Contents

Lesson Grammar Vocabulary Speech feature &

Pronunciation
lA A fresh start p6 Change

ls First day p8 Simple & continuous verb forms Approximation

le Growing up p10 Reference & substitution Age

lo The quarterlife crisis p12 Noun suffixes

2A Memory p16 Gerunds & infinitives Memory & memories

28 Memory man p18 Playing cards Chunking

2c Bicycle history p20 Collocations and expressions

with way

20 Memory stores p22 Comparisons

3A Consumer society p26 Adding emphasis with auxiliary verbs Money

38 Rubbish! p28 Rubbish Fronting

3c Competitive eating p30 Excess

30 A cautionary tale p32 Cleft sentences Adjective affixes

4A Voicing complaints p36 Ways of speaking

48 Voice complaints p38 Reported speech Voice Voiced & unvoiced sounds

4c In the limelight p40 Emotional reactions

40 Speech! p42 Medals 1: must, might, may, could

SA Entrepreneurs p46 Relative clauses

S8 A new business p48 Setting up in business Question tags

Sc Women's work? p50 Intensifying adverbs

So Sexual discrimination p52 Hypothetical past situations Gender

6A Body care p56 Nouns from phrasal verbs

68 Medical care p58 Passives 1 Body collocations Intrusive sounds

6c Childcare p6o Collocations and expressions with care

60 Babysitting p62 Passives 2 Babies & babysitting

2 I
 Reading & Listening Speaking

1A R Three articles on change Devising a quiz about South Africa An autobiography Writing an
1B L Radio programme about starting at a Discussing the first day at school p 126 autobiography:
new school time expressions,
describing your family,
1c R Growing up on television Talking about different ages verb-noun collocations
lo L The quarterlife crisis Roleplay: life changes
Did you know? Help the Aged

2A R Three articles on improving memory Discussing ways to improve memory Writing a biography:
phrases in apposition,
2B L Interview with Dominic O'Brien Performing and discussing a memory technique
future in the past,
2c R The Rise of the Bicycle Ranking and discussing methods of transport time phrases, writing a
biography of a famous
person
2o L Conversation about museums Roleplay: presenting and discussing proposals
for a new national museum

Did you know? Statues

3A R I didn't just say: give me the dough Talking about attitudes to spending money An article Writing a website article:
writing definitions,
3B L Radio programme about a recycling Comparing and contrasting photos showing p 128
making a deduction,
initiative rubbish describing cause &
Did you know? PlasTax effect

3c R Me and my big mouth Roleplay: Sonya Thomas interview

3D L Radio programme about the island Discussing island life

of Nauru

Writing a blog:
4A R Three biogs Describing and discussing complaint situations
narrative expressions,
4B L Interview about problems with the voice Talking about how to protect your voice explaining

4C R And the winner is ... Ranking performance activities consequences in the

past, writing a blog
4D L How to write speeches Making a speech about an embarrassing
Did you know? Queen's Speech & State of the incident
Union Address

5A R Ing var Kamprad: Leader of the f/atpack Talking about internationally known A work email Writing a work email:
formal and informal
entrepreneurs p 130
style. making
5B L Interview with Paddy Radcliffe Making a product pitch to investors
arrangements, making
5c R A woman's work is never done Roleplay: deciding on a housework rota requests

5D L Five people talk about the Sex Did you know? Women in the Anglican clergy
Discrimination Act

6A R There's more than one way to stay Ranking leisure activities Writing an email to a
friend:
in shape
invitations &
6B L The history of healthcare products Discussing health problems responses, writing an
6c R Natasha's Story Talking about international adoptions email of invitation to a
social event
60 L Interview about a babysitting agency Choosing the best alternatives in babysitting
situations

Did you know? Attitudes to children in UK

I 3
Lesson Grammar Vocabulary Speech feature &
Pronunciation
7A Behaving badly p66 Ellipsis

7B Rudeness p68 Good & bad behaviour Ellipsis in conversation

7c Whodunnit? p70 Participle clauses

70 Crime reports p72 Legal matters

8A It takes all sorts p76 Noun phrases

8B Birth order p78 Changing word stress

Sc A close bond pSo Attitude adverbials Relationships

80 Singles p82 Discourse markers Adverbs with two forms

9A A place called home p86 Modals 2: will, would, shall

98 Squatters p88 Describing homes

9C A place in the sun p90 Inversion

90 Experimental travel p92 Adjectives formed with particles Vague language

10A
108
Turning out well p96

What is success? p98 Futures

l Success

Three-part phrasal verbs Contrastive stress

10c Going wrong? p100 Television

100 A stabbing incident p102 Modals 3: must, need, should Not turning out well
1
11A A sight for sore eyes p106 Descriptive verbs Stress patterns and rhyming scheme�

118 Affordable art p108 Determiners, pronouns & quantifiers Prepositional phrases

11C The sound of silence p110 Sounds

11 O The New Music Award p112 Hypothetical present & future Dislocation

situations

12A Science fact p116 Plurals & number

128 Wearable technology p118

12C Sport technology p120 Verb affixes Intonation (feelings)

The end? p122 Grammar revision Vocabulary revision

� riling p126 Communication activities p138 Tapescripts p156 Unit rev l e w s p 1 6 4

_
_________--------
-
--------------

4 I
 Reading & Listening Speaking Writing
Student's Book : Workbook

7A R A new broom Talking about misbehaviour at school A narrative Writing a narrative:

using narrative
78 L Conversation about rudeness Discussing good and bad behaviour p 132 tenses, linking events,
Selecting posters for a national campaign describing emotion

7c R A missing person Ranking and comparing books

7D L Radio news reports Discussing law breaking

Did you know? Canadian Mounties

8A R Mr Hilditch & Robert and Lizzie Describing people's personality and appearance Writing a description:
the five senses, participle
88 L Conversation about birth order Discussing quotations about sisterhood phrases, writing a
Did you know? Famous American siblings : description of a visit

Sc R End of a friendship Discussing relationships

8D L Six people talk about being single Discussing compatibility

9A R The city of tomorrow Submitting and presenting a plan for a new town A letter of complaint Writing a letter of
complaint:
98 L Radio programme about squatting Roleplay: viewing a property p 134
explaining the results
Did you know? Listed buildings of problems, articles

9c R A happy marriage Selecting holiday activities

9D L Conversation about experimental travel Ranking travel options

lOA R Made it! Discussing endurance races Writing a letter of

thanks:
108 L Six people talk about success Discussing views about success
expressions of thanks,
lOc R The Wrong Guy Talking about problematic situations explaining why you are
Did you know? BBC grateful, writing a letter
of thanks
10D L A stabbing incident Ordering and describing a picture story

llA R I wandered lonely as a cloud Romanticism An essay Writing an essay (i}:

Did you know? Romanticism p 136
expressing a viewpoint,
arguing against a
118 L Interview with Will Ramsay Selecting artworks for buildings viewpoint

llc R The quietest place on earth Describing the thoughts of people in photos

llD L Five people talk about the New Music Presenting a music device

Award

12A L Twelve scientific explanations Discussing science questions Writing an essay (2):
result clauses,
Did you know? Science in schools
writing an essay
128 R Wearable electronics Submitting and presenting a project for

a competition

12c L Radio discussion about technology Debating technology in the home

in sport

12D Ranking and selecting photos

Did you know? Revision quiz

I s
 ife crisis

We've all heard of the midlife crisis - those

feelings of worry, doubt or dissatisfaction that
some people experience when they reach
middle age and reflect on what they have,
or have not, achieved in their lives. But for
some time now, people have also been talking
about the quarterlife crisis, which affects
many young people between the ages of
eighteen and 35.

• What do you think the quarterlife crisis consists

of?
• What feelings might young people experience
and why?

Check your ideas on page 138.

3 � 1.2-t.6 Listen to five people talking about

the quarterlife crisis and decide whether the
s peak er s 1-5 would (v') or would not (x) agree
that twent ys ome things have good reason to
complain about their situation.
4 � 1.2-1.6 Li st en again and match one of the
statements a-h to the s peaker s 1-5. Three of
t he statements are not required.
5 Work i n pairs. Discuss the questions.
• Do you sympathize with those who claim to be suffering a
quarterlife crisis? Why or why not?
• In what ways is life easier or more difficult for young people
now compared to previous generations?
• Do you prefer to have your life 'all mapped out' or does
uncertainty 'add a bit of spice to life'? Give reasons.

a I share my problems online with people in a

similar situation. VOCABULARY: noun suffixes
b Many twentysomethings are envious of their
friends. la From which adjectives are the following nouns from
c Young people are too demanding. the recording forme d?
d My expectations have not been met. stability · stable
e The problems are not specific to
insecurity 3 reality 5 uncertainty
twentysomethings.
2 responsibility 4 maturity
f Life used to be more straightforward.
g Teenagers have an easier life than
b From which verbs are these nouns from the recording formed?
twentysomethings.
h Having a range of options makes life
decisions dissatisfaction expectations realization
interesting.
 The quarterlife crisis I lo

2a Use these suffixes to form nouns from the Roleplay

following groups of verbs.
4 Roleplay the following conversation, using your notes from
-ence -ment -al -ure exercises 2 and 3.

A: Explain why you want to go ahead with your decision.

bury deny survive B: Try to dissuade your partner from going ahead with his/her
2 disappoint achieve involve decision.
3 fail depart proceed
Now change roles and have the second conversation.
4 exist occur obey

5 What do you think would really be the best course of action in

b Use these suffixes to form nouns from the
each case?
following groups of adjectives.

6 Work in pairs. Discuss the following.

-ence -ness -cy -ity
• What is the biggest decision you have made in your life so far?
1 sincere flexible generous • What difficulties did you face?
2 sad tired serious • What were the consequences?
3 pregnant fluent accurate
4 absent patient intelligent
DID YOU KNOW?
3a Complete the text with the correct noun form of 1 Work in pairs. Read the information and discuss the questions.
the words in brackets.

'I look back on my childhood (child) with

great (1) __ {fond). I had more (2) __

{free) to do what I wanted then, and in my

childish (3) __ {innocent) I had fewer
(4) __ (inhibit) and more self-(5) __

(confident). Although age supposedly brings

with it greater (6) __ (wise), there's a lot
of (7) __ {true) in the maxim, (8) '__

{ignorant) is bliss'. 1 h ad no cares in the world

and used to do everything with such (9) __

{enthuse); now the only thing I look forward to
is my (10) __ {retire).'
b Do you share the feelings of the speaker in a?
SPEAKING
1 Read the five paragraphs on page 139. Have you
ever been in any similar situations yourself?
2 Work in pairs, A and B. Each of you should choose
a different situation on page 139 and make a list
of all the ways in which you might benefit from
such a move.
3 Now consider your partner's situation and think
about why this move would not be a good one.
Make a list of the disadvantages and problems
it might bring, both to your partner and any
Founded in 1961, Help the Aged is one of a number of charities
representing the interests of older people in the UK. It aims to
ensure that they are valued by society, become integrated and
feel fulfilled, and concentrates its efforts on combating poverty
and neglect, reducing isolation, defeating ageism and promoting
quality in the care of older people.
The charity offers help and advice on a number of issues
including health, home safety, money and care, much of which
is available on its website www.helptheaged.org.uk. It also
regularly runs campaigns aimed, for example, at fighting age
discrimination, stopping psychological and physical abuse,
or organizing donations to prevent deaths from cold-related
illnesses in winter.
In addition, Help the Aged works overseas and in partnership
with the charity HelpAge International. Around one-quarter of its
expenditure goes towards improving the lives of disadvantaged
older people in the developing world.
• Are there any similar charities in your country?

other people mentioned, and think of alternative

• To what extent are older people valued, respected and

solutions. integrated into society?

• How, if at all, has the situation changed in recent years?

I 13
1
GRAMMAR
Simple & continuous verb forms
Continuous forms are used to
• talk about actions which were, are or will be in
progress at a specific time, which is either stated or
understood.
When I lasl met him, he was still looking for a job.
I'm having a really hard time al work at the moment.
Don't call me at 1.30. I'll be having my lunch then.
•
talk about an activity that has recently stopped.
We've jusl been playing tennis.
suggest that a situation or action is temporary or
•
incomplete.
My flat's being decorated so I'm staying at my mum's.
I've been writing my thesis - I've almost finished.
• emphasize duration, using for or since.
She'd been waiting for him for over an hour.
I've been sitting here since three o'clock.
• refer to repeated actions. Always, forever, continually
are used with present and past continuous to show
that the speaker finds the repetition annoying or
curious.
I've been taking that herbal remedy you recommended.
You're forever forgetting your keys!
She was always climbing trees as a child.
• describe change and development.
Simon's growing up - he's getting taller and taller.
• talk about future arrangements.
I'm meeting Sally at three tomorrow.
2 Simple forms are used to describe:
•
single completed actions.
I've written my thesis. I submitted it yesterday.
• habitual actions.
I often went fishing as a boy but I rarely go now.
• repeated actions where the frequency or number is
stated.
I phoned the bank twice yesterday, and I've made
another three calls today.
• timetabled or scheduled events in the future.
My train leaves at six thirty tomorrow morning.
•
states. State verbs include appear, believe, know, like,
own, prefer, remember, seem, understand, want.
I understand why you like it, but I don't want one.
Some state verbs can be used in the continuous form,
but with a change in meaning, eg appear, expect. fit,
have, see, smell, think.
I'm seeing Alan on Friday. (see= meet)
Sorry, I don't see what you mean. (see= understand)
The continuous form of the state verb be can be used to
describe temporary behaviour.
You're not being very help{ul. In fact, I think you're
being very rude.
When describing feelings, the verbs feel, hurt and ache can
be used in the simple or continuous form with no difference
in meaning.
I feel/'m feeling tired and my neck hurts/'s hurting.
However, with some time adverbials the simple form must
be used:
I feel tired all the time.
My neck hurts when I tum my head.
Reference
this, that, these and those can be used as determiners before
nouns to refer back to previously mentioned people, things,
or ideas.
... but he would have the opportunity to travel. It was for
this reason that he accepted the job.
. .. fish, reptiles and amphibians. These creatures are all
cold-blooded, unlike birds and mammals, which ...
They can also be used on their own as pronouns. this is more
common than that in writing.
. .. so they decided to hold another meeting. This took
place the following February and ...
'No, you can't have any sweets.' 'Oh, that's not fair!'
The pronouns that and those often occur in sentences which
include a comparison.
Its sense of hearing is far more acute than that of most
other birds.
The most successful students tend to be those who keep
good vocabulary records.
Notice in these two examples how that and those avoid
repetition of the nouns to which they refer (sense of hearing
and students). The same is true of other pronouns.
The woman was clearly angry with her son. She told
him to apologize immedialely for his rudeness.
Substitution
Like pronouns, a number of other words can be used to
substitute and avoid repetition of previously used words and
clauses.
• Auxiliary verbs do, does, did in place of a verb.
Susie didn't come lo the show but her husband did.
• so/neither/nor + auxiliary verb + subject.
She doesn't like it and neither/nor do I.
His firm's had a good year and so has ours.
• so/not in place of a that clause.
'Is John going tonight?' 'I don't think so. I hope not.'
(= I don't think that John is going tonight. I hope that
John isn't going tonight.)
 Language reference 1

• if so/not in place of a conditional childhood n U •• / 'tJaild ,h u d / ease v •• /i:z/

c lause. consult v •• /kon'sAlt/ embodiment n U /1 m'b od1mont/
Are you unemployed? If so, we've consultant n C •• /kon'sAltant / facelift n C /'fe1s,llft/
got work for you. If not, would you decide v ••• /d1'sa1d/ fade v •• /fetd/
like to earn some extra cash? decision n C ••• /d1's13(e)n/ forced adj /fo:(r)st/
employ v ••• /1m'pb1/ fulfilled adj /ful'f1ld/
• one/ones for countable nouns.
employ e e n C • •• /t m ' pb li: , grasp v •• /gra:sp/
'How many sweets have you got?' ,empb1'i:/ hail v • /he11/
'Four - two blue ones, a green one enthuse v / r n '9j u:z/ harsh adj•• /ha:(r)J/
and the one that's in my mouth.' enthusiasm n U •• / m '9j u: zi ,a:z am/ have one's ups /hov WAnZ 'ApS
expect v ••• /1k'spekt/ and downs on ,daunz/
• then/there for a time or place.
expectation n C ••• /,ekspek'te1J(e)n/ hold (sth) up to /hould AP ta
'How do you know he was at the histo ry n U ••• /'h1st(a)ri/ close scrutiny ,klaus 'skru:tr ni/
disco last night?' 'Because I saw historian n C •• /ht 'st:i:rian/ household n C • •• /'haus,h;,uld/
him there then.' ignore v •• /tg'n :i:(r)/ humble /,hAmb(;,)l
igno rance n U /' 1gn;,r;cins/ beginnings n pl b1'9tnll)Z/
inhibit v • /m'h1b1t/ ill-at-ease adj /,II at 'i:z/
WORD LIST
inhibition n C • /,mh 1'b1J(o)n/ in short supply /m ,J:i:(r)t
in vest v ••• / m'vest/ s;ci'pla1/
Change investment n C ••• /m'ves(t)m;cint/ instalment n C /m'st:i:lm;,nt/
chan g e a nappy /,tJemd3;, 'na:pi/ novel n C ••• /'nov(o)I/ intrusion n C • /m't ru:3(o)n/
chan ge a light bulb /,tJemd3;, novelist n C • /'novol1st / leap n C • /li:p/
1Ja1t,bAJb/ obey v •• /o'be1/ live up to /,l1v 'Ap tu
change a plug /,tJernd3 o plAg/ obedience n U /;,'bi:di;cins/ expectations ,ekspek'te1J(;,)nz/
change a tyre /,tJemd3 a 'ta1a(r)/ occur v ••• /;,'k3:(r)/ map (sth) out v /,ma:p 'aut/
ada pt v •• /a' da:pt/ occurrence n C •• /;,'kAr;cins/ meet expectations /mi:t
alter v •• /':i:lto(r)/ proceed v •• • /pro'si:d/ ,ekspek'te1J(a)nz/
convert v •• /kon'v3:(r)t/ pro cedure n C ••• /pra'si :d3o(r) I outright adj /'aut,ra1t/
shift (away) /,ftft (a'we1) research n U ••• /n's3:(r)tJ, overwhelming adj• /,auva(r)'welm11J/
from/towards v frnm/t;,'w:i:(r) dz/ 'ri:s3:(r)tJ I quarterlife /,kw:i:(r)tala1f
switch v ••• /sw1tJ/ researcher n C /n's3:(r)tJa(r), crisis n C 'krat ,SIS/
transfer v ••• /'tra:nsfa:(r)/ 'ri:s3:(r) tJ;ci(r)/ reverberate v /n'v3:(r)bare1t/
transform v •• /tra:ns 'fo:(r)m/ spectate v /spek'te1t/ rite of passage n C /,ra1t av 'pa:s1d3/
vary v ••• /'ve;ciri/ spectator n C • /spe k 't e1t;ci(r)/ rule (sth) out v /,ru:l 'aut/
stable adj•• /'st etb (;ci)J/ set (sth) up v /,set 'Ap/
stability n U •• /st;,'bil;,tif settle down v /,set(o)l 'daun/
Age tir ed adj••• j'taro(r)d/ shuttle v /'fAt(a)J/
come of age v /,kAm ;,v ' e1 d3/ tiredness n U /'ta1a(r)dnas/ sta rtling ly adv /'sta:(r)t (a)IiIJli :/
come up to /,kAm Ap ta true adj ••• /tru:/ stick with v /'Sttk ,w10/
retirem ent n 'ta 1o( r)mont/ truth n U ••• /tru:9/ swanky adj /'swa:l)ki/
get on for /,get 'on fa(r)/ wise adj•• /wa1z/ take out a mortgage /,te1k aut a
( + age) v wisdom n U •• /'wtzdam/ 'm:i:(r)g1d3/
midlife crisis n C /,m1dla1f 'kra1S1s/ transition n C •• /tra:n'z1J(;,)n/
newborn n C /'nju:,b:i:(r)n/ tread water /,tred 'w:i:t::i(r)/
Other words & phrases turn one's back on /,t3:(r)n WAnZ
on the wrong side /on oa 1rDIJ
of ( + age) ,said av/ add a bit of spice /, re d a brt ;,v 'ba:k on/
preteen n C /'pr i :,t i:n/ to life 'spars t;, la1f/ turn out v /,t3:(r)n 'aut/
senior citizen n C /,si:ni::i(r) ageism n U /'e1d31z(a)m/ undergo (a c hange) I ,And;,(r) 'g;,u/
's1t1z(;,)n/ alleviate v /a' li:vie1t/ undergo surgery IAn da(r),g::iu
toddler n C • /'t od l::i(r)/ angelic adj /ren'd3ehk/ 's3:(r)d3::iri /
turn ( + age) v /t3:(r)n/ barn n C •• /bo:(r)n/ up and down th e /,Ap On daun Oa
twenty /,twenti'sAm911J/ bear testimony to /,be::i(r) c ountry 'kAntri/
somet hing n C 'test1moni tu,ta/ weathered adj /'weoa(r)d/
bruise n /bru:z/ well-being n U /,wel'bi :t IJ/
cocooned adj /ko'ku:nd/ work out v /,w3:(r)k 'aut/
Noun suffixes come to v /'kAm tu/
,
yearning fo r n /'j3:(r)1 111J ,f:i:(r)/

accurate adj•• /'a:kjurnt/ composed adj /kom'pauzd/

accuracy n U •• /'a:kjurnsi/ concur v /kon'k3:(r)/
bury v •• /'beri/ cool adj••• /ku: l/
burial n C • /'beri;cil/ descent n U • /d11sent/
certain adj••• /'s3:(r)t(o)n/ diehard adj /'da1,ho:(r)d/
certainty n U •• /'s3:(r)t(a)nti/ divide (sth) up v /d1,va1d 'Ap/
child n C ••• /tJaild/ don v /don/

I 1s
2A Memory
VOCABULARY: memory & memories -
Have you ever struggled to remember a
1 Make the following statements true for you by fact or figure? Perhaps it was a famous
choosing the relevant alternatives to complete the date in history. Or maybe it was a song
sentences. that hit number one, the name of a
s ch emical compound or the capital of
I have a good / poor memory for names and
Sweden. Whatever it was, that particu lar
faces.
fact or figure has buried itself deep within the vault of
2 I keep forgetting __.
your memory and you just can't seem to retrieve
3 I know / used to know the poem · __· by it.

I
heart. My advice is, don't put up with having an average memory
.
4 I have vivid/ only vague memories of the 10 Improving your memory is a skill. If you master some
basic
family holidays I went on as a young child. techniques, remembering facts and figures can become
a
S I have fond/ painful/ bittersweet memories of stimulating mental exercise - not to mention a chance
to show off
my schooldays. in conversation! Plus, a good memory for facts and
figures can
6 Th e song / piece of music ·__ · brings back help you to sail through exams. People think that because
I can
memories of . 1s remember so many facts and figures I must have a
photographic
__

memory. This isn't the case. There was a time when

Work in pairs. Discuss your sentences. I struggled
to remember seven or eight digits in a row, let alone
20 or 30
- and now I'm the eight-times winner of the World
Memory
READING Championships. I didn't just wake up one morning with
the ability
20 to remember. I simply studied the techniques for making
my mind
1 R ead the three texts A-C, which describe different more supple and put them into practice. Here, I reveal
these
methods for improving memory. Which methods methods, sharing with you my specially devised exercise
s that will
do you find most and least appealing? Tell your help you never forget facts and figures.
partner, giving reasons for your opinions.

2 Read the texts again and decide whether the

following are stated (v') or not stated (x).
Text A
1 Most people cannot remember facts and figures.
2 You can train your memory to learn whole
conversations.
3 The writer has not always had such a good
memory.
Text B
4 Memory-enhancing drugs will not cause
significant damage to our overall health.
Drugs to boost brain power
will become 'as common as
coffee'
Powerful stimulants that improve memory, intellectual
agility or other aspects of mental performance will
almost certainly be developed over the next 20 years.
They will have few side-effects, little or no addictive
5 properties and could be used for boosting exam
performance, making better business decisions or
.
even eliminating bad memories

S Coffee will one day cease to be used as a itive, the individual's

'In a world that is increasingly non-stop and compet
stimulant. ces may move from the fringe to the norm, with
use of such substan
6 Mental cosmetics would place greater demands n enhance rs used as coffee is today,' says the Foresight report of
10 cognitio
on people to perform well. 'Cognition enhan�ers
the government's Office of Science and Technology.
to improve a:t�nt1on,
Text C are likely to be developed to treat people who need
7 sleep more eff1c1ently and
Exams make you hungry. memory or wakefulness and to help people forget.
8 Alzheimer's disease is caused by a failure to eat be less impulsive.'
the right foods. ces raises the prospect
15 Drugs that help people to forget disturbing experien
9 Drinking water increases the size of the brain, Eternal Sunshin e of the Spotless Mind:
of a future portrayed in films such as
enabling it to store more information. painful relation ships. But the poss1b1hty
where characters are able to forget
l, ethical and social issues . 'It is possible th.at
raises disturbing practica . ,
3 Work in small groups. Discuss the question. could usher in a new era of drug use without add1ct1on,
such an advance
that embraced
What techniques do you use for comm i t t i ng 20 says the report. 'If we ever find ourselves in a society .
acc�pted and raise
·information to memory? cognition enhancers, "mental cosmetics" could becom�
.
ur of 1nd1v1duals and
expectations about the performance and behavio
groups.'
12A Science fact
S PEA KIN G & LISTENIN G

1 Work in two gro ups, A and B.

Try to answer your gro up's
--
questions below.

Group A
1 Why is the sea salty?
2 Why does our mouth dry up
when we are nervous?
3 Why do clothes look darker
when they're wet?
4 What do seals drink?
5 What causes the sound of
thunder?
6 Why are eggs egg-shaped?

Group 8
1 Why is the sky blue?
2 Why can biting on
aluminum foil be p ·
3 Why don' t we laugh
we tickle ourselves?
4 Why does a whip er
5 Why does a chip-p
explode if you put
it?
6 Why do we close our
when we sneeze?

2 3.28-3.33 and 3.34- 3.39 Listen and

make notes on the answers to your questions.

3 Work with a student from the other group. Invite

him / her to answer each of yo ur questions then
give the info rmation which yo u heard in the
recording.

GRAMMAR: plurals & number
1 Underline the word in each group which is
not a correct plural form.
fish sheep cow deer
1 heroes ki loes echoes tomatoes
2 spies countries monkies berries
3 cliffs handkerchiefs roofs shelfs
4 verses horses gooses roses
5 sister-in-laws down-and-outs break-i ns
drive-th roughs
6 analyses theses appendises crises
7 nuclei formuli radii cacti
8 criteria memoranda phenomena stimula
2 Check you r ideas for exercise 1 in section A
of the grammar box. Then work in pairs and
justify your a nswers to your partner.
Some nouns require no changes or additions
to form the plural. That's true of fish, sheep
and deer, but not cow.
3 Choose the correct alternatives to complete
the sentences. More than one alternative
may be possible.
My government do / does more to help the
rich / riches than the J:lQQI / poors.
I remember the pyjamas I wore as a child
- it I they had pictures of rabbits on it /
them .
2 I received a / some / many good news
recently - it I they made me feel very
happy.
3 Mathematics is I are/ was / were one of my
least favourite subjects at school.
4 Our national media is / are generally biased
in favour of the government.
5 The police in my country is / are very
well paid.
6 My family own I owns a second home.
7 This / These school premises is/ are very
brightly decorated.
8 We get too much/ many English
homework I homeworks - 30 minutes
is I are more than enough.
4 Check you r ideas for exercise 2 in section
B of the grammar box, then justify your
answers to yo ur partner.
5 Work in pa irs. Discuss the sentences in
exercise 3. Say how true each one is and
give details.
Science fact I 12A
A To make nouns plural:
• some require no changes or additions.
aircraft, deer, fish, salmon, sheep, trout
• some have irregular forms.
children, feet, geese, mice, teeth
• adds and/or es to nouns ending in o. Adds to abbreviated words.
radios, photos, potatoes, dominoes, volcanoes/volcanos
• change y to ies except where the y is preceded by a vowel.
flies, ladies, worries, days, donkeys, valleys
• change for fe to ves in some cases: in others simply add s.
halves, knives, loaves, shelves, chefs, safes
• add s to the first word of compound nouns formed with noun
+ preposition + noun
birds of prey, brothers-in-law, but pin-ups, in-laws
• use the original Latin or Greek form in some nouns borrowed
from those languages.
hypothesis -+ hypotheses fungus -+ fungi
curriculum -+ curricula automaton -+ automata
antenna -+ antennae matrix -+ matrices
8 Singular or plural?
Some nouns are always plural and take a plural verb form:
eg pyjamas, tights, trousers, police, premises.
These trousers are too tight - I can't get them on.
Some nouns ending in s are uncountable and therefore take a
singular verb form: eg athletics, economics, mathematics, news.
The athletics is on TV tonight - are you going to watch it?
Many collective nouns can take either a singular or a plural verb
form: crew, family, government, media, press, team.
The local press has/ have been invited to the opening.
Plural expressions of time, measu rement and money are often
considered as single items.
Three weeks is too long to wait.
Some adjectives can be used as plural nou ns to talk about groups
of people: eg the homeless, the blind, the deaf, the rich, the poor.
The city's homeless receive free medical care.
f) SEE LANGUAGE REFERENCE PAGE 124
DID YOU KNOW?
1 Work in pairs. Read the information and discuss the questions.
Concern has been expressed in the UK in recent years at the declining
interest in science in schools. Whilst A-Level entries overall have been
increasing, the num ber of 16-18-year-old students studying science
and maths has fallen, by as much as 35% over a 15-year period in
the case of physics. Consequently, science graduates, teachers and
research scientists are all in shorter supply. In 2004, the UK government
introduced a 10-year plan, the Science and Innovation Investment
Framework, part of which was aimed at reversing the trend .
• How popular are science and matl1s subjects in schools in your
country?
• How interested in science are yo u? Why?
1117
128 Wearable technology
V OCA BULA RY: compound adjectives (technology)

1 Complete the beginning of the compound adjectives in bold with

Wearable
one of the participles from the box.
electronics
called conditioned drawn generated heated powered Doug Robbins looks at three recent
consuming guzzling inducing moving saving items of wearable technology.

l Animation films nowadays all seem to use CCI (Computer-

- -- Imagery), but the old hand- cartoons are
much better.
2 There is no greater labour- device than the food
mixer: previously very time- tasks can now be done
in a matter of minutes.
3 The car is the most frustrating, stress- invention of
modern times - even more so than the computer.
4 There's no point buying the latest models of computers or
mobile phones: in the fast- world of technology, they
rapidly become obsolete.
5 With our air- , centrally- homes and our
gas- cars, we as individuals can do far more than
governments to reduce the so- greenhouse effect.
6 Wave- and wind- energy is the only way forward.
0 Air guitar T-shirt
2 Work in pairs. Discuss the opinions expressed in exercise 1.
Scientists have breathed life into the fantasies of
millions of frustrated rockers by creating a T-shirt
READ IN G that adds a soundtrack when the wearer plays 'air
guitar' . The invention could bring an end to the
1 You are going to read about three items of 'wearable technology'. 5 days of strumming a tennis racket and p laying
In pairs, look at the photos and titles for the three texts and imaginary rock anthems in the privacy of one's
predict what technological features each item might have. bedroom or kitchen.
The long-sleeve d T-shirt has sensors in its elbows
2 Read the texts and check your ideas. to de tect and interpret the arm movements of the
10 air guitarist. Information is then sent by wireless
3 Read the texts again and complete the sente nces wit h (A) Air signal to a computer which interprets them and
Guita r, (B) Build Yo ur Own Bag or (C) Verb for Shoe. plays them as a series of guitar riffs. One arm
chooses chords and the other strums imaginary
l _ _
permits you to communicate with other wearers.
strings. Because the T-shirt is based on wireless
2 __will help you locate things in the dark. 1
5 technology there are no trailing cables for
3 __created a positive impression even before it was launched.
budding rock guitarists to trip over or become
4 __requires no great technical ability.
entangled in.
5 _ _
is no more difficult to use than a construction toy.
6 _ _
uses technology which eliminates a potential source of The 'wearable instrument shirt' allows would-be
accidents. rock stars to live out their dreams and can be
7 _ _ could become more affordable in the future. 20 'played' by either right- or left-handed people .
8 _ _ has a wider range of possible uses than other items of 'It's an easy-to-use, virtual instrument that
wearable technology. allows real-time music making, even by players
9 _ _ uses technology which could be modified for use with without significant musical or computing skills,'
virtually all types of clothing. said Richard Helmer, the head of the team that
10 __ adapts instantly to suit the circumstances. 25 deve lope d the T-shirt. 'The technology, which is
adaptable to almost any kind of apparel, takes
4 In pairs, discuss which, if any, of the items you would be most clothing beyond its traditional role of protection
interested in owning. Why? and fashion into the realms of entertainment.'
 Wearable tech nology I 12e

information such as weather

0 Build Your Own Bag 45 forecasts and news updates can
be downloaded to the bag.
If you 're in the habit of forgetting your keys when you
3° leave the house, help is at hand in the shape of a smart Clothes and fabrics with
bag, designed by a team of engineers at the Massachusetts computer chips and sensors are
Institute of Technology Media Lab. not, of course, a new concept,
50 but what makes the bYOB so
The bYOB (Build Your Own Bag) alerts the user ifit fails different is its versatility. The
to detect objects it has been programmed to recognize. bag is made up of a number of
35 Equipped with a radio antenna and receiver, the bag listens computerized fabric patches,
for signals from radio frequency identification tags attached which can be readjusted and
to the objects, and either lights up or 'tells' the user if any of 55 reconfigured to create new
these are nearby or not when he or she picks it up: a voice items with different functions; a scarf which informs you of
will warn 'Keys, yes! Mobile, yes! Wallet, no!'. the likelihood of snow, or a belt that gives you directions.
4° But that's not all. The fabric of the bag also illuminates 'bYOB was motivated by a desire to transform everyday
when there is insufficient light, making it easier for users surfaces into ambient displays for information and to make
to see inside and find what they are looking for. And the 60 building with fabric as easy as playing with Lego™ blocks,'
incorporation of wireless Bluetooth technology means that say the designers.

G Verb for shoe

This curiously named shoe from
Vectrasense Technologies took SPEAKING
Hollywood by storm when it was
65 presented at an exclusive preview
1 Work in groups. You are going to subm it a project for a
there, with celebrities raving
Design and Technology competition .
about its many features.
Verb for Shoe is indeed a Discuss each of t he following possibilities in turn, and
remarkable piece of footwear, con sider in genera l term s:
70 consisting of an embedded computer,
a set of air bags or 'b ladders', a motion • the design of the item o f clothing (what it looks like).
sensor and a wireless link. The motion sensor • its capabilities and purpose (what it can do and why).
detects whether, for example, you are running or • the technology involved (how it does it).
walking, and the computer adjusts the air bladders
75 accordingly in order to improve comfort and
performance. It responds to any changes in the le vel Possible projects
of activity in a matter of milliseconds. A 'smart jacket' for the disabled
Techno-trousers for saving military lives
The wireless link enables the shoes to download and
Intelligent shoes for child safety
store information from your PC, as well as exchange
A 'healing hat' for use in hospitals
80 files with other Verb for Shoe users. You nee d to
be within a metre of each other to do so, though. By
tilting the shoes forward you can pass on personal Decide which of the above projects you will submit and
contact information and other data, including select a spokesperson.
pictures and sounds.
85 The ShoeDoctor keeps a close c h eck on the 'health' 2 Each spokesperson should presen t thei r group's project
of the shoe, monitoring its various components to t he rest of the class, who will then vote to decide t he
and alerting the wearer if a problem occurs. And if winner. You may not vote for your own group's project.
something does go wrong, Customer Support can
connect to your shoes via the internet and help you
90 sort things out.
Not surprisingly, Verb for Shoe does not come cheap
- around a thousand dollars if you go for all the
optional extras. But if this kind of footwear catches on,
it may one day come within the reach of the pocke ts
95 of those of us that are not Hollywood celebrities.
 Communication activities
1A Speaking exercise page 6 lo Listening exercise 2 page 12
Student A

Use the Fact File below t o writ e five questio ns about

The Quarterlife Crisis
South Africa for your p artner to answer. Don't make your Like the midlife crisis, the quarterlife crisis occurs when
questions too difficult! there is a major change in our lives - the transition from

What is the estimated population of South Africa? childhood to adulthood, from the academic world to
Is it a) 33 million, b) 47 million or c) 65 million? the 'real' world of work. Those affected can experience
feelings of confusion, anxiety and helplessness arising
South Africa Fact File from the overwhelming range of choices available,
• The estimated population of South Africa is decisions to make and responsibilities to assume. Young
around 4 7 million. people are faced with many important questions such
•
South Africa's northern neighbours are
as 'Which career should I choose?', 'When should I think
Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and
about starting a family?' or, more immediately, 'Should
Mozambique. It also shares borders with
Lesotho and Swaziland.
I continue to live with my parents or become more
•
Approximately 79% of the population are black independent and move out into rented accommodation?'
(or African), 10% white and 9% 'coloured', The answers to these questions are not always easy to
people of mixed African, Asian and white find.
descent. Around 2.5% are Indian Asian.
•
English is one of 11 officially recognized This period of uncertainty and instability may also
languages. English is the language of be accompanied by a sense of disillusionment with
commerce, government and official documents. adult life, which, for some twentysomethings, fails to
Other languages include Afrikaans, Swazi, Zulu
live up to expectations. Those hoping to earn enough
and Xhosa.
money to buy their own home, for example, are often
•
Major cities include Johannesburg, Cape Town,
disappointed to discover that this is not possible until
Durban and the administrative capital Pretoria.
•
The Kruger National Park is the most famous of they are well into their thirties.
the 20 national parks in South Africa. Among
animals which can be seen there are the 'Big
Five' - lions, elephants, rhinos, buffalos and
leopards. 10A Speaking exercise 1 page 96
•
The mountain behind Cape Town is called
Table Mountain - you can reach the top by
cable car. Atlantic Rowing Race
Boats leave from La Gomera in the Canary Islands
3A Grammar exercise 3 page 27 and travel nearly 5,000 kilometres to Antigua in
the Caribbean in anything from 35 to 110 days.
Student A
Marathon des Sables
Take turns with your partner to read out your A six-day endurance race across the Sahara Desert
sentences. You should contradict what your partner in Morocco, covering a distance of 243 kilometres.
says, using a stressed auxiliary verb, then add an
Race Across America
extra comment.
A 5,000-kilometre coast-to-coast cycle race across
A: You've forgotten my birthday again. the USA with a maximum time allowed of twelve
B: I haven't forgotten it - your present is parked days.
outside in the street! The lditarod trail sled dog race ®

1 You're not going to the party, and that's final! Sleds are pulled by teams of twelve to sixteen
dogs from Anchorage to Nome in Alaska, a
2 You didn't tell me you had a brother.
distance of 1,840 kilometres. The journey takes
3 That man looks like Matt Damon.
between ten and seventeen days.
4 There's no way she'll get the job.
5 You haven't combed your hair!
6 You don't love me any more!