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Mexicana
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA EN
LA REVOLUCI?N MEXICANA
Mois?s Gonzalez Navarro
El Colegio de M?xico
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570 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 571
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572 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
4 D'Olwer: op. cit., pp. 1012, 1078, 1103, 1139, 1135, 997, 1090,
991, 1106, 1108, 1126-1129, 1105, 1013.
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 573
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574 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
9 Cuadro N* 3.
10 Cuadro N<? 3. 66th Congress, ix, pp. 865, 1464; x, pp. 3311, 2250,
2302.
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 575
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576 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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xenofobia y xenofilia 577
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578 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
" 66th Congress, ix, pp. 920, 985, 1711, 1719; x, pp. 1951, 2708,
2717.
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 579
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580 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 581
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582 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
24 Cuadro N? 5.
25 Gonz?lez Navarro: La Colonizaci?n, p. 138. 66th Congress,
rx3 p. 666.
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 583
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584 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA y xenofilia 585
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586 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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xenofobia y xenofilia 587
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588 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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xenofobia y xenofilia 589
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590 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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xenofobia y xenofilia 591
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592 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 593
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594 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 595
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596 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA. 597
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598 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 599
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600 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 601
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602 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 603
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604 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 605
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606 MOIS?S GONZ?LEZ NAVARRO
180 000 habitantes las tres cuartas partes eran mexicanos, 3 840
optaron por la nacionalidad mexicana y 395 por la guatemal
teca. Con la reforma agraria la pugna se agrav? por la preten
si?n de excluir de las dotaciones ejidales a los guatemaltecos de
origen, actitud contraria a la pol?tica gubernamental, favorable
a la naturalizaci?n privilegiada para los indolatinos, "quienes
por su origen ?tnico, afinidad ling??stica, condiciones econ?mi
cas, estado cultural y tradiciones hist?ricas, no presentan dife
rencias sustanciales". El problema se agrav? tambi?n por la
depreciaci?n del caf? en el mercado mundial y por la dificultad
de impedir la inmigraci?n guatemalteca fraudulenta, motivada
por la servidumbre que padec?an, con sus salarios de 5 cen
tavos americanos. El gobierno mexicano se gui? en este proble
ma no por preferencias raciales, sino por "una l?gica solidari
dad de clase".105
Durante la presidencia de C?rdenas, 34 000 personas reci
bieron comprobantes de nacionalidad mexicana, 4 300 guate
maltecos de origen obtuvieron carta de naturalizaci?n mexica
na y 1 600 hijos de guatemaltecos optaron por la nacionalidad
mexicana.106 No faltaron, sin embargo, cr?ticas a la pol?tica ofi
cial; se neg? que a los braceros guatemaltecos se debiera el flore
cimiento del caf? y del pl?tano en Soconusco, y se le atribuy?
a los 15 a 20 mil chamulas que bajaban anualmente a trabajar
esos productos; pero al implantarse el salario m?nimo se prefi
ri? a los guatemaltecos por su baratura. Los guatemaltecos re
cibieron gran parte de los beneficios de la reforma agraria: ejidos
hubo en que ellos fueron la casi totalidad de los beneficiarios.
La alegada dificultad para conocer la nacionalidad de los ha
bitantes de esa regi?n, en opini?n de algunos, s?lo fue un proble
ma de venalidad de los empleados federales mexicanos, quie
nes por unos cuantos pesos convirtieron en mexicanos a millares
de guatemaltecos. En 1941, frescas las anexiones territoriales na
zis, lleg? a temerse que Guatemala, con ayuda de alguna poten
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 607
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Teatros 2 095 000 520 000 1575 000 24.82 75.18
Hoteles 2 700 000 970 000 1 730 000 35.93 64.07
Petr?leo 25 650 000 25 000 000 650 000 97.47 2.53 Fundidoras 36 700 000 29 500 000 7 200 000 80.38 19.62 Cervecer?as
Tabacaleras 8 845 000 4 133 000 4 712400085046.73
000 253.27
028 000 2 822 000 41.81 58.19
Seguros de vida 9 500 000 7 500 000 2 000 000 78.95 21.05 Instituciones 75 875 000_1 875 000_74 000 000 2.22_97.78
Tiendas mayorco 26 880 000 24 080 000 2 800 000 89.58 10.42 F?bricas de jab?n 7 580 000 4 800 000 2 780 000 63.32 36.68 Ranchos ganaderos 19 850 000 5 850 000 14 000 000 29.47 70.53 Tiendas menudeo 75 900 000 4 665 000 71235 000 6.16 93.84
Industria hulera 22 000 000 17 500 000 4 500 000 79.55 20.45 Ranchos madereros 24 650 000 19 050 000 5 600 000 72.28 22.72
Bonos nacionales 200 000 000 179 000 000 21 000 000 89.50 10.50
Parte Primera: Actividades econ?micas por orden relativo decreciente
CUADRO 1
INVERSIONES EXTRANJERAS EN M?XICO (D?LARES) 1911
F?bricas de hilados 30 200 000 24 200 000 6 000 000 80.13 19.87 Servicios p?blicos 14 190 000 21 285 000 5 155 000 63.67 Capitales
36.33 bancarios 79 050 000 47 100 000 31 950 000 60.06 39.94 Dep?sitos bancarios 203 223 042 41 260 000 161 963 042 20.22 79.78 Ranchos agr?colas 49 970 000 2 970 000 47 000 000 5.82 94.18
Viviendas y personal 134 960 000 7 940 000 127 020 000 5.88 94.12
Capitales en ferrocarriles 442 216 800 316 776 800 125 440 000 71.63 28.37
Acciones ferrocarrileras 564 416 380 552 141380 12 275 000 97.83 2.17 Profesionistas liberales 7 110 000 5 550 000 1 560 000 78.06 21.94
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 609
Concepto y pa?s %
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% 3, 4, 5, 6, con
10.36 22.98 25.64 41.02
100.0
respecto a 8
(En d?lares)
P?RDIDAS DE LOS NORTEAMERICANOS EN M?XICO EN 1910-1919
CUADRO 2
P?rdidas (I)
Concepto
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XENOFOBIA Y XENOFILIA 611
CUADRO 3
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Pa?s_(1)_(2 )_(3)_(4)_(5)_(6)_(7)
Jap?n 2 216 1828 1823 10 0.45 0.55 0.55
China 13 203 14813 14472 471 3.57 3.18 3.25 Francia 4 591 3 318 3 947 14 0.30 0.42 0.40 Italia 2 595 2 099 2 289 16 0.62 0.76 0.70 Total 116 347 108 433 98 435 1477* 1.27 1.37 1.57
(6) % 4 de 2.
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916 000 193 1000
1 050 1000 637 3000
336 4000 641 5000
398 4000 421000
9 330 9000
937 000
Otros (7)* 237 070 760 24 18637000
54932 50459
16453000
000 520154
000 000330396
000000377 000950426
000975376 000512 000
000643473
448 454582 000574498
000821477 000116 000
474 673472
000491000
470 255396 425
000454 000287
571000
138630 000757884
000603743 000645893
000082 000
1 603
1 002 303 000475 1 789
000 662
1 688 000175 000800 000
2 024
49 62649000
74851 56337
000 35439
000 000101
39000 19346
94244000 02162
000 87760
000 417 000 33 96045
000 62 659 000 00008740 90842
82231000
000 000878 000
cuadro 5
Parte Primera: Pesos
642 605600 286 892 000
000093221255000
000491194
194 155161 000 225 704224
000900231962
000 239000 000 153
045231959 000222 000
179 359000 257
153 638 217000
000 308 915239
000712000
283 239455
000750490
000275 000
567 687642
000387 000
Total (1) Estados Unidos (2) Inglaterra (3) Francia (4) Canad? (5)
1 276
2 115 540 000 448 0006351 441
1 384 000 183
1 391
000560 000 655
1 522 000450
1 604 000356
1 706 000 972
1 946 1 972 2 207
000782 000 218 000979
2 599 000 808
3 150 000 4 061
3 371452 000180 000 789
4 769 000
4 989 508 8 173 175
000 475
7 353 000575 000
000 10 388 11 756 612 000
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(7)
7.220.040.050.05 0.18 0.170.330.330.670.890.66 2.263.803.292.842.84
0.07
0.14 0.18 0.94
0.92
(6) 4.66
5.19
4.81
4.43 4.63 4.72
4.55 6.07
5.35
4.36 5.37
5.05 8.42
9.12
4.89
5.95
5.22 1.00
6.62 1.00
(4) 8.74
* 1938-1944 comprende Alemania, Argentina, Cuba, Italia, Holanda, Brasil, Dinamarca y B?lgica.
(3)
19.589.407.028.589.899.409.148.998.448.215.044.953.635.255.293.804.154.374.27
4.28
4.28
fuentes: Cuadro de Marion Letcher, tomado de 66th Congress Senate Documents, x, p. 3323.
(2) 64.46
61.79 63.72
60.23 62.21 65.21
63.44 66.10
68.77 72.59
69.85 74.42
71.82 69.53
68.86 75.68 70.51
73.06 71.13 78.37
78.37
1911** 1955**
1954** 1957**
1956**
A?os 1938
1939
1940
1941 1943
1942 1945
1944 1947
1946 1948
1949 1951
1950 1952
1953
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