Illustration of System Organ Normal Physiology
Involved(labeled)
Admitting Impression
Actual Signs/Symptoms
A cephalic presentation is a situation
at childbirth where the fetus is in
a longitudinal lie and the head enters the
pelvis first; the most common form of
cephalic presentation is the vertex
presentation where the occiput is the
leading part (the part that first enters the
birth canal).[1] All other presentations are
abnormal (malpresentations) which are
either more difficult to deliver or not
deliverable by natural means.
cephalic presentation (head first):
 vertex (crown) — the commonest
and associated with the fewest
complications
 sinciput (forehead)
 brow (eyebrows)
 face
 chin
Pathophysiology
to pathophysiology of illness condition)
A Breech Birth is the birth of a baby from
a breech presentation. In the
breech presentation the baby enters the
birth canal with the buttocks or feet first as
opposed to the normal head first
presentation,
The bottom-down position, called breech
presentation, presents some hazards to the
baby during the process of birth, and the
mode of delivery (vaginal
versus Caesarean) is controversial in the
fields of obstetrics and midwifery.
Though labour and vaginal birth are
possible for the breech baby, certain fetal
and maternal factors influence the safety of
vaginal breech birth (see below). The
majority of breech babies born in
the USA are delivered by Caesarean
section.
Types of breeches
 Frank breech (50-70%) - Hips
flexed, knees extended (pike
position)
 Complete breech (5-10%) - Hips
flexed, knees flexed (cannonball
position)
 Footling or incomplete (10-30%) -
One or both hips extended, foot
presenting
Analysis (related actual signs/symptoms
Delivery of a breech through the birth
canal can be risky. Normally, with the
head-first presentation, the largest part of
the baby (the head) gradually stretches
open the soft tissues and ligaments of the
birth canal through the hours of labor. The
fetal skull also gradually changes shape to
fit into the mother's bony pelvis
("molding"). With a breech, the largest
part is last, and the baby's head hasn't had
a chance to "mold", or adjust to the pelvis
by the time of birth. If it takes too long for
the baby's head to be born after the body is
out, he or she could have some damage
from lack of oxygen. For this reason most
breech births (90%) are by cesarean in the
US and other countries. Because of
additional manipulation of the breech baby
during delivery, mothers may have more
infections or tears in the birth canal than
normal.