases y carpetas asfálticas?
Sí No
Sí No
6. Estaría dispuesto a recibir capacitación que le permita poder trabajar con esta tecnología?
Sí No
Sí No
Sí No
UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
2. Para la compactación, siempre ha empleado la misma técnica sin importar el tipo de material
sobre el que está trabajando (subbases, bases y carpetas asfálticas)?
Sí No
Explique:
3. Para la compactación, siempre ha empleado la misma técnica sin importar la clase de equipo de
compactación con el que esté trabajando?
Sí No
Explique:
4. Conoce sobre la tecnología de compactación inteligente para subbases, bases y carpetas asfálticas?
Sí No
Sí No
6. Estaría dispuesto a recibir capacitación que le permita poder trabajar con esta tecnología?
Sí No
Sí No
Explique:
Sí No
ANEXO 3
FOLLETOS INFORMATIVOS
Intelligent Compaction Workshop
Hosted by ISAP 2012
Supported by US FHWA
May 23, 2012, Nanjing, China
Background
Intelligent compaction (IC), also known as Continuous Compaction Control (CCC), is an evolving
technology to maximize the compaction effort using vibratory rollers that equipped with roller-integrated
measurements, global positioning system, onboard report system, and, optionally, auto-feedbacks. The
IC technologies are proven and demonstrate immediate benefits to agencies and contractors alike. For
heavy duty asphalt pavements, IC can be used to provide adequate compaction in order to optimize
asphalt densities for supporting heavy loading. This workshop will guide the attendees along the shortest
path to IC implementation by overcoming gaps and barriers through streamlined strategies.
Purposes
Familiar attendees with fundamentals of intelligent compaction
Demonstrate real world applications of IC
Demonstrate latest IC machines and systems
Demonstrate the shortest route to successful IC implementation.
Presenters
Mr. Lee Gallivan, US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
Dr. George Chang, P.E., Transtec Group, USA
Representatives from Ammann, Bomag, Caterpillar, Dynapac, Wirtgen/HAMM, Sakai,
Trimble, and TopCon
Agenda
Sessions Topics Presenter Length (min.)
1 Introduction and Overview Lee/Chang 10
2 Fundamentals of Intelligent Compaction Chang 40
3 IC Data Management Chang 30
break 10
4 IC Systems from Vendors (I) Vendors 90
Lunch break 60
5 IC Systems from Vendors (II) Vendors 80
break 10
6 Open Panel Discussion on Vendors’ IC System Vendors 60
7 Standardization of IC Lee 30
8 IC Machine Demonstration Vendors 60
Total 480
Contact Info
Workshop content: Dr. George Chang., PE, Transtec Group, 6111 Balcones Drive, Austin TX 78731,
USA, (512) 451-6233, gkchang@thetranstecgroup.com, www.IntelligentCompaction.com
www.ISAP2012.net
FHWA Intelligent Compaction
National Workshop
Dec 13, 2011
Atlanta, GA
Atlanta Airport
1900 S ULLIVAN R OAD
A TLANTA , G EORGIA 30337
770 - 997 - 1100
control that results in longer pavement lives. IC machines are vibratory rollers
Superintendent, QC Personnel
with accelerometers mounted on the axel of drums, global positioning system,
IC Roller Vendors infra-red temperature sensors (for asphalt), and on-board computers that can
display color-coded maps in real-time to track roller passes, asphalt surface
GPS Vendors temperatures, and stiffness of compacted materials.
The FHWA has been leading a national effort to advance the IC technology through
numerous projects since 2008 to improve compaction quality of materials that
include granular soils, cohesive soils, stabilized base, and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Sponsored by pavements. To further accelerate the implementation of IC, FHWA is con-ducting IC
national workshops for technology transfer and training.
Presenters
The workshop presenters include the former research team members of
the FHWA-Transportation Pooled Fund IC Study:
Victor (Lee) Gallivan, P.E., FHWA HIPT, COTR of the FHWA/TPF IC Project
Dr. George Chang, P.E., Transtec Group, PI of the FHWA/TPF IC research team
Bob Horan, P.E., Asphalt Institute, Facilitator of the FHWA/TPF IC research team
Larry Michael, LLM Asphalt Consultant, Co-PI of the FHWA/TPF IC research team
Rebecca Embacher, Minnesota Department of Transportation, IC DOT
representative
Jennifer Rutledge, Transtec Group, member of the FHWA/TPF IC research team
Registration
Registration for this workshop is free. However, only 75 seats are available at
a first-come-first-serve basis.
Online registration is available from this link (TBA) by November 30, 2011.
Jennifer Rutledge
The Transtec Group, Inc.
6111 Balcones Drive, Austin, TX 78731 USA
Phone: (512) 451-6233 ext. 236 Fax: (512)
451-6234 Jennifer@thetranstecgroup.com