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Tarea 4 - Elegir redes y medios de transmisión

Luis Alberto Sánchez Correa- C.C. 16786134


16786134
Orlando de Jesús Cartagena – C.C. 1113623530

Presentado a:
Nancy Amparo Guaca
Gonzalo Medina

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia  – UNAD


Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Sistemas de Comunicación E learning - 2150504_19
Noviembre – 2018
Colombia
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Introducción

El siguiente documento tiene el desarrollo de la actividad Tarea 4 - Elegir redes y medios de

transmisión.,
transmisión. , que tiene como enfoque identificar y evaluar las aplicaciones de la las ondas en general

y en específico las ondas electromagnéticas en la vida cotidiana y se presenta como requisito para la

valoración inicial del curso Ingeniería de Telecomunicaciones identifica los fundamentos de los

sistemas de comunicación, a través de la solución de ejercicios tantos conceptuales como

matemáticos relacionados con el manejo y tratamiento de una señal, grupo 208051_43.

La importancia que tiene la realización de este trabajo, radica en unas tareas individuales y

colaborativas por parte del grupo, y la práctica profesional e integración a nuestra vida moderna por

medio de responder preguntas de problemas de aplicación de la vida cotidiana, donde cada

integrante del grupo seleccionara y desarrollara un problema para luego debatir al interior del grupo

colaborativo y entregar un solo trabajo (por parte de un integrante en el entorno de evaluación y

seguimiento). Nos ayudaran a aumentar nuestros conocimientos en aras de formar un profesional

integro. El estudiante elige los tipos de redes y medios de transmisión, a través de la solución de

ejercicios tanto teóricos como prácticos relacionados con los diferentes tipos de redes de

comunicaciones disponibles. También se profundiza en los fundamentos de los sistemas de

comunicación a partir del concepto, manejo y tratamiento de una señal, así como identificar los

elementos constitutivos de un sistema de comunicación y la clasificación de los mismos, describiendo

y caracterizando de manera adecuada los conceptos, tecnologías y procedimientos, relacionados con

las modulaciones analógicas existentes en la actualidad y reconociendo las perturbaciones y efectos

del ruido en ellas, como también interpreta modulaciones analógicas a través de la solución de
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OBJETIVOS

Principal
 Desarrollar el contenido del trabajo Elegir redes y medios de transmisión.
transmisi ón.

Secundarios
  Identificar los medios de transmisión y los usos en los diferentes tipos de redes de

comunicación, realizar la simulación relacionada con las temáticas propuestas.

 Establecer lazos de comunicación con los integrantes del grupo colaborativo

 Dar respuestas de modo individual a las preguntas planteadas en este ejercicio.


ejercici o.

 Elaborar el informe requerido y presentarlo en el espacio colaborativo para aportes grupales.


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Actividades a desarrollar
Actividad individual
Para el desarrollo de los siguientes puntos es necesario revisar y analizar los
recursos educativos de la unidad cuatro, disponibles en el entorno de
conocimiento. Recuerde que puede consultar otras fuentes de información en
internet.
Ejercicios teóricos
1. Redes de comunicación
 Relacione un gráfico con los niveles del modelo OSI y del Modelo TCP/IP.
R/

 Diligencie en la siguiente tabla, los niveles de los modelos de referencia OSI


y TCP/IP, con sus palabras descríbalos, relacione además en cada nivel la
unidad de información, equipos (si aplica).
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Modelo de referencia
Nivel - nombre Descripción y Generalidades
MODELO OSI

MODELO TCP /IP


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 Diligencie en la siguiente tabla, las tecnologías: Bluetooth, Ethernet, DWDM,


MetroEthernet, SDH, redes HFC. En cada una de ellas relacionar a qué tipo de
cobertura corresponde: LAN, MAN o WAN; indique si es tecnología cableada o
inalámbrica, en caso de ser inalámbrica indique la frecuencia de operación.
Relacione además la normatividad y el ente regulador, así como los medios de
transmisión usados en la tecnología.

Tecnologías a revisar:
Tipo de Características
tecnología
Bluetooth Potencia máxima Potencia máxima
Alcance
Clase permitida permitida
(aproximado)
(mW) (dBm )

Clase 1 100 mW 20 dBm ~100 metros

Clase 2 2.5 mW 4 dBm ~5-10 metros


Clase 3 1 mW 0 dBm ~1 metro
Clase 4 0.5 mW 0 dBm ~0.5 metro

Versión Ancho de banda (BW)

Versión 1.2 1 Mbit/s


Versión 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s
Versión 3.0 + HS 24 Mbit/s
24 Mbit/s
Versión 4.0 32 Mbit/s
32 Mbit/s
Versión 5 50 M
50 Mbi
bit/
t/ss
Tipo de Tecnología:
Bluetooth es un estándar de tecnología inalámbrica abierta para
transmitir datos de dispositivos electrónicos fijos y móviles en
distancias cortas. Bluetooth se introdujo en 1994 como un sustituto
inalámbrico de los cables RS-232.

Frecuencia de operación:
Bluetooth se comunica con una variedad de dispositivos electrónicos
electrónicos y
crea redes personales que operan dentro de la banda de 2.4 GHz sin
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Estandarización: IEEE 802.15.1


Medios de Transmisión usados:
 En contraste con otras tecnologías inalámbricas, Bluetooth
equipa su red y dispositivos con servicios de alto nivel como
envío de archivos, transmisión de voz y emulación.

Las características de Bluetooth incluyen:


 Especificaciones basadas en tecnología de espectro ensanchado
por salto de frecuencia.
 La red se comunica con un dispositivo Bluetooth maestro y está
formada por hasta siete dispositivos
 La pila FreeBSD se ejecuta con un marco Netgraph a través de
señales de transmisión de radio de longitud de onda corta.
 La tecnología del dispositivo incluye confidencialidad, obtención
de claves y autenticación a través de la rutina de cifrado seguro
y rápido (SAFER) + algoritmos de cifrado de bloques
 Bluetooth se utiliza para lo siguiente:
 Control inalámbrico y comunicación entre auriculares móviles y
manos libres
 Redes inalámbricas entre múltiples computadoras en áreas con
servicio limitado
 Comunicación inalámbrica con PC y dispositivos periféricos de
entrada / salida (E / S)
 Con Object Exchange (OBEX), para transferir archivos, detalles
de contacto y citas de calendario entre múltiples dispositivos
 Para reemplazar la comunicación por cable convencional, como
receptores de GPS, equipos médicos, dispositivos de control de
tráfico y escáneres de códigos de barras
 Para aplicaciones de bajo ancho de banda, cuando no se desea
un mayor ancho de banda de USB
 Unir múltiples redes Ethernet industriales
 Controladores inalámbricos en muchos juegos interactivos y
estaciones de juego
 Acceda a la conexión de acceso telefónico a Internet a través de
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Ethernet

DWDM Los primeros sistemas de transmisión por fibra óptica ponían la


información en hebras de vidrio mediante simples pulsos de luz. Se
encendía y se apagaba una luz para representar los unos y los ceros
de la información digital. La luz real podía ser de casi cualquier
longitud de onda (conocida también como color o frecuencia) desde
aproximadamente 650 nm a 1550 nm. En la década de los 80, los
módems de comunicación de datos por fibra óptica utilizaron LED de
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aparición alrededor de 1985. A principios del siglo XXI, la tecnología


permite combinar hasta 160 señales con un ancho de banda efectivo
de unos 10 gigabits
g igabits por segundo.

Las operadoras ya están utilizando los 40 Gbit/s. No obstante la


capacidad teórica de una sola fibra óptica se estima en 1600 Gbit/s.
De manera que es posible alcanzar mayores capacidades en el futuro,
a medida que avance la tecnología.
DWDM es un método de multiplexación
de  multiplexación muy similar a la Multiplexación
la Multiplexación
por división de frecuencia que se utiliza en medios de transmisión
electromagnéticos. Varias señales portadoras (ópticas) se transmiten
por una única fibra
única fibra óptica utilizando distintas longitudes de onda de un
haz láser
haz láser en cada una de ellas.
Cada portadora óptica forma un canal óptico que podrá ser tratado
independientemente del resto de canales que comparten el medio
(fibra óptica) y contener diferente tipo de tráfico.
De esta manera se puede multiplicar el ancho
el ancho de bandaefectivo
banda efectivo de la
fibra óptica, así como facilitar comunicaciones
comunicaciones bidireccionales. Se trata
de una técnica de transmisión muy atractiva para las operadoras de
telecomunicaciones ya que les permite aumentar su capacidad sin
tender más cables ni abrir zanjas.
La DWDM está diseñada para transmisiones de larga distancia donde
las longitudes de onda están compactadas. Los proveedores han
descubierto diversas técnicas para comprimir 32, 64 o 128 longitudes
de onda en una fibra.
Cuando están reforzados por los amplificadores de fibra dopada con
erbio (EDFA
(EDFA))—un tipo de potenciador del rendimiento para
comunicaciones de alta velocidad—estos sistemas pueden funcionar a
través de miles de kilómetros.
Los canales densamente poblados no están libres de limitaciones. En
primer lugar, se necesitan filtros de alta precisión para separar una
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combinar más canales reduciendo el espacio entre ellos. Actualmente


se pueden conseguir 40, 80 o 160 canales ópticos separados entre sí
100 GHz, 50 GHz o 25 GHz respectivamente.
respectivamente.
Está definido para la banda de 1530 –  1610 nm, espaciado entre
canales de 0,8 nm y 1,6 nm

Espacio oficial entre canales: 100 GHz (41 canales de 0,8 nm) y 50
GHz (82 canales de 0,4 nm)
Banda C -es la más convencional- es la que usa longitud de onda más
corta (~1530)
Banda L es de longitud de onda más larga (hasta 1610 nm)
Se empieza a utilizar el espaciado de 50 GHz (o incluso de 25 y 12,5
GHz: WDM ultra-denso) y también las bandas de 1490 nm
Cobertura:

CWDM: Multiplexación por división aproximada de longitud de onda.


Sistemas WDM con menos de ocho longitudes de onda activas por
fibra.

DWDM: Multiplexación por división de longitud de onda densa.


DWDM Sistemas WDM con más de ocho longitudes de onda activas por fibra.

Tipo de Tecnología:
Frecuencia de operación:
100 GHz, 50 GHz o 25 GHz respectivamente.
respectivamente.
Estandarización:
Medios de Transmisión usados:
Fibra óptica
Cobertura:
Tipo de Tecnología:
Metro Frecuencia de operación:
Ethernet Estandarización:
Estandarización: IEEE 802.3 – 2000
Medios de Transmisión usados:
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2. Medios de transmisión
 Para cada uno de los siguientes medios de transmisión: cable UTP, cable
coaxial, fibra óptica y medio inalámbrico. Relacione una imagen del medio
de transmisión, determine la composición, o tipos de medios, categorías si
aplica, tipos de conectores, ventajas y usos.
R/
MEDIOS DE TRANSMISION USADOS, VENTAJAS Y USOS
Los medios de transmisión son el elemento por el que viajan los datos en las redes
telemáticas. La función proporcionada por los medios de transmisión esta englobada en el
nivel 1 del modelo OSI.
Existen 2 tipos de medios de transmisión
 GUIADOS: este medio transporta los datos a través de un
un material que canaliza la
señal, habitualmente se conoce como medios cableados o cables.
 NO GUIADOS: Los datos viajan
viajan en forma de ondas
ondas electromagnéticas utilizando el
aire como medio de transmisión y reciben el nombre de medios inalámbricos.

CABLE UTP:
Es un tipo de conexión que tiene dos conductores eléctricos aislados y entrelazados para
anular las interferencias de fuentes externas y diafonía de los cables adyacentes. Consiste
en ocho hilos de cobre aislados entre sí, trenzados de dos en dos que se entrelazan de forma
helicoidal. Esto se hace porque dos alambres paralelos constituyen una antena simple.
Cuando se trenzan los alambres, las ondas se cancelan, por lo que
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CABLE STP: En este caso, cada par va


va recubierto por una malla
conductora que actúa de apantalla frente a interferencias y ruido
eléctrico. Su impedancia es de 150 Ohm.
El nivel de protección del STP ante perturbaciones externas es
mayor al ofrecido por UTP. Sin embargo es más costoso y
requiere más instalación. La pantalla del STP para que sea más
eficaz requiere una configuración de interconexión con tierra
(dotada de continuidad hasta el terminal).

CABLE COAXIAL: es un cable utilizado


utilizado para transportar
señales eléctricas de alta frecuencia que posee dos
conductores concéntricos, uno central, llamado núcleo,
encargado de llevar la información, y uno exterior, de
aspecto tubular, llamado malla, blindaje o trenza, que
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FIBRA OPTICA: La fibra óptica se compone de filamentos de


vidrio, aunque algunas veces se pueden encontrar de plástico.
La forma de enviar información a través de la fibra óptica es a
través de haces de luz, los cuales viajan dentro de ella. En
telecomunicaciones, es el medio de transmisión más utilizado
gracias a la gran capacidad que tiene de enviar información,
ya que a través de un hilo de fibra óptica se pueden enviar
millones de bits por segundo (bps) y acceder a servicios de
manera simultánea con gran velocidad y calidad.

Conectores coaxiales
Conectores coaxiales RF más comunes para banda ancha

Conector IEC 169-2


Seguramente este será, para la mayoría, el conector más común, o al menos el más
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Se complementa con un
anillo que posibilita las
conexiones a los conectores
los conectores
BNC hembra.
Conectores coaxiales RF más
comunes para banda base

Conector XLR-3
Se usa para aplicaciones de audio a nivel profesional y es el más común en los equipos de
iluminación espectacular, capaz de transmitir la señal digital de control DMX.
 Aunque este es el más estandarizado, los hay con entre 4 y 8 pines (el número del final).
final).

RCA
Es posiblemente el conector RF más común en
audiovisuales tanto de vídeo como de audio no profesional.
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Conectores coaxiales RF para usos especiales


UHF
 Aunque sus aplicaciones fueron para radar en la guerra, este conector
este conector UHF ha sido el más
común para las aplicaciones amateur de radio hasta los 150
MHz.

Mini UHF
Se trata de la versión mini del anterior
anter ior y se creó para
p ara
usarse en telefonía móvil y otras aplicaciones en las que el
tamaño era un factor muy importante.

FME
El conector FME,  de sus siglas en inglés “ For Mobile
Equipment” o “Para Equipos Móviles” deducimos que este tipo
de tan común conector coaxial RF se utiliza -ahora ya mucho
menos- en todo tipo de instalaciones y aplicaciones móviles,
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Fibra óptica
Ventajas
 Fácil de instalar.
 Transmisión de datos a alta velocidad.
 Conexión directa de centrales a empresas.
 Gran ancho de banda.
 El cable fibra óptica, al ser muy delgado y flexible es
mucho más ligero y ocupa menos espacio que el
cable coaxial y el cable par trenzado.
 Acceso ilimitado
ilimitado y continuo las 24 horas del día, sin
congestiones.
 La fibra óptica hace posible navegar por Internet, a una velocidad de 2 millones de
bps, impensable en el sistema convencional, en el que la mayoría de usuarios se
conecta a 10mbps, 100mbps o 1000mbps.
 Video y sonido en tiempo real.
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 El costo es alto en la conexión de fibra óptica, la empresas no cobran


cobran por tiempo
tiempo de
utilización, sino por cantidad de información transferida al ordenador, o cualquier otro
equipo o electrodoméstico conectado a internet, la información se mide bytes.
 El costo de instalación es elevado.
 El costo relativamente
relativamente alto en comparación con los otros tipos
tipos de cable.
 Fragilidad de las fibras.
 Los diminutos núcleos de los cables deben alinearse con extrema precisión al
momento de empalmar, para evitar una excesiva pérdida de señal.
 Dificultad de reparar un cable de fibra roto.
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Conectores de fibra
 ST: es el conector más popular utilizado
utilizado en redes de área local.
local.
 SC: también tiene férula de 2,5 mm y conexión de broche.
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Fibra óptica vs comunicaciones por satélite

 En comparación con sistemas inalámbricos,


inalámbricos, la fibra óptica logra diferencias
importantes, como son:
• La calidad de la señal es mayor, ya que los retardos están por debajo de
de los 100 mseg
frente a los 500 mseg del satélite.
• La capacidad de transmisión de la fibra óptica es más de 1.000 veces mayor que la del
satélite.
• Los equipos de fibra óptica son mucho más pequeños y económicos.
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construcción utilizados en edificios y estructuras, además del terreno local, que limitan la
cobertura efectiva.

Tipos de redes inalámbricas:

• IEEE estándar 802.11: comúnmente denominada Wi-Fi, se trata de una tecnología


tecnología
LAN inalámbrica (Red de área local inalámbrica, WLAN) que utiliza una contención o
sistema no determinista con un proceso de acceso a los medios de Acceso múltiple
con detección de portadora/Prevención de colisiones (CSMA/CA).
• IEEE estándar 802.15: estándar de red de área personal inalámbrica (WPAN),
comúnmente denominada "Bluetooth", utiliza un proceso de emparejamiento de
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Las microondas están dentro de una gama de frecuencia de 300 MHz (longitud de
onda 1 m) a 300 GHz (longitud de onda de 1 mm). Son ejemplos de la aplicación
de éstas ondas:
Aeronáutica:
 tripulación de aviones
 lanzamiento de misiles
Comunicaciones:
• televisión
• telemetría
• sistema satelital
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mitad de un dipolo,
un dipolo, lo que garantiza que largo. habitualmente se de radio
de radio móvi
en este caso vertical. la energía este alimenta con l en vehículos
en vehículos
Cuando el monopolo concentrada a pocos - Las pérdidas en
cable coaxial.
vertical se instala grados por encima éste tipo de
sobre un plano de del horizonte, lo antenas se
 La antena vertical
relacionan
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comparadas con la dispositivo resolver alta frecuencia,


Ganancia : 2.2 dBi
longitud de onda  problemas causados UHF o longitud de
 por las señales onda larga.
contradictorias sin Antenas dipolo a
 perder calidad de menudo necesitan
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recepción de señales seleccionada. Por


televisivas. Los tal razón se utiliza
elementos directores la denominada
dirigen el campo antena yagi de
eléctrico, los activos  banda ancha, la
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Microstr  extensión de las los componentes. radiación impedancia de operación - Aeronáutica


ip líneas de entrada. oscilan en
transmisión en la - Fácil de integrar - Baja eficiencia valores -
tecnología planar. tanto a superficies - Los campos son
- Ancho de banda linealmente inferiores Aplicaciones
Está compuesta por  planas como no angosto a los en misiles
 planas  polarizados
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