Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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Plantas Medicinales y Fitoterapia IV
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Fitoterapia exótica
Las plantas medicinales que actúan a nivel En diferentes ensayos clínicos, doble cie-
del aparato cardiovascular lo hacen a diferen- go y controlados frente a placebo, se pone
tes niveles. Las últimas investigaciones reali- de manifiesto que las especies Solanum
zadas al respecto ponen de manifiesto que un xanthocarpum y Solanum trilobatum y los áci-
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Plantas Medicinales y Fitoterapia IV
dos boswélicos aislados de Boswellia serrata Existen plantas medicinales con actividad
tienen propiedades antiasmáticas. hepatoprotectora, como son diferentes espe-
Ensayos realizados en ratas demuestran la cies del género Swertia (S. purpurascens, S.
eficacia de diferentes extractos de frutos de chirata, S. paniculata y S. Cordata), Picrorhi-
Elaeocarpus sphaericus en el tratamiento del za kurrooa y Phyllanthus amarus.
asma bronquial. Entre las drogas con actividad hepatopro-
tectora aparecen la raíz de Hemidesmus indi-
cus, las hojas y la corteza de los tallos de Gly-
2.7. Drogas activas sobre el cosmis pentaphylla, las semillas de Apium gra-
aparato genitourinario veolens y de Hygrophila auriculata, las hojas
de Moringa oleifera y de Azadirachta indica y
Son pocos los ensayos realizados de plan- los rizomas de Nardostachys jatamansi.
tas medicinales y drogas que actúan a este ni- Se han aislado principios activos que po-
vel. En ratas se demuestra la actividad diuréti- seen esta actividad, entre ellos destacan los
ca de las especies Aerva lanata y Vediuppu principios tanoides emblicanina A y B; puni-
chunnam, y las propiedades antiandrogénicas gluconina y pedunculagina, de los frutos de
del polvo de las hojas de Azadirachta indica, Emblica officinalis; el ácido ursólico, aislado
que producen una disminución de los niveles de las flores de Ixora coccinea; el ácido gálico,
de testosterona en suero. de los frutos de Terminalia belerica, y querce-
tina, aislada de Phyllanthus emblica.
La gomorresina de Boswellia serrata, debi-
2.8. Drogas activas sobre el do a su ya comentada capacidad de inhibir la
aparato digestivo 5-lipooxigenasa, inhibe la formación de leuco-
trienos, que desencadenan la aparición de coli-
Se han realizado diferentes estudios farma- tis crónica, por tanto, pudiera ser una droga útil
cológicos que ponen de manifiesto la actividad en el tratamiento de dicha patología.
antiulcerosa de diferentes plantas medicinales
y drogas, como son Benincasa hispida, los ex-
tractos de éter de petróleo, benceno y clorofor- 2.9. Drogas activas sobre el
mo de Abies pindrow, el jugo obtenido de metabolismo y
Convolvulus pluricaulis, los extractos metanó- adaptógenas
lico y de éter de petróleo de las raíces de Pon-
gamia pinnata y el jugo fresco y el extracto 2.9.1. Hipolipemiantes
metanólico estandarizado en contenido en ba-
cósido-A de Bacopa monniera, que tiene acti- La administración de Cuminum cyminum,
vidad antiulcerosa dosis-dependiente en dife- vía oral, a ratas, produce una disminución de
rentes modelos de úlcera gástrica. los niveles de colesterol, fosfolípidos, ácidos
En Terminalia chebula se pone de manifies- grasos libres y triglicéridos en plasma y teji-
to su capacidad de favorecer la motilidad gas- dos, lo que demuestra su actividad hipolipe-
trointestinal. miante.
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Fitoterapia exótica
2.9.2. Hipoglucemiantes
2.9.3. Adaptógenas
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2.13.1.2. Leishmanicidas
2.11. Drogas con actividad El extracto metanólico de Swertia chira-
antifúngica ta es activo frente a Leishmania donovani.
A partir de este extracto se aísla el secoiri-
Existen aceites esenciales con actividad an-
doide glicósido amarogentina, que es un po-
tifúngica, como son los de una variedad de
tente inhibidor de la DNA topoisomerasa ti-
Ocimum gratissimum rica en etilcinamato, y
po I de L. donovani.
el de algunas especies del género Eucalyptus
que inhiben el crecimiento de diferentes espe-
2.13.1.3. Tripanosomicidas
cies del género Fusarium.
A partir del rizoma de Zingiber officinale Un extracto etanólico al 50% de las hojas
se aísla [6]-dehidroshogaol, que es activo de Xanthium strumarium tiene actividad tri-
frente al hongo Rhizoctonia solani. panosomicida in vitro e in vivo
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Fitoterapia exótica
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Fitoterapia exótica
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3.11.1.1. Amebicidas
Formononetina es una isoflavona aislada
de Dalbergia frutescens, con potente activi-
Figura 5. Scutellaria baicalensis. dad frente a Giardia intestinalis.
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Fitoterapia exótica
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Plantas Medicinales y Fitoterapia IV
4. PLANTAS MEDICINALES
3.13.2. Inmunomoduladores ORIGINARIAS DE SUDAMÉRICA
Stephania tetrandra tiene actividad inmu- Existen miles de plantas aún sin clasificar
nomoduladora in vitro e in vivo. También tie- en los bosques húmedos de América Central y
ne esta actividad el extracto acuoso de Crinum Sudamérica. Desde la conquista europea, los
latifolium y la decocción de las hojas de Li- cronistas relataron la enorme variedad de
gustrum vulgare y Ligustrum delavayanum. plantas medicinales usadas por los pueblos
Los sesquiterpenos glucosídicos dendrósi- autóctonos. Entre ellas destacaremos la quina,
do A y dendronobilósido A, aislados de los ta- la patata (Solanum tuberosum), la ipecacuana
llos de Dendrobium nobile, tienen actividad (Cephaelis ipecacuanha) o la hierba mate
inmunomoduladora in vitro. (Ilex paraguariensis).
A partir del extracto acuoso de Imperata Como resultado de las investigaciones so-
cylindrica se aíslan polisacáridos con activi- bre hierbas nativas, ciertas especies ya se usan
dad inmunoestimulante, al igual que los poli- en la medicina convencional. Los estudios
sacáridos de las semillas de Cuscuta chinen- brasileños respecto al lapacho (Tabebuia im-
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Fitoterapia exótica
petiginosa) indican que puede tener un poten- las hojas y tallos de Hedyosmum brasiliense.
cial terapéutico importante en infecciones Existen numerosos principios activos ex-
fúngicas, inflamación del cuello de útero, VIH traídos de plantas medicinales originarias de
y cáncer. Sudamérica que poseen propiedades analgé-
sicas. Es el caso de la quercitrina, aislada del
extracto metanólico de la planta brasileña
4.1. Drogas activas sobre el Bauhinia microstachya; marrubiína, aislada
sistema nervioso de Marrubium vulgare; el triterpeno glucosí-
dico nigaichigósido F1, aislado del extracto
El extracto hidroalcohólico de los tallos de acetato de etilo de las partes aéreas de Ru-
de Davilla rugosa, utilizada en medicina tra- bus imperialis; el ácido kaurenóico y luteoli-
dicional brasileña, tiene actividad ansiolítica na, aislados de Wedelia paludosa; el vouaca-
en animales de experimentación. pano, aislado de las semillas de Pterodon
El extracto soluble en éter de petróleo, polygalaeflorus; los elagitaninos furosina y
compuesto principalmente por polifenolesde geraniína, aislados del extracto etanólico de
Hypericum caprifoliatum, tiene actividad hojas y tallos de Phyllanthus sellowianus, y
antidepresiva. la cumarina fraxetina, aislada de la planta me-
Existen plantas medicinales con actividad dicinal peruana Jatropha cilliata.
sedante, como son los rizomas de Kyllinga Existen numerosas plantas medicinales su-
brevifolia, o los extractos de cloroformo- damericanas con actividad antiinflamatoria.
metanol y metanol de Sickingia williamsii, Las investigadas más recientemente son: To-
especie utilizada en la medicina tradicional rresea cearensis, Justicia pectoralis, Eclipta
peruana. alba, Pterodon polygaliflorus, Hybanthus
En ratones, la lactona gamma-decanolacto- ipecacuanha, Conyza floribunda, Eupato-
na aislada del aceite esencial de Aeollan-thus rium articulatum, Bonafousia longituba, Bo-
suaveolens tiene un marcado efecto anticon- nafousia sananho, Pluchea sagittalis, Syne-
vulsivante dosis-dependiente. En estos anima- drella nodiflora, Sideritis javalambrensis, Ta-
les, la fracción hexánica de Rubus brasiliensis getes pusilla y Piper lenticellosum.
también tiene efectos anticonvulsivantes. Entre las drogas que tienen actividad an-
tiinflamatoria tenemos las hojas de Goch-
natia polymorpha, Bursera simaruba y de
4.2. Drogas que actúan sobre Sida cordifolia, las flores de Tecoma sam-
el dolor y la inflamación bucifolia, la corteza de Drymis winteri y
los tallos de Ervatamia coronaria.
Los extractos de flores, frutos y raíces de También son numerosos los principios
Psychotria colorata contienen alcaloides con activos aislados con actividad antiinflama-
actividad analgésica. Las drogas sudamerica- toria, como son los ácidos cis-hexadec-11-
nas que han demostrado actividad antinoci- en-7,9-dioico y cis-octadec-12-en-7,9-
ceptiva son las hojas de Syphocampylus verti- dioico, aislados de las cortezas de Heisteria
cellatus, ricas en alcaloides piperidínicos, y acuminata, que son potentes inhibidores de
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4.6. Drogas que actúan sobre Psidium guajava, Tanacetum vulgare, Arc-
el metabolismo tium lappa, Mikania glomerata, Sambucus
canadensis, Plantago major y Erythrina spe-
Numerosas especies sudamericanas tienen ciosa.
actividad hipoglucemiante, como son Epi- Entre las drogas con actividad antibacteria-
dendrum monsenii, Marrubium vulgare, Ru- na se encuentran el extracto etanólico de la ra-
bus imperialis y Wedelia paludosa, que dis- íz de Schinus terebinthifolius, que presenta ac-
minuyen los niveles de glucosa en sangre en tividad frente a Enterococcus, Bacillus corine-
ratas diabéticas, y las especies Bauhinia can- forme, Streptococcus viridans y S. beta-hemo-
dicans, Galega officinalis, Morus alba y Ru- litico; los extractos etanólicos y de diclorome-
bus ulmifolius, que presentan actividad hipo- tano de Baccharis grisebachii y de diclorome-
glucemiante en ratas con diabetes inducida. tano de Oxalis erythrorhiza son activos frente
Se ha demostrado actividad hipogluce- a Staphylococcus aureus, resistente a meticili-
na; el extracto de acetato de etilo de las raíces
miante en las hojas de Smallantus sonchifo-
de Byrsonima crassifolia, que es activo frente
lius, que producen un aumento de la concen-
a Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeru-
tración de insulina en plasma, y las raíces de
ginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri,
Rubus imperialis.
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidi-
También existen principios activos aisla-
dermis, Streptococcus pneumoniae y Micro-
dos con esta actividad, como son el baky-
coccus luteus. Finalmente, decocciones de
chiol, aislado a partir de Otholobium pubes-
Abuta grandifolia y de Cyperus articulatus
cens, que disminuye los niveles de glucosa en muestran actividad con distintos grados de in-
ratones con diabetes tipo 2 de forma dosis-de- hibición frente a Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
pendiente, o los glucósidos mirciacitrina I y Staphylococcus aureus y Mycobacterium
mirciafenona B, aislados del extracto de ace- gordonae.
tato de etilo de las hojas de Myrcia multiflo- También se han aislado principios activos
ra, que tienen una potente actividad inhibido- con actividad antibacteriana como los ácidos
ra de aldosa reductasa y α-glucosidasa. 16-α-hidroximóllico, 15-α-hidroximóllico y
El extracto acuoso de Kalanchoe brasi- 7-β,16-β-dihidroxi-1,23-dideoxijésico, ais-
liensis tiene efecto antitiroideo in vitro. lados de las partes aéreas de Acalypha com-
munis, que son activos frente a enterococos;
los alcaloides lanuginosina y liriodenina, ex-
4.7. Drogas con actividad traídos de las raíces de Guatteria multivenia,
antibacteriana que son activos frente a Staphylococcus au-
reus y S. aureus resistente a meticilina; los
Diferentes especies medicinales brasileñas diterpenos aislados de los extractos brutos
son activas frente a Staphylococus aureus, Ba- de Eupatorium glutinosum; el ácido elágico,
cillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Es- aislado del extracto etanólico de tallos y ho-
cherichia coli. Entre ellas aparecen Piper reg- jas de Miconia myriantha; el metilgalato y
nellii, Punica granatum, Eugenia uniflora, ácido protocetéquico, aislados del extracto
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latum, que tienen actividad frente a virus del bida a Leishmania braziliensis en la zona bra-
Herpes simplex tipo 1 y al de estomatitis, res- sileña de Bahía. Las plantas que presentan ac-
pectivamente. Frente al virus Herpes simplex tividad frente a esta especie son Anacardium
tipo 1 también son activas las plantas argenti- occidentale, Clidemia hirta, Plectranthus am-
nas Polygonum punctatum, Lithraea molleoi- boinicus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Sola-
des, Sebastiania brasiliensis y Sebastiania num americanum y Plantago major.
klotzschiana. También se han aislado principios activos
Finalmente, distintas especies del género con actividad leishmanicida, como las lactonas
Phyllanthus son activas frente al virus de la sesquiterpénicas y los sesquiterpenos aislados
hepatitis B. de Elephantopus mollis, activos frente a Leish-
mania major. Finalmente, a partir del extracto
hexánico de las raíces de Annona haematan-
4.10. Drogas con actividad tha se aísla la lactona argentilactona, activa
antiparasitaria frente a Leishmania amazonensis in vitro.
4.10.1. Drogas con actividad
antiprotozoaria 4.10.1.3. Tripanosomicidas
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lan-1,9β-diol y quercetina, aislados de las par- Galphimia glauca, de raíces de Ipomoea stans,
tes aéreas de Heterotheca inuloides y el ácido de hojas de Juglans regia y de partes aéreas de
α-hidroximasticadienoico aislado de Amphipt- Taxodium mucronatum tienen actividad rela-
herygium adstringens. jante vascular.
A partir del extracto metanólico de las se-
millas de Casimiroa edulis se aíslan N-mono-
5.3. Drogas con actividad metilhistamina y N,N-dimetilhistamina, con
antioxidante actividad hipotensora.
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Plantas Medicinales y Fitoterapia IV
5.10.1.1. Amebicidas
Proantocianidinas de Geranium niveum
y asarinina aislada de las hojas de Zant-
hoxylum liebmannianun tienen actividad
antiprotozoaria frente a Entamoeba his-
tolytica y Giardia lamblia. Un extracto de
Conyza filaginoides también presenta acti-
vidad frente a este último protozoo.
5.10.1.2. Tripanosomicidas
El extracto metanólico de las raíces de
Figura 9. Helianthella quinquenervis. Aristolochia taliscana inhibe todos los
promastigotes de Trypanosoma cruzi.
virus VIH muestran actividad el extracto
hidroalcohólico de Hysoppus officinalis y
el extracto acuoso de Dittrichia viscosa. 5.11. Drogas con actividad
Extractos de Rosa nutkana y Amelanchier antineoplásica
alnifolia son activos frente a coronavirus
Coptis groenlandica (Figura 10) es una
entéricos. Los extractos que inhiben el vi-
planta utilizada en medicina tradicional de
rus sincitial respiratorio son los extractos
Canadá que posee actividad antineoplásica
de la raíz de Potentilla arguta y de las ra- in vitro.
mas de Sambucus racemosa. Un extracto Entre los principios activos aislados con
de Ipomopsis aggregata es activo frente al actividad antineoplásica destaca el ácido ur-
virus tipo 3 parainfluenza. El extracto de la sólico, aislado de Viburnum jucundum, y la
raíz de Lomatium dissectum es activo fren- acetogenina asitrocina, aislada de las semi-
te a rotavirus. Las especies activas frente al llas de Asimina triloba.
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6. PLANTAS MEDICINALES
ORIGINARIAS DE ÁFRICA
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fiesto su actividad antiinflamatoria por re- Por último, estudios realizados en otras
ducción de la liberación de prostaglandi- especies ponen de manifiesto el posible
nas I2, E2 y D2. También poseen actividad mecanismo de la acción antioxidante. Así,
antiinflamatoria el látex de Euphorbia bal- a partir de la especie Thonningia sangui-
samifera (Figura 14), el extracto metanó- nea se aíslan dos elagitaninos, las thonnin-
lico de las partes aéreas de Peperomia pe- gitaninas A y B, que poseen propiedades
llucida y el extracto acuoso de Pilostigma antioxidantes. Para thonningitanina A, se
reticulatum tanto en animales de experi- demuestra que este mecanismo está refor-
mentación como en ensayos clínicos. zado por su capacidad de formar compues-
tos antisuperóxido y por quelación de me-
tales.
6.3. Drogas con actividad
antioxidante
6.4. Drogas que actúan sobre
Extractos de hojas de Cleome arabica y el aparato cardiovascular,
de distintas especies del género Rhoicissus sobre la sangre y el
se utilizan en medicina tradicional zulú por sistema hematopoyético
sus propiedades antioxidantes, que se de-
muestran en ensayos farmacológicos re- Estudios recientes ponen de manifiesto
cientes. El aceite esencial de Artemisia que dos especies africanas, Bidens pilosa y
afra, Artemisia abyssinica y de Juniperus Olea africana, poseen actividad antihiper-
procera tienen actividad captadora de radi- tensiva en ratas normotensas y con hiper-
cales libres. tensión inducida.
A partir de las hojas de Aspilia africana
se ha aislado un factor anticoagulante de
peso molecular aproximado de 60.000 D.
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Las drogas africanas que han demostra- como los tallos de Entada abyssinica y de
do actividad hepatoprotectora son las raí- Terminalia spinos, las raíces de Harriso-
ces de Tinospora bakis y de Trichilia roka. nia abyssinica y Ximena caffra, las corte-
zas del tallo y las hojas de Azadirachta in-
dica y las flores de Spilanthes mauritiana.
6.7. Drogas que actúan sobre En Marruecos se utilizan por sus propie-
el metabolismo dades antibacterianas los rizomas y las ho-
jas de Aristolochia paucinervis, las flores
Numerosas drogas de origen africano tie- de Calotropis procera y los frutos de Eu-
nen propiedades hipoglucemiantes destacan genia caryophyllata.
las hojas de Telfaria occidentalis, de Oci- También tienen actividad antibacteriana
mum gratissimum y de Mangifera indica. el aceite esencial de las hojas de Eucalyp-
Balanites aegyptiaca es una planta utili- tus alba, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyp-
zada en medicina tradicional egipcia que en tus deglupta, Eucalyptus globulus, Eu-
el mesocarpio de los frutos posee saponinas calyptus saligna, Eucalyptus robusta,
esteroídicas con propiedades antidiabéticas. Aframomum stipulatum, Harungana ma-
También tiene propiedades hipoglucemian- dagascariensis, Cymbopogon citratus y
tes demostradas en diabéticos tipo II la Ir- Ocimum americanum, las semillas de Mono-
vinga gabonensis. dora myristica, los tallos de Pilistigma thon-
A partir del extracto etanólico de hojas y ningii, la corteza de los tallos de Alchornea
tallos de Pycnanthus angolensis se aíslan cordifolia y de Warburgia salutaris y la cor-
dos terpenoquinonas, las picnantuquinonas teza de Enantia polycarpa.
A y B, que han mostrado actividad hipoglu- El extracto hexánico del polvo de las hojas
cemiante en ratones diabéticos. de Mallotus opposifolium presenta actividad
bactericida frente a Pseudomonas aeruginosa
y Staphylococcus aureus. Existen otras plan-
6.8. Drogas con actividad tas medicinales que son activas frentes a Pseu-
antibacteriana domonas aeruginosa. Entre ellas destacan los
aceites esenciales de especies que crecen en el
Existen numerosas especies con activi- Congo, como Eucalyptus camadulensis y Eu-
dad antibacteriana en diferentes zonas del calyptus terticornis, y especies utilizadas en la
continente africano. Así, encontramos medicina tradicional zulú, como son Diosco-
plantas originarias de Zimbabwe con pro- rea sylvatica, Dioscorea dregeana, Cheilant-
piedades antibacterianas como Cassia ab- hes viridis, Vernonia colorata y Cryptolepis
breviata, Zanha africana y Acacia niloti- sanguinolenta, de cuyas raíces se extraen los
ca. En Sudáfrica aparecen Erythrina caf- alcaloides criptolepina y criptoheptina, con
fra, Erythrina latissima, Erythrina lysiste- propiedades antibacterianas.
mon, Grewia occidentalis, Cheilanthes vi- Extractos acetónicos y acuosos de las espe-
ridis y Polystichum pungens. En el este de cies Cryptocarya latifolia, Euclea natalensis,
África se utilizan drogas antibacterianas Helichrysum melanacme, Nidorella anomala,
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robacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsie- traliano, como son P. hirtellus, P. gunnii, P.
lla pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmone- gastroemii, P. similis y P. tenellus.
lla choleraesuis, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus
subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylo-
coccus aureus, S. saprophyticus y S. xylosus. 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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Vohora D, Pal SN, Pillai KK. Protection from phe- Muruganandan S, Srinivasan K, Chandra S, et
nytoin-induced cognitive deficit by Bacopa mon- al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium
niera, a reputed Indian nootropic plant. J Ethno- cumini bark. Fitoterapia 2001 May; 72 (4): 369-
pharmacol 2000 Aug; 71 (3): 383-90. 75.
Singh RK, Joshi VK, Goel RK, et al. Pharmacolo-
gical actions of Pongamia pinnata seeds—a pre-
8.1.2. Drogas que actúan sobre liminary study. Indian J Exp Biol 1996 Dec; 34
(12): 1204-7.
la inflamación y el dolor
Singh RK, Pandey BL. Anti-inflammatory activity
of seed extracts of Pongamia pinnata in rat. Indi-
Alam MI, Gomes A. Viper venom-induced inflamma-
an J Physiol Pharmacol 1996 Oct; 40 (4): 355-8.
tion and inhibition of free radical formation by pure
compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) iso-
lated and purified from anantamul (Hemidesmus in-
dicus R. BR) root extract. Toxicon 1998 Jan; 36 (1): 8.1.3. Drogas con actividad
207-15. antioxidante
Ammon HP. Boswellic acids (components of frankin-
cense) as the active principle in treatment of chronic Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, et al. Screening
inflammatory diseases. Wien Med Wochenschr of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal
2002; 152 (15-16): 373-8. plants, traditionally used for the management of
Chakraborty A, Brantner AH. Study of alkaloids neurodegenerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol
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