fl e MATH PUZZLES BOOK z 2 € im 2 al activities for hours of ron WEG, mm“ ENN, AND SEAN CLEMENS96.95 (CANADA $1095) JUVENILE “The Everything®Kids’ books are fun, challenging, and educational.” ZRZsTuMP YOUR FRIENDS AND FAMILY! We knew that math could be so cool? Inside, you’ ll be able to: Crammed with games, puzzles, and * Decode hidden messages trivia, The Everything® Kids’ Math using Roman numerals + Connect the dots using Puzzles Book puts the fun back into playing Gomme she oe with numbers! subtraction If you have any fear of math—or are just 1: Learaito(create magic tired of sitting in a classroom—The Everything” number squares Kids’ Math Puzzles Book provides hours of icabee division to anwar entertainment. You'll get so caught up in musical riddles the activities, you won’t even know you're + Match the profession to learning! numerical license plates “Meg Clemons has 2 B.A. in mathematics fom Wellesley Clogs, a Mn mathematics om Wrigh Sate Ursverty and an LS aching from SUNY Potsdam Cllege She is aloo a National Boor Ceti! Teacher. Ms. Clemens has been teaching high schoo! math forthe past Glenn Clemens has 9S in mathematics from the Massachusetts Insite of Technology an MS. in operations research fom the Air Force Institute of Technology and an MS. in leaching from SUNY Potedam College. He has been a high choo! keacher foe the post THE eleven years, Sean Clemens i high schoo student who competes Inthe NYS Math League Conwest ane the American Mathematical Competition. The Clemens family lives nCanton, NY. * pice! «MADE smn tit = PUZZLES * sien BOOK =eMath Eee Book Brain teasers, games, and activities for hours of fun Meg, Glenn, and Sean Clemens Adams Media Corporation Avon, MassachusettsEDITORIAL, PRODUCTION Punishing Director: Gary M. Kicks Production Divetor: Susan Bealo Managing Balter: Kate MoBrice Prodiunton Manager: Michole Roy Kel (Copy Chie Laura Meclouslii Sertes Designer: Colloon Cunningrarn Acquietions Edsor: Bethary Brown, Layout and Graphics, Baul Beatrice Development Baier: lie Gutin Celeon Cunningham, Rachoel Eon. Proaischon Bavor Kens Mezza Dorla Perrecul, Erin Fung, Fronk Rivero. ‘Cenmnatt @2208, Adams Mesa Corporation. Alrights reseed. ‘Thisbenk oc pare therook may tote seproced sn any frm whew permis, trom he publshetexceplns ot meri or bel excorpia ueed in pabbabed verre ‘Sad phlocopies mae foe chaser em Aa Brorting! Series Bock, eating" is eregarecod dimore of Race Media Corporation. Pilloied by Adams Mea Cxpstation ST Letts Soot, fon MARIZED U SA wrenadeneneda.cem isan 1 seve2 7739 Pred nthe Unked States of Avec, }INGrEDCBA Tiel faces i sod wer fw unkswary stn pllbe oct coped @ mrmerrg ee SRLS Sade elie ote bing anne tbc egenemunson eed tn ae Fe Sptes petsospe toast ae bya Gorrie tte Ameren tor nent onde Gacaaecd Pre od Roce Heieet Wate cies Saeiaoes cope tsteet a amestrdomircme cada (iif enapesors hare beeps bol oped ee, — (Cor utranons by Dea Hagen Insanse diarwaters by Kur O-lnee swith euiticoal ttions by Bessy Lion cd Rete Kelleher, Pusan by Both Boat usa Poor Sete by Canton Sota Tacha! was used 2 crea puree its Thistock conan ct quai dasurts fr bale puichases Pas inexontony a | 047227 Soe the entire Everything” serles at www.everything.com.Contents Introduction 4 {J Number Notions / 1 A Very Brief History of Numbers 2 ‘Tho Importance oi 1, 6 All You Need IsQand1......... 7 A Number with a Name. 8B a By © = Plus or Minus a Puzzle / 15 Arithmetic .-16 Numbers with Direction a Magic Squares . . 2 Game of 15 2B Solve ross-Number Puzzle 2 Mighty Multiplication 2 Denunting Division . 38 Prime Numbers 40 “ “=| Radical Reasoning / 43 Growing by Leaps and Bounds ... Squares and Radicals ‘e £7. Geometry Games / 53 ‘An Ancient Math 54 Basie Geometry 55 Circular Reaponing. 38 Tampering with Tangles 60 Ona Tecsure Hunt & (‘@ Measurement Mysteries / 69 Measuring Units e270 Not by a Long Shot m A Weighty Matter +76 Stacking Up ZerosBrain Benders / 83 Logical Math.......06600 In the Enchanted Kingdom. ind of Confusion Soe 22 Probability Puzzles / 95 A Probable Cause. 8A 87 88 iv So What's Left? Network Puzzles Color My World An Unsolved M: Appendix A: Glossary of Math Terms Appendix B: Read All about It!.........+ Puzzle Answers: 106 -108 vs 11 7 121 123Introduction s math teachers, we often hear these complaints: A: just can't do math” or "Math was never my thing. Sometimes it's students who are frustrated in class; other times it's parents who can't help their kids with math homework. In the latter case, parents may unintentionally pass on their own fear of math to their children Although we certainly understand that math comes more easily to some than to cthers, we believe anyone can "get it” ond should get it, It’s very important that all kids learn math because it will be an essential skill in the twenty-first century. The puzzles in this book will help kids develop ckille in arith- metic, geometry, number sense, logical thinking, and problem solving, which form the foundation of mathematical understanding. Math is more than just a collection of math facts and vocabulary (although those are importemt). Math should also be a way of thinking about and solving real problems. You can be an absolute whiz at the multiplication tables, but you won't find them very useful if you are unsure when you vi should be multiplying and when you should be dividing. Here is a simple everyday-life problem: There are forty-five {ifth-graders going on a class trip to the Museum of Math Puzzles. Parent volunteers with minivans are driving; each van com carry six students. The teachers plan to have enough cookies on the trip for each student to get four. How many cookies do the parents need fo prepare and how many vans should they take? If your answer is eight vans and 180 cookies, your field trip will be a success. Math puzzles are beth fun and rewarding—we are confi- dent that any child will enjoy doing the puzzles in this bock, and knowing that you've solved a challenging puzzle is defi- nitely rewarding. Beyond simple enjoyment and satisfaction, puzzles also provide wonderful opportunities for learning. Challenging puzzles offer children a chance to practice skills they already know and also to stretch their minds and extend their knowledge by discovering new ideas.CHAPTER 1 i” VW mi”The WERVTHINGKID®” Math Puceles Book foot Se "ubn uhn" A VERY BRIEF HISTORY OF NUMBERS “uuuuuubhin,” Tallying, most likely ‘ach represent one The earliest written tallies Counting Sticks : DCE Al Lac EVM MMA AA Tallies were found carwedon pieces of animaltione about $0,000 years old. ‘What do you thinkthose people wwerecounting? Roman Numerals iad hy uit COPA PASH Coal AE A ChapterFACT It’s about Time! Tay ove nuncio ee ores ea enced hv thet use Ronan aera and dates (ry to nd oan tumrabon cd luting a ye aisolnmoviesandvideos) The sules eading the Rom ery simple, 0: n numerals sound difficult ut get the hang of it but are actual! I. Whon a symbol is followed by a smaller symbol or aymbols, you ack up their values For example: VI = 6; CXxIII = 123: Dil = 502. What do you Cee iti) IL. When « symbol or symbols are followed by a larger. value symbol, you subtract their values: Pitan norts)) rears For example: IV = 4: CMXL = 940; CDII = 402. Cra So, the numbers for 1. 2.9, 4.5. 6, 7. 8, 9, and 10 are I. IL Iv. Vi, VIL VIIL IX, and X. Are you beginning to catch on? If so, see if you can handle the following puzzles. HEREEPRENETPRPERE Appendix oer 6Figure This Out face would you see on a grandtather clock? Grandfather clocks use Homan numerals for each hour, but with a surprise: Four o'clock is represented with Ill instoad of IV! See if you can find a watch with Roman numerals on its face and check cut four o'clock D thy This Read All about It! want to practice your Roman numerals? ‘How ebout counting @ thousand squealing igs? Just grab Roman Numerals ite HM by ‘Ati Gebsert (Houghton Miffin Company 1996) andlet thefun begin. Wellbet x youneverknewthere could beso ‘many pigsinone picture! peer spter | Soeaoammanal The WEATHING KID” Math Puzzles Book Ss > When in Rome Question: What would you uce fo count organic applec? First, take a look al these Roman numerals cond see if you can figure out what numbers they roprecont. a b e 7 m XIV XXIX) vit | LXI a e 6 7 u CXLIX: MDCVE DCCLI| MMpcLx| CMXXIL Now, place the letter foreach Roman numeral under the corresponding Arabic number to find the answer to the puzzle. Anewer: 149 | 14] 2660 | 922 | 1606 | 14 | 61 Pee ep HP TEMP EFPIA HHHNumber Notions Adding and subtracting with Roman numerals is no! easy; end multiplication and division are nearly npossible. digit: & oumber—but also 4 word for “finger” Ceineidence? We thinkno. es very XU + XXIV an tkaly that the rst people to start counting CI — xxv aa sedthelrfingersjustoslie Mdzeontnve xxv oD XVI = = A) Arabic Numerals To simplify things, psople eventually gave up Re numeral in fovor of the Arabic eysiom, which relies on ten digite—9, 1, 2, 3,4, 9.6, 7,8, and 9 Hidden Numbers Each of the following sentences has at least one hidden Arabic number—circle as many as you cam find! 1. T love my computer —when it works! 2. Beth reeked of smoke after sitting by the campfire. 3. My mother likes to weigh tomatoes on every scale in the store. 4. Annie was even early for school last week! 5. We can stuff our dirty backpacks in your tent. 6. We like the mirrored maze room at the fun park. Ena dpe el ny ! Trey PPE APPT MEET gl | AppendixPractice Your Digits in Get from START to END by moving around the square either vertically (up or dowm) or horizontolly (lett or right), moving the number of squares given by the number you are cn. @or example, if you ara standing on 3, you can move three spaces up, down, lek, or right.) B ne] lod nia,ale we se ofele es Nialelo in mio | sro lw Aino] A olay me /ro[r[ro THE IMPORTANCE OF ZERO y noting” is Por one thing. Furthermore, need zero ae a placchelder, Othormizo, how you tell the difference between 5 and 80, or bet ~veuire worth ten trimes os much when ‘youre: with me What's 10 +8-3+12-7-5-15? 3 jSunjou 104 440m Jo 20] Boum y a Counting Sheep Numbers were invented to count things. For example, enearlyberdsmen mighthave wantedto knowhow many shoep hehad.Ithehadno sheep, heweulde'thave estedhis time counting them, soneqidint needa numberfortham—that why people cidntneed zerofora PEE EEPEPEP wep ap aNumber Notions ALL YOU NEED IS 0 AND 1 i OIINaaeE binary number ‘Arabic numeral hat does math relly fast and al - oo Ww gals the right answer? No, it's not thal ; smart kid ai school—it’s the computer. c 10. nh Computere don't have anything Instead, early computers had sime! sort of lke ordinary light swit and off (0). So computers do. by just using zeros and ones, This ie known as a binary system. How does the binary system work? Well, it’s all bout the number placement cmd the powers of 2, Each place a in the sequence that ie “turned on” {marked with 1) stands for a 2 raised to the e fingers, le circuits that pow 142) 2 (2) 4 (2%) 8 (2) 16 (24) 322%) 64 (2%) 128 (27)... So, a binary number 110 is actually 2° + 2’ + 0, 0 On or Off? What time is it when the math teacher goes to the dentist? Cc binary numbers to find cut. Number Decoder H 6 mM 10001000 m 10 - | fas) — —— — — — = | o 8 R2 ee 10 peepenepergear aye "ny mye re neg cepreeDrT Appendix etalmathematics: Basedon the Greek wordmaa tmanein to learn), mathematics measures and describes theworléwith numbers andsymbols he same as “pie") ratio of the What's surprising to many people is that the answer turns out fo be the same for any circle, no matter how big or small it is. How Close Were They? 11952, Fegasuscomputercalcu lated TE to 7,840 decimal places [And in 1967, CDC 6600 broke a record by giving us To 500,000 decimal places. Conyouimagine hhow much paper would be nec- essary just t0 print out this number? supe «fh He oH RPP APACHE 1 a aptorASlice of You can approximate the velue of T with some ston a lero yrosck anc accultor Sten your home for crcl objects of ferent szesa {up a lagejat able Foreachiter, nas Ceeumference by wrapping the sing around i The European Way fd then messing the sting. Then find the ameter by messing scoss the widest part Thendvide the cicunerence by the darter. Sacaute gone canmeasur perfect, you Wr not get the exact same answer chine dutyousnoulandt ae havenrd 1 toa2ro mater what In the European decimal notation, decimals and commas are snitched. A ddacimalis used toseparategroupsofthou sands and a comma is used between the Units’ place and the tenths’ place. For ‘oeample the number 1,234.56 writen 38 1234.56 Thishas confused plenty of size circle you measure a ‘Americansin ars People knew about TE for c long time, but they had trouble trying to figure out its exact value. Here are a few examples: + Ancient Babylonians estimated TC to equal 8. + Ancient Egyptians thought it to be 3.1605, + An ancient Greek named Archimedes estimated TC to be between 219/71 and B'/71. In China 1,600 years ago, Tsu Ch’ung Chi measured it to be S55/n1g, n, al-Khwarizmi, caloulated TC to be 3.1416. * A great Arab mathemat Conscquently, mathematicians continued getting more precise, until humans got some help from computers. qo cog rsp ere ene eeepc veep hop el rl Apel wyMaking Sense of the Irrational luc of TE has fascinated people for Mathematicians and ordinary people 3 for patterns Do same digits appear more fre centuries alike have spent years lookin digi quently than ethers? Count up how many fimes each digit appears below and see if you ean detect a pattern. Here are the first 201 digits ot Ti: $.1415928535....8979323846 ....2643383279 5028841971 ......6939997510......6820974944 5928078184......0628620899.....8628034825 8421170676 8214808661 .....8282308647 0988446095 ....5058223172...,..56859408128 4811174502........8410270198 ......852H05559 6446229489 ....5493038106 @ @ Sey erapey Povwyeaepepayearpenapayey reper aT Ty [ reasee semn ots tiene | foolish or even crazy, andmaybethat'show you rnp about aut on! We, me | alco ges tuo tert eso aes ae ete eee \Wasceeee eee an eleean seem ee totel tallies digit 0 Dg oe els ee 5 8 9 Now, you oan graph the reculte on the facing page to see if a pattern emerges. al 5al I PTT | Number Notions DIGIT VALUE o ianfai:| a 1239456789 [ i 25 24 23 22 a NUMBER OF DIGITS Ise. rpPETE RTA TEETH MUTT TESTE EEA a MH[ The ERVTHINGKID® Math Puzzles Book In the space next to the word box (or on a separ Jo the same for the words Let's Get Packing ‘ote shoot of paper) list all the words in the boxes the boxes numbered 2,3, 4, 5, and 6. Finally cs a sentence ‘o find oul what Kayla and Dustin had fo do to get ready for | call A, ana Jr 9 block 1 kelly ‘Floshtignt Aignacks, 2 Buy | Pack 6 bird Qyarer “directions © the Zr | tor Gas Egonches 3 : “ || short | (Ginocuters Deneck | D sun | orreries 1 park E socks.[ calculator. But Ametican Sign +h sign lon. You usually there are o tending eis Hees ieee Divide Bubirect 2 Aullden Ieee tlee 152 El hx 92 Pe TarnESSE 1 Q woe NoTES ZEACHAPTER 2ARITHMETIC ACTIVITIES rithmetic is doing calculations with numbers, A specially addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It you already know most ol your arithmetic facts, you are recidy ‘0 try lowing cetivities and pu: les. Clock Math Agithn believe it? ll of surprises! Don't 4 hours after ten o'elo ting on a cl dosen't always work the same way as adding ond subtracting reguiar num: What time did the math teacher go to the dentist? a “| the QERYTHING KID® Math Puzzles Book WorDg/know calculate: This term originated trom the Greek word kaiye—pebble or small sione— because along time ago, Greeks used small stones todo simple calculations.‘meme "© Mi 2 Pur esd |") Calendar Math Hore is another practical arithmetic problem. When does 5 + 3 = 1? Three days after the fifth day of the week: from Thursday (5) to Sunday (1). It doesn't really make sence to say "Thursday + & = Sunday," but if you give each day of tho week a eurey number, then you can do calendar arithmetic exaclly Monday 8 you did clock arithmetic. The drick is, if your Tuesday = 3 result is over 7, just subtract it from the total. In Wednesday our example, 3 + 5 = 8: 8-7 = |. Now, what Thursday = 5 day ic 12 days after a Wednesday? 4 + 12 = 16; Friday = 6 16-7 = 9; 9-7 = 2, This moune that 12 days ‘Satieday 7 after Wednesday is a Monday—iwo weeks from then, When Numbers Don't Obey Why don't hours ofthe day and days ofthe weekworkthe same wayes"normal’ numbers? Maybeit hastodo with limits, Normally. numbers goup asfarasintinity to youneverhaveto startover With dafined terms like the day (which cannever have ‘more thantwenty four hours) or the week (whichcan never have more than seven days), youcan'tga onforeverand therefore needto start ever, which messes up the cel lation. Canyou thinkofany otherinstanceswhen numbers dont behave normally? Ose BUC acti UT Cet CTC Dyer ay Bohs fd eet bine PR TItnr at Chapt 4 87“ Using a simple number ubsti- NUMBERS WITH DIRECTION 3 call that numbers were origi: sea 7" sation (A = 1, B = 2, 0 = 8, R nally used to count things, like“ and s0 on), Agure “oa the ~ eee te \\ Aro there any numbers that ato loss than 20-07 peo a teeta patted) et ; will help to show you negative Teday, most people have heard of negative numbers, PA goY ho they rk and know thst they are not at all imaginary ond are really quite useful. Think of where you may herve heard of mum i bere like -5 and -10. Did you think of a ther- , , Mometer? Negative numbers represent ! 2 ‘emperatures belovr 0 degrees (those ! a \ \ are the cold days, whether you use a or Celsius thermometer). For ovory “positive” number, there ts its twin “negative,” and vice versa. These paire are called "opposites": and -3;-12 and 12; 198,000,789 and -135,000,79. Fahrenheit Adding Signed Numbers Q: How many times Why would we want negative numbers? One reason CUR hae aes 1s that mathematicians don't like problems that have ne pe ay ot leds LS answer, Everyone knowe that we can add ony two num: DS ys lsh bers, say 5 + 3. Most people also know that in addition, nes eee ec be ail Bl Now let's try subtraction: § — 3 is no problem; everybody go's 2. But what if we switch the numbers? What is 3 5? Ist still 2? Think of what subtraction eons, [f you have five pieces of condy and give three tle brother (vary generous of you!) then you ces lot. But if you have three pieces of PHP POPSET Chapthr 4candy and give five to your litle E ‘hey wait a minule, you can’t do that! And if you could, you sure wouldn't have two pieces: left! So at least with candy, 3 ~ $ doesn’t make any sense: there is no answor. Mathematicians really hate that. If you can + 20-19-16 76-1 48-412-NW 9-87-6482 10 Adding 5 + & on the number line is easy. You star! ct the 5, and then count three more spaces to the right and see where you end up (which is always on 8, since 5 + 3 = 8). Note that starting at the 9 and counting five spaces tothe right gels you to the same place (3 + § = 8). Subiracting is just as easy. To do 5-3, you start at the § and count three spaces to the lott WS Hard to Believe! Evan after mathematicians begen thinking about negetive numbers. rum ‘bars that ae less than zero, mary ot them called such numbers “Fictitious” “imagi= nary oF “useless” yu ol aajsiepenye Chapt a Pepe pEEE Pape pep Plus or Minus a Puzzle =~ do §~3, you ought to be able to do 3 -§. So what is the answer? To find out, we use a number ling, Notice that if you pick cy number on the number line, ol the numbers (its let are less than it while all the numbers to its right ore greater. + 12045676600 RauG TROD Now, what about $ ~ §? Alter you pass 0, you gei to-1 (one less tham zerol, -2 (two less than zero), -8 (three less than zero), and so on-—we use a negative sign in front of the number to show numbers that are to the left of zoro on the number line. If you move live spaces to the left of 3. you get to -2. 803-5 = -2. Now, what about 2—97 If you got -8, you ‘are on the right track! The Bottom Line ‘Can you come up with the rulesfor adding and subtracting positive and negative Btacserie tate Cait eran + Add anegative number by moving left. Serer i pei Bote acer it tg Goines mero Abend |But wait—there's more! You can a ‘edd and subtract using negative numbers as pert of the problom instead of just the answer Try these: 7+(-5)=__ 24 (e7) Did you figure out how to doit, or doos look totaly impossible? Once you know the rules, i's really easy. Just keep thinking about the number line. Ifyou sae a, you at counting to the right. Ifyou see a — to count to the leit. Connect the Dots Math Puzzles Book 7 + (-$) first. This is an addition means you need to count .d number is negative, h directions and count five spaces to ft. That means 7 + (-S) 4921012046678 0002 ouch should work for -4 (-7). Stent at -4. Subtraction means moving to the lef, but since the second number is nega do the opposite and move right seven so-4-(-1) = 3 The same SS 921012794587 H SON Solve the following addition and cubtraction problems ucing the number line. ‘As you solve each problem, connect to the dot with the correct answer. Start with the dot labeled START + . and do all the addition problems. Then, pick up the pencil and move to the other 0 that is labeled START — and do the subtrcetion problems. staat Subtraction o . z Ne a "@ a i | addition nope pp at pens ePRPHPLYEPHPH PE CreaMAGIC SQUARES: a for over 3, 100 yea ystical powers, Follow these simp plete your own mat gic squares have been popular math pu: M have my rules to con I, Use each number only once. eM For this first magic ‘square, use the num- bers from 1 40 9. HINT: Each column, row, and diagonal adds up to IS. Each row, c square: =| Plus or Minus a Puzzle ¢ Jumnn, and diagonal must add to the same Try again, but this time use only the EVEN num- bers from 2 to 16 (2, 4, 6, and so forth). HINT: Each column, row, and diagonal adds up #0 20. Over 3000 years aga, ancione Chinese ‘includes magic squares in their mystical ‘tings: Magic squores also appeated in at. For instance, Albrecht Ouiers famous engraving ofatelonchofo(151}includes apiciureofa magic square, Historical Squares Try again, but this time use only the ODD num- bere from 140 17 (1, 3, , and 60 forth). HINT: Each column, row, and diggonal adds up 0 27. 10 | | Chapter 6 sa PPPPETEL eer al Taped] EEE™T(22 [|leeeeeal The OEVTHING KID moth Puzzlec Book = > How Big Can You Go? Now, let's make things Here is another magic more difficult. In the square. This fime, use Ifyou think the 4-by.4 following magio equate, the numbers from & 40 hard, you'll really some of the numbers 5. HINT: Each column, are negative—you need row, and diagonal adds fo use every number . upto 3. from -4 to 4. HINT: Each column, row, and diagonal adds up to 0. 80, now you think you manages | pro? Not so fast! Let's | 16 13) make the magic squere ' 7s larger and see if you can fil solve the puzzle. For the fol- lowing square, use the numbers from 1 to 16. | HINT: Ezeh column, 4 1 and diegonal adds up to 84, Pepe yp Eppa 2 3 I | x atGAME OF 15 ere ie another addictive game you car play! All you need is another player, « plece of paper, and a pen Fret, write down the numbers | through 9 on a sheet of paper, like this: 12845678 9 Then, you and another player take tus selecied, the player the list ond it can no person to got a1 exactly 15 win 3 numbers that add up to For example: Player #1 picks 5 Player #2 picks 8 Player #1 picks 6 Player #2 picks 3 Player #1 picks 1 Player #9 picks 7 Player #1 picks 9—and wins Player #1 wins because 1+549= 15 to2 3 4 5 Mia 2 23) 4G Me 23 da 5 6 6 6 Try Playing Game of 15 Yourself! Todistinguish whopicked which numbers, Player #1 can cross off the numbers ‘eymarking an Xoverit and Player #2 can cece the nuimbershe or she picks, 7 7 7 S79 8 9 8 9 mE T TPE Chapter @ 7 yu me Tey ‘ol carpe Appant perepeyeThe WERVTHING KID Math Puzzles Book ft SOLVE A CROSS-NUMBER PUZZLE ‘ou have probably seen crossword puzzlee, and it's poseible that you have even Y solved one or two yourself, But what about cross-rumber puzzles? Does it sound like something you'd ke fo ry? The crose-number puzzle in thie chapter is spe- cial. In order to solve if, you have fo read the following story for clues, 80 pay attention! The Camping Trip here was an old lady who lived in « shoe. She had so many children she didn't know what to do. Well, one day, she just could: iting vith Orville, Wilbur wanted a snack, Oscar and Ophelia were drawing crayon pictures on the walls, and Hortense was crying because Delphinia had stolen her Math Puzzles book. And it was just eeven o'clock in the norning, ‘Enough already!” shouted their mother, "I need some peace and quiet. Allof you, play outside for the resi of the day. Better yet, case over te Mystery Island and play there. Even bettes, make it everybedy go camping on Mystery Island. Don't come back until Christrnas, At first this seemed rather harsh but then everybody remembered th Christmas was just two days evay. This got the children. who had been quiet for just a moment, all excited again, “Out!” yelled the mother. The children immediately began preparations, With three kids to a “\ canoe, they needed a dozen cances and two paddles for each O\ cance. Each kid grabbed clean underwear, two extra paits of so exaclly four pounds of food amd fifteen pounds of equipment (bc cups, silverware, sleening bags, flashlights, handheld video games; Hortense took along her Math Puzzles boot. and it anymore. Jamie was fig: iping trip! Yes, eager yeesqe penapeney eae yaya ence eapeny evapora thon al Eee ee eeeChapter | 6 Av eight o'clock in the morning, they piled into the canoes and paddled ‘out to Mystery Island. The trip took just three-quarters of an hour and was ‘ent{ul until they had almost reached the island. Jamie was leaning cout over the edgo of her canoe when she said, “Hey, we're in canoe number 29.” une “No, you're not," laughed Gertrude from another canoe. "You're reacling it upside down!” “Lam?” asked Jamie, and tried to twist around to eee it right and prompily fell in the lake. "Yeou!” she shricked. while splashing hurriedly to shore, “this water is FREEZING!” Jamie quickly got out of her wet clothes and crawled into her sleeping bbag from whore she could supervise the setting up of the tents. Originally the kids wanted to sleep thres to a tent, but thoy didn't have enough tents s0 they crowded in four to a lent. Five of the tents were just enough for the boys, the others were for the girls. Unfortunately, no one had remembered te bring tent peg: tho rest of the morning was spent serounging up pieces of wood until there was enough for twelve pegs for each tent. The kids then ate a hearty lunch of chocolate-chip cookies. ‘The next order of business was to build a fire, which wasn't easy because so much ji of the crailabie wood had been used for tont pegs, Things weren't looking too hot until Rupert brought over « big piece of wood, broke it in half, and fed il to the fire thot immediately started burning much betier. All the kids cheered except Dominie who yelled, “Rupert, you dodo, that was a canoe paddle! The affemoon was spent exploring the island, playing games, lishing, cand talking about what everyone hoped to get for Christmas. Jamie stayed tn her sleeping bag all afternoon, playing solitaire and waiting for her clothes to dry by the fire. She didn’t win many solitaire games after the wind blew her cards around and the Seven of Hearts landed in the fire. HEL TEPAT ye mp Pepe ETEET Epp 7 91 1 Appendix* Math Puzzles Book me > Dinner was more cookies, toasied over the fire this time: atker children all sat arcund telling ghost stories. This was great fun until Mabel, with big eyes, said quietly, “Uh, g I think I hear something creeping around in the woods!” Instantly, everyone was quie! and all ears were listening for noises. Aiter c few minutes, they cll heard a distinct “whoco. 90-00." Immediately, everyone ran for the tents and dove into their sleeping bags and didn't come cut until morning. The nex: day. Lysander got a length of rope and tied knols in it every seven feet to make it easier to hold on to, He ended up with nine knots, including one at each ond. The children spent the mo: maiking up different teams and waging tug: with Lysander's rope until it broke. Later i some of them held « fishing contest, Maxwell eaiching the most fish. Ponelope caught half as many ‘as Marvell, Guinevere cought a third az many as Penclope did, and Baxter caught one-quarter as many as Guinevisre. Baxter's fish was so small thet he let it go. No one else caught anything. That night, they had a fish feast. ‘The next moming, all the children were up eaaly and eager to get home. But they were short one canoe paddle and no ‘was sure what fo do about it until Xavier suggested they tie all the canoes together end to end and make a big “supercance.” The canoes were each eight fect long ond when they wore all tied i bow to stern they were hard to. control. The supercanoe was veering left and right, like « huge warer snake, a the kids tried to cross the lake. Nevertheless, the kids mace it home: in one hou, arriving of 8 o'clock in the morning, Their mother, well rested, was delighted to s¢@ them back and they all eclobrated a great Christmas. (Except their neighbor Fergus, who insisted for many years ater that he had seen a sea ser- pont on the lake that Christmas morning} wy ipa ep (lama one eT eNO PT 4 5hNow you can #ty to solve this crossword puzzle using the clues you read in the story . . . Across Down 1. Numberofcampersonthe trip 1, Watertemperature, according 3, Date on which they returned tolamie home 2. Jamie's canoe number Totallengthofthesupercanoe 3, Numberofgiris on the trip 6. Totalnumberofcanoes plus. 4, JAMIEon the telephone tents 7, Total numberof ent peas 8, How many minutesit tookto needed gethome 10. Total number of socks on the 9. Total number of hours the trip trip lasted 11. Number of minutes ittook to 10. Numberof paddleson wey get tothe island home 13, Number of cards left in Jamie's 11, Total numberof fish caught deck uring the contest 14, Number of ears that listened 12. Length oflysander’srope forghosts (beforeit broke) 13, Total weight offood and equip: mentin each canoe (pounds) 15. Number of hoursfromnoon to midnight A Puzzle of Your Own Did you lke the story and the cross-number puzzle? Maybe you can create one for your friends or Family 4o solve. You canbe as inventive as you like—to pro- Vide cluoe, meke up a etory, provide word problema, or cimply give cluee that the puzzle colver ie likely to know. Chapter | 6(|e) the SEYTHING KID.” Math Puzzles Book pos > Cross Sums ‘ou muet figure out what combination of numbers to use 80 that each column or row ack nown in the white numbers. The white arrows show Hh direction you will be adding, and we have you some numbers up to the totals Here are a few simple rules: * You are only adding the numbers in any se! white boxes that are touching each ¢ se only the: nurn through h number Remember, you need to think ahead a little bit. Each number has to be correct both across and down! Fibonaccisertes: senesot mmberstnat begin], 1.2.3,5,1,andsoon where | the or fist numer ad up tothe thd | {Ve1=2, the econd andthind nambesacd up to the fouth (142-3), and so on This f Sequence was Geised by leona Pisano (Fbonace) 2 matheratican who Ted in A, Piso. tte, beween 1170end 1250. / Bee eel iy LT eleleet, (all alelee (antaniau leemma Plus oF Minus a Puzzle Solve each of the tie problems. Watch the signs carefully! Shade each answer on ‘the number grid fo discover the hidden message. HINT: When there's an equation with parantheces () around wo numbers, do the pert of the problem inside the parentheses fret. HIDDEN MESSAGE: Professor Proof's bumper sticker tells about his favorite kind of calculation. (60 x 2) - 60 = (18 + 18) +1 16+16+16+16=__ (14x 8)-3 = 80 - 10 = (12x 4)-5 = (0x7) +3 (12 x 4) - (10x 7) +7 Qx2=_ (OB) HTS 62-1 4+ 4= (25x 2) +2 a+ 4alt1= (I7x3)+2 (84 x 2) - 84 (7x3) +3 (10 x8) +8 Sxil=CHAPTER 3 MULTIPLIEDbl MIGHTY MULTIPLICATION them how fo multiply by nine on your fingers. Hold your hands out in front of you. Then follow the fol- lowing example. 2 34 To multiply 4 x ©, bend down the fourth finger + from the lef. The number of fingers fo the left of the t ee 5 bent finger represent the "fens" digit and the number of fingers 10 the right represent the "ones" digit, so ‘the answer is 36. This trick works up to 9 x 9 = BI. To Multiply 9 by Any Digite Can you figure out how the finger mul= {iplication trick works? Here is another way to look at it—iry fo multiply 9 x @: ° We Multiplying on Your Fingers / Here's a ftick you can ry with your friends—show Play Five in a Row The "fens" Improve your mulipliction skills by The "ones" di playing Five in a Row, a game of mul tipication tietae-toe, at Repent, fav.ol/otsmebientapplets/hteil/ 00023/elcome hum. Therefore, 9 x 6 = 64. Right? EEE EE pp chepthe att PI ME re ey TE aRussian Peasant (MWe Tle Gol ti poy NU Multiplication Cnn tT ees ia) In Russia, pacsants used to use an Tso interesting technique for muliplica- tion halving, doubling, and adding g one as you divide the other s (ignore any remainde: ber in the halve nb column Is odd (including the original ‘Sum = 868 value), mark the doubl addition later, At the end, acid all the marked doubled numbers. Sounds compli on example. Let's take 22 * 44 there are three odd numbers: 11, §, and 1. Theis corre are 68, 176, and 704: 88 ~ 176 ~ 704 = 968. So, 22 x 44 = 968. g lot more sense ¥ sponding doub! Ifyou dont hliava this, check by using your calc e mae bs 74 How about trying one for your- ain self? Try using the Russian peasant CISTI rothod io multiply 25 by 24. eats fest WHERE THE HALVED ROT Practice ChisenBop CChisenBop is an ancient method of, doing basic math using your fingers. Kids who are geod at ChisenBop ean add andsubteact as fastasacalculator! Check out ivw.klingen.ct.upui.edu/ ahorrs/chis/chis/huml for pictures and lessons. anny Ch: ol aa The EVERYTHING KIDS Math Puzzles Book Positive and Negative Numbers In Chapter 2, you learned b add and subtract positive and negative numbers, But what about multiplication? Do the same les apply? Actually they don’, In fact, the number line method work for multiplication. Instead, it might be helpful to video of a ‘cward and for= rd. People can x cord, and the video can imag son who is walking ik backward and be played forward or rewound: Walking forward is a positive action. Walking backward is. a negative action. Fil running forward is positive, Film running backward is negative, To Make a Long Story Short ‘Thenicething sthat these exactsame rules werk fer division, so you needn't learn any more new rules. Infact these four rules are usually shortened to make them easier to emember: For multip ‘ation and division, ifthe signe are the ‘ame, the answer is positive. ifthe signsare opposite the anssver ‘snegatve. riend walking tive numbers: (+) x (4) = +, Now, fy your ‘siend will seem to be wal Now imagine you vide sad: (4) % (-) iend walking back: and then play the video forward, On the screen, you will see your cd wall would appear th: ‘ctually walking forward: Hx @= ee ep HP PTPL A wpe peEPUPEpE PET EPRMultiplication Boxes 1 mulliplication boxes. A multiplication J each column are separate number. Now you are ready for some fun box has six multiplying problerns: Ecx problems: the first two num The following multiplication box ie filed ‘out for you. with explanations on the de and bottom. eae Now, complete each of the 4 ‘42 following multiplication boxes: -4) 5 Ta) |/;10. 29 -11 30 -10 21 -3 -18 -6 -21| 1008 | oll abort | peepee TEA Chapter eles i(ll DAUNTING DIVISION W hich arithmetic operation is the most maybe you are working on the: Problems lke $42 + 7 are learn how to seive them One of the things that makes division difficult is that unlike addition and multip uy TIP & Oe exceptions, Mathematicians for addition and multiplication The EVERYTHING KID: Math Puzzloc Book pms WorDs) know ‘obelus: The symbol =" used to indicate division. The word comes ftom the Greek word obees, for spiter spike, 2 pointed stick Used forcooking. The symbol has been used asa division symbol sincosround 1650. 1. You have to Musical Math Use division to complete the ten prob- 5)95 «4)72 = -3)87 =o Ba lems. Then cross off the answers in the box & below. The remaining letters will spell out % g z the enewer to the following riddle: 7H 3yar ”, *. 4 ieee What comes before a tuba? 8/168 6)264 yjaluyo[RIniy[m 3t_| 49 | a7 | 16 | 19 | 12 | a1 | 29 elejeirimilelalw AISIBISISTS[A[M] eer onas pope reese HAE ijupipn HperEpE app apie aoe cee ee eeeee gers erTel<< eee] Multiplied and Divided Divisibility Rules So, is there any way to tell whether a division problem is going to work out to a whole number? Yes, ther toa division problem w S Dividing by I: E you divide any 1 whole number by |, you always get a whole numbes, Dividing by 2: Eon numbors evenly” divide into 2 Odd numbers divide inio 2 ‘odd one out.” Dividing by @: Add up the digits (twice, ii necessary}: ifthe sun fs divisible by 3, then the number is too. Let's say you need to divide 123:1 +2 6, which is divisible by 3, s0 123 is div 3. Another cxamaple: 678678. Add 6 ~ 6+7+8~ 424+ 2-6, whichis 3. That means 678678 is divisible by 3. Dividing by 4: Look at the last two digits. If they are divisible by 4, the number is as well. For exarnple, the last two digits of Q ea There is a set of rules called Divisibili be a whole number without actually having to do the long division. Rules that tell whether the ar Dividing by 5: [i the last digit is g @5ora0, then the number is 3) divisible by 5. For example, ANZ Z, 2357905 is divisible by 5, becouse the lost digit is a8. Dividing by 6: li the number is ible by both 3 and 2, itis sible by 6 as well. For example, 2157924 is divisible by 6 because itis oven (dis rnd the digits acid up to 30, which is 3 divisible by SS) Dividing by 7: To find out if sy: number ts divisible by 7, take f the ast digi, double it, and / subtract it from the rest of the Ab number without the last digit, Ii you get an answer divisible by 7 (including 0), then the originel number is divisible by 7. If ‘you don't know the new number's diviibilty, you can apply the rule again. For examole 161 is divisible by 7 because 2 x | (the last ZBSTMA axe 24, which is divis- digit) = Zand 16-2 = 14, which is divisible ible by 4. Theroforo, 2957924 is divisible by 4. by 7, mee TPE EP PETA PEP AERP EEL Epp TET peTpTE pT Chee LLoD) Dividing by 8: 1 tue las: three Ww dig tumber are divisible Oe) bye, tea vot number. How do whole check the last three digits? Ifthe first digit fs even, and the last two digits ars divisible by 8, tho num! digits; the number will be diistble by 8 if the resulting last two digits ate. Por example: + 2048: Check the last thros digits, 448 Hore, 4 ie ovon and 48 is divisible TAB i also divisible by 8 1925 Here. 1 is odd, so you need to sub- tract 4 from the las: two digit 88 is divisible by 8, s0 192 ie ae well, Dividing by 9: Add the digits. If they are divisible by 9, then the J, number is as 52866 is divisible by 9 because $-2-8+646=27,and27 ia divisible by 9 solidus: The slanted 63°" used for division. During the Roman Empire the solidus was ‘agoldcoin Gn the everseo the coinwas a picture ‘of aspearbeater withthespeargoing fromowerleft {0 upper right. Ths spear became the symbol for fractionsand duision, super Chapt 92-4 = 88; il. For exemple: ree ret eee A Problem with No Answer ‘There is one case in which division isnot allowed. Bo you know what tis? Try the following problem 2+ 0, Since divi- sionisthe oppesiteofmultipication, this sthe same as asking “What number times 0 will equal 2” Any number multiniies bby Ois equal to 0,60 ts impossible to have anumber that, ‘when multipted by 0, will equal 2. That's why 2 + 9 really does nave no answer Division by O is simply rotallowed isin 0. itis SZ sible by 10 tracting the las! digit from the previous digits until you can tell f the resulting number is divisible by 11, For example: 643634 is divisible by 1] because 64563 - 4 = 64399; 6496 -9 = 6446; 644-6 = 638: 63-8 = 55, and 55 is divisible by 11 G)\ >) dividing by 12: Chests for *| )) divisibiliy by 3 and 4. & AOE | Dividing by Ii Keep sub-td Melted ad Oded Stepping Stones + Your goal isto cross the river on stepping stones, Each time you need to take a sien, roll two dice and add the numbers. Use the divisthlity rules to find a stepping stone that has @ number divisible by your dice roll and place your marker on the stone (you and your partner should use different sets of markers if you use pennies, your pariner cam use nickels or dimes). ‘Take turns rolling the dive and placing a marker. The first person fo connect a line of markers (including along a diagonal) frorn one bank of the river to the other wins!PRIME NUMBERS et's eee. Prime beef is the best beef, Woro$ know 80 prime numbers must be the bes numbers, right? Well, maybe prime piling numbersA puribas thats cle by oct numbers are not the beet, ut they are two diferent numbers, tend tse, Sevenis prime ‘vary inportenit beceuseitcanoniy becvidedby | and7.Eightisnot pero 8 prime number because besides 1 nd 8 iti alio ‘You oan probably figure out the firs divisible by 2 and 4. The word prime comes from several pre numbers in your head. But primus the Latin wore tor test” a the numbers get bigger, it gets hardier to know i they are prime (quick, is 91 « prime number?) For thousands of years, people have heen curious about (0 find prime numbers. The Greek mathematician Eratosthenes invented one such way more than two thousand years ago. Is Ta Prime Number? Most mathematicians do not consider 1 to be either at prime or a composite number. It is @ special number in multiplication because you can multiply emy number by L and the answer is the same. Beccruse o/ this property, | is called om identity for multiplication. perry ope mt“| Multiplied and Divided The Sieve o€ Eratosthenes i The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a method for finding prime numbers on a number grid, and you con ty it yourself by working ith a number grid. # Firsi, cizcle the 2, hen croes out thal are multiples of 2. * Then, 7, ‘ss out all numbers that are multiples of | ene nu that number. xo to citele the number closest to the boainning and cross out all its multiples until all the numbers are circled or croszed out. @ When you are done, the circled numbers are prime numbers and the crossed-out numbers are composite numbers: 2s sul ce eenlam fae a | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 41 | 42 | 43 | 44| 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 Om 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 ne a mH ney mm my my ey PTS wp sme Chapter | 6CHAPTER 4 RADICAL REASONING| Gemmmaal The EVENTING KID™ Math Puzzles Book GROWING BY LEAPS AND BOUNDS | nthe previous chapter, you learned that multiplica- A Calculator Tip ‘On many cakuletors, you use exponents by pressing a hey marked x. Put in the baseaumberfist.3.thenptess the w kay, then press the Ea celculatars use the symbol er tion is simply repeated addition, But did you know that there is on operation that substitutes for repeated multigheaton Hore is an cxample: @x8x8x 8x8 = 8 = 243, The 8 here is called the base, the 6 is the exponent, and the answer re s the power. ©@ The Allowanee Scam @ =} You may have heard about the famed allowanee scam that made a few lucky math-wiz kids into millionaires—at their parents‘ lal ia expense. Here is how it works: Tell your parents that you are willing to accept two pennies for your allowance, but with one catch. Every day, the allowance should be raised to the next power. If your parents agree, how much money will your allowance be by ‘the end of tho month (in thirty days)? EERE KY, It’s Growing and Multiplying! 5° asyoumayhavenoteadwitnthe 7% Day 1 SS stowance exmle, eponentson Day 2 35 shots numbers can ech lead to Day 2 32 semeverylrgearsiers Marythings 52 2 in both nature and people's lives >< Day 4 3 hough provanly not your 3S Se allowance)grewbyrepentedmulti 3S plication instead of repeated s06iicn Suchoravthiscaled exponential growth, & If you continue receiving your payments for thirty 3 days, how much wil you be entitled to receive on the se last day of the month? - + + PRR K RF 2% pennies = 1,078,741,824 pennies or $10,737,418.24 over ten million dollarel ede clea uals [eee re EY Chopter | 1! 2Radical Reasoning | SQUARES AND RADICALS 4, 8? = 9, 4? = 16, 5? = 25, 6" = 36, ... You can see what square numbers have on the bathro« you look at flocr tiles, Bx2=R=9 Complete the table to find more equare numbers. pepnpepeyye 14 152 16? stad 18? 19? 207 PEPE PEPEPERETEEAPEPEPEpUPE 9 4x4- 8-16(|| al The WERTHINC KIDS ath Puzzles Book EI Gooky Gardener Use the decoder to figure out the answer to this riddle: Why did the mathematician plant his garden in milk cartons? om CTE ee ae eee Ty_- Radical Reasoning A Radical Sign “ ‘You know that subtraction is the opposite of addition and division is the opposite of multiplication. The o} tion called equ equare root. A scare root of number is written using a radical sign: 36 moans "What number must I square (mul- tiply by ase) to ge ou knovr your mubiplication ts, you should be able to find an answer fourly easily x's 6, because 6 x 6 = 36, Now that you know what a square root means, finish filling in the following table. a we Ys pas an opposite, c oF U1 4 = 2 Yo = = 4 WE = The Square Root's Double Did you know that \96 has another square root in addition to “a 3 8? Can you think of what it is? What other two identical numbers “7 ‘con you multiply to get to 36? How about -6 x -6? All positive numbers really have two square roots that are opposites of each "= other, one postive and the other negative See SPE AREETE TATE PREPPET TEP TEE TTP Ce eee eee eee asd CTT+0 feel The ORTH KID On Your Mark! Answor each equation with # number botwoen | and 10, Then read the phrases in order (read the number, foo!) from least to most fo find a popular way to cour beginning of a ravel to the Drawkeab (Backward) Numbers Palindromes are words that read the same for ward and backward “Racecar” is 2 palindeome, ‘Numbers can be palindromesif they arethe sare forward and backwa'd, like 121. Here's how to make your own palindrome numbers: Startwithary number: 49 Reverseit: 94 ‘Add the twor 49+ 94-142 Reverse the sum: 341 + Add again-1434 341 =484 Presto!You've got palindrome number: 484 chee | afer ~” Math Puzzles Book is Ss 19|___ to get ready, 4| for the money, \2'|___ to gol 4+2) for the show, THREE IN A ROW is is a game for two players. The goal T of the game is to identify SQUARE, TRIANGULAR (divisible by 8), and PALINDROME numbers and be the first player fo get three of your markers in a row. To play, you will need: + A paper clip + A pone + Two sets of different place markers (cuch as coins, buttons, or small candies) Use the point of a pencil fo hold one end of a paper clip at the center of the epinner and spin the peper clip. oresANever- fing Jar An ancient Chinese parcelain jar has a sea, an island, ‘twocountrieseachwith threemountains, andso on in Annos Mysterious Multiplying much larger numbers! Masaichiro and Mitsumasa Anno (Phiiomel Books, 1983}. See how factorials can repre- sentthe total number of mountains and Jar by Player 1 spins the oper clip ancl places a marker on a number in the gtid that matches the cate- {gory picked (for instance, if the paper clip lands on "square," Player 1 can place a mark on 4, 9, 16, and ¢0 forth). Then, Player 2 does the same. Players take furs fo see who ean got three of their markere in a row first. HINT: Some of the numbers fit more than one category. PLT number not real? a a eri "1 ]105| 99 | 49 | 21 | 8s | 3 fae] un | 22/25 55 100| 111] 91 | 77] 9 | 15 | 1 | 7866 6 | 44 64 | 10 242 141 121 33 f'aull as |'2e' taille 144 PO Dhol eels a a Abela(lhe The OCRVTHING KID: Math Puzzles Book pss How Four Can You Gor | EF cour ic a very powerful number. With exactly four fours (4 4 4.4), you can make lots of other numbers. Using addition, subtraction, multi- plication, division, and square roots, as well as some parentheses (fo show what to do first), see if you can core up with the numbers from 1 4o 15. We've done 1 as an-example, but feel free to do it again—most of thace can be done more than one way. 1 = EXAMPLE: 4+ 4+ 4-4=1 16 = HINT: Stumped? Don't forget that \@ = 21 ETAT pee aan ec ta a Pes ga]Radical Reasoning Your Number’s Up Q ‘¢0 how many common phrases or familiar objects you can think of that relate to the following numbors. Can you fill in all the blanks? We did a faw fo get you started 1 168 | 2 "7 | 3 LITTLE PIos 8 4 19 5 20 6 al | di; 22 8 23 9 24 HOURS IN A DAY | | 10 FINGERS OR TOES 25 | {eu 50 | 12 100 i 18 % If you are stumped, you can check the 4 answer key. but don't be surprised if your anewers are different than ours! ChapterCHAPTER 5 GEOMETRYou may recall from Y were invented to count th herdsman needed to ke sheep he had. Well, that same herdsman may also have been interested in measuring how much nn, This and other problem .portant branches ol Shape Changers These are the chapo- ALDIG JIM s w chenge codes for the puzzle «@BJE|H KINIQ TXV XXZ you are about fo solve, Zine aLlOTR U y Notice thet each letter fe found in Now use the decoder fo figure out the answer to this a unique shape. To send a message, | riddle: WHAT DO GEOMETRY TEACHERS LIKE TO EAT? craw the outline of the shape each letter ig in, including the dot, ifthere | i one. For example, here ic how to > send the massage LOOK AT THAT!: nz LOOK AT THAT GA Fd gels ots El <) eave aie bales be Leake |G eaicllic| aa loe aft alia Chapt 2 Ss. 4 5= Geometry Games Iuires Iearning lots srords otric figures and properties nigh school, you 's. You can tell the ditt long line and a short line or fe, and you ait Six-Sided Math Here are four big hexagons that shate some / edges with each other. Use the numbers from 140 | 9 {0 fill in the empty spacee. When the puzzle is | ee finished, the ex numbers around every big Greek root pol (many) and genus knees). TOM Ams CN 0 OB: Veseee ante a Cra WIC Raat ty CLR ls second to the third dimension? Che | dimension was oe TEL ee m pape ny PPT pen peppery ere ol! apport(|| eemad The SETHING KIDS” Math Puzzles Book Sr Hide in Plain Sight Gee if you can find this list of basic geometry terms hidden in the letter grid. HINT: The words in the grid will be*acting out” their meaning, For example, if you were searching for the word CIRCLE, expect to find the letters ina circular pattern, not a straight line! This means that some of the words will appear more than once in the puzale, even if they only eppeer once in the lst! EXTRA CREDIT: Use bright-colored markers to run a tine through each word you find. Ifyou use @ different colorfor each word, the patterns will be easier to see Words to Search For VWMOBVHIKCWEIHE i aman A THE ROP GRUIML OC lace apm Ternever meters WMV S FI ENHEZEHM igh! Argle GIV///VROHNCNFO Apso bemecmerctaneor er) PK Z-E HO) PC tb I Pit Beran Seger egeen 2 OM CAT WOE IMA J, O,E An Seo ee eee CHT IK OV NF IR Esc 6 2 1b aa SOCSTHSBDVLETNAL Exactly equal in shape and area, IJYKYLYKIOGNAILA Tre path made by 2 moving poi, MTAAAZMCTKOHLLR erect sy ARAYSUGRUKEEA imines OC AAARTLNA E ONL? Toran nocelha Ey AI VAI AYR Ay Os HANES: ORG Easing SOFSOTSRC—TVLMO Trtnneatin nen serach 4B) Ee VRUB) ERR DC EN CO TAUB GT Apes ta PEP EPP ATR mf ayeSadako and Her Paper Cranes Paper Folding Origarnt is the art of folding paper. You can make lot a 2 Ca | tanpebbeer to maka pAb crete in of intricate figures with origami: in fact, you may her meena eartoree seen an origami crane—one of the most popular origami | umfchedufsadysart/origamt/cranes animals. to learn how to make these’ pi a Fe A creatures. The paper cranes are so well known because o' Sadako, ¢ japamese girl who was dying of leukernia. Sadako heard an old legend: Il « sick person folds thousand origami cranes, the gods will grant her wish n. And 80, she set oul on a quest to fold one thousand cranes. Unfortunately, Sadako died before completing her project. Ever since then, people have ben matking origami cranes in memory of this bright ° Life of the Party ate each name to its geometric shape, numbering each shape as you go. Then, the letter in each shape and place it in the corresponding box to get an eld saying. 1. Triangle 6. Ellipse 2. Circle 7. Pentagon 3. Rectangle 8. Hexagon 4. Trapezoid 9. Octagon 5. Rhombus 1|2|3|4|5\6|718/9 6 AHPTTETE APH Erp TTNAEETpTTPL BprepoprepT 7 8 ‘ol | Appa: ondix.ei: The EVERYTHING KID= Math Puzzles 800k Loses! CIRCULAR REASONING Y ou have already learned something cbout circles in Chapter 1. Circles are certainly mysterious. The center of the.circle is exact distance to any point on the circle; that distance is known Because circles canno: be measured by « ruler, you cam' really divide them into in Dut we can divide them into degrees. ons eig Esa ad is just as round! Going Around in Circles Compasses travel Find your way sround the circles from start to end. ues 360 Circles Aicleis dvidediaro 260 agrees. Butaiayou know ‘that aol ball has 360dimples? Coincidence? We think not! pe peeperen TT Chapter | 1 y Hevea eye app 4 5| ceomety Games bl | The Mébius Strip Who knew that a simple strip of paper bo would be the subject of a puzzle problem, and that a man named Mobius would be A ne forever remembered for it? Here is a Mobius strip works. =a 2 ee a 1. Take a long sitip of paper—you can make one by cutting a piece of paper in several parts and together to make one strip, 2. Draw a circle on the top of the loft ond and one on top of the nght end, , With one end in each hand, twist the paper once and then bring the two s together and tape them together with the circles touching, This spe Joop is called a Mébius strip. 4. Now, take a black crayon and drew a line down the middlo of tho parer strip: keop going until you go: back to where you started. Here is your First our- prise: Your pen m: inside and back. lf you drove & miniature car over your trip, you would race over the “top’ ond “bottom” and find the start line and the line are the same pk Now, take a pair of scissors and cut along the line you drew. You might think you woulel get toro separate rings, just ds you would when you cut a normal ring of paper. Her You get one really big loop tho third surprise, cut this long loop in half agat jal It Is Mind-Boggling! from the outside to the For ancout of this-warldexperience play tic tac-toc onthesurfaceof toruser aklcinbottlcinsteadot alt piece of paper atwununertnner ong/eeks. The ‘maze isalsoalot of fun, tthe chess ‘games forexpert players only. srrpenaprenpeepenaporeyenigan Chine gl my‘THungles may vary by the length of thelr sides: Triongles with three sides Triangles with two cides Twiangles with three dif- cof equal length are equi- ‘of equal length are ferent sides are sealene lateral triangles. isosceles triangles. triangles. But that's not all! Tiiangles can also be sorted by their angh A triangle is equiengular A triangle is a right A triangle is A triangle ie acute if (and, therefore, equilat- triangle if one of its obtuse if one of all three of ite angles eral) if all its angles are angles meacures 90 ite anglee is larger ate smaller than 90 congruent (same). dogrees (and two of than 90 degrees. degrees. its sides are per- pendicular to each other). [epee eT EPH p EET peppy i eyGeometry Games Triangle Numbers ‘Trangular numbers are found in the number of dots that can be used to with three equal sides). The following make an equilateral triangle (iriang illustrations represent 3,6, 10, and 15. Can you see a pattern here? @ @ 6800 6 ee 000 ecco e@ H2=3 14#2+4=8 1424+3+4=0 1424+3+446=16 Draw a picture or add numbers to find the next three triangular The Last Straw numbers. If you teke three drinking straws, you can easily “be pur 2 tz av uaquina sang vau ay) ‘errange them info one friangle that has three equal cides. Now, suppose you have eix drinking etrawe. Can you arrange them info FOUR triengles, all with ‘equal sides? Reet eed h HINT: You Pas nue = Pata Cicy hee Peer ied BSE EEE ENTE APPLY PTET EHPNTEEH Pp eas 6 meee 4 I mi ie Teruel |Get 40 the Point! Color every triangle in thie puzzle to find the answer to the following riddle: If you have ten cats in a box and one jumps out, how many are left? aor cee my Tp] eure re TT reper=] Magic Pentagrams Thic puzzle ie just for fun— there's no right or wrong answer! Choose a number found on one of the points of a pentagram. Now, point fo al the pantagrams on whi this number can be found. Add the large number found in the center of those pentagrams. The sum will be the number that you chose! Share the magic pentagram trick with « friend, or try making your own pentagram puzzle using different numbers, h Gargantuan Geometry Did you knowr that ane of the largest pen: tagons in the world is right here in the United States? That's right—the Pentagon building just outside Washington, DC. which serves as the headquar- ters of the Department of Defense, iso big that the National Capitol couldfit into any one ofits five wedge-shaped sections. To get around inside, there are 17.5 miles of corridors! Went to know more fascinating facts about this prominent polygon? Check out wavw.fortomerica.com/atout the pentagon hina wpe aoe! 6! Geometry Games (e- jeer SpiroGraphs 2 | create your own SpiroGraph design at | A wivenmathuesd.edu/-dlittte/jave! i ‘SpireGraph.ner-theroarasuggestions for the different sattings; try them all. «| make the String of Pearls for someone SA] spe yep TPTTPT ep a a(os) The EVERYTHING KID® ON A TREASURE HUNT town of Nowhoro, Nevada. Ater dauahter, Penny, went look: Math Puzzles Book 1. Under the ditt floor of hi 2. In the hayloft of hie barn, . In the Steale family cemetery. 4, High up in the brenches of the Lone Pine Tree. 5. On fop of Windy Hill. 6. In the cave to the eact of Windy Hill. 7. In the old mine chaft. 8. At the top of the windiil. 9. 0. . In a pile of dinosaur bones. . Down at the bottom of the well, What iss it? explanation.) peepee yeni epee Here is what else Penny knew: 1. Her fathor was afraid of ghosts end wouldn't want his money close to the cemetery. 2. Cash Steele did not like smell dark places either, 3. If he buried the money, if would be to the north of his cabin. 4, Ihe hid i! aboveground, if would be south of the eabin. 5. H he didn't hide it in the wall, then ho didn't hide it in the windmill, either. That le ves one possible hiding place 9 for men i meyer=| Geometry Games a? Tit cemetery f wz windmill N ab Windy Hill Senne a ERcTee cree Cacao AN et aA Square Deal Lisi or side. imbers as you go aiid reach all ut only one time each. HINT: the pattern forme the outline of letter of the alphabet. 42-4 31 3 4.24 212434212 152 A323 4.23 S 4S 22:3 Aid 43°72 B12 2 2 343212341 24 B19"3' 4123 2h 4:2 42 424131424 The Domino Effect Doy squares, HINT E e WERYTHING KID: * Math Puzzles Book = Depth of the Matter What'sthe differance between a square and acube? Thenumberafdimensions. Squares atetwo-dimensionalitheyhavalength and width). Cabesarethres-dimensional they havelength, width, and deg, know how to play deminoes? See if you can figure it out by filling in the missing imber, from 1 to 5, can only be used once, Aer ne EUs ee CTT PeeGeometry Games sy 4 Box1 — Picture This Yes Look at the patterne below. Try to ploture which chapes oan be {No O folded into square box that has four side, « top, and a —= bottom. Circle the eorteot answers. HINT: Having trouble pic~ eel | is in your mind? Use a ruler and a pen to draw the Box2 shapes onto heavy paper, cut them out, and see which Yes O hopes will actually fold into a box. No a Box6 Yes 0 No OCHAPTER 6 MEASUREMENT MYSTERIES{+> |[femaammaa) The ECRTHINCKID” Math Puzsee Book Got oe MEASURING UNITS easurement is a very important part of everyday life. We measure ail sorts of things. Here are just a fevr of them: The Guinness Book of World Records Would you the to know the height of the allest man, \who ever ved, the age ofthe oldest persan on Earth, or thelongest time spentridig arollercoaster? Theansiers tothese quesiions—andmanymore— canbe oundin Ine Guinness Book of World Records! Check out the siliest ‘records ever set lkethe person wha caught the most paintbalis im two minutes and the, porson whe hissed the most cobras © (elevenof hem), * Size and distance: Hox tall you are: how far away your school is. + Weight: How much do you weigh; how heavy is your backpack. ‘Area: How large is your apartment, * Volume: How much water is in your bathtub, * Time: How long does it take you to read this para- Se graph: how old you are. Two Different Systems ‘There are two main sy tors of measurement in the world today. In America, we use the English system, which involves units ouch as feet, yards, and miles for measuring lengths: cunces, pounds, and tons for mea- suring weights; and cups, pints, quarts, and gallons for measuring liguid volumes. Most of the rest of the world (including, more and more, England) uses the melti¢ system. In this system, lengths are measured in millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilo- meters; weights in grams and kilograms; and liquid vol- umes in mililiters and liters. The metric system is based or tho base of 10. rsp Chapter | Am pHPHEN EET RNEPTE TTY ATE PTTMeasurement Mysteries A Metric Mnemonic \ A mnomonio ie ¢ memory trick to help you remember _/ tricky information, The metric aystem is based on fac. Woro: iow = tors of 10, but the words: dito resent each multi- = piicdica Gt abieeal by Wieweney conte Heme | Seemwene ees eiewet \ is a mnemonic device to remember the order of the following prefixes areadded to “meter,” “gram,” pa rast arte Givoniswneee: | ilo «7 Hecto © Deka ¢ unit ¢> Deci ¢) Conti ¢> Milli eeeeuiee | Deci- 1/10 f Each arrow represents a factor of 10. When you eres move to the right, the meagure gets emollor (divide by Hecto- 100 / 10) for each arrow, When you move to the left, the mea: ie sure gets larger (multiply by 10). “Three Blind Mice” Here's a story 1o help you remember in Metrics the order of the names of the prefixes: You can sing the metric hier- archy to the beginning of the tune of “Three Blind Mic Kings, Humans, Dragons, Dogs, Cats, Mice. During medieval times, Kings considered themselves to tbe above all ether Humans, and Humens considered themselves to be above the Dragens. These are the righty and all ore above the basic unit, Below the basi ‘uni are Dogs, which considered themselves fo he above Cots, which considered themselves to be chove Mice. Convenient or Confusing? Mary peoplebelieve thattheEnalishsystemis needlessly confusing because its hard te convertfiomone meacurementtoznother, andthat weshouldsaiteh 10 the metric system, But others believe that because we have grovin up with the English system, we should continua using it hacauce its easter than learning 3 newone. Whieh group do you agree with? THe ore papa peep peep Teron poner per Hj a Aponte >. mt opept a|» —— ; | The EVERYTHING KID’ Math Puzzles Book NOT BY A LONG SHOT we measure H=— with milimeters, cenlimeters, meters, and kilome: tere, Hore is the conversion table: 5,280 feet 3 feet 1 foot = 12 inches I kilometer = 1,000 meters I meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters | 1 | | a _ Tkilometer = 0.6214 miles | I meter = 89.87 inches 1 millimeter = 0.0394 inches | T mile = 1.61 kilometers | 1 foot = 0.8048 meters | Linch = 2.54 centimeters | | Q: Why did the Dees tel Ce aed XS COC ao CMa pittance EET eee eT TET eC TT i a a aMeasurement Mysteries Answer the following questions and then fill in the answer kay to find out which animal's tongue can grow up to 21 inches long—about as long as your arm. Slurp! 1. How long is a school bus? 4. How long is a dollar bill? 4) 6 feet a) 6 inches 8) 36 feet b) 60 centimeters h) 160 feet ©) 6 foot i) 6 yards 4d) 6 millimeters 2. How long is a twin bed? 5. How long is a marathon? h) 6 inches ©) 26.2 meters i) G feet d) 262 centimeters j) 60 inches e) 262 kilometers k) 60 feet 4) 26.2 miles 8. How long is a football field? 6. How long is a blue whale? r) 860 feet ©) 10 motors s) 860 inches d) 100 inches #) 36 miles 0) 100 feet u) 360 miles 4) 10 yards 1 4 3 co J 5 g Heep eyerny ey Perey eee pepopepepe gay eey eyes apepey epee epee areyeeap Tey avery ep ee Chap cE | si | H Se al me | Tabac I=) the EVERYTHING KIDS” Math Puzzles Book Hink Pinks Each cilly anower in the following Hink Pinks is made up of two words that thyme. HINT: The first six are one-cyllable words; the last Hink Pink is made up of worde that ere two cyllables each. . Pile of games that weighs 2,000 Ibs. 5,280 foot grin Two pastries that are each 12 inches long 4 Very difficult 3 feet Rubber ball that weighs 16 ounces 28.4 grams that jumps quickly 7. Urgent message that weighs 2.2 pounds on 2, = pec) a Pa Rd cies a eles ceo ee oe five Robes Pe a ie peau pe ees eee aeeemererti era Prec hana Math Online 42 powers of 10 at com/purcoti0.htrs. how one image at the submolecular evel entargedto 10 times asbig,overandoveruntilyowarelooking atthe entire knownunlverse.choosethe smallestimageandthenkeep licking on the +1 button to increase the room by 2 factor of 10. cng TET PTET A=| Measurement Mysteries zoo || 15 Star Powe! v Find the perfect center of this starry pattern.Os) The RERYTHINGKID® Math Puzzles Book = A WEIGHTY MATTER 1 ton = 2,000 pounds T kilogram = 1,000 grains 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams T ton = 1,016.05 kilograms 1 pound = 0.45 kilograms 1 ounce = 28.4 grams T kilogram = 2.2 pounds 1 gram = 0.085 ounces h | | | = Jam the world's largest animal. 1 can weigh 177 tons—that's 354,000 pounds. It would take more than 4,400 children averaging 80 pounds each to balance with me! 1. How much does an average man 2. How much did @ Tyrannosaurus weigh? rex weigh? a) 172 ounces j) 80 kilograms b) 172 pounds k) 60 pounds c) 172 grams |) 6 tone d) 172 kilograms m) 60 fons Gail on foe Pg nop TEPHP pe reperepe Tere reget ul Pa meee | mp Chapt 4 my 3leasurement Mysteries 6. How much does an ant 8. How much does an adult polar bear weigh? weigh? u) 1,400 pounds h) 4 milligrams v) 140 pounds i) 4 kilograms w) 14 kilograms j) 4 ounces x) 140 tons k) 4 pounds 4. How much does this book . How much does an apple weigh? weal 8) 160 grame ©) I grams b) 160 ounces d) 1 milligrams: 0) 16 pounds e) Ml ounces d) 16 grams ) 11 pounds 5. How much dose a nickel weigh? Ww) 5 grams x) 0.05 ounces y) 50 ounces z) 50 gras eae a a. Cech aoe nia Free TEPH pH perepeRe PTETgw Measuring Your 222s Write each letter in the space above the measurement ‘that matches its place on the ruler. When you're finished, you will have the answer to the following riddle: Why did the math teacher take a nap with a ruler? ope 6 E [ rm pa TT Nia ame Ty mre appa An Ps BI pie eee ert ESP Pere Urey Une apeL eeyap peer eee eee EPEAT ae Tere r« oo 000 STACKING UP ZEROS wilt on multiples of ‘ve got 1. 2,3 ge back to 1 and just add «0 0, 0. Add ‘and you get 100. Hor keep on stacking? Take you NUMBER OF ZEROS — WHAT YOU GET sone fen « hundred thousand ten thousand - hundred thousand = milion «fen milion «hundred millon «billion « trillion 16 |... quacillion - googol - googolplox googol - pep pOTpU HHH Chapter | 6! ~] Measurement Mysteries | ¢0 00 00000 Lost Billions It looks like there are billions and billions of the word BILLIONS in this grid, but it only appeare correcily spelled one time. 1 could be lef to right, up and down, diagonal, or even backward. BILLIONNSBBI BIE SB ONO ELL es 1B SSNBT IL ONS LSNNBOBILLNO EN 2-0 Pt © Bob 0 Bet LOOTLBOLTBIL ITT EbO Re Sie ob t OL Lt20.N-EB Oft-s LE NLZB EET OB Bret ST BL TBO BELT B TB Le BuBed LO O:NsS 1 OBBILIOONSOL MA[+> ||fisaaaanl the CENTHINC KID: Math Purzles Book Googols of Fun 1 7°15-15-7-15-12 8-1-19 A googol is a REALLY big number. If a ten has one zer0 (10), how many zeros, «4 614+5 = 8+21914+4+18+5+4 do you think @ googol has? Using @ simple number sub- stitution (A=1, B=2, C=3, cto.) soe if you can break = 26° 5+ 18: 15-19 this number code. es ca Ceres) roc ie ea ec ne Roar That means, humbers keep going and going, and there is no such Li Mae ticle cae at ee Cee ane ue ea ee Te ‘Co-fo represent infinity in mathematical caloulations, Counting Forever The symbol © has been around for more than two thousand years, The Romansuseditto represent 1,000, aBIGnumbertothem. Around theyear 1650, anEnglish mathematician, John Wallis, proposed that this symbol 00 be used to represent infinity, and we have been doing just that ever since. mC em op wy myer mm perma erp pee epepT| Measurement Mysteries On Your Toes Use this fraction code to figure out the riddle. CODE The white port of each shape is If the shape ie almost empty, call it 0. The shaded part of each shape is filled, the ehape ie almost full, call 1 : If the shape is between full and empty, call it ¥2. ch blank. Using the shapes connected to each fest to that fraction or number Write the letier of that word box, shape on the B! RIDDLE: How does a math student make her shoes longer?than others. mer Chapter Just Like Sherlock Holmes The fictional detective Sherlock Holmesisfomoustorsinglegicto solve cases based on dues he had ‘observed. Logie and. reasoning allow us to figure things out using known facts or clues instead of simply guessing. Allofus uselogic ‘very day of ourlives, although some people are better att The WERYTHING KID Math Puzzles Boo! LOGICAL MATH Go Figure! 1, You have two coins. Added together, they equal 15 cents—but one is not a nickel. How is that possible? 2. Can you take four nines (9, 9, 9, 9) and arrange them to make an equation that totals 1007 You can use any math function, but you can only use each nine once. 8. What do you get if you divide 30 by half and add 107 Pea S| TT pyre a a IN THE LAND OF CONFUSION le there, s imaasks, nv many of you sages Xavier says that he is not a jester Yale cays that Xavier is lying. Zachary adds, "Yale is lying.” Can you figure out who is a sage and who is a jester? Two Kids in the Land of Confusion 1, "'m a boy." says the child with black hair. 2. "Vm a girl" says the child 8. Are the boy and girl sages and/or jesters, and what color hair does each one have? pepepepnyrny an peepee we wma TTBrain Benders A Boast? Upon entering the emperor's palace, Ima overheard a You will find the man say, “If]am a sage, then ois my son.” ‘answers inthe What can you tell about him or his son? Puzzle Answers section, page 131. Meeting the King the palace, ma went looking for the King, and she met some sages. She asked thein i the King is c sage or a jester, amd thoy told her that they didn't know, but that accordin lows, he must be a citizen of the Land of Confusion, either & sage ot a jester. then, a man entered the hall wearing a c1 purple cloak, The sages told Ima that it wa ask him whether he was a sage or a jest yw and er becrutiful King, and that she To her op King responded, “Tam a jester. Immediately, the sages cried: man!" Why? Imposter! Arrest that Einstein's Math Troubles Math_Ond ine’ onerneny ro wc Mor Te? mech | sor tun math games, check out about your difficutties wwrmmathispowerrg. In inmatitematics, loan ular, see If you can solve the code assure you sine are sti | Preakerpuzae, greater” Albert Einstein HEL PEATE Pipe pea rye repeparnyey EE EEepepy MppeTyT Chapter | el ml if ml ners ‘al bed mplThe (ERNTHINGKID® Moth Puzzles Book aot > Read the Numbers Numbers are used for counting, but did you know they can also be used for spelling? Numbers like 4, 8, and 2 sound the same as familiar words we use all the time. People who want to write short messages often substitute a single number fora group of letters. For example, “L8" spells “late” but uses only two characters instead of four. This kind of number spelling is often used on license plates, where there is room for only six or seven characters. See if you can match the following people with their fancy license plates: i 1. Musician who plays a big horn. 5. Someone who can predict the weather. 6. A person who is hardly ever on time. 2. A person who is always lucky. 8 Someone who is very polite. [a Aferson winlwahiayhapy ee 8. Someone who is impatient. 9. A person with a bad memory. 10. Someone who likes surprises. Il. A frequent visitor to a skating rink. 12. Someone who likes a particular sport. aH PEM NETH RTP HPT eee MECN PPR TTT TT(cari (aoe 7a | fea T4coT | [10sny1) H82W8 2BA W8NC 4cast) | 10Q | | SkBR || aeRO POPE MPeTA NH) ETP TET Sade TE ST ST peda TTial Simple Symbols Each symbol kelow equals one of the possible numbers in the box. tule the numbers for the symbols so that the HINT: All numbore in CaCl ey best place to hide Riise rs We have also left you two zeros to get A: Inside a math tte i = | Pearse) Possible numbers: 1 2 4 6 | Core Na) Dro a = O88 OE x —-w 88 - 868 ogo 80 * — Buying Numbers ‘This conversation doesn't add up. Can you tell vthat's for sale? dG Acard came Customer: How much is 1? Two kids play fivegamesof gia rurnmy, Each hid ins th'same ‘rumberof games, butthere are no tleclgames How isthis possible? Salesman: 30 cents. Customer: I'd like 14, please. Salesman: That will be 60 cents. jayi0 wee Buteid yuosemspy omeuL Customer: Oops, I really need 114, O° ‘Salesman: No problem: That will be 90 cents. ° . =: ° repre capsnagenee BE cone eet Ml rere ayer my mye preyBrain Benders 322131235 I can't find I! Boao ona See uieioe Poles Lee Rumerituieniimene | |L29 425 9°44 can be up, down, side to side, or diagonal. Look 4 LeaZ21Z13 31 xtra carofully—tho numbore might cleo eppoct = 5 FUT DAA SS becker 122134512 [3717243321 math sass © [Found It! puzzles Mr. Math asked four of his students to see how: many math puzzle books they could find in the pul brary. How many books did each atu of books ne ler 1? Use the clues to complete the chart Students |ternons ca deni find? Use the clues to complete the chart r 1. The four studente found a total of 18 math Jasmine ees 2. None of the students found more than Kallyn, 5 puzzle books, 3. None of the children found the same Josh number of puzzle books. 4. Jasmine found 3 puzzle books. Ethan 5. Kallyn found fewer puzzle books than Jasmine. TOTAL amber of 6. Ethan found the most puzzle books. porate books found TEU eee ee eee p eee eere sn epee cep cnapon pee pene nep TEE Tele 8 my I lal eval Up mynCHAPTER 8 PROBABILITYA PROBABLE CAUSE Y: might be surprised to know thal probability is The (VERTHING KIDS Math Puzzles Book acrolatively new area of math, Probability kegan to be studied in the mid-1600s. That may Seem like along time ago, but remember th been doing geometry for thousands of Probebilty is involved any we do something people have The chances of something happening—actually. the ratio of the number of times ® couls happen compared tothe number of possible things that could ere we can't know in advance what is going to happen Frwampi when ou don den pen. When ¥ nin the ait, we know i youbsve 1/6 chances of getting each partic When in in the cat, we know tis vorrei going to come Howaver. we dont know if it vill land as heacis of talls. That is probability. A Coin Toss The probability of getting « head or 2 tail in any coin toss Is heads and > tails, Do a simulated coin-toss experi- mentatwirmacsilstuedu/acuty/bli’ javalpregsinnotes/CoinToss.htny. First, ‘uy 25 tosses, then 100, end then 500. When wa teed It, we got 10/15, 50/50, and251/249, ney Chapter a eee i ny Probability Scrabble Can you guess how many other words you could make by using any of the eloven letters in the word PROBABILITY? Do yo think you ake fifty words, or ? There is no way to know except by sitting the number closer to down with pape: For each word, you can u letter as many times as it in PROBABILITY. For example, you could spell BABY because there are two Bs, but you cant gpell ROOT, bacaruse there s only one O. rand pencil and Hepp! pepe re aWhat If You Roll Two Dice? hen you rol the die, you are playing with probar \W bility. With each roll, you are [ust as lkely to get Cenyougure out what yourprobabities are Nas you cra) 314 8 oc bythe mes Ween Guncchcmacctéccm? have one in six chances to g you throw the dle, the probaly number remains the same. 1.30 He @r9F091201 WM SIDUOP 190), This is a game for two players. To play, you will need the following: + Five pennies and five nickels (or fwo sets of other markers) + Apair of dice + Paper and pencil for keeping seore Players should each have five markers, which are prisoners. Player 1 AVariation _ onthe Prisoners Game hist esch ployer pee wheretoput tir herpes nes Foreampse Papert (cul puta prison cot Iaandsotiecopronsg cals, and’ of a bettom ron Echacotts dceteertwoptionenste time. ter plang sera founds he hae he best wiategy? places his or her five prisoners in each cell of the top row. Playor 2 places prisoners in the bottom row, Players take turns rolling tho dice cond subtracting the smaller number irom the larger. If the difference matches a cell number, the prisoner kept in that cell goes free is taken off the boord). Whoever frees sill the prisoners first, winat HEPAT MPAA AERC EREREREPLPEY LP Ma a a Chapter T umbels eee(|b mamemnl The ERVTHNC Who Owne That Car? man came in to fegisler his ne? What was the man's name? ‘ehicle department to special Math Puzzles Book > Let “er Rall! Unlike the Prisoners Game, this one olfere ‘equal chances of winning to ail the players, and you can have as mnany as six people join the game, Here is what you wil need to play: + Picoe of paper and pencil for ‘each player + Pair of dice ‘You also need to make a game card for each ployer. To do that, draw a five- squares-by-five-squares grid— you can use a ruler to make the bnes straight, but it doesn't matter if Wy. Chapter ‘Then, have one player read the following list of numbers: 1, 86, 9, 24, 18, 8, 6, 15, 30, 25, 10, 24, 18, 6, 3, 12, 2, 4, 12, 18, 9, 12, 16, 9, 12, 20, 6, 10 As each number is called out, each player should write st down in any one of the equares until all the epaces are filled. Some numbers will appear Imice. Once you are done, the game can begin. Players take turn rolling the two dice, multi- plyng the two results, and then covering one number on the arid, The first one to cover five squares in @ row (in any direction) is the winner. in the gi meee mpepopny ERE ey [eee serpytodd He: lay, you will need two playere: Player E (even) and Player O (ccd), plus the following: Let's see, 2x32 6, ‘That's an even number, so T win! + Paper clip On the ccunt of three, both players show each other one te five fingere on one hand. Multiply the number of fingers showring on one player's hand by the number of fingers showing on the other player's hand Ifthe product is even, Player E wins. If the product is odd, Player O wins. Keep «tally for twenty rounds. Which player wins the most round: ic? You should have noticed thal Player E won many more games than Player O. Will Player E still win if both players use a spinner instead of their fingers? Try i, Use a pencil to hold a paper elip at the center of the spinner. Fick the paper clip around the 5 spinties. Keep a tally for twenty rounds. Now, which player won the most games? PPTs TOKO «PPO e rE Space for Tallies rer HERNAN TTA HET Se ee tg abatel TT| The WERVTHING KID Math Puzzles Book SS Se Even and odd—Explained ee 3] 4/5 What's going on? Why does Player E keep oO Li2its) winning? ieee possible explanations: le | 214 Is S| fe [4] | 5 A\When you look at the results, it's easy to ‘609 which kind of number is more likely fo win! Get ovt of Here Make your way from START different patho do you think you night start before {you find the correct one? rpnyey IPEPEPHP PEPE mPHPPE PEP EppAn Average Day hat do you know ab: os? W representa an average vaiue. Flin the following y with your eslimales: I'm just an average ten-year-old who fe (inches tal. 1am in echocl for C > houre per year. After school, I eat @ snack. Usually i's popcorn. One popped Kernel weighs about ( ) grams and there are about CD) popped kernels in one oup. Today, we are out of popcorn, so I eat ice cream. My favorite favor is (__). 1 wateh a half-hour TV show, but there is en average iy of Cc) commercials every 30 minutes, so the show is really only © ») minutes long. Before | go to bed, | still check under the bed for monsters. After bed all, there is an average of (|) monsters per bed. D> One of the averages above is a mode. Which one is it? e WorD$)know \ averages: Treresrethcowsystoclsatethenveage.Thomean—\ iswhatyougetifyouaddupallthevaluesanddividethetotalbythe | numberof values. Thisierypieallywmat people mean when hey use ‘the word average, The median of set of values the value inthe middle oftheset when theset switien inorder Themodeofa set value that occurs mestetten. Mode isusualy usedas fenthe valuesarenetnumbers lke ereorhair color Q: What’s an Pt as Paton Peron os ay ee ATT TPH PHA THT PRL La a> The QVERTHINGKID® Math Puzzles Book wef Hidden Numbers, Etc. There are ten sentences hidden in this grid, and only one sentence per line, but here's the trick: Within each sentence are letters that y oe spell out a number ONE through TEN. In the grid, though, the spelled-out numbers have been replaced by the corresponding, BUTTERHYTFLYTOPT7T3YRE Sl rail iG ERP UPAP EDACHBAG WHE T2 M S IWHENISANY TRE BME 9 O4 VAT we 9 IOFILOEATHERE Lae 2 7 OO UCR We Hie APPL bis Pol BA Ss £6 EPLS MOTORS LF cB2BN3MO BOP ON Fs; 5 9 Y S/EE E56 OT MATL MYCATWHATI4PHIRINGE SRI WHYTTIALPOTTER SRE WS © Fe THEE POON DET Sor bee ow WVITAMI4THAZULDBE INYTHRTHISISA4AS wr oa ow wo wo rie FO au