Hommel-Etamic measuring systems: Geometrical tolerancing in practice
Form tolerances according to ISO 1101
Straightness
The tolerance zone is limited
t by two parallel 0,1
lines at a
t 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
distance t apart. Every
envelope line of the
toleranced cylinder must be
between these two parallel
lines.
Flatness
0,2
The tolerance zone is limited
by two parallel planes at a
t distance t apart, the
dimensions of which
correspond to those of the t
toleranced area. The real
workpiece area must be
between the two parallel
planes at distance t apart.
Position tolerances according to ISO 1101
Parallelism
The tolerance zone within
0,1 A
which the envelope lines of
the toleranced cylinder must
lie is limited by two parallel
lines at a distance t apart
which run parallel to
the datum plane.
t A
A
Angularity
20° The tolerance zone is limited
by two parallel
0,1 planes
A at20°a
t distance t apart at the
20°
nominal angle to the datum
axis.
A Maximum Inscribed Circle
Run-out tolerances according to ISO 1101
Radial run-out
In every radial section plane
perpendicular to the surface,
the tolerance zoneAis limited by
two concentric circles at a
distance t apart, the common
center point of which is on the
datum axis. The radial run-out
t tolerance applies generally for a
full revolution of the toleranced
element0,1 A
around the datum
axis.
Total radial run-out
The tolerance zone is limited by
two coaxial cylinders
A at a
distance t apart, the axes of
which match the datum axis.
After several rotations around
the datum axis and axial shift of
t the transducer all points of the
toleranced element must be
within the
0,1 tolerance
A zone.
Precision is our business.
Roundness
Example Every envelope line of
the toleranced cylinder
0.1 surface must be
between two parallel
lines at a distance apart
of 0.1.
Cylindricity
Example The real workpiece area
must be between two
0.2 parallel planes at a
distance apart of 0.2.
Perpendicularity
Example Every single envelope
line of the toleranced
0.1 A
area must be between
two parallel lines that
are at a distance of 0.1
apart, and are parallel
to the center axis.
t 90°
Coaxiality
Example All points of the
toleranced area must
0.1 A be between two
t
20° parallel planes that are
at a distance apart of
0.1, and are angled at
20º to the datum axis.
A A
Axial run-out
Example The circumference line
of every radial section
plane of the toleranced
A
cylindrical area must
be between two
concentric circles at a
distance apart of 0.1
t
with their common
0.1 A center point on the
datum axis A.
Total axial run-out
Example The toleranced
cylindrical area must
be between two
A
coaxial cylinders with a
radial distance apart of
0.1 with their common
t axis on the datum axis
A.
0.1 A
General tolerances according to ISO 2768 Standards of practical relevance
0,1
Tolerance class H For measurement of roundness, straightness and flatness
Nominal > 10 > 30 > 100 > 300 > 1000 For
The tolerance zone is limited Example The circumference dimension range ...10 ...30 ...100 ...300 ...1000 ...3000 workpieces
by two concentric circles at a line of the produced by
ISO 1101 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Geometrical tole-
rancing – Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out
distance t apart. The 0.1 toleranced cylinder cutting
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
circumference line of the must be within a
toleranced cylinder must be circle ring of the 0.5 All dimensions ISO 12180-1 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Cylindricity
t within a circle ring of the zone width 0.1 in 0.1 in mm Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of cylindricity
zone width t, in every radial every radial section Tolerance class K
section plane. t plane. ISO 12181-1 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Roundness
Nominal > 10 > 30 > 100 > 300 > 1000 Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of roundness
dimension range ...10 ...30 ...100 ...300 ...1000 ...3000
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ISO 12780-1 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Straightness
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of straightness
0.6
0.2
0.8 1.0
ISO 12781-1 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Flatness
The tolerance zone for the Example The toleranced Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of flatness
0,1
t cylinder envelope Tolerance class L
area limits cylindrical area must
the deviation of the t 0.1 be between two Nominal > 10 > 30 > 100 > 300 > 1000 VDI/VDE 2631 Sheet 1 Form measurement – Basic principals of the determination of
roundness, the straightness of coaxial cylinders dimension range ...10 ...30 ...100 ...300 ...1000 ...3000 form and positional deviations
the envelope line and the with a radial 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
parallelism of the envelope line distance of 0.1. 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 VDI/VDE 2631 Sheet 2 Form measurement – Determination of the sensitivity of the
to the cylinder axis. It is 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 signal transmittal chain
formed by two coaxial 0.5
cylinders with the radial VDI/VDE 2631 Sheet 3 Form measurement – Filter characteristics and selection
distance t. Tolerance value corresponds to the diameter tolerance or maximum general tolerance for the radial run-out.
Tolerance value corresponds to the maximum value in comparison of the dimension tolerance of the distance
dimension with the general tolerance for the straightness or the flatness of the form elements being inspected.
Evaluation method Filter stages
Effect and function of different evaluation methods on the roundness evaluation. Filter effect of different cut-off numbers on the roundness result. Gauss filter 50 %.
The tolerance
0,1 A zone is limited Example All points/circle lines
by two parallel planes at a of the toleranced area 1.68
1,68 µm
µm 360°
MZCI 1,49
1.49 µm
µm 360°
t distance t apart, which are 0.1 A
must be between two Minimum Zone Circle No filter
perpendicular to the datum t parallel planes that R
axis. The toleranced plane are at a distance of r Concentric inner and outer perimeter circles
270°
face must be between these 0.1 apart, and are MR Mr
0°
with a minimum radial distance, and which 270° 0°
1.49 µm
two planes. perpendicular to the enclose the roundness profile.
RONt (MZCI) = 1.49 µm
datum plane. Individual profile peaks influence the center
point considerably. 90°
A Gives the least possible form error.
A
1.92 µm
1,92 µm 360°
LSCI 1,04
1.04 µm
µm 360°
Filter 150 W/R
Least Square Circle
The tolerance
0,1 Azone is limited Example The axis of the
by a cylinder of diameter t, toleranced cylinder R LSC Circle through the roundness profile with
270° 0°
minimum sum of profile deviation squares. 270° 0° 1.04 µm
the axis of which matches 0.1 A must be within a MLSC
t the datum axis. The actual cylinder that has a Individual profile peaks influence the center RONt (MZCI) = 1.04 µm
axis of the toleranced t diameter of 0.1 and point only a little.
element must be within the is coaxial to the 90° Very suitable for stable datum formation. 90°
tolerance zone. datum axis A.
360°
A 1.86 µm
1,86 360° MICI 0.91 µm
0,91 µm
Filter 50 W/R
R MIC
Maximum circle inscribed in the roundness 270° 0° 0.91 µm
profile for inside areas.
270° 0°
MMIC
The method is used for form measurement of RONt (MZCI) = 0.91 µm
the inside diameter.
90°
90°
PANTONE 3015 C
The tolerance
0,1 A zone is limited in Example Every circle line of the
t every radial distance of two toleranced area must 1.74 µm
1,74
360°
MCCI 0.71 µm
0,71 µm
360°
circles at a distance t apart.
0.1 A
be between two Minimum Circumscribed Circle Filter 15 W/R
t
The circles are
A in a cylinder, parallel circle planes at
the axis of which matches the A
a distance apart of 0.1 R MCC Minimum circle circumscribing the roundness
270° 0°
profile for outside areas. 270° 0° 0.71 µm
datum axis. The diameter of with their common MMCC
the cylinder can adopt any center point on the The method is used for form measurement of RONt (MZCI) = 0.71 µm
value of the diameter of the datum axis A. the outside diameter.
plane face. 90° 90°
Drawing entries
The tolerance
0,1 A zone is limited by Example The toleranced area
t two parallel planes at a distance must be between two Tolerance frame Toleranced elements Datums
0.1 A
t apart, which are perpendicular parallel circle planes at Indicating arrow to contour Indicating arrow as an exten- Datum triangle with datum letters Restriction of the A filled or empty
t 0.01 A line or subsidiary line (offset sion of the dimension line: if as an extension of the di- datum to an area of datum triangle has
to the datumA(rotational) axis. a distance apart of 0.1 Datum letter from dimension line): if the the tolerance applies for the
on the contour line of the
the element as a the same meaning.
A 0.01 element or on the susidiary mension line: if the datum
After several rotations around with their common Tolerance value in mm tolerance refers to the line axis or median plane or a point line: if the displayed datum is is the axis, the median dot-dash line with
Symbol for toleranced characterstic or area. of the element. dimensioning.
the datum axis and radial shift center point on the Indicating arrow
a line or area. plane or an appropriately
of the transducer, all points of datum axis A. Toleranced element
dimensioned point.
the surface of the tolerance
A A A A AA AA A
plane face must be within the
tolerance zone.
10/2009
10037106
DKD-K-02401 www.hommel-etamic.com