THEORY ON ERROR CLAT LATITUDE OF COURSE RADIUS g1L

PROBABLE VALUE  S1 
N   SLAT NLAT  SLAT R
1145.916 g1  g 2
X
LAT
D
X CDEP DEPARTURE OF COURSE 1
n  LENGTH OF CURVE h1  gS
RESIDUAL E DEP  WDEP EDEP  WDEP  RI 20I
2 1 1
Lc   L
vXX where: 180 D H  g1  g 2 
PROBABLE ERROR (Single) CLAT – latitude correction(per course) TANGENT DISTANCE 8
CDEP – departure correction(per course) I y H
PEs  0.6745
v 2
T  R tan
2

x 2  L 2
n 1 AREA COMPUTATION
LENGTH OF CHORD 2
PROBABLE ERROR (Mean) AREA OF CLOSED TRAVERSE  
DOUBLEA AREA  DMD  LATITUDE I where:
L  2R sin
PEm  0.6745
v 2

1 2 g1, g2 – grades of tangent lines at PC &

n  n  1 AREA 
2
 DOUBLE AREA EXTERNAL DISTANCE PT, respectively
L – length of parabolic curve
PRECISION where:  I 
E  R  sec  1 S1, S2 – sight distance
PEm DMD – double meridian distance  2  H – height from PI to curve (L/2)
PRECISION  – DMD of 1st course is equal to
X MIDDLE ORDINATE
the departure of that course. UNSYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
VARIANCE  I
– DMD of any other couse is m  R  1  cos   g  g2  L1L2  L1 g  g
 X  X 
2
equal to the DMD of the  2 H 1  3
VARIANCE  previous course plus the where: 2 L 2 1
n departure of the previous course D – degree of curve H
STANDARD DEVIATION plus the departure of the course h1  h2 
I – angle of intersection of the tangents 4
SD  VARIANCE itself. or central angle of the simple curve
AREA BY TRAPEZOIDAL RULE MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVE 2H g1L1  g 2 L2
g3  g1  
d L1 L
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT AREA  h1  2  h2  h3  ...  hn  Rmin 
V2
STADIA MEASUREMENT 2 127  e  f  LOCATION OF HIGHEST OR LOWEST
f AREA BY SIMPSON’S ONE-THIRD RULE POINT OF THE CURVE
D  S cos   f  c   KS cos   f  c  2
d v g1L12 g1L1
i
AREA   h1  2 hodd  4 heven hn  tan       S1  if H 
H  D cos  3 gR 2H 2
AREA BY COORDINATES e  tan g2L22
V  D sin gL
S2  if H  1 1
where: 1 x1 x2 x3 x 4 xn x1 where: 2H 2
AREA  ... V – design speed, km/h
f/i – k, stadia interval factor (100) 2 y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y n y1 where:
S – stadia intercept e – super-elevation g3 – common tangent
where: f – coefficient of friction
f+c – stadia constant (0 – int. focusing) L1, L2 – length of curve from PC and PT,
d – common distance between chords φ – angle of friction
θ – angle of inclination of sight respectively
h – equidistant parallel chords
SUBSTENSE BAR S1, S2 – length from PC and PT to
S SPIRAL CURVE summit respectively
D VOLUME OF ROAD EXCAVATION DISTANCE ALONG TANGENT TO ANY
2 tan   
2 WORKS BETWEEN TWO STATIONS POINT ON THE SPIRAL
H – height from PI to curve (L1 or L2)
VOLUME BY END AREA METHOD
where: L5 SIGHT DISTANCES
A  A2 Y L
S – length of bar (2m) Vend area  1 L 40R 2L2s STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE
θ – angle subtended by the bar 2 v2
OFFSET DISTANCE FROM TANGENT SSD  vt 
CORRECTIONS IN TAPING VOLUME BY PRISMOIDAL FORMULA
TO ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL 2g  f  G 
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION L
Vprismoidal   A1  4 Am  A2  L3
CT    T  To  Lo 6 X where:
6RLs v – velocity, m/s
where: VOLUME CORRECTION f – coefficient of friction
T – temp. during measurement SPIRAL ANGLE FROM TANGENT TO
L G – road grade (+ ascend, - descend)
To – temp. when tape is of length Lo Vcorrection   C  C2   D1  D2  ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE
12 1
α – coef of thermal expansion (11.6E-6) L2
where:  PSD  d1  d2  d 3  d 4
PULL CORRECTION 2RLs
L – total length between station SD ON HORIZONTAL CURVE
 P  Po  Lo A1, A2 – cross-sectional area at the end DEFLECTION ANGLE FROM TS TO ANY WHEN S < Lc
CP 
AE of each station POINT ON THE SPIRAL S2
where: Am – mean cross-sectional area R
C1, C2 – depth at stations 1 & 2 resp.  i  is 8m
P – pull during measurement i 2 2
Po – pull when tape is Lo D1, D2 – top width at stations 1& 2 resp. 3 L Ls WHEN S > Lc
A – cross-sectional area of tape LENGTH OF THROW L  2S  Lc 
E – modulus of elasticity of tape VOLUME OF TRUNCATED PRISM R c
X L2 8m
SAG CORRECTION (negative error)
Vtruncated prism  A
h P c  s
4 24R where:
 2 L3 n TANGENT DISTANCE R – radius of curve
CSAG 
24P 2 where: L I Lc – length of curve
where: A – base area Ts  s   R  P  tan S – sight distance
h – corner height 2 2 m – distance of obstruction from curve
ω – weight of tape per linear m. or ft.
L – unsupported length of tape n – number of corners EXTERNAL DISTANCE SD ON VERTICAL SUMMIT CURVE
P – pull during measurement I WHEN S < L
BORROW PIT METHOD (ASSEMBLY OF Es   R  P  sec  R
SLOPE CORRECTION (negative error) 2 AS 2
RECTANGULAR PRISMS) L
h2 DEGREE OF SPIRAL CURVE AT ANY
 
2
200 h1  h2
CSLOPE 
2S V A
h 1  2 h2  3 h3  4 h4 POINT
where: 4 D Dc WHEN S > L

where: L Ls
 
2
h – difference in elev. bet. ends of tape 200 h1  h2
S – incline distance h1 – height found on one area only
where: L  2S 
EARTH’S CURVATURE & REFRACTION h2 – height common to two areas A
R – radius of the simple curve
h3 – height common to three areas where:
hcr  0.0675K 2 Ls – total length of spiral
h4 – height common to four areas A – change in grade, percent
L – any length of spiral
Y  1000K tan – (g1 – g2)
Dc – degree of simple curve
where: VOLUME OF RESERVOIR OR PIT S – sight distance
DESIRABLE LENGTH OF SPIRAL
K – distance in kilometer VOLUME BY END AREA METHOD h1 – height of 1st object’s line of sight
d 0.036V 3
Vend area   A1  2 Ai  An  Ls  h2 – height of 2nd object’s line of sight
TRAVERSE CORRECTION R SD ON VERTICAL SUMMIT CURVE (w/o
2
ERROR OF CLOSURE where: h1 & h2)
VOL. BY SIMPSON’S ONE-THIRD RULE
V – velocity, km/h WHEN S < L
E  LAT 2  DEP 2 d
V   A1  2 Aodd  4 Aeven  An  RATE OF CHANGE OF CENTRIPETAL
AS 2
ERROR OF CLOS. 3 ACCELERATION L
RELATIVE ERROR  915
PERIMETER OF TRAV . where: v3

A1, An – area of first and last sections q WHEN S > L

where: RLs
ΣAi – sum of area of interior sections 915
ΔLAT – (ΣNorth Lat – ΣSouth Lat) where: L  2S 
ΔDEP – (ΣEast Dep – ΣWest Dep) A
CUT & FILL v – velocity, m/s
COMPASS RULE (Correction)
Hcut  Hfill
CLAT LENGTH OF COURSE L
 g ground  groad
 NLAT   SLAT PERIMETER OF TRAV .
CDEP LENGTH OF COURSE

E DEP  WDEP PERIMETER OF TRAV .

TRANSIT RULE (Correction) SD ON SAG PARABOLIC CURVE

SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE WHEN S < L
SIMPLE CURVE
 AS 2 k – density, number of vehicle per unit
L length
200  S tan   H  SPACING
WHEN S > L 1000 uave
SPACING  
200  S tan   H  k q
L  2S 
A where:
where: uave – average speed of passing
β – headlight beam angle vehicles, km/hr
H – 2 ft (standard design value) q – flow, vehicle/hr
SD ON SAG PARABOLIC CURVE (w/o H AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC
& β) # of vehicle per year
WHEN S < L ADT 
365
AS 2 PEAK HOUR FACTOR
L
122  3.5S q
PHF 
WHEN S > L highest vol . every 5 min  12
122  3.5S TRAFFIC INDEX
L  2S 
A
TI  1.35  EWL 
0.11

SD ON VERTICAL SAG CURVE (w/

OVERPASS) EQUIVALENT WHEEL LOAD
WHEN S < L n
EWL   1  r   total annual EWL 
S 2  g1  g 2  2
L
8H total annual EWL  ADT  EWL
WHEN S > L where:
8H r – rate of increase of traffic, percent
L  2S  n – number of passing vehicles
g1  g2
CAPACITY OF A SINGLE LANE
WHEN SSD IS GIVEN 1000V
CAPACITY 
AS 2 s
L
425 s  vt  L
ALLOWABLE SPEED THROUGH A where:
PARABOLIC SAG CURVE CAPACITY – veh/hr
AV 2 V – average speed of vehicles, km/hr
L s – average center-to-center spacing of
395
vehicles, meter
where: v – velocity, m/s
V – velocity, km/hr t – reaction time, second
L length of one car, meter
RIGID PAVEMENT ACCIDENT RATE
THICKNESS w/o DOWEL OR TIE
# of accidents
3W ACCIDENT RATE 
t # entering vehicle
fct
ACCIDENT RATE PER MILLION
THICKNESS w/ DOWEL OR TIE (EDGE) ENTERING VEHICLES FOR AN
3W INTERSECTION
t N  1,000,000
2fct R
ADT  t   365 
THICKNESS w/o DOWEL OR TIE
(CENTER) ACCIDENT RATE PER HUNDRED
MILLION ENTERING VEHICLES FOR A
3W
t KILOMETER OF HIGHWAY SEGMENT
4fct
N  100,000,000
R
where: ADT  t   365   L
W – wheel load, N or lb
fct – allowable tensile strength of where:
concrete, MPa or psi N – number of accidents during the
t – thickness of concrete slab, mm or in analysis period
ADT – average daily traffic
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT t – period of analysis, year
THICKNESS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT L – length of segment, km
SEVERITY RATIO
W
t r FATAL  INJURY
f SR 
FATAL  INJURY  PROPERTY DMG
where:
f – bearing strength of subgrade or
base, MPa or psi
r – radius of contact of whel to
pavement, mm or in
STIFFNESS FACTOR OF PAVEMENT
Esubgrade
S 3
E pavement
MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION
P
K
0.125 A
where:
P – load (kg) causing 0.125 cm
Settlement
A – area of standard plate (75 cm Φ)

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
SPACE MEAN SPEED
D n nD
us   
tave 1  ti
u
i

where:
D – length of road
n – number of passing vehicles
ui – velocity of each vehicle
ti – time of each vehicle to pass a length
tave – average time of all vehicles
TIME MEAN SPEED OR SPOT SPEED
 u  u  ...  un 
ut  1 2
n

FLOW RATE
q  kus
where: