Bga Badg Bga A (K Kih: Bgukihf Fhyk

Namma Kalvi
www.nammakalvi.org
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH 12

,ay; 2 ,aw;if/ ntshz;ik/ Rw;Wr;NHy;
ciueil bgUkiHf;fhyk; 2
bra;a[s; gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil ma;ag;g khjtd;
,ay;
bra;a[s; beLey;thil* ef;fPuh;
Jizg;ghlk; Kjy;fy; cj;jknrhHd;
,yf;fzk; ehy;tifg; bghUj;j=;fs;
,ay; 2
ciueil cyfk;
bgUkiHf;fhyk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

1. bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpaf; fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jo ePh; cwp+;rg;gLjy; tpil: M
2.
``cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy nehf;fpr; brd;why; kl;Lnk g[tp btg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;LgLj;j Koa[k;~~ ? ,j;bjhlh; czh;j;JtJ
m) fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ
M) gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ
,) fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ
<) g[tpapd; ,af;fk; ntWgLfpwJ tpil: m
FWtpdh
1. `MSf;bfhU kuk; tsh;g;nghk;~ vd;Dk; KHf;fj; bjhlh; thapyhf vtw;iw typa[Wj;Jtha;>
`MSf;bfhU kuk; tsh;g;nghk;~ vd;w KHf;fj; bjhlh; thapyhf gpd;tUtdtw;iw
vLj;Jiug;ngd;.
45
Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
kiHf;F Mjhuk; kuk;.

12
caph;tspf;F cjt[tJ kuk;.
kz; mhpg;igj; jLf;Fk; kuk;.
kuk; jUk; epHy; Fsph;r;rp vd;W TWntd;.
2.
kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
2 tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; bfhz]oUf;fpwhd; ? ,U bjhlh;fshf;Ff.
kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
,ay;
kdpjd; ,aw;if ts=;fisr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;

bfhz]oUf;fpwhd;.
rpWtpdh
1.
kiHbts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
bts;sg;bgUf;if vjph;bfhs;Sk; tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
ePh;epiyfis Kiwahfg; guhkhpj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
tofhy; trjpia nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
,ay;ghfnt bgUkiHiaj; jh=;ff; Toa Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vhp/ MW/ tofhy; tha;f;fhy;fs;/
bts;sr; rkbtspfisr; nrjg;gLj;jhky; J}h; thh;jy; ntz;Lk;.
Nwhtsp/ g[ay;/ bts;sk; Fwpj;j nghjpa tpHpg;g[zh;it midj;Jg; bghJkf;fSk;
bgWk; tpjj;jpy; nghplh; nkyhz;ik Mizak; Kaw;rp nkw;bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
2. nghplh; nkyhz;ik Mizak; ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
nghplh; nkyhz;ik Mizak; eLtzurhy; 23.12.2005,y; bjhl=;fg;gl;lJ.
g[ay;/ bts;sk;/ Rdhkp/ epyeLf;fk;/ jP tpgj;J. gdpg;g[ay;/ ntW tpgj;Jfs; Kjyhd
nghplh;fs; epfGk; nghJ ,e;j mikg;g[fis xU=;fpizj;Jr; bray;gLj;j ,e;j
Mizak; cjt[fpwJ.
,f;FGf;fs; khepyk;/ khtl;lk;/ Cuhl;rp/ rpw;W}uhl;rp midj;J epiyfspYk; nghplh;f;
fhy=;fspy; ,t;thizak; bray;gl tHptif bra;Js;sJ.
muR jPaizg;g[j;Jiw/ fhty;/ jd;dhh;tj; bjhz;L epWtdk; nghd;w ghJfhg;g[
mikg;g[fs; jahh; epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
beLtpdh
1. `befpHp jtph;j;J epyj;ij epkph;j;J~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;NHy; Mh;tyh; gRikjhrdUld;
eP=;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
bgUkiHf;fhyk;
mnahj;jpjhrh; : tzf;fk; Iah- ehd; c=;fisf; fhz;gjpy; kpf;f kfpH;r;rp milfpnwd;.
gRikjhrh; : tzf;fk;. kpf;f kfpH;r;rp.
mnahj;jpjhrh; : befpHp vd;why; vd;d=;f Iah-
46
gRikjhrh; : befpHp vd;gJ jplg;bghUs;. ,r;brhy;iy gpsh!;of; vd;Wk; miHg;gh;.
gpsh!;of;nfh!; vd;w fpnuf;fr; brhy;ypy; cUthdJ. 12
mnahj;jpjhrh; : befpHp njhd;wpajpd; tuyhW TwKoa[kh Iah.
gRikjhrh; : b
efpHp bry;Ynyh!; vd;w bghUshy; MdJ. 1862,y; ,yz;lidr;
nrh;e;j mbyf;rhz;lh; ghf;!; vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mnahj;jpjhrh; : befpHpapd; gad;ghLfs; gw;wpr; rpy TW=;fs; Iah. 2
gRikjhrh; :
bghJthf befpHp gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vspjhf ,Ue;jhYk; jPikfns
,ay;
mjpfk;.
,d;Wk; ehk; ifahSk; bghUs;fs; midj;jpYk; befpHp cjtp ,y;yhky;
,y;iy. fhiy fz; tpHpj;J gy;Jyf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; bghUs; Kjy;/
,ut[ gLf;iff;F bry;Yk; nghJ gLf;Fk; gha; tiu xt;bthd;Wk;
befpHpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mnahj;jpjhrh; : ey;yJ Iah- mg;g befpHp ,y;yhky; ehk; ,y;iy.
gRikjhrh; :
mg;gor; brhy;yf;TlhJ. ek;Kd;ndhh;fs; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; befpHp
,y;iyna-
mnahj;jpjhrh; :
rhp=;f Iah- befpHpahy; Vw;gLk; jPikfs; gw;wp vdf;F tphpthf
tpsf;F=;fs; Iah-
gRikjhrh; : befpHpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; kz; tsk; Fd;wp jhtu ,dk; mHpfpwJ.
jhtu ,dk; mHptjhy; kiH tsk; FiwfpwJ. kiH ,y;iy vd;why;
kdpjh; ,y;iyna.
mnahj;jpjhrh; : nkYk; mwpe;J bfhs;s tpiHfpnwd; Iah-
gRikjhrh; : cWjpahfr; brhy;fpnwd;-
ePh; bry;Yk; fhy;tha;fspy; befpHp milf;fg;gLtjhy; bts;sg; bgUf;F
Vw;gLfpwJ. befpHpia vhpg;gjhy; ilahrPd; vd;w er;R btspg;gl;L

gy;ntW neha;fs; cUthfpwJ. Nlhd bghUs;fs; befpHpg; igfspy;
th=;fp cz;gjhy; g[w;Wneha; cUthfpwJ. mtw;iwr; rpy tpy=;Ffs;
cz;Qtjhy; mitfSk; kofpd;wd.
mnahj;jpjhrh; : ed;wp=;f Iah-
gRikjhrh; : Jzpg;ig vspjhdJ
J}u vwpe;jhy; vUthFk;.....
befpHpg; ig mHfhdJ.
J}u vwpe;jhy; tpl(&)khFk;.....
vd;gjw;F Vw;g ehk; befpHpiag; gad;gLj;Jtijr; rpwpJ rpwpjhf
Fiwg;nghk;.
kz; tsk; fhg;nghk;- kiH tsk; bgUf;Fnthk;-
kuk; eLnthk;- kdpj Fyk; jiHg;nghk;-
thH;f tsKld;- ed;wp-
mnahj;jpjhrh; : ed;wp-
47
Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
12 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ,aw;ifr; rkepiyia ehk; rPh;Fiyj;jd; tpsit[ vjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W
2

m) gUtepiy khw;wk;
,) kz]zpd; khw;wk;
M) cly;epiy khw;wk;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m
,ay;
2. cyfg;g[tp ehs;
m) Vg;uy; 21 M) Vg;uy; 22 ,) $^d; 21 <) $îy 22 tpil: M
3. `khkiH nghw;WJk;~ ? vd;w ghly; thpiaf; Twpath;
m) jpUts;Sth; M) fk;gh;
,) xsitahh; <) ,s=;nfhtofs; tpil: <
4. èPhpd;wp mikahJ cyF~ ? vd;Dk; ghly; thpiag; ghoath;
m) fk;gh; M) jpUts;Sth; ,) ef;fPuh; <) xsitahh; tpil: M
5. ek; ehl;oy; fle;j gjpide;J Mz]Lfspy; vj;jid Kiw twl;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ>
m) 4 M) 6 ,) 3 <) 5 tpil: <
6. 2005?Mk; Mz]L Kk;igapy; xnu ehspy; bga;j kiHast[
m) 994 br.kP M) 994 kp.kP ,) 995 kp.kP <) 995 br.kP. tpil: M
7. $k;K fh&;kPh; khepyk; `ny~ gFjpapy; 30 epkpl=;fspy; 150 Kjy; 250 kp.kP tiu kiH bga;j
Mz]L
m) 2010 M) 2008 ,) 2005 <) 2011 tpil: m
8. `xf;fp~ vd;gjd; jkpH;r;brhy;
m) tha[ M) fhw;W ,) fz] <) tha; tpil: ,
9.
g[aiyf; Fwpj;j bgah;fisg; ghpe;Jiur; bra;Js;s `rhh;f;~ mikg;gpy; cs;s ehLfspd;
vz;zpf;if
m) 8 M) 4 ,) 64 <) 7 tpil: m
10. ``g[tp btg;gkiljy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpf; bfhz]l rpf;fny~~ ? vd;wth;
m) nltpl; fp=; M) $hd; nltpl; ,) $hd; khh;&y; <) b\d;wp tpil: m
11. hpnah o b$dpnuhtpy; fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; nguitia If;fpa ehLfs;
cUthf;fpa Mz]L
m) 1972 M) 1892 ,) 2002 <) 1992 tpil: <
12. fle;j 110 Mz]Lfspy; kpft[k; btg;gkhd Mz]lhf ,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;t[j;Jiwapdh;
mwptpj;j Mz]L
m) 2008 M) 2009 ,) 2007 <) 2018 tpil: M
13. cyfpy; vj;jid tpGf;fhL kf;fs; jz]zPh;g; gw;whf;FiwnahL thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh;>
m) 40.5 M) 40.9 ,) 40 <) 40.8 tpil: ,
14. epyj;jo ePh;kl;lj;ijj; jf;fitg;gjpy; ,jd; g=;F ,d;wpaikahjJ
48 m) fpzW M) Cw;W ,) kzy; <) ghiw tpil: ,
15. eLtz] muR njrpa nghplh; nkyhz]ik Mizaj;ij mikj;j Mz;L
m) 2005 ork;gh; 24 M) 2005 ork;gh; 23 12
,) 2005 etk;gh; 23 <) 2005 $îy 23 tpil: M
16. Mde;j; ntshz; gy;fiyf;fHfk; v=;Fs;sJ >
m) bly;yp M) F$uhj; ,) Kk;ig <) bfhy;fj;jh tpil: M
17. cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs; 2
m) $%d; 5 M) $%iy 5 ,) Vg;uy; 14 <) nk 5 tpil: m
,ay;
18. Tw;W 1 :
,aw;ifahdJ rkepiynahL ,Ue;jhy;jhd;/ me;je;jg; gUtepiyf;nfw;w
epfH;t[fs; elf;Fk;.
Tw;W 2 : cghpePh; fhy;tha;fSk; bts;sr;rkbtspfSk; bts;sg; bgUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
Mw;wy; mw;wit.
m) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: m
19. Tw;W 1 :
bts;sg;bgUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mikg;g[fis mHpj;J FoapUg;g[fs;/
bjhHpw;rhiyfs;/ fy;tp epWtd=;fis kdpjd; mikj;Js;shd;.
Tw;W 2 : kzy; ms;spajd; tpisthf bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpfpd;wd.
m) Tw;W 1 jtW/ 2 rhp M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp tpil: <
20. Tw;W 1 : bts;sg;bgUf;Ff; fhy=;fspy; kl;Lnk ek; ehl;oy; khw;W Vw;ghLfisr; bra;fpnwhk;.
Tw;W 2 :
bts;sk; toe;j gpwF bts;sg; bgUf;if vjph;bfhs;Sk; eltof;iffisj;
jpl;lkplt[k; jtWfpd;nwhk;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp M) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW

21. rhpahdijj; njh;f.
m) khkiH nghw;wJk; ? jpUts;Sth;
M) khhpay;yJ fhhpakpy;iy ? Kd;ndhh; bkhHp
,) ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF ? gHbkhHp
<) Kk;ig ? twl;rp tpil: M
m) Kk;ig ? 994 br.kP. kiH
M) `ny~ ? 250 br.kP. kiH
,) kPj;njd; ? gRikf;Foy; tha[
<) 2009Mk; Mz]L ? kpf btg;g Mz]L tpil: ,
m) ehw;gJ tpGf;fhL ? kzy; gw;whf;Fiw
M) vz]gj;JIe;J tpGf;fhL ? bts;sg;bgUf;fhy; nghplh;
,) $%d; 5 ? cyf td caphpd ehs;
<) cyfg; g[tp ehs; ? Vg;uy; 22 tpil: M
49
24. bghUj;Jf.
12 m) i\l;u$d; Mz]L ? 1. kpft[k; btg;gkhd Mz]L
M) u&;ah ? 2. fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;
,) 2009Mk; Mz]L ? 3. njrpag; nghplh; nkyhz]ik Mizak;
<) 2005 ork;gh; 23 ? 4. gRikf;Foy; tha[
m) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 M) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 ,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: M
2 25. caphpd=;fs; thH;tjw;F mog;gilahd kiH/ ................ ,d;wpaikahjJ.
m) bert[f;Fk; M) cHt[f;Fk; ,) flYf;Fk; <) kiyf;Fk; [tpil: M]
,ay;
26. t=;ff; flypYk; mugpf; flypYk; cUthFk; g[aYf;Fg; bgah; itf;Fk; vl;L ehLfspy;
bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) ,y=;if M) khyj;jPt[ ,) kpahd;kh; <) neghsk; [tpil: <]

27.
t=;ff;flypYk; mugpf; flypYk; cUthFk; g[ay;fSf;Fg; bgah; itf;f vl;L ehLfs;
tH=;fpa[s;s gl;oaypy; cs;s bgah;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 36 M) 64 ,) 96 <) 180 [tpil: M]

28.
fjputidr; Rw;wpa[s;s nfhs;fspy; ................ kl;Lnk caphpd=;fs; thH;tjw;F cfe;j
NH;epiy epyt[fpwJ.
m) re;jpudpy; M) tpahHdpy; ,) g[jdpy; <) g[tpapy; [tpil: <]
29. g[tp btg;gkiljy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpf; bfhz;l rpf;fy; vd;W Twpa ,=;fpyhe;jpd; mwptpay;
fUj;jhsh;
m) nltpl; b&g;gh;L M) nltpl; fp=;
,) iel; $hd; <) tpy;ypak; b\d;wp [tpil: M]
30. Mu;of; gFjp/ fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfspy; vj;jid ,yl;rk; rJu iky;fs; cUfpa[s;sJ>
m) 2 M) 4 ,) 20 <) 40 [tpil: M]
31. gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.

m) fhh;gd; il Mf;i!L M) kPj;njd;

,) iel;u!; Mf;i!L <) i\l;u$d; [tpil: <]
32. khw;W Mw;wy;fshf tps=;ff;Toatw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
i) Nhpa Mw;wy; ii) fhw;W Mw;wy;
iii) i\l;u$d; Mw;wy; iv) jhtu Mw;wy;
m) i), ii) rhp M) iii), iv) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: <]
33. If;fpa ehLfs; mit 1992Mk; Mz;L fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; nguitia
cUthf;fpa ,lk;
m) epa{ahh;f; M) i\j;jP ,) upnahob$dpnuh <) \hkpy;ld; [tpil: ,]
34. rhpahd tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.
i) I.eh. mit 1992Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fpa fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg;
nguitia cUthf;fpanghJ bjhlf;fj;jpy; 50 ehLfs; cWg;gpdh;fshf ,Ue;jd.
ii) gpd;dh; ,e;j vz;zpf;if 193 ehLfshf cah;e;jJ.
m) i) rhp M) ii) rhp
50 ,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,]
www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

35.
gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fis btspnaw;Wk; bjhHpw;rhiyfisf; bfhz;Ls;s ehLfisf;
fz;lwpf. 12
i) rPdh ii) ,u&;ah iii) mbkupf;fh iv) $g;ghd;
m) i), ii) rhp M) iii), iv) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: <]
36. fle;j 110 Mz;Lfspy; kpft[k; btg;gkhd Mz;lhf ,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;tj
[ ; Jiwapdh; mwptpj;j

Mz;L
m) 2006 M) 2008 ,) 2009 <) 2011 [tpil: ,]
2
,ay;
37.
................ Mk; Mz;ow;Fg; gpwF g[tpapd; btg;gk; Mz;ow;F Mz;L cah;e;Jbfhz;nl
nghfpwJ.
m) 2000 M) 2001 ,) 2004 <) 2006 [tpil: M]
38. g[tpapd; btg;gk; cah;e;J bfhz;nl nghdhy; mLj;j 50 Mz;Lfspy; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;e;J
cyfj;jpy; ................ nfho kf;fs; bts;sj;jhy; NHg;gLth;.
m) 100 M) 200 ,) 300 <) 250 [tpil: M]
39. cyfk; @d;wpy; ,uz;L g=;F ePuhy; NHg;gl;oUe;jhYk; ................ tpGf;fhL kf;fs; jz;zPh;g;
gw;whf;FiwnahL thH;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;.
m) 30 M) 40 ,) 45 <) 50 [tpil: M]
40. fle;j ehw;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l nghplh;fspy; 85% ................ Vw;gl;litna.
m) bts;sg;bgUf;fpdhy; M) epyeLf;fj;jhy;
,) nghhpdhy; <) ftdf;Fiwthy; [tpil: m]
41. rhpahdf; Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.

i) jkpHf epyg;gug;gpy;/ tpLjiyf;F Kd;g[/ Vwj;jhH Ik;gjhapuk; ePh;epiyfs; ,Ue;jd.
ii) jw;nghJ jkpHfj;jpy; ePh;epiyfs; ,Ugjhapukhff; Fiwe;Js;sd.
iii) brd;id/ kJiu Mfpa khefu=;fisr; Rw;wp kl;Lnk Vwj;jhH Ie;E}W Vhpfs;/ Fs=;fs;
fhzhky; ngha;tpl;ld.
m) i), ii) rhp M) ii), iii) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
42. epyj;jo ePh;kl;lj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf; bfhs;tjpy; ................ g=;F ,d;wpaikahjJ.
m) tz;ly; kz;zpd; M) fhpry; kz;zpd;
,) brk;kz;zpd; <) kzypd; [tpil: <]
FWtpdh
1. ,aw;ifr; rkepiy vd;why; vd;d>
kiHg;bghHpt[ @ykhf kz]gug;gpy; ePh; epiwe;J jhtu caphpd=;fSk;/ tpy=;fpd=;fSk;
njhd;wpd. ,t;thW rhh;e;J thGk; ,e;j caphpd=;fs; midj;Jk; xU FGthf xd;iwbahd;W
rhh;e;J thH;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;fhd czt[r; r=;fpypna ,aw;ifr; rkepiy vdg;gLk;.
2. rhh;f; mikg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehLfs; ahit>
,e;jpah/ ghfp!;jhd;/ ,y=;if/ t=;fnjrk;/ khyj;jPt[/ kpahd;kh;/ Xkd;/ jha;yhe;J.
3. fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
Nhpa Mw;wy;/ fhw;W Mw;wy;/ i\l;u$d; Mw;wy;/ jhtu Mw;wy; nghd;wit fhh;gd; mw;w
Mw;wy;fs; vdg;gLk;. 51
4. bgUkiHiaj; jh=;f ,aw;if je;j mikg;g[fs; ahit>
12 Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vhp/ MW/ tofhy;/ tha;f;fhy;fs;/ bts;sr; rkbtspfs; nghd;witna
bgUkiHiaj; jh=;f ,aw;if je;j mikg;g[fshFk;.
5. njrpa nghplh; Mizak; ve;bje;j epiyfspy; FGf;fis mikj;Js;sd>
khepyk;/ khtl;lk;/ Cuhl;rp/ rpw;W}uhl;rp vd midj;J epiyfspYk; njrpa nghplh;
2 nkyhz;ik Mizak; FGf;fis mikj;Js;sd.

6. F$uhj; tp+;+hdpfspd; kiHiaf; fzpf;Fk; mwpFwpfshff; Fwpg;gpLgit ahit >
,ay;
fhh;nkf=;fs; Nhpa cjaj;jpw;F 15/ 20 epkpl=;fSf;F Kd;djhff; fpHf;F thdj;jpy;

njhd;Wjy;/ brk;ik epw nkf=;fs;/ jpOh;g;g[ay;/ fhw;wpd;jpir/ ,o/ kpd;dy;/ gykhd fhw;W/
thdtpy;/ Kl;ilfisr; Rke;jpUf;Fk; vWk;g[fs;/ gwf;Fk; gUe;J/ Nhpaidr; Rw;wp xsptl;lk;/
btg;gKk; <ug;gjKkhd thdpiy/ J}Rg; gdp@l;lk; Kjypaitfns kiHiaf; fzpf;Fk;
mwpFwpfshff; F$uhj; tp+;+hdpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
7. vtw;iwbay;yhk; gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; vd;fpd;nwhk;>
fhh;gd; il Mf;i!L/ kPj;njd;/ iel;u!; Mf;irL/ Xnrhd;/ ePh;tha[ nghd;witfisg;
gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

8.
kiHapd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj; bjhlh;fs; KJbkhHpfs; rpytw;iwr;
rhd;whfj; jUf.
khkiH nghw;WJk;
ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF
khhpay;yJ fhhpakpy;iy
9. Mw;wpy; kzy; ms;Stjhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s nghplh; ahJ>

fle;j ehw;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l nghplh;fspy; 85% bts;sg; bgUf;fpdhy;
Vw;gl;litna MFk;. ,jw;F Kjd;ikahff; fhuzkhf miktJ Mw;wy; kzy; ms;Stnj
MFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. bts;sr; rkbtsp vd;why; vd;d> mjd; gad; ahJ>
bts;sr;rkbtsp :
bts;sr;rkbtsp vd;gJ Mw;wpd; ePnuhl;l tHpapy; ,aw;if cUthf;fpa fhg;guzhFk;.
bts;sr;rkbtspapd; gad; :
Mw;wpd; Xu=;fspy; goa[k; bghUs;fis Mw;w=;fiug; got[ vd;gh;.
gofpd;w bghUs;fshy; Mw;Wr; rkbtspapy; mlh;j;jpahd kzyhYk; kw;Wk; nrw;wpdhYk;
mLf;Fg; gotk; cUthFk;.
mg;gotk; bts;sg;bgUf;Ff; fhy=;fspy; ePiu cwp+;Rtjhy; bts;sg;bgUf;F
Vw;gLtJ Fiwa[k;.
ePh; khriltijj; jLf;Fk;" twl;rpf; fhy=;fspy; ePh;kl;lk; Fiwe;Jtpl;lhy; ghJfhf;Fk;.
cghpePh;f; fhy;tha;fSk; bts;sf;fhy=;fspy; gad; mila[k;.
52
2. nghplh; te;Jtpl;lhy; nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oait ahit >
gjw;wkiljiy Kw;wpYkhfj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;. 12
thdpiy Muha;r;rp ika=;fs; btspapLk; g[ay;/ kiH bjhlh;ghd fhy=;fspd;
mog;gilapy; bghJkf;fs; bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
tje;jpfis ek;gnth/ gpwhplk; gug;gnth TlhJ/
jPaizg;g[j;Jiw/ fhty;Jiw/ jd;dhh;t bjhz]L epWtd=;fs; ,tw;wpd; cjtpa[ld;
kPl;g[g; gzpia nkw;bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
2
,ay;
ghJfhg;g[g; gzpfspy; KGtJkhf <Lgl ntz;Lk;.
ghJfhg;g[ ika=;fs;/ kUj;Jtf; FGf;fs; Mfpatw;iw kpf mUfpny itj;jpUj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 28
1. bts;sg; nguHpt[ Fwpj;j ehspjH;r; bra;jpfisj; bjhFf;f.

flY}h;.
2015,y; cyifna cYf;fpa bts;sk; flY}hpy;. v=;Fg; ghh;j;jhYk; ML/ khLfs;
,we;Jf;fplf;Fk; fhl;rp flY}h;/ jhH=;Flh/ jpUte;jpg[uk;/ ej;jk;/ +hdnkL nghd;w
gFjpfspy; Foir tPLfs; jz;zPhpy; jj;jspj;jd. ku=;fs;/ kpd;fk;g=;fs; tpGe;jjhy;
kpd;rhuk; ,y;iy/ FoePh; ,y;iy/ ePh; nj=;fpajhy; bjhw;W neha;fs;. rpWth; Kjpath; ,wg;g[
vz;zw;w FLk;g=;fspd; j=;fs; thH;thjhuj;ij ,He;jdh;.
2004Mk; Mz;L ,nj flY}h;/ njtdhk;gl;odk;/ jhH=;Flh Mfpa gFjpfspy; Rdhkp
CUf;Fs; g[Fe;jJ. tPLfs;/ ku=;fs;/ kPd; gpoj;bjhHpy; bra;nthhpd; bghUs;fs;/ glFfs;
vy;yhk; flypy; @H;fp epiyFiye;jJ. Rkhh; 200f;Fk; nkw;gl;nlhh; caph;,He;jdh;. jha;
je;ijiag; gphpe;j FHe;ij/ fztid ,He;j kidtp vd;W miuFiw thH;f;ifia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2.
$^d; 5/ cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs;. ,e;ehspy; gs;spapd; Tl;lj;jpy; Vw;f ntz;oa bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
cWjpbkhHpia cUthf;Ff.
 kuk; tsh;g;nghk;-  befpHpiaj; jtph;g;nghk;-
kiH bgWnthk;-- kz; tsk; ghJfhg;nghk;--
 thfdg;g[if Fiwg;nghk;-  kiHePh; nj=;fhky; ghJfhg;ghfr; nrfhpg;nghk;-

tskhd thH;t[ thH;nthk;-- bfhRit xHpg;nghk;--
 kf;Fk;/ kf;fhf; Fg;ig vdg; gphpg;nghk;-  Jzpg;igiaj; J}f;Fnthk;-

khdpl rKjhak; fhg;nghk;-- Jf;fkpd;wp thH;nthk;--

53
12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
2 gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil
? ma;ag;g khjtd;
2
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. euk;g[fSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;of; bfhz]oUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) Nhpa xspf;fjph; M) kiH nkf=;fs;
,) kiHj;Jspfs; <) ePh;epiyfs; tpil: ,
FWtpdh
1. èfuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ~ ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
kiH nkfj;jhy; efuk; ,Us; NH;e;jJ. bga;bad kiH bga;jJ.
jpObud Nhpad; njhd;w kiHnkfj;jhy; kiwe;jpUe;j efuk; gpufhrkha;f; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
rpy kiHj;Jspfspd;kPJ gLfpd;w Nhpaf; fjph;fspd; gpujpgypg;ghy; efunk bts;is
itukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
rpWtpdh
1. èPh;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjph;fs;~~ ? ,f;ftpijapd; mo/
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhnd~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; bjhlh;r;rpaha;

miktijg; gw;wp vGJf.
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhd;~
Vw;wk; ,iwg;gth;fs; mYg;g[j; bjhpahky; ,Uf;f ghLk; ghly;fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;W.
tpoa[k; nghJ @=;fpy; ,iy Edpapy; xU brhl;L gdpePh; ituk; itj;jJ nghy
,Uf;Fk;. Nhpadpd; xspf;fjph;fs; me;j xUJsp ePiua[k; tpl;L itf;fhky; jhnd vLj;Jf;
bfhs;thd;.
mjpfhiyapy; @=;fpy; ,iyapy; ,Uf;Fk; gdpePiu kPz]Lk; Nhpad; th=;fpf; bfhs;fpwhd;.
,BJ Xh; ePh;tl;lk;.
`èPh;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Fwpj;J
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjph;fs;~~
ePh; epiyfis te;jila[k; kiH ePiur; Nhpad; jd; xspf;fjph; vd;w cjLfshy;
cwp+;Rfpwhd;.
thdpy; ,Ue;J tpGk; kiH ePiu kPz]Lk; thDf;nf vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;whd; Nhpad;. ,J
54 xU ePh; tl;lk;.
eak; :
ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghlypy; xU Jsp gdp ePiuf;Tl Nhpad; tpLtjpy;iy" jd; xspf;fjph;fshy; 12
vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
`gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil~ ftpijapy; ftp+h; kiHahf te;J ePh;epiyfis epug;g[k; ePiuj;
jd; fjph;fshy; ,jH; Ftpj;J cwp+;RfpwJ Nhpad; vd;fpwhh;.
gdpj;Jspia th=;fpf; bfhz]lhd; fjputd; ? ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;.
2
ePh;epiy kiHj;Jspfis cwp+;Rf; bfhz]lhd; fjputd; ? gpwF xU ehs; nfhil.
,ay;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. gfYk; ,ut[k; re;jpg;gJ
m) ,ut[ M) me;jp ,) itfiw <) ahkk; tpil: M
2. ePh;epiyapy; ,Ue;J xspf;fjph; ePiu vg;go vLj;Jf;bfhz]lJ>
m) fu=;fshy; gUfp M) ePhpy; @H;fp
,) cjLfs; Ftpj;J <) Ftisapy; gpoj;J tpil: ,
3. ma;ag;g khjtd; ,a=;fp tUk; Jiwfs;
m) ,jHpay; Jiw/ jpiuj;Jiw M) fy;tpj;Jiw/ ,jHpay; Jiw
,) ,irj;Jiw/ ,jHpay; Jiw <) xspj;Jiw/ jpiuj;Jiw tpil: m
4. ek; ghlg;gFjp vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s bjhFg;g[
m) ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijfs; M) ePh;btsp
,) gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil <) kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH tpil: m
5. Tw;W rhpah> jtwh>

Tw;W 1 : efuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : br=;Fj;jha; ,w=;fpa kiHiaf; fuj;jpDs; tHpa tpLfpnwd;.
m) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW
Tw;W 1 : kPjkhd brhl;Lfis <ukhd ku=;fs; jiyairj;J cjWfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : btapy; fz]l gwitfs; btapy; jh=;fhky; tPH;fpd;wd.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp tpil: ,
Tw;W 1 : if Ve;jp th=;fpa Jspfs; euk;g[fSf;Fs; kj;jsk; mof;fpd;wJ.
Tw;W 2 : nghd kiH kPz]Lk; jpUk;ghJ vd miyfpnwd;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: <
55
12 m) efuk; ? mikjpahapUe;jJ
M) ePh;r;RtLfs; ? Rtbu=;Fk; ,Ue;jd
,) ku=;fs; ? nth;tpl;ld
<) gwitfs; ? r=;fPjk; ,irf;ftpy;iy tpil: M
2 9.

bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
m) ku=;fs; ? jiyairj;J cjWfpwJ
M) gwitfs; ? r=;fPjk; ,irj;jd
,ay;
,) Rth; ? ePh;r;RtLfs; mHpj;jd

<) euk;g[fs; ? kj;jsk; ,irj;jd tpil: <
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) ,d;W ? 1. ma;ag;g khjtd;
M) ePh;btsp ? 2. ftpijf;FWk;glk;
,) rptf=;if ? 3. ftpij E}y;
<) euk;g[fs; ? 4. tPiz
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 tpil: ,
11. bghUj;Jf.
m) efuk; ? 1. euk;g[f;Fs; kPl;Ljy;
M) gwitfs; ? 2. cjLfs;
,) tPiz ? 3. ituk;
<) xspf;fjph;fs; ? 4. r=;fPjk;
m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 ,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: <
12. `gpwbfhUehs; nfhil~ vd;Dk; ftpij vLf;fg;gl;l ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
m) kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH M) ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;
,) ePh;btsp <) ma;ag;gkhjtd; ftpijfs; [tpil: <]
13. ma;ag;g khjtdpd; `,d;W~ vd;gJ

m) ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ M) ftpijf; FWk;glk;
,) Mtzg;glk; <) g[jpdk; [tpil: M]
14. ma;ag;gd; khjtdpd; khtl;lk; ............... Ch; ...............

m) j+;rht{h;/ gUj;jpf;nfhl;il M) rptf=;if/ ehl;lurd; nfhl;il
,) kJiu/ mtzpahg[uk; <) jpUbey;ntyp/ ts;spa{h; [tpil: M]
15. ma;ag;g khjtDf;Fj; bjhlh;gpy;yhj ftpijj; bjhFg;gpidf; fz;lwpf.

m) kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH M) ehbdd;gJ ntbwUtd;
,) ePh;btsp <) ePh;tpHpuhfk; [tpil: <]
16.
nghd kiH jpUk;gt[k; tUbkd;W nkf=;fis btwpj;Jf; bfhz;L miHfpnwd; vd;W
ghoath;
m) ma;ag;g khjtd; M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) ntQnfhghyd; <) Mj;khehk; [tpil: m]
56
FWtpdh 12
1. ma;ag;g khjtd; btspapl;Ls;s ftpij E}y;fs; ahit>
kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH
ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;
ePh;btsp 2
2. btspy; fz;l gwitfspd; bray; ahJ>
,ay;
btspiyf; fz;l gwitfs; cw;rhfk; gPwpl r=;fPjk; ,irf;fpd;wd.
3. R{hpaidf; fz;l ku=;fspd; bray; ahJ>
R{hpaidf; fz;l <ukhd ku=;fs; kPjKs;s brhl;Lf;fis jiyairj;J cjWfpd;wd.
rpWtpdh
1. kiHapypUe;J tpLgLk; Chpd; jd;ikiaf; ftp+h; ma;ag;g khjtd; vf;FwpaPLfspd; @yk;
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;>
kiH epd;wjhy; Rth;fs; kPJ tHpe;njhoa kiHePh; epd;wJ.
bfh+;rk; ,Ue;j ePh; RtLfisa[k; Rth; ntfkhfj; jd; trk;gLj;jpf; bfhz]lJ.
<ukhd ku=;fs; j=;fs; fpisfis mirj;J jd; kPJ glh;e;jpUe;j kPjkhd ePh;j;Jspfisa[k;
cjwpaJ.
btapiyf; fz]ljhy;/ kiH ePUf;F m+;rpapUe;j gwit cw;rhfk; btspg;gl jd; Fuyhy;
r=;fPjk; ,irj;jJ.
,itna mt;t{h; kiHapypUe;J tpLgLtijf; Fwpg;gpLk; FwpaPLfshf ma;ag;g
khjtd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
2. ftp+h; ma;ag;g khjtd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ vGJf.

bgah; : ma;ag;g khjtd;
Ch; : rptf=;if ? ehl;lurd; nfhl;il
gzp : jpiuj;Jiw/ ,jHpay; Jiw
E}y;fs; : kiHf;F gpwFk; kiH/ ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;/ ePh; btsp.
,d;W vd;w ftpijf; FWk;glj;ija[k; btspapl;Ls;shh;.
57
12 fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 29
`kiH~ bjhlh;ghd ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J ,jH; xd;W cUthf;Ff.

xU kiHj; Jsp kiH
ahUkpy;yh bgUbtspapy; thdk; kdk;
2 xw;iw kiHj; Jsp- Fsph;e;J
xnu xU g{tpd;
,ay;
jd;
,jHpd; ,ilbtspapy;
nerkhd cwthd
cl;g[Fe;J
btspnaWk; jUzj;jpy;- g{kpf;Fg; ghprhf
v=;fpUe;njh te;j mspf;Fk; mjpra

tz;blhd;W tpe;ijna
Jspapd; kpr;rj;ija[k;
``kiH~~
Jilj;bjhpe;jJ.
mHF kiH kiH bga;fpwJ
kiH mHF- vy;nyhUf;Fk;
bghJthf;fj;jhd; bga;fpwJ
kiHapy; eidtJ mHF- kiH.....
kiHapd; Cnl btapy; mHF- rpyh; eidfpwhh;fs;-
rpyh; Fil gpof;fpwhh;fs;-
kiHapy; FHe;ijapd; fhfpjf; fg;gy; rpyh; Xo xspfpwhh;fs;-
mHF-
Mdhy;.....
kiHf;Fg; gpd; kz; thrid mHF-
FHe;ijfs; kl;Lnk
kiH ,utpd; Fsph; mHF- mk;khtpd; gpoapypUe;J tpyfp

kiHapy;
mLj;jehs; bga;a[k; kiHa[k; mHF- eidfpwhh;fs;.

58
12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
2 beLey;thil
? ef;fPuh;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; 2
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUj;jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtph;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2. ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: M
2. `bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd` ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) tpidj; bjhif M) chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; <) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; tpil: <
FWtpdh
1. ,depiu ? gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
,depiu ? ,dk; + epiu
`kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k; MFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J `,depiu~ vdg;
g[zh;e;jJ.
rpWtpdh
1. thilf; fhyj;jpy; nfhtyh;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; njodh;>
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg; bga;jJ.
jhH;thd gFjpapy; bts;sk; bgUfpwJ.
nfhtyh;fs; jh=;fs; nkatpl;oUe;j vUik/ gR/ ML Mfpa epiufis nklhd
epy=;fSf;F khw;wpdh;.
gHfpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; g[J ,lj;ij mile;jjhy; tUe;jpdh;.
jz]zPh; jhH;thd gFjpapy; epuk;gp tpLk; vd;gjhy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf nklhd gFjpf;Fr;
brd;wdh;. ePh;j;Jspfs; nkny gLtjhYk;/ thilf;fhw;wpd; Fsph;r;rp kpFjpahYk;
clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nrh;e;J bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;.
59
12 beLtpdh
1. beLey;thilapy; ef;fPuh; fhl;Lk; kiHf;fhy tUzidiar; brhy;ypy; tof;f.
Ig;grp khjk; mil kiHf;fhyk; vd;ghh;fs;. gHe;jkpHh; Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif khj=;fis
Tjph;g;gUtk; vd;W miHj;jdh;. gUt khw;w=;fshy; capupd=;fspd; ,ay;g[ thH;f;if
khw;wk; bgWfpwJ.
2 Ky;iy epy kf;fs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy=;Ffs; ,tw;wpd; thH;tpy; kiH Fspuhy; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fj;jpid beLey;thil tUzid bra;fpwJ.
,ay;
nkfk; jhd; j=;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhf NH;e;J vGe;jJ. cyfk; FspUk;goahf

kiHg; bghHpe;jJ. kiH bts;sk; jhH;thdg; gFjpia nehf;fpr; brd;wJ. bts;sj;ij
btWj;j kf;fs; ' tise;j nfhiya[ila Mah;fs; jk; epiufis nklhd gFjpapy;
nkatpl;ldh;.
kf;fs; jhk; gHfpa epyj;ijtpl;L ntW ,lk; brd;wjhy; tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.

nfhtyh;fs; NoapUe;j fhe;js; khiy fr=;fpaJ. Fspuhy; kf;fs; bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy;
iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;/ gw;fs; eL=;fpaJ.
tpy=;Ffs; Fsph; kpFjpahy; nka;r;riy kwe;jd" Fu=;Ffs; eL=;fpd" gwitfs; epyj;jpy;

tpGe;jd. gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfisj; jtph;j;jd.
kiyiana Fspur; bra;td nghd;W ,Ue;jJ vd;W ef;fPuh; kiHf;fhy tUzidapid

beLey;thilapy; gjpt[ bra;fpwhh;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
tis, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
bgha;ah ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
g[Jg;bgay; ? gz]g[j;bjhif
bfhL=;nfhy; ? gz]g[j;bjhif
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
fy=;fp = fy=;F + ,
fy=;F ? gFjp
, ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
g[zh;r;rp tpjp
g[Jg;bgay; = g[Jik + bgay;

`<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go ìk~ bfl;L g[J + bgay; vd;whdJ.
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go `g;~ njhd;wp/ `g[Jg;bgay;~
vdg; g[zh;e;jJ.
60
TLjy; tpdhf;fs; 12
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. `Mh;fyp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) Nhpad; M) bts;sk; ,) fly; <) epyh [tpil: M] 2
2. `fy=;fp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; rhpahd gFgj cWg;gpyf;fz gphpg;g[ Kiw
,ay;
m) fy+=;+f;+, M) fy=;fp+, ,) fy=;F+f;+, <) fy=;F+, [tpil: <]
3. thilf;fhw;W ve;jj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J tPRk;>
m) tlnkw;F M) tlf;F ,) bjd;fpHf;F <) bjw;F [tpil: M]
4. nghh;nkw;brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; gil tPL

m) flit M) rptpuk; ,) Tjph;g;ghriw <) tPlhuk; [tpil: ,]
5. Mah;fs; NoapUe;j khiy

m) Fwp+;rp khiy M) ky;ypif khiy
,) thif khiy <) fhe;js; khiy [tpil: <]
6. `cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go mike;j brhy;

m) bfhL=;nfhy; M) g[Jg;bgay;
,) tyndw;g[ <) fz]Qila [tpil: ,]
7. `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go mike;j brhy;

m) ,depiu M) VWil ,) g[Jg;bgay; <) bfhL=;nfhy; [tpil: m]
8. `tis,~ ? vd;w brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) kqc M) brhy;ypir msbgil
,) ,irepiwasbgil <) ,d;dpirasbgil [tpil: M]

9. btw;wp bgw;w murDk; tPuUk; NLk; g{
m) fh+;rp M) Jk;ig ,) thif <) t+;rp [tpil: ,]
10. Tw;W 1 : jhk; gHfpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; bgaUk; epiyahy; tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.
Tw;W 2 : bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp <) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW [tpil: ,]
11. Tw;W : t
ise;j nfhiya[ila Mah; vUik/ gR/ ML/ Mfpa epiufis nklhd
epy=;fspy; nkatpl;ldh;.
tpsf;fk; : cyfk; FspUkhW g[jpa kiH bghHpe;jjhy; jhH;thd gFjpfspy; bgUfpa
bts;sj;jhy; nklhd epyk; brd;wdh;.
m) Tw;W rhp tpsf;fk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW tpsf;fk; jtW
,) Tw;Wk; tpsf;fKk; rhp <) Tw;W jtW tpsf;fk; rhp [tpil: ,]
61
12 m) thif ? Jiw
M) Tjph;g;ghriw ? jpiz
,) bfhL=;nfhy; ? tise;j nfhy;
<) fz]zp ? fd;dk; tpil: ,
2 13.

bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
m) g[Jg;bgay; ? g[jpa tay;
M) g[yk;g[ ? jdpik
,ay;
,) kh ? tpy=;F
<) ft[s; ? fd;dk; tpil: m
14. bghUe;jhjijf; njh;f.
m) g[Jg;bgay; ? <Wnghjy;/ ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd;
frjg kpFk;.
M) bfhL=;nfhy; ? <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
,) tyndw;g[ ? caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
<) ,depiu ? kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k; tpil: ,
15. bghUj;Jf.
m) Mh;fyp ? 1. bgz] Fu=;F
M) ft[s; ? 2. jiyapy; NLk; khiy
,) ke;jp ? 3. fd;dk;
<) fz]zp ? 4. bts;sk;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil: ,
16. beLey;thilia ,aw;wpath;
m) fgpyh; M) guzh; ,) ef;fPuh; <) nkhrpfPudhh;[tpil: ,]
17. beLey;thilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;

m) nrhHd; fhpfhyd; M) nrud; br=;Fl;Ltd;
,) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad; [ iy ghhp [tpil: ,]
<) gwk;gk
18. ef;fPuhpd; je;ij
m) kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; M) kh=;Fo kUjdhh;
,) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhh; <) ,th;fspy; vtHUkpyh; [tpil: m]
19. beLey;thil ................ E}y;Ss; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F <) ePjp [tpil: M]
20. beLey;thil ................ mofisf; bfhz;lJ.

m) 144 M) 150 ,) 188 <) 196 [tpil: ,]
21. beLey;thil mike;Js;s gh
m) btz;gh M) Mrphpag;gh ,) fypg;gh <) tpUj;jg;gh [tpil: M]
62
22. fy=;fp ? ,r;brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) fy + =; + f; + , M) fy=;F + , 12
,) fy=;F + f; + , <) fy + f; + f; + , [tpil: M]
23. g[Jg;bgah; ? ,r;brhy;Yf;Fhpa g[zh;r;rp tpjpfisf; fz;lwpf.

i) <Wnghjy;
ii) Kd;epd;w bka; jphpjy;
2
iii) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;.
,ay;
m) i, ii rhp M) ii, iii rhp ,) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
<) i, iii rhp
24. Tjph;g;gUtj;jpw;Fhpa khj=;fs;
m) ij/ khrp M) g=;Fdp/ rpj;jpiu
,) Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif <) khh;fHp/ ij [tpil: ,]
25. fz;zp vd;gJ

m) fGj;jpy; mzpa[k; khiy M) jiyapy; NLk; khiy
,) ifapy; mzpa[k; mzpfyd; <) fhypy; mzpa[k; jHy; [tpil: M]
26. Tjph;g; ghriw vd;gJ

m) nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPL
M) nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; njhw;Wg; gJ=;Fk; giltPL
,) jiytDk; jiytpa[k; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; tPL
<) nghhpy; fhak; mile;j kd;dd; rpfpr;ir bgWkplk; [tpil: m]
27. Mah; ................ khiyiaj; jiyapy; NoapUe;jdh;.
m) mj;jp M) Ky;iy ,) fhe;js; <) Fwp+;rp [tpil: ,]
28. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Fspuhy; eL=;fpait
m) gwitfs; M) Fu=;Ffs; ,) gRf;fs; <) vUJfs; [tpil: M]

29. `kh~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) gwit M) tpy=;F ,) thdk; <) g{kp [tpil: M]
30. fd;Wnfhs; xHpaf; foa tPrp
Fd;W Fsph;g;gd;d Tjph;g; ghdhs;
?,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa eak;
m) vJif M) ,iag[ ,) Kuz; [tpil: m]
<) me;jhjp
FWtpdh
1. `beLey;thil~ ? bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
jiytidg; gphpe;j jiytpf;Fj; Jd;g kpFjpahy; beLthil (ePz]l thil)ahf
,Ue;jJ.
nghh;g;ghriwapy; ,Ue;j jiytDf;F btw;wp bgw VJthd ey;thilahf ,Ue;jJ.
63
2. ef;fPuu; gw;wpa rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.
12 kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfd; ef;fPuh;.
mfehD}w;wpy; 17 ghly;fs;/ FWe;bjhifapy; 8 ghly;fs;/ ew;wpizapy; 7 ghly;fs;/
g[wehD}w;wpy; 3 ghly;fs; ghoa[s;shh;.
,iwadhh; fstpaYf;Fr; rpwe;j ciuje;jth;.
2 fgpyh;/ guzh; fhyj;jth;.

188 mofis cilia `beLey;thil~ vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath;.
,ay;
3. `thifj;jpiz~ tpsf;Ff.
btw;wp bgw;w murDk; mtdJ tPuh;fSk; btw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg;g{itr;
NLtjhFk;.
jh=;fs; bgw;w btw;wpiaf; bfhz]lJ thifj;jpiz.
4. `Tjph;g;ghriw~ vd;why; vd;d>
Tjph;g;ghriw vd;gJ nghh;nkw;bfhz;l murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; jh=;Fk; giltPlhFk;.
5. Tjph;gUtk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif khj=;fs; Tjph;g;gUtkhFk;.
6. Fsphpidg; nghf;f nfhtyh;fs; vd;d bra;jhh;fs;>
nfhtyh;fs; gyUk; Tof; bfhs;sp beUg;gpdpy; iffisf; fhl;o Nlhf;fp Fsphpidg; nghf;f
Kaw;rpj;jhh;fs;.
rpWtpdh
1. Tjph; fhyj;jpd; jd;ikahd beLey;thil Fwpg;gpLgit ahit>
tpy=;Ffs; nka;r;riy kwe;jd.
bgz] Fu=;Ffspd; cly; Fspuhy; Tdpg; nghapd.
gwitfs; Fspuhy; eL=;fp kuj;jpd; kPjpUe;J fPnH tpGe;jd.
ghy; Fof;f tUk; fd;Wfisg; gRf;fs; cijj;Jj; js;spd.

Fd;nw Fsph;e;jJ nghy Tjph;fhyj;jpd; jd;ik ,Ue;jJ.
2. thifj; jpiz rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

jpiz tpsf;fk;:
btw;wpbgw;w murDk; mtdJ tPuu;fSk; btw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg; g{itr;
No btw;wpiaf; bfhz;lhLtJ thifj; jpizahFk;.
rhd;W:
itafk; gzpg;g tyndh;g[ tis,g;
bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd...
? vd;w beLey;thilg; ghly;.
bghUj;jk;:
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ. thilf;fhw;wpd; Fsph;r;rp kpFjpahYk; clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nrh;e;J bfhs;sp
beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;. mth;fnshL kd;dDk; ghriwapy; Fsph;fhyj;jpy;
64
btw;wpiaf; bfhz;lhodhd;.
3. `Tjph;g;ghriw~ Jiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
12
Tjph;g;ghriw vd;gJ nghh;nkw;bfhz;l murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; jh=;Fk; giltPlhFk;.
rhd;W:
itafk; gzpg;g tyndh;g[ tis,g;

bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd...
? vd;w beLey;thilg; ghly;.
2
,ay;
bghUj;jk;:
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ. thilf;fhw;wpd; Fsph;r;rp kpFjpahYk; clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nrh;e;J bfhs;sp
beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdh;. mth;fnshL nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy;
j=;Fk; giltPL Tjph;g;ghriw.
jw;fhy thH;f;ifKiwapy; kiH/ Fsph; fhy=;fspy; ,ay;g[ thH;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLtJ Fwpj;J

tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.
Mrphpah; : khzt ? khztpaUf;F tzf;fk;/ ,d;W/ kiH kw;Wk; Fsph;fhy=;fspy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;g[g; gw;wp c=;fnshL fye;Jiuahl te;Js;nsd;.
khzth;fs; : Iah- mwpe;Jbfhs;s kpf Mtyhf ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
Mrphpah; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp- brhy;fpnwd;.
khzth;fs; : cWjpahf Iah- eh=;fs; c=;fs; mwpt[iug;gona ele;J bfhs;nthk; Iah-
Mrphpah; : ey;yJ/ md;g[ khzth;fns-
Kjyhtjhf kiHf;fhyg; ghjpg;g[ :
kiHf;fhy=;fspy; kiH ? Mil mzpe;J bfhs;stpy;iy vd;why; rsp/

Ruk; ,itfspd; thapyhf cly; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shFk;.
tPl;oidr; Rw;wp nklhd mikg;g[ ,y;iy vdpy; kiH ePh; nj=;Fk;.
ePh;nj=;fpdhy; bfhRj;bjhy;iy Vw;gLk; mghak; Vw;gLk;.
kiHf;fhyj;jpy; kpd;fk;g=;fSf;F mUfpy; epw;wy;/ ku=;fSf;Ff; fPnH
epw;wy; nghd;w bray;fshYk; ghjpg;g[ kw;Wk; Mgj;J Vw;gLk;.
bkhl;il khoapd; nky; ePh;nj=;fhky; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;/ nj=;fpdhy;
nkw;Tiu ePhpdhy; Cwp tPnl ,oe;JtpGk; NHy; Vw;gLk;.
Fsph;fhy=;fspy;/ jiyf;F fk;gsp Mil/ fhJf;F milg;ghDk; mzpa
ntz;Lk;/ ,y;iybadpy; Fsph;f;fhw;W fhjpy; g[Fe;J fha;r;rpy;/ rsp
bjhe;jutpid cz;lhf;Fk;. mjpfkhd Fsph; rpW FHe;ijfSf;Fr; rpWrpW
cly; cghijfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
vdnt/ tUKd;dh; fhg;nghk; vd;Dk; Tw;Wg;go ek;ik ehnk fhf;f Kw;gl
ntz;Lk;.
 65
12
2
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk;
Kjy;fy;
? cj;jknrhHd;
2
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghWg;g[zh;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; bghWg;g[zh;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyj;ij
tpthpf;f.
Kd;Diu :
cyf caph;fis thHitg;gJ kiH. me;j kiHia ehk; Kiwahfg; ghJfhf;fhky; rpy
caph;fisa[k;/ gaph;fisa[k; ehrkhf;Ffpnwhk;. mijf; fz;L kdk; behe;J jdp kdpjdhf
,Ue;J jk; Ciug; bghWg;g[zh;r;rpahy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyd;fisg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
kiHapd; nfhuk; :
t=;ff;flypy; cUthd Fiwe;j fhw;wGj;jf; jhH;t[ kz;lyj;jhy; kzpf;F E}W fpnyh
kPl;lh; ntfj;jpy; fhw;Wld; Toa kiH bga;fpwJ. ehw;Wg; gpL=;fp/ cuk; nghl;L el;L
xU thunk Md FHe;ij nghy; fhl;rpaspj;j gaph;fs; vy;yhk; kiHapy; @H;fpaJ. cghp ePh;
btspnawtpy;iy ,g;gona nghdhy; mGfptpLk; vd;d bra;tJ vd;W V=;fpdhd; kUjd;.
cghpePh; btspnaw;wk; :
fhw;iwa[k;/ kiHiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky; fiu tHpna te;jhd;. cghpj; jz;zPh;
btspnaw ntz;oa kjif vl;og; ghh;j;jhd;. kjifr; Rw;wp kl;Lky;yhky; Ciur; Rw;wp
v=;F ghh;j;jhYk; kz;of;fple;j bea;ntyp fhl;lhkzf;F jz;zPiuj; jLj;J epWj;jpf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
kUjdpd; ey;nahrid :
kUjd;/ gaph;fs; @H;fhkYk; bkhj;j fpuhk=;fSk; jg;gpf;f ey;y tHpia nahrpj;jhd;.
jd; capiug; gw;wp rpwpJk; ftiyg;glhky; jz;zPhpy; ,w=;fp broiag; gpL=;fp mhpe;jhd;.
khhp tUjy; :
khhp ,e;jr; rdpad;gpor;r broahyjhd; jz;zp toa khl;nl=;FJ" eP thlh bfh+;r
cjtp bra; vd;whd; kUjd;. mtd; kWj;jij vz;zp kUjd; nfhgk; mile;jhd;.
kUjdpd; Mf;fk; :
,g;gona nghdhy; Cnu ehw;wk; vLj;J tpLk; vd;W Vf;fj;njhL brofisg; gpo=;fpf;
bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;nghJ me;j tHpahf te;j fpHtd; fhspag;gdplk; Twpdhd;. mth; bghpa
epyf;fpHhh; vd;gjhy; tPl;L xUth; te;J brofisg; gpo=;fp gapiua[k;/ capiua[k; fhg;ghw;w
Koa[k; vd;W vz;zp mthplKk; Twpdhd;. mtUk; gpd; th=;fpdhh;. gpwF gpnuk;Fkhiur;
re;jpj;jhd;" mtDk; gy fhuzk; Twptpl;L efh;e;jhd;.
66
kUjdpd; g[yk;gy; :
tPL jpUk;gpa kUjd; CUf;F Vw;gLk; Mgj;ij ahhplKk; brhy;yp gyd; ,y;iy. kd 12
typahy; Joj;jhd; cz;ztpy;iy/ cw=;ftpy;iy. ftiy njha;e;j Kfj;njhL kPz;Lk;
,unthL ,uthf fhl;lhkzf;F bro gpL=;f fpsk;gpdhd;.
my;yp tUjy; :
Koia ms;spr; brhUfpf; bfhz;L tha;f;fhiy nehf;fp ele;jhs; my;yp. jd;de;jdpna
jz;zPhpy; kUjd; gLk;ghl;ilf; fz;L jpifj;jhs;. mtis mwpahknyna g[litia 2
thpe;Jf;fl;o tha;f;fhypy; ,w=;fpdhs;.
,ay;
khkh eP brhy;wJ ep$k;jhd;. CU ey;yh ,Ue;jhjhd; ehk ey;yh ,Uf;f Koa[k;. ePa[k;
ehDk; nrh;e;J bra;nthk; vd;W bra;jhs;.
Ch; kf;fs; tuy; :
beho neuj;jpy; Ch; kpuhR fhspag;gd; tz;oapypUe;J Fjpj;J ntl;oiaf; fiuapy;
nghl;Ltpl;L tha;f;fhypy; ,w=;fpdhh;. tz;of;fhud; @yk; bra;jp gutpaJ. Cnu To
tha;f;fhiy nehf;fp XoaJ .
Kot[iu :
``mHptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mhp tHpgaf;Fk;
CjpaKk; NH;e;J bray;~~
vd;gjw;F Vw;g thGk; CUf;F vt;tpjj;jpyhtJ ed;ik bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp
Muha;e;J bray;gl;L Ciuna bray;gl itj;j kUjdpd; gz;g[eyd; ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ.
2. g[ay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FoapUg;g[fSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;g[fisr;
rhpbra;af; nfhhp c=;fs; Ch; kpd;thhpag; bghwpahsh;fSf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
mDg;g[eh;
Ch;g; bghJ kf;fs;/
ghisa=;nfhl;il/
jpUbey;ntyp.

bgWeh;
cah;jpU kpd;thhpag; bghwpahsh;/
kpd;thhpa mYtyfk;/
jpUbey;ntyp.
Iah/
bghUs; : kpd; ,izg;g[fisr; rhp bra;a ntz;LtJ bjhlh;ghf.
tzf;fk;.
fle;j khjk; ehd;fhk; ehs; ghisa=;nfhl;ilapy; tPrpa jhnd g[ayhy; ku=;fs; kpd;
fk;g=;fs; Kw;wpYk; rha;e;jd. kpd; ,izg;g[ Jz;of;fg;gl;L kf;fs; kpft[k; Jd;gj;jpw;F
cs;shfp tUfpd;wdh;. ,utpy; btspna bry;tjw;F mr;rkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mjyhy; mUs;Th;e;J
mWe;J fplf;Fk; kpd;fk;gpfisr; rhpbra;J kpd; ,izg;g[j; jUkhW nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwhk;.
ed;wp/
,g;gof;F/
j=;fs; cz;ika[s;s/
Ch;g; bghJ kf;fs;. 67
ghisa=;nfhl;il.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
12 cah;jpU kpd;thhpag; bghwpahsh;/
kpd;thhpa mYtyfk;/
jpUbey;ntyp.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
2
gyt[s; bjhpf
,ay;
1. `cj;jk nrhHd;~ mth;fspd; ,aw;bgah;

m) bry;td; M) brauh$; ,) bry;tuh$; <) bry;yj;Jiu tpil: ,
2. `Kjy;fy;~ rpWfij ,lk; bgw;w bjhFg;g[
m) Muk;gk; ,g;goj;jhd; M) rpe;J Or;rh;
,) j+;ir rpWfijfs; <) FUtp kwe;j TL tpil: ,
3. `Kjy;fy;~ rpWfijapd; Mrphpah;
m) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; M) cj;jknrhHd; ,) $hdfpuhkd; <) R$hjh tpil: M
4. fhspag;gd; jd; kfisj; jpUkzk; Koj;Jf; bfhLj;jjhff; Twpa Ch;
m) thdkhnjtp M) cyfse;jhs; njtp ,) Nug;gs;sk; <) fpHf;Ff;fiu tpil: m
5. Tw;W 1 : tPl;Lf;F xU Ms; mhpths;/ kz]btl;oa[ld; totha;f;fhy; fiuf;F tu ntz]Lk;.
Tw;W 2 : eP brhy;tJ ep$k;jhd; khkh. Ch; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; ehKk; ed;whf ,Uf;fyhk;.
m) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW M) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp tpil: <
6. Tw;W 1 : ``,t;tst[ ePsk; kz]of;fplf;Fk; brofis mhpe;J vwptJ nyrhd fhhpakh >~~
Tw;W 2 : Ch;f;fhuh;fs; vy;nyhUk; xd;whfr; nrh;e;jhy;/ xnu ehspy; tha;f;fhYk;
J}a;ikahfptpLk;.
m) Tw;W 1 rhp 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; rhp
,) Tw;W 1 jtW 2 rhp <) Tw;W ,uz]Lk; jtW tpil: M
m) kUjd; ? FKjk;
M) gpnuk;Fkhh; ? ehTh;gpr;ir
,) fhspag;gd; ? ntiyahs;
<) khhpKj;J ? tptrhap tpil: M
m) 60 ntyp ? Chpd; bkhj;j epyk;
M) my;yp ? kUjdpd; mk;kh
,) Ky;iyak;kh ? fhspg;gdpd; jha;
<) fhspag;gd; ? trjpaw;wth; tpil: m
68
9. bghUe;jhjijj; njh;f.
m) totha;f;fhy; ? fhl;lhkzf;Fr; bro 12
M) g{tur jiH ? khl;Lf;F czt[
,) fhspag;gd; ? tpy; tz]o
<) kUjd; ? my;yp tpil: ,
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) Ky;iyak;kh ? 1. tiynghLgth; 2
M) ehTh; gpr;ir ? 2. my;yp
,ay;
,) khhpKj;J ? 3. fhspag;gd;
<) kUjd; ? 4. gpnuk;Fkhh;
m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: ,
11. j+;irr; rpWfijfs; vd;Dk; bjhFg;gpDf;F chpath;
m) bry;tuh$; M) nrhiy Re;jug; bgUkhs;
,) nkyhz;ik bghd;Drhkp <) ,th;fspy; vtUkpyh; [tpil: M]
12. cj;jk nrhHdpd; Ch;
m) Fk;gnfhzk; mUnf rptg[uk; M) jpUj;Jiwg;g{z;o mUnf ePthk;khs;g[uk;
,) flY}h; mUnf k+;rf;Fg;gk; <) kapyhLJiw mUnf njuHe;J}h; [tpil: M]
13. kdpjj;jPt[fs;/ FUtp kwe;j tPL cs;spl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrphpah;
m) nrhiy Re;jug; bgUkhs; M) cj;jknrhHd;
,) nkyhz;ik bghd;Dr;rhkp <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: M]
14. cj;jknrhHd; vGjhj rpWfijiaf; fz;lwpf.

m) bjhiyJ}u btspr;rk; M) frf;Fk; ,dpik
,) fdy;g{f;fs; <) fhty;nfhl;lk; [tpil: <]
15. cj;jknrhHd; fle;j 12 Mz;Lfshf elj;jp tUk; jp=;fspjH;
m) fpHf;F thry; cjak; M) nkw;F thry; kiwt[ bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
,) tlf;F thry; thil <) bjw;Fthry; bjd;wy; [tpil: m]
16. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; ,lk;bgWk; fpHtp ................./ fpHtd; .................
m) Ky;iyak;khs;/ fhspag;gd; M) fhspak;khs;/ Ky;iyag;gd;
,) khhpak;khs;/ kUjd; <) ghh;tjp/ rptf;bfhGe;J [tpil: m]
17. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; fpuhkj;jpd; Kjy; gl;ljhhpahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;
m) kUjd; M) khhp ,) gpnuk;Fkhh; <) my;yp [tpil: ,]
18. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; gpnuk;FkhUf;Fg; bgw;nwhh; ,l;l bgah;

m) mkhthir M) gpr;irKj;J ,) ,Ushz;o <) ehTh;gpr;ir [tpil: <]
19. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; kUjd; bjhl=;fpa gzp
m) bey; mWtil M) totha;f;fhy; J}a;ik
,) fy; mWj;jy; <) Fsk; btl;Ljy; [tpil: M]
20. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapd; ehafd; kUjdpd; kidtp

69
m) Ky;iyak;khs; M) khhpak;khs; ,) my;yp <) ts;sp [tpil: ,]
12 beLtpdh
1.
`Ch;Toj; njh; ,Gf;Fk; nghJk;~ njh; tlj;ijg; gpof;Fk; Kjy;fukhd ,Ue;j kUjdpd; gz]g[
eyj;ij tpthp.
Kd;Diu :
2 bry;tuh$; vd;Dk; ,aw;bgaUila cj;jk nrhHd; vGjpa `Kjy;fy;~ vd;w fijapy;

tUk; kUjd; Ch; kPJ mjpf mf;fiw cilatd;. bgUkiH bghHpe;J bts;skhdJ Ciur;
NH;e;J ,Uf;Fk; ePiu toa itj;J gaph;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wk; Kidg;g[ld; bray;gLk;
,ay;
kUjdpd; gz]g[ eyd;fis ,f;fl;Liu @yk; mwpnthk;.

gaph;fspd; nerd; :
gaph; tpisr;rYf;fhf ve;j kiHf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhh;fnsh me;j kiHna gaph;fis
@H;foj;jhy; vg;go kdk; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;. gaph;fs; bts;sj;jpy; @H;Ftijf; fz]
lJk; kUjd; tUj;jk; milfpd;whd;. Chpy; cs;s gy egh;fsplk; cjtpa[k; nfl;fpd;whd;.
vJt[nk elf;ftpy;iy vd;wJk; ntjid milfpd;whd;. jz]zPhpy; jj;jspj;Jf; bfhz]
oUe;j bew;gaph;fs; mj;jida[k;/ ``vd;idf; fhg;ghj;J/ vd;idf; fhg;ghj;J~~ vd;W mtidg;
ghh;j;J ntz]Ltjhf czh;fpwhd;. ,ut[ KGtJk; J}f;fk; ,y;yhky; jtpf;fpwhd;.
Ch; tsj;ijf; fhg;ghw;Wk; cah;Fzk; :
totha;f;fhy; KGtJk; ,Ug[wKk; Rth;nghy tsh;e;jpUe;j fhl;lkhzf;Fr; brofis
mg;g[wg;gLj;jp tpl;lhy;/ gaph;fisf; fhg;ghw;WtJld;/ Ciua[k; fhg;ghw;wptplyhk; vd;w
vz]zk; mtd; kdjpy; njhd;wpaJk; kUjd; mile;j kfpH;r;rpf;F msnt ,y;iy/ toePiu
toj;J Ciuf; fhg;ghw;wptplyhk; vd;w vz]zk; te;jJk;/ jhd; jdpahfr; bra;J kjpg;g[
milayhk; vd;W vz]zhky; midtUlDk; ,ize;J bray;gl ntz]Lk; vd;w vz]
zk; nkypl xt;bthUtuplKk; cjtpiaf; nfl;Fk; cj;jk cah;Fzk; bfhz]ltdhf
kUjd; tps=;Ffpwhd;.
flikia capuhff; fUjpatd;
kUjd; fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofis mg;g[wg;gLj;j khhpaplk; cjtp nfl;Fk; nghJk;
" bghpa kpurhf tyk; tUk; fhspag;gdplk; ,J gw;wpg; ngRk; nghJk; " fpuhkj;jpd; Kjy;
gl;ljhupahd gpnuk;Fkhhplk; ngrp tptuj;ij tpsf;fp Vkhw;wk; mila[k; nghJk; " jd;
Mw;whikia jd; kidtp my;ypaplk; Twpg; g[yk;g[k; nghJk; kdk; jsuhky; jd; flikia
vg;goahtJ epiwntw;wpl ntz]Lk; vd;w mtdJ kd cWjpg;ghL Twpg; g[ydhFk;.
jdpahshfr; bra;a Koahj ,r;braYf;fhf vy;nyhhpd; cjtpiaa[k; kUjd; ehLtJ
mtdJ bghJeyid btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kUjdpd; bghJeyd;
me;j Chpy; ,Ue;j mWgJ ntyp epyj;jpy; xU `rf;fiuf;FHp~ mst[ Tl epyk; ,y;yhj
kUjd; bghJeyid kl;Lnk fUj;jpy; bfhz]L/ vg;goahtJ ePiu toj;Jtpl ntz]
Lk; vd;w vz]zj;Jlnd kUjd; ,Uf;fpd;whd;. kUjd; mtDf;Fg; g[fH; fpilf;f ntz]
Lbkd;W bray;gltpy;iy. ePhpy; @H;Fk; mj;jid gaph;fisa[k; fhg;ghw;w ntz]Lk;"
Chpidr; NH;e;jpUf;Fk; ePhpid toa tpl ntz]Lk; vd;w vz]znk mtdplk; ,Ue;jJ.
CUf;F tHpfhl;oa jiyikg;gz]g[ilatd; :
,ut[ KGtJk; J}f;fkpy;yhky; jtpj;j kUjd; tpotjw;Fs; jdp xUtdha;
totha;f;fhypy; ,w=;fp ,Ug[wKk; NH;e;jpUe;j fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofis mhpe;J
70 mg;g[wg;gLj;;jpdhd;. ,jidf; fz]l mtdJ kidtp my;ypa[k; cjtpf;F Xo tu/
tiynghl;Lf; bfhz]oUe;j khhpKj;Jt[k; mtDld; ,iza/ bryt[ te;jpLnk vd;w
vz]zj;jhy; kfs; tPl;ow;Fr; bry;tjhff; Twp tpy; tz]oapy; brd;W bfhz]oUe;j kpuhR 12
fhspag;gDk; totha;f;fhypy; ,w=;f Cnu xd;whff; Tote;J fhl;lhkzf;Fr; broia
Mh;tkhf mg;g[wg;gLj;j kUjd;/ tHpfhl;oahf tps=;fpdhd;.
Kot[iu :
2
Raeyk; ,y;yhky;/ bghJeyidf; fUj;jpy; bfhz]L ehnk braypy; ,w=;fpdhy;
btw;wp bgwyhk; vd;w cah;e;j Fzk; cilathd kUjd; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ekf;F
Vd; tPz] tk;g[ vd;W xJ=;fhky; Kjypy; ek;khy; Koe;jjijr; bra;nthk; vd;w Jzpt[ld;
,ay;
braypy; ,w=;fpa kUjd; njh;tlj;ijg; gpoj;j Kjy; fukhf tps=;fpdhd;.

c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpy; eilbgWk; jpUkztpHht[f;F tUif jUk; tpUe;jpdh;fSf;F kuf;fd;W
xd;W jUtjhf Kot[ bra;Js;sPh;fs;. kuf;fd;W th=;Fk; nehf;f=;fisa[k; mjidg; gaphpLtjhy;
Vw;gLk; bghJ ed;ikfisa[k; bfhz;l ,Ugf;fr; rpw;nwl;il cUthf;Ff.
kuf;fd;W tH=;Fjd; nehf;fk; :
ku=;fs; mHpf;fg;gl;L tUk; NHy;fspy; kuf;fd;Wfs; eLtjw;fhd Vw;w NHiy
cUthf;Fjy;.
gHk;/ gl;rzk;/ btw;wpiy nghd;wtw;iwg; igapny nghl;Lf; bfhLg;gijtpl
kuf;fd;Wfs; bfhLg;gJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
Rw;Wr;NHiy ey;yKiwapy; mikf;fnt kuf;fd;Wfs; tH=;Fjy;.
bghJ eyd;fs; :
kuf;fd;Wfs; tsh;g;gjhy; ey;y J}a fhw;W fpilf;Fk;.
nfhilapy; epHy; cUthFk;.
ku=;fs; khRf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
ku=;fs; Fsph;r;rp jUk;
Fsph;r;rpahy; kiH cz;lhFk;.
kiH bghHpe;jhy; kz; kfs; rpyph;g;ghs;.
kiHahy; gaph;tsk; bgUFk;.
gaph;tsj;jhy; tptrhak; bgUFk;.
tptrhak; bgUfpdhy; tPL eyk; bgWk;.
tPL eyk; bgw;why; ehL jhnd tsk; bgWk;.

71
12
,ay; 2 ehy;tifg; bghUj;j=;fs;
,yf;fzk;
2
,yf;fzj; njh;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 41
,ay;
1. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ................. mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) bghUl;Fwpg;g[ M) brhw;Fwpg;g[
,) bjhlh;f;Fwpg;g[ <) vGj;Jf;Fwpg;g[ tpil: m
2. ``cah;jpiz vd;kdhh; kf;fl; Rl;nl
mBwpiz vd;kdhh; mtuy gpwnt~~ ? ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;bgw;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; tpil: ,
3. ahh;> vJ> Mfpa tpdhr;brhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J/ czh;j;Jk; jpizfs; Kiwna
m) mBwpiz/ cah;jpiz M) cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz
,) tput[j;jpiz/ mBwpiz <) tput[j;jpiz/ cah;jpiz tpil: M
4. bghUj;Jf.
m) mtd; mts; mth; ? 1. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
M) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; bgah;fs;
<) eh=;fs;/ ehk; ? 4. gjpypL bgah;fs;
m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 tpil: m
5. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlh; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td

vit >
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz]/ ,lk;.
6. cah;jpizg; gd;ikg; bgah;fs;/ gd;ik tpLjp bgw;WtUkhW ,uz]L bjhlh;fis vGJf.
eP=;fs; v=;fs; tPl;ow;F thU=;fs;.
mth;fs; Myak; te;jhh;fs;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. jkpHpy; bghUl;Fwpg;ig mog;gilahff; bfhz]L ................. ghFghL mike;Js;sJ.
m) ,Ujpizg; M) ghy; ,) ,lg; <) vz] [tpil: M]
2.
bgUk;ghyhd bjhlh;fspy; vGthia itj;Jf; bfhz]nl tpidKw;wpd; .................
72 Mfpatw;iwr; brhy;yptplyhk;.
m) jpiz/ ghy; M) jpiz/ vz]
,) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz] <) jpiz/ tpFjp tpil: , 12
3. `mth;fs;~ vd;Dk; brhy; gd;ikg; bghUis czh;j;Jk;
m) bgah;r;brhy; M) tpidr;brhy;
,) gjpypL bgah;r;brhy; <) gjpypL tpidr;brhy; tpil: ,
4. jkpHpy; glh;f;ifg; gyh;ghy; brhy;yhfpa jh=;fs; vd;gJ jw;nghJ ................ ,lj;jpYk; tUk;. 2
m) glh;f;if M) jd;ik
,ay;
,) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy <) Kd;dpiy tpil: <
m) gj;Jkuk; tPH;e;jJ ? xUik gd;ik ntWghL vGthapy; btspg;gltpy;iy
M) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
,) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? xUik gd;ik ntWghL vGthapy; btspg;gLfpwJ
<) mth;fs; ? gjpypL bgah;r;brhy; tpil: <
m) ahh;> vJ> ? ghy; ntWghL
M) Mrphpah; te;jhh; ? gyh;ghy; tpFjp cah;t[ tpFjp tUk;
,) mth; te;jhh; ? gd;ikg; bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ
<) j=;fkzp ghodhd; ? bgz]ghy; tpFjp bgw;Ws;sJ tpil: M
m) xt;bthU tPLfspYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ.
M) xt;bthU tPLfspYk; E}yfk; cs;sd.
,) xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ.
<) xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sd. tpil: ,

m) gj;Jj; nj=;fha;fs; M) ,uz]L kdpjh;
,) xU kuk; tPH;e;jd <) mth;fs; te;jhh;fs; tpil: <
9. bghUj;Jf.
m) ngRgtd;/ nfl;gtd;/ ngrg;gLk; bghUs; ? 1. Mz]ghy; bgz]ghy; bghJg;bgah;
M) gj;Jj; nj=;fha; ? 2. gyh;ghy; brhy;
,) j=;fkzp ? 3. mBwpiz gd;ik tpFjp fl;lhakpy;iy
<) khzth; te;jdh; ? 4. jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if
m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 ,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 tpil: M
10. bkhHpapd; mog;gilg; gz;g[fs;
i) jpiz ii) ghy; iii) vz; iv) ,lk;
m) i), ii) rhp M) iii), iv) rhp
,) iii), iv) rhp kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: <]
11. cyf bkhHpfs; midj;jpYk; ................. kpFjp vd;gh;.

m) bgah;r;brhw;fns M) tpidr;brhw;fns
,) ,ilr;brhw;fns <) chpr;brhw;fns [tpil: m] 73
12. bgah;r;brhw;fisj; jpiz mog;gilapy; ................. tifahfg; gphpg;gh;.
12 m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: m]
13. jkpHpy; ................. gFg;g[ ,yf;fz mog;gilapnyna mike;Js;sJ.
m) vz; M) bra;a[s; ,) ,yf;fpa <) ghy; [tpil: <]
14. ................. mog;gilapnyna xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy; vd;gd mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
2 m) ghy; M) ,l
,) jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy <) xUik/ gd;ik [tpil: <]
,ay;
15. ,lk; ................. tifg;gLk;.

m) ,U M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: M]
16. jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; cs;s tif .................
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: m]
17. ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dld; nrh;j;Jf; bfhz;L ngRtJ
m) csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik M) csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) csg;gLj;jhj Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik <) csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik [tpil: M]
18. ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahsiuj; jtph;j;Jj; jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ
,) csg;gLj;jhj Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik <) csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik [tpil: m]
19. ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; vd;gJ
,) csg;gLj;jh Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik <) csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik [tpil: M]
20. eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; vd;gJ
,) csg;gLj;jh Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik <) csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. bkhHpapd; gz;g[fs; ahit>
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;.
2. gadpiy tpFjpfspy; vit ghy; gFg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wd>
Md;/ Ms;/ Mh;/ mJ/ md;.
3.
jw;fhyj;jpy; mBwpiz vGtha; khw;wk; mile;Js;sij czh;j;Jk; ,U bjhlh;fis
vGJf.
fhiskhL taypy; cGjJ.
Mz]Fu=;F kuj;jpy; Fjpj;jJ.
4. bgah;r;brhw;fisj; jpiz mog;gilapy; vj;jid tifahfg; gphpg;gh;> mit ahit>
bgah;r;brhw;fisj; jpiz mog;gilapy; ,Utifahfg; gphpg;gh;. mit: cah;jpizg; bgah;/
mBwpizg; bgah;.
74
5. ,lk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
,lk; @tifg;gLk;. mit: jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if. 12
6.
gjpypL bgah;fs; ahit>
mtd;/ mts;/ mth;/ mJ/ mit.
7. jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if vd miHf;fg;gLtd ahit>
ngRgtd; 2
Kd;dpUe;J nfl;gtd;
,ay;
ngrg;gLgtd; (my;yJ) ngrg;gLk; bghUs;
Mfpa @d;Wk; Kiwna jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if vd miHf;fg;gLk;.
8. csg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikg; gd;ik vd;gJ ahJ>
ngRgth; (jd;ik) Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dila nrh;j;Jf; bfhz;L ngRtJ csg;ghl;Lj;
jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
rhd;W : ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
9. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vd;gJ ahJ>
ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jtph;j;Jj; jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ csg;gLj;jhj
jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
rhd;W : eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
10. jd;ikg; gd;ikapd; tiffs; ahit>
jd;ikg;gd;ik ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik/ csg;gLj;jhj;
jd;ikg; gd;ik.
11. bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;Jj; jkpH; eilf; ifnal;od; Tw;W ahJ>
xU bkhHpapy; mog;gil mwpt[ vd;gJ me;j bkhHpapy; cs;s vGj;Jfisa[k; brhw;fisa[k;
mtw;wpd; bghUisa[k; thf;fpa mikg;g[fisa[k; bjhpe;jpUg;gnj. nkny Fwpg;gpl;l
ehd;ifa[k; cs;slf;fpaJ xU bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ jkpH; eilf; ifnal;od;

Tw;whFk;.

,lg;ghFghL bjhlh; mikg;gpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gijg; ghlg;gFjpapypUe;J rhd;W
fhl;Lf.
jkpHpy; jd;ikapnyh Kd;dpiyapnyh xUik gd;ik ghFghL cz;nl jtpu Mz;ghy;/
bgz;ghy; ghFghL ,y;iy.
rhd;W: ehd; g[j;jfk; goj;njd;.
jd;ikg; gd;ik
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik/ csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dld; nrh;j;Jf;bfhz;Lg; ngRtJ.
rhd;W: ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;. 75
csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
12
ngRgth; Kd;dpiyahiuj; jtph;j;J jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ.
rhd;W: eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 43

2 rhd;nwhh; rpj;jpuk;
,ay;
gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz]oy; bjd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l kpff;bfhoa g+;rj;ijj;

jhJ tUlg; g+;rk; (Great Famine 1876-1878) vd;W/ ,d;Wk; epidt[
Th;th;. xU nfho kf;fs; g+;rj;jpd; gpoapy; rpf;fp ,we;jpUf;fyhk; vdg;
gjpt[fs; TWfpd;wd. ,ijf; fz]L kdk; bghWf;fhj jkpHh; xUth;
kdKte;J jkJ brhj;Jf;fs; midj;ija[k; bfhilaspj;jhh;. ,jidg;
nghw;Wk; tpjkhff; nfhghyfpU&;z ghujpahh;/ èPna g[U& nkU....~
vd;w ghliy ,aw;wp mtiug; bgUikg;gLj;jpdhh;. mth;jhd;/ ePjpgjp
kha{uk; ntjehafk;. mth;/ bkhHpbgah;g;ghsuhft[k; ehtyhrphpauhft[k;
bgah; bgw;wth;" jkpHpd; Kjy; ehtyhd gpujgh Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuj;ij
,aw;wpath;. khatuj;jpd; efh;kd;wj; jiytuhft[k; gzpahw;wpa mth;/ kha{uk; ntjehafk;
jkJ rkfhyj; jkpHwp+u;fshd kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;/ (1826 ? 1889
,uhkyp=;f ts;syhh;/ Rg;gpukzpa njrpfh; nghd;nwhhplk; el;g[g; ghuhl;o beU=;fpapUe;jhh;"
fp.gp. 1805 Kjy; fp.gp. 1861 Mk; Mz]Ltiu M=;fpyj;jpy; ,Ue;j ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;g[fis
Kjd;Kjypy; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgah;j;J `rpj;jhe;j r=;fpufk;~ vd;w E}yhf btspapl;lhu; " nkYk;
bgz]kjp khiy/ jpUtUs; me;jhjp/ ru;t rka rkurf; fPh;j;jid/ RFz Re;jhp Kjypa E}
y;fisa[k; gy jdpg;ghly;fisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;. ,irapYk; tPiz thrpg;gjpYk;
ty;ytuhfj; jpfH;e;j ,th;/ Mapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l fPh;j;jidfis ,aw;wpapUf;fpwhh;"
tlbkhHp/ gpbu+;R/ ,yj;jPd; Mfpa bkhHpfisf; fw;wwpe;jpUe;jhh;. mth;/ bgz]fy;tpf;Ff;
Fuy; bfhLj;j kpf Kf;fpa MSikahf mwpag;gLfpwhh;. mtUila bkhHpahl;rpf;Fr;
rhd;whf/ gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuj;jpypUe;J xU gj;jp :
``fy;tp tp&aj;ijg; gw;wp cd; ghyd; brhy;tijf; nfs;~~ vd;W vd; gpjh Mf;+hgpj;jhh;.
clnd vd; jhahh; vd; Kfj;ijg; ghh;j;jhs;. ehd; Kd; brhd;dgo vd; ghl;oahhplj;jpny
fw;Wf;bfhz]l ghlj;ij vd; jhahUf;Fr; brhd;ndd;. mijf; nfl;lt[lnd vd; jhahUf;F
Kfk; khwptpl;lJ. gpwF rw;W neuk; bghWj;J/ vd; jhahh; vd;id nehf;fp/ ``vd; fz]kzpna/
eP brhy;tJ vs;sst[+; rhpay;y. fy;tpo vd;fpw gpurf;jpna ,y;yhjth;fshd rhkhdpa
ghku $d=;fisg; ghh;. mth;fSila bra;iffSf;Fk; kpUf=;fSila bra;iffSf;Fk;
vd;d ngjkpUf;fpwJ > ekf;F Kff; fz]zpUe;Jk; Nhpag; gpufhrk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; vd;d
gpunah$dk;>~~ vd;whh;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. bjd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l kpff;bfhoa g+;rj;jpd; bgah; vd;d>
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehty; vJ> mjid vGjpath; ahh;>
3. kha{uk; ntjehafk; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j jkpHwp+h;fs; ahth;>
4. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehtyhd gpujhg; Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;>
5. ghh;j;jhs; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
6. kha{uk; ntjehafk; vGjpa E}y;fs; ahit >
76
7. `brhd;ndd;~ ? ,r;brhy;ypd; nth;r;brhy; vJ>
tpilfs;:
1. jhJ tUlg; g+;rk;. 12
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehty; gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;. mjid vGjpath; kha{uk; ntjehafk;.
3. kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;/ ,uhkyp=;f ts;syhh;/ Rg;gpukzpanjrpfh;.
4. kha{uk; ntjehafk;.
5. ghh;j;jhs; ? ghh; + j; + j; + Ms; 2
ghh; ? gFjp
,ay;
j; ? re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Ms; ? bgz]ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
6. M=;fpyj;jpy; ,Ue;j ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;g[fisj; jkpHpy; bkhHp bgah;j;J `rpj;jhe;j r=;fpufk;~
vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;" nkYk; bgz]kjp khiy/ jpUtUs; me;jhjp/ rh;t rka rkurf;
fPh;j;jid/ RFz Re;jhp Kjypa E}y;fisa[k; gy jdpg;ghly;fisa[k;/ Mapuj;jpw;F nkw;gl;l
fPh;j;jidfisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;.
7. nth;r;brhy; ? `brhy;~.
bkhHpg; bgah;g;g[g; gFjpiag; goj;J/ ,UgJ M=;fpyr; brhw;fisa[k; mjd;
jkpHhf;fj;ija[k; vLj;J vGJf
In 1977, shocked at the environmental 1977?Mk; Mz]oy; jdJ caphpDk; ,dpa
devastation caused by deforestation bfd;ah ehl;oy; fhLfs; mHpf;fg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l
in her beloved Kenya, Wangari Mathai nguHpt[ fz]L kdk; btJk;gp t=;fhhp kj;jha;
founded the Green Belt Movement. For
gRik tshf ,af;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. mijj;
thirty years, the movement has enabled
bjhlh;e;J Kg;gJ Mz]Lfs;/ ,e;j ,af;fj;jhy;
many women to plant trees in their regions
gy Mg;gphpf;fg; bgz]fs; jkJ gFjpfspy;
providing them with food, fuel and halting
soil erosion and desertification. She used
ku=;fis el;L/ mjd; tHpahfj; j=;fSf;Fj;

the movement to enlighten the people on njitahd czita[k; vhpbghUisa[k; jhnk
the fruits of representative democracy. This <l;oanjhL epy;yhky; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; epytpa
led Kenya to Kenya’s first fully democratic kz] mhpg;ghy; epyk; ghiytdkhtija[k;
elections in a generation. In the election, jLj;J epWj;jpdh;. mth; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd;
Mathai was elected to the Parliament and tHpahf kf;fshl;rpapd; gad;fis mwpar;
made a Minister of environment. She was bra;jhh;. ,J mj;jiyKiwapdh; midtUf;Fk;
conferred a Nobel Prize in 2004 because Kjy;Kiwahfj; njh;jypy; g=;nfw;Fk; tha;g;ig
of her outstanding success in guiding Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhLj;jJ. ,j;njh;jypy; t=;fhhp
Kenyan women to plant more than thirty kj;jha; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; njh;t[
million trees. She has transformed the lives bra;ag;gl;Lg; gpwF Rw;Wr;NHy; mikr;ruhdhh;.
of tens of thousands of women through
bfd;ag; bgz]fSf;F tHpfhl;o @d;W nfho
sustainable social forestry schemes.
ku=;fis el;L tsh;j;jjhy; mtuJ jd;dykw;w
gzpiag; ghuhl;o/ 2004Mk; Mz]L t=;fhhp
kj;jha;f;F nehgy; ghpR tH=;fg;gl;lJ. epiyahd
tsh;r;rpia cWjp bra;a[k; r@ff; fhLfs; tsh;g;g[j;
jpl;lj;jpd; @yk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd bgz]
fspd; thH;tpy; kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
77
v.fh: Green Belt Movement ? gRik tshf ,af;fk;
12 1. devastation ? nguHpt[ 2. deforestation ? fhlHpg;g[
3. thirty years ? Kg;gJ Mz]Lfs; 4. founded ? epWtg;gl;lJ
5. regions ? kz;ly=;fs; 6. providing ? tpepnahfk;
7. halting ? Xa;tpl=;fs; 8. soil erosion ? kz]zhpg;g[
9. desertification ? ghiytdkhf;fy; 10. enlighten ? mwpt{l;ly;
2 11. representative ? gpujpepjp 12. generation ? jiyKiw
13. democracy ? Foahl;rp 14. parliament ? ehlhSkd;wk;
,ay;
15. election ? njh;jy; 16. success ? btw;wp

17. tens of thousands ? gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd 18. thirty million ? @d;Wnfho
19. social forestry schemes ? r@f fhLfs; tsh;g;g[j; jpl;lk;
20. Minister of environment ? Rw;Wr;NHy; mikr;rh;
ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fis xnu bjhlhpy; mikj;J vGJf.

1. jiy/ jis/ jiH
2. fiy/ fis/ fiH
3. miy/ mis/ miH
v.fh : tpiy/ tpis/ tpiH
fhh;g; gUtj;jpy; ed;whf tpise;jjhy; jhdpa=;fspd; tpiy Fiwahky; ,Uf;f Vw;Wkjp
epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; bra;Jbfhs;s tpiHtjhf muR mwptpj;jJ.
1. jiy/ jis/ jiH
Ml;ow;Fj; jiH jpUlg;nghd ,lj;jpy; kuj;jpy; jiy jl;o tpGe;jtidj; njhl;lf;fhud;
jisapl;L Ch;j;jiythplk; miHj;Jr; brd;whd;.
2. fiy/ fis/ fiH
fiH fhl;oy; jPg;gpoj;jjhy; fisfSld; fiykhd;fSk; brj;J koe;jd.

3. miy/ mis/ miH
flyiyapy; tpisahlr; brd;w KUfd; misapy; ,Ue;j mutk; jPz]l vj;jid Kiw
miHj;Jk; ngr;R @r;rpd;wp ka=;fpf; fple;jhd;.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf

btl;oaof;FJ kpd;dy; ? fly;
tPuj; jpiubfhz]L tpz]iz apof;FJ "
bjhl;oapof;FJ nkfk; ? T
Tbtd;W tpz]izf; Fila[J fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh ? vd;W
jhs=;fs; bfhl;of; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpira[k; ,oa ? kiH
v=;=dk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh- ? ghujpahh;
78
Kd;Diu :
,g;ghliyg; ghoath; kfhftp ghujpahh; Mthh;. vl;ilag[uj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; 12
,isikapny ftpg;ghLk; Mw;wy; bgw;wtuhfj; jpfH;e;jhh;. ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhf mnef
ghly;fisg; ghoajhy; njrpaf; ftp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ fz]zd; ghl;L/
Fapy;ghl;L/ gh+;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; Kg;bgUk; E}y;fs; kpft[k; rpwg;g[g; bgw;witahFk;.
2
jpuz]l fUj;J :
g{kpia nehf;fp mof;Fk; kpd;dyhdJ gspr;brd;w btspr;rj;Jld; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Nwhtsp fhw;W mog;gjhy; tpz]izj; bjhLk; mstpw;F flyiyahdJ bgh=;Ffpd;wJ.
,ay;
nkf=;fs; xd;nwhL xd;W nkhjp cz]lhf;Fk; XirahdJ fhjhy; nfl;f Koahj
mstpw;Ff; bfhl;o ,of;fpd;wJ. `TT~ vd;w Xira[ld; fhw;whdJ ntfkhf tPrp tpz]izf;
Filfpd;wJ. kiHj;Jsp kz]zpy; tpGk; nghJ cz]lhFk; xypnah kj;js=;fs; ,irj;Jj;
jhsk; nghLtJ nghy xypf;fpd;wd. ,iltplhky; kiHiag; bghHpe;J bghHpe;J thdk;
fidf;fpd;wJ. vl;Lj;jpira[k; ,oapd; Xir nfl;f kiH vg;gog; g{kpia te;jile;jJ.
nkhid eak; :
FatDf;Fg; ghid
bra;;a[Sf;F nkhid
KjbyGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhidahFk;.
rhd;W:
btl;oaof;FJ vl;Lj;jpira[k;
tPuj; v=;=dk;
vJif eak; :
kJiuf;F itif
bra;a[Sf;F vJif
KjbyGj;J mst[ xj;Jepw;f ,uz]lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;.
rhd;W:
btl;oaof;FJ

bjhl;o
rl;lr;rl
vl;Lj;jpira[k;
mzp eak; :
mzpaw;w ftpij
gpzpa[s;s tzpij
kiHapd; rpwg;ig czh;j;j kiH bga;tjw;F Kd;dhy; epfGk; epfH;r;rpfshd ,o
,oj;jy;/ kpd;dy;/ fhw;W tPRjy; Mfpa epfH;t[fis vy;yhk; cah;t[gLj;jpf; Twpa[s;sjhy;
,g;ghlypy; cah;t[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
brhy; eak; :
brhy; nghdhy;
gy; nghFk;
ghujpahh; ,g;ghlypy; gad;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; brhw;fspd; xypf;Fwpg;g[fSk;
bghUSk; xU bgUk; g[aiy ek; fz]Kd; fhl;Lfpd;wd. g[jpa xypapd;gj;ija[k; g[jpa
bghUSzh;r;rpiaa[k; ghujpahh; ,g;ghlypy; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. 79
re;j eak; :
12 re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk;
Vw;w ,irf;fUtpa[ld; ,irj;Jg; ghodhy; ghLnthUf;Fk; nfl;nghUf;Fk; kpFe;j
,d;gk; jUk; tpjj;jpy; jhs eaj;Jld; ghujpahh; ,g;ghliyg; ghoa[s;shh;. ,g;ghly; rpe;Jg;
gh tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;.
Kot[iu :
2 fw;whUf;Fk;/ fy;yhUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhl/
fw;gid fhl;rpaspf;f/ re;jk; jhskpl/ Rit cz;lhfp/ eh Vf;fKw/ mzpnahL mHFbgWk;
,ay;
tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

fPH;f;fhQk; miHg;gpjiHg; gj;jpahf khw;Wf.
nghplh; nkyhz]ikf; fUj;ju=;fk;
ehs; : mf;nlhgh; 2 neuk; : fhiy 10 kzp
,lk; : fiythzh; mu=;fk;/ brd;id.
epfH;r;rp epuy;
jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
tuntw;g[iu : jpUkjp. murp/
br+;rpYitr; r=;f xU=;fpizg;ghsh;
Kd;dpiy : jpU. mKjd;/ ,aw;if ntshz; cHth;
jiyika[iu : jpU. ,katuk;gd;/
nghplh; nkyhz]ik ,af;Feh;
fUj;ju=;fj; jiyg;g[fs;
,aw;ifr; rPw;w=;fSk; ? gUtfhy khw;w=;fSk; ? Kidth;
br=;Fl;Ltd;
nghplh;fis vjph;bfhs;SjYk; jPh;t[fSk; ? jpU. Kfpyd;
ePh;tHpg;ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; ? jpUkjp. ghj;jpkh

nghplh;f; fhy=;fspy; bra;af;ToaJk; bra;af; TlhjJk; ? jpU. tpd;brd;l;
ed;wpa[iu : gh;tPd;/ gRikg;gil khzth; jiyth;.
ehl;Lg;gz]
gj;jp:
mf;nlhgh; khjk; 2?Mk; ehs; fhiy 10 kzpf;F/ brd;id fiythzh; mu=;fpy;
nghplh; nkyhz]ikf; fUj;ju=;fk; eilbgw cs;sJ. ,f;fUj;ju=;fpw;F ,aw;if ntshz;
cHth; jpU/ mKjd; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwhh;. ,f;fUj;ju=;fpy; Kidth; br=;Fl;Ltd;
mth;fs; ,aw;ifr; rPw;w=;fSk; gUtfhy khw;w=;fSk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;/ jpU. Kfpyd;
mth;fs; nghplh;fis vjph;bfhs;SjYk; jPh;t[fSk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;/ jpUkjp. ghj;jpkh
mth;fs; ePh;tHpg; ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;/ jpU. tpd;brd;l; mth;fs;
nghplh;f; fhy=;fspy; bra;af;ToaJk; bra;af; TlhjJk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk; fUj;Jfisj; ju
cs;sdh;.
fUj;ju=;fpd; epiwthf/ nghplh; nkyhz]ik ,af;Feh;/ jpU. ,katuk;gd;
80 mth;fs; jiyika[iu Mw;Wthh;fs;. epfH;r;rpf;F tUfpd;wth;fisr; br+;rpYitr; r=;f
xU=;fpizg;ghsh; jpUkjp. murp mth;fs; tuntw;f cs;shh;. gRikg;gil khzth; jiyth;
$kPyh mth;fs; ed;wpa[iu Mw;wpl cs;shh;. bjhlf;fj;jpy; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;JlDk;/ 12
fUj;ju=;f epiwtpy; ehl;Lg;gz]QlDk; epfH;r;rp epiwtila[k;. midtUk; fye;J
bfhz]L gad;bgw c=;fs; midtiua[k; md;g[ld; miHf;fpd;nwhk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 45

2
g[jph;f;nfw;w tpilia mwpf.
,ay;
m) milkiH bga;j mLj;j ehs; M) jz]zPUk; kiHa[k; ,y;yhky;
gilgilaha; te;jjhk; gaph; gr;iraha; ,Uf;fpwJ
gu=;fp ehl;L tpkhdk; ghf;F btw;wpiy nghlhky;
vjphp Rlhknyna tha; rptg;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ ? vd;d >
,wbfhoe;J ,we;jjhk; ? vd;d > tpil : fpsp
tpil : <ry;
,d;Dk; g[jph; mwpnthk;
1. fWj;j nuh$h bkhl;L 2. @d;W bgz]fSf;Fk; xnu Kfk;

fdj;j nkfk; fz]L @j;j bgz] Mw;wpny "
fzj;jpy; ,jH; tphpj;jpLk; eLg;bgz] fhl;ony "
fhj;jpLk; gpd; rha;e;jpLk; filrpg; bgz] tPl;ony "
mJ vd;d> mitfs; ahit>
tpil : Fil tpil : Kjiy/ cLk;g[/ gy;yp
3. ehd; VWk; Fjpiu
ehYfhy; Fjpiu
me;jf; Fjpiuf;F

Mapuk; fz]fs; mJ vd;d>
tpil : fl;oy;
vz]z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff
tskhf vy;nyhUk; thH trjpahd ,aw;ifiaj;

je;j g{kpahfpa ehd; ,d;W btg;gkpFjpahy; cUfpf; bfhz]oUf;fpd;nwd;.
gr;ir gl;lhil cLj;jp gRikiaj; je;j vd;id btk;ik vd;Dk;
fhl;ony js;sp tpLk; kdpj ,dnk ehd; ,y;iy vd;why; eP vg;gog;
g{kpapy; thH;tha; ...-
vy;yh fhy=;fspYk; gUt=;fs; jtwhJ kiHiaj;
je;njd;. eP=;fs; vy;nyhUk; tskha; thH ey;y epyj;ijj; je;njd;.
c=;fSila Raeyj;jpw;fhf vd; md;g[ kfshk; tskhd fhl;il mHpj;J
vd;id tWikahf;fp/ twl;rpia cz]Lgz;zpaJ Vd;>
,d;iwa btg;g kpFjpahy; vd; cly; NnlWfpwJ. vd;idf; Fsph;tpf;f ntz]oa
eP=;fns kPz]Lk; kPz]Lk; ku=;fis btl;Lf;fpd;wPh;fs; vd;W vdf;fhf my;y c=;fSf;fhff; 81
nfl;fpnwd;: vg;nghJ xU kuj;ij elg;nghfpd;wPh;fs; mdyhff; bfhjpf;Fk; vd; cliyf;
12 bfh+;rkhtJ Fsph;tpg;ghah >
e+;rhfp tUk; befpHpia Kw;wpYkhfj; jtph;j;J tpL. vd; nkdpaila[k; Nl;ilf;
Fiwj;J tpL " vy;yh tsj;ija[k; ,ytrkhfj; jUk; vd;idf; fhf;f kwe;jplhjPh;fs;- tUk;
jiyKiwapdUk; thH;e;jpl eP=;fs; jilahf ,Uf;fhjPh;fs;.
2 kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vhp/ MW Mfpadtw;wpw;F mUfpy;
bry;yhjpUj;jy;/ btspapy; bry;Yk; nghJ fhyzp mzpjy;/ bfhjpf;f itj;j ePiuna gUFjy;/
thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;/ muR vLf;Fk; Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffSf;F
,ay;
xj;JiHj;jy; nghd;w kiHf;fhy ghJfhg;g[ eltof;iffs; Fwpj;J midj;J tFg;g[

khzth;fSf;Fk; tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;gLj;Jk; epfH;r;rpf;fhf c=;fs; gs;sp jiyikahrphpaUf;Ff;
fojk; vGJ.
mDg;g[eh;
mmmm/
epiy 12 `m~ gphpt[/
muR nkdpiyg;gs;sp/
jpUr;rp ? 4.
bgWeh;
cah;jpU. jiyikahrphpah; mth;fs;/
muR nkdpiyg;gs;sp/
jpUr;rp ? 4.
Iah/
bghUs; : khzth;fSf;F tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;gLj;Jk; epfH;r;rpf;F Vw;ghL bra;a
ntz]LtJ bjhlh;ghf.
tzf;fk;.
ehd; j=;fs; gs;spapy; 12?Mk; tFg;g[ `m~ gphptpy; gapd;W tUfpd;nwd;. jw;nghJ
kiHf;fhykhf ,Ug;gjhy; ek; gs;spapy; gapYk; khzth;fs; midtUk; kiHf;fhyj;jpy;
nkw;bfhs;s ntz]oa Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffs; Fwpj;j tpHpg;g[zh;itg; bgw ntz]
oaJ mtrpakhFk;.
vdnt/ kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vhp/ MW
Mfpadtw;wpw;F mUfpy; bry;yhjpUj;jy;/ btspapy; bry;Yk; nghJ fhyzp mzpjy;/
bfhjpf;f itj;j ePiuna gUFjy;/ thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;/ muR vLf;Fk;
Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffSf;F xj;JiHj;jy; nghd;w kiHf;fhy ghJfhg;g[
eltof;iffs; Fwpj;j nghjpa tpHpg;g[zh;it chpa egh;fs; @yk; tH=;fpdPh;fs; vd;why;
v=;fSf;F kpFe;j ed;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;.
Mfnt/ jh=;fs; mjw;Fhpa Vw;ghLfisr; bra;J midj;J khzth;fSk; nghjpa
tpHpg;g[zh;itg; bgw cjtpLkhW kpft[k; jhH;ika[ld; nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
jpUr;rp/ ,g;gof;F/
09.07.2019. j=;fs; cz]ika[s;s/
mmmm.
82
bra;J fw;nghk;
12
c=;fs; gFjpapy; g[H=;Fk; ,UgJ brhw;fisf; bfhz]L tl;lhu tHf;Fr; brhy; bjhFg;g[ xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
1. ehd; brhy;Ynjd; ehd; brhy;fpnwd;
2. mtd; epf;fhd; mtd; epw;fpwhd;
2
3. eP=;f tUjpafsh> eP=;fs; tUfpwPh;fsh>
,ay;
4. Vsh - eP vg;g tUj> V gps;is - eP vg;bghGJ tUfpwha;>
5. KLf;FJ beU=;FfpwJ
6. brhy;Yjhd; brhy;fpwhd;
7. bra;jhd; bra;fpwhd;
8. Mr;rp tajhd bgz]kzp / ghl;o
9. Vy(ny) ez]gid miHg;gJ
10. kf;fh ez]gh
11. igjh rf;fuk;
12. bfhz]o jhH;g;ghs;
13. iga bkJthf
14. rhuk; Y=;fp
15. nfhl;o kdepiy rhpapy;yhjth;
16. tst[ KLf;F/ re;J
17. rpiu bjhe;jut[
18. kr;rp kho
19. Mf;f=;bfl;lJ bfl;lneuk;
20. brj;j neuk; bfh+;r neuk;
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (bjhlh; tz]o epiyak;)
Platform ? eilnil
Ticket Inspector ? gazr;rPl;L Ma;th;
Train Track ? ,Ug;g[g;ghij
Level Crossing ? ,Ug;g[g;ghijiaf; flf;Fkplk;
Railway Signal ? bjhlh;tz]o tHpf;Fwp
Metro Train ? khefuj; bjhlh;tz]o

83
12
,ay; 2 khjphp tpdhj;jhs; ? 2
tFg;g[ : 12
neuk; : 2.30 kzp kjpg;bgz; : 90
2 I. gyt[s; bjupf. 6×1=6
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.
,ay;
1. bghUj;Jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2. ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
2. euk;g[fSf;Fs;; tPiz kPl;of; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) Nhpa xspf;fjpu; M) kiH nkf=;fs; ,) kiHj; Jspfs; <) ePh; epiyfs;
3. bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpaf;fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jo ePh; cwp+;rg;gLjy;
4. bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) tpidj;bjhif M) cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; <) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;bgabur;rk;
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy nehf;fpr; brd;why; kl;Lnk g[tp btg;gkakhjiyf; Rl;Lg;gLj;j
Koa[k; ? ,j;bjhlh; czu;j;JtJ
m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ.
M) gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ.
,) fhyepiy khW gLfpwJ.
<) g[tpapd; ,af;fk; ntWgLfpwJ.
6. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ................. mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) bghUl;Fwpg;g[ M) brhw;Fwpg;g[
,) bjhlh;f;Fwpg;g[ <) vGj;Jf;Fwpg;g[
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf. 8×1=8
7. ``cah;jpiz vd;kdhh; kf;fl; Rl;nl
mBwpiz vd;kdhh; mtuy gpwnt~~ ? ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;bgw;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
8. ahh;> vJ> Mfpa tpdhr;brhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J/ czh;j;Jk; jpizfs; Kiwna
m) mBwpiz/ cah;jpiz M) cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz
,) tput[j;jpiz/ mBwpiz <) tput[j;jpiz/ cah;jpiz
9. bghUj;Jf.
m) mtd; mts; mth; ? 1. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
M) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg;gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; bgah;fs;
<) eh=;fs;/ ehk; ? 4. gjpypL bgah;fs;
m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
10. `tis,~ ? vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
84 m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) vz;Qk;ik
,) brhy;ypir msbgil <) ck;ikj; bjhif
11. ? vd;gjd; jkpH;r;brhy;iy njh;e;bjLf;ft[k;.
Platform
m) ,Ug;g[ ghij M) eilnkil ,) bjhlh;tz;o <) tHpf;Fwp 12
12. cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs;
m) $%d; 5 M) $%iy 5 ,) Vg;uy; 14 <) nk 5
13. fy=;fp ? ,r;brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) fy + =; + f; + , M) fy=;F + , ,) fy=;F + f; + , <) fy + f; + f; + ,

14. Tjph;g; ghriw vd;gJ
m) nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPL
2
M) nghh;nkw; brd;w murd; njhw;Wg; gJ=;Fk; giltPL
,ay;
,) jiytDk; jiytpa[k; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; tPL
<) nghhpy; fhak; mile;j kd;dd; rpfpr;ir bgWkplk;
III. FWtpdh. 3×2=6
m) vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf.
15. ~~,depiu~~ ? gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
16. `èfuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ~~ tpsf;fk; jUf.
17. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlh; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gadgLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td vit>
18. cah;jpiz gd;ik bgah;fs;/ gd;ik tpFjp bgw;W tUkhW ,uz;L bjhlh;g[fis vGJf.
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf : 2×2=4
19. MSf;bfhU kuk; tsh;g;nghk; vd;Dk; KHf;fj; bjhlh; thapyhf vtw;iw typa[Wj;Jtha;>
20. kdpjd; jd; nguhirf; fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit
,d;W re;jpj;J bfhz;oUf;fpwhd; ? ,U bjhlh;fshf Mf;Ff.
21. fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
IV. vitnaDk; VHDf;F tpil jUf : 7 x 2 = 14
22. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
m) fy=;fp M) te;J
23. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) g[Jg;bgay; M) bt=;fjph;
24. kug[g;gpiHia ePf;fp vGJf.

m) nrty; bfhf;fupf;f
M) nfhHp Tt[k;
25. thdk; trg;gLk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;
m) gpug+;rd; M) guyp
,) eh. fhkuhrd; <) ,uhr khzpf;fdhh;
26. rhpahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwpf.
i) jkpHf epyg;gug;gpy;/ tpLjiyf;F Kd;g[/ Vwj;jhH Ik;gjhapuk; ePh;epiyfs; ,Ue;jd.
ii) jw;nghJ jkpHfj;jpy; ePh;epiyfs; ,Ugjhapukhff; Fiwe;Js;sd.
iii) brd;id/ kJiu Mfpa khefu=;fisr; Rw;wp kl;Lnk Vwj;jhH Ie;E}W Vhpfs;/ Fs=;fs;
fhzhky; ngha;tpl;ld.
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii - rhp ,) iii kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp
27. tpdh thf;fpakhf khw;Wf.
m) rpw;gp xU fpuhkj;jpd; ejp E}iy vGjpdhh;.
M) xU fpuhkj;J ejp E}Yf;F rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp ghpR bgw;whh;.
28. njitahd ,l=;fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;L vGJf.
K
y;iyfypapy;/ fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fis fhl;Lfpw brhw;fs; epuk;gp fplf;fpd;wd.
29. ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fspd; bghUswpe;J brhw;bwhlh; mikf;ft[k;.
m) jiy M) jis ,) jiH 85
30. fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; jUf. Passport
V. rpWtpdh
12
m) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2x4=8
31. èPh;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjph;fs;~ ? ,f;ftpijapd; mo/
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhnd~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; bjhlh;r;rpaha; miktijg; gw;wp
vGJf.
2 32. thilf; fhyj;jpy; nfhyh;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; njodhh;>
33. Tjph; fhyj;jpd; jd;ikia beLey;thil Fwpg;gpLtd ahit>
,ay;
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2x4=8

34. kiH bts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; Kd;bdr;rhpf;if eltof;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
35. nguplh; nkyhz;ik Mizak; ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
36. ,lh;ghFghL bjhlh; mikg;gpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gijg; ghlg;gFjpapypUe;J rhd;W fhl;Lf.
VI. vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf : 3 x 4 = 12
37. thifj;jpid (my;yJ)
ìtafk; gdpg;g tyndu;g[ tis,g;
bgha;ah thdk;~ ? ,g;ghlypy; gapd;W tUk; Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
38. fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpiag; goj;J mjid jkpHhf;fk; bra;f.
I n 1977, shocked at the environmental devastation caused by deforestation in her beloved Kenya, Wangari
Mathai founded the Green Belt Movement. For thirty years, the movement has enabled many women to plant
trees in their regions providing them with food, fuel and halting soil erosion and desertification. She used the
movement to enlighten the people on the fruits of representative democracy. This led Kenya to Kenya’s first
fully democratic elections in a generation. In the election, Mathai was elected to the Parliament and made
a Minister of environment. She was conferred a Nobel Prize in 2004 because of her outstanding success
in guiding Kenyan women to plant more than thirty million trees. She has transformed the lives of tens of
thousands of women through sustainable social forestry schemes.
39. fPH;f;fhQk; ghliy goj;J Vw;g[ila ea=;fis Rl;of;fhl;Lf.
btl;oaof;FJ kpd;dy; ? fly;
tPuj; jpiubfhz]L tpz]iz apof;FJ "
bjhl;oapof;FJ nkfk;
Tbtd;W tpz]izf; Fila[J fhw;W

rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh ? vd;W
jhs=;fs; bfhl;of; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpira[k; ,oa ? kiH
v=;=dk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh- ? ghujpahh;
40. g[ay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FoapUg;g[fSf;F mUfpy; mWe;J fplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;g[fisr; rupbra;af;
nfhhp c=;fs; Ch; kpd;thhpag; bghwpahsUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
VII. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F ,U gf;f=;fSf;F kpfhky; tpil jUf : 3 x 6 = 18
41. beLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; kiHf;fhy tUzidiar; brhy;ypy; tof;f.
42. `befpHp jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr; NHy; Mu;tyu; gRikjhrdhUld;
eP=;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
43. bghWg;g[zh;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; bghWg;g[zu;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyj;ij
tpthpf;f.
VIII. mokhwhky; bra;a[s; totpy; vGJf. 4+2=6
44. m) ìtafk; gdpg;g~ ? vdj; bjhl=;Fk; beLey;thil ghly;.
M) `gLk;~ vd Koa[k; Fws;.
86 www.nammakalvi.org


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Bga Badg Bga A (K Kih: Bgukihf Fhyk

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Namma Kalvi

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH 12

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

 kiHf;F Mjhuk; kuk;.

 kdpjd; ,aw;if ts=;fisr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

31. gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.

m) fhh;gd; il Mf;i!L M) kPj;njd;

41. rhpahdf; Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.

2 nkyhz;ik Mizak; FGf;fis mikj;Js;sd.

fhh;nkf=;fs; Nhpa cjaj;jpw;F 15/ 20 epkpl=;fSf;F Kd;djhff; fpHf;F thdj;jpy;

9. Mw;wpy; kzy; ms;Stjhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s nghplh; ahJ>

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 28

1. bts;sg; nguHpt[ Fwpj;j ehspjH;r; bra;jpfisj; bjhFf;f.

 thfdg;g[if Fiwg;nghk;-  kiHePh; nj=;fhky; ghJfhg;ghfr; nrfhpg;nghk;-

 kf;Fk;/ kf;fhf; Fg;ig vdg; gphpg;nghk;-  Jzpg;igiaj; J}f;Fnthk;-

 `J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhnd~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; bjhlh;r;rpaha;

,) Rth; ? ePh;r;RtLfs; mHpj;jd

,) ePh;btsp <) ma;ag;gkhjtd; ftpijfs; [tpil: <]

13. ma;ag;g khjtdpd; `,d;W~ vd;gJ

14. ma;ag;gd; khjtdpd; khtl;lk; ............... Ch; ...............

15. ma;ag;g khjtDf;Fj; bjhlh;gpy;yhj ftpijj; bjhFg;gpidf; fz;lwpf.

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

12 fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 29

`kiH~ bjhlh;ghd ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J ,jH; xd;W cUthf;Ff.

v=;fpUe;njh te;j mspf;Fk; mjpra

kiH ,utpd; Fsph; mHF- mk;khtpd; gpoapypUe;J tpyfp

 nkfk; jhd; j=;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhf NH;e;J vGe;jJ. cyfk; FspUk;goahf

 kf;fs; jhk; gHfpa epyj;ijtpl;L ntW ,lk; brd;wjhy; tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.

 tpy=;Ffs; Fsph; kpFjpahy; nka;r;riy kwe;jd" Fu=;Ffs; eL=;fpd" gwitfs; epyj;jpy;

 kiyiana Fspur; bra;td nghd;W ,Ue;jJ vd;W ef;fPuh; kiHf;fhy tUzidapid

g[Jg;bgay; = g[Jik + bgay;

4. nghh;nkw;brd;w murd; Fsph;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; gil tPL

5. Mah;fs; NoapUe;j khiy

6. `cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go mike;j brhy;

7. `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go mike;j brhy;

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

17. beLey;thilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;

20. beLey;thil ................ mofisf; bfhz;lJ.

23. g[Jg;bgah; ? ,r;brhy;Yf;Fhpa g[zh;r;rp tpjpfisf; fz;lwpf.

25. fz;zp vd;gJ

26. Tjph;g; ghriw vd;gJ

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

2  fgpyh;/ guzh; fhyj;jth;.

 ghy; Fof;f tUk; fd;Wfisg; gRf;fs; cijj;Jj; js;spd.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 31

jw;fhy thH;f;ifKiwapy; kiH/ Fsph; fhy=;fspy; ,ay;g[ thH;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLtJ Fwpj;J

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

1. `cj;jk nrhHd;~ mth;fspd; ,aw;bgah;

14. cj;jknrhHd; vGjhj rpWfijiaf; fz;lwpf.

18. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; gpnuk;FkhUf;Fg; bgw;nwhh; ,l;l bgah;

20. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapd; ehafd; kUjdpd; kidtp

2 bry;tuh$; vd;Dk; ,aw;bgaUila cj;jk nrhHd; vGjpa `Kjy;fy;~ vd;w fijapy;

kUjdpd; gz]g[ eyd;fis ,f;fl;Liu @yk; mwpnthk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 37

1. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ................. mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlh; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

11. cyf bkhHpfs; midj;jpYk; ................. kpFjp vd;gh;.

15. ,lk; ................. tifg;gLk;.

bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH

kiHf;F Mjhuk; kuk;.

kdpjd; ,aw;if ts=;fisr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;

`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhnd~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; bjhlh;r;rpaha;

nkfk; jhd; j=;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhf NH;e;J vGe;jJ. cyfk; FspUk;goahf

kf;fs; jhk; gHfpa epyj;ijtpl;L ntW ,lk; brd;wjhy; tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.

tpy=;Ffs; Fsph; kpFjpahy; nka;r;riy kwe;jd" Fu=;Ffs; eL=;fpd" gwitfs; epyj;jpy;

kiyiana Fspur; bra;td nghd;W ,Ue;jJ vd;W ef;fPuh; kiHf;fhy tUzidapid

17. beLey;thilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;

2 fgpyh;/ guzh; fhyj;jth;.

ghy; Fof;f tUk; fd;Wfisg; gRf;fs; cijj;Jj; js;spd.

5. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlh; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td

ePh;tHpg;ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; ? jpUkjp. ghj;jpkh

M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2x4=8