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Volleyball
Volleyball game first appearance was at the end of 19 th century, when it was
invented in United States of America as a hybrid of tennis and basketball.
between 1915-1919, this game was spreading around the world and started to
be an official sport after 1938

it can be played inside and outside, and that`s perfect. This game has two
forms, the first one is indoor version which is depend on two teams, every
team consist of six players, and the second form is beach volleyball, which is
played in pairs.

In the two forms of the game the goal of the match is the same: to make the
ball touch the opposition’s half of the court. Volleyball has a lot of benefits for
human health and fitness: it Develops key upper body muscles, improving
sprint speed and agility, because of its fast changes of pace and direction,
develops resiliency of the hands and feet, makes mental concentration skills
faster, Good exercise for heart and lungs, because it boosts the heart and
lungs to pass more oxygen round the body to feed muscle.

If you started thinking about being player in this game, you have to think about
your location. If you live at beach you can play this game on the beach. Indoor
volleyball anyway, is accessible more than beach volleyball, so try looking for
social media to find clubs about volleyball near to your location.

General Volleyball Equipment`s:

Solid Ball

Choosing the ball kind depends on two things, playing indoor, or playing
outdoor. And because the ball is most important thing in this game, you have
to think well before you use it.
For instance, when you are playing this game on the beach, leather ball is not
good,
being played inside, using a leather ball will be better. This ball is not able to
be used outdoor because it will be wet. A cloth ball may be used as well.
Knee Pads

In order to prevent injuries knee pads are necessary. anyway, a person must
choose pads according to two things, age and experience., younger players
use thicker ones, since these players have less experience diving for the ball.
Older players use thinner knee pads. They work well to prevent any injury. All
knee pads must fit well and comfortably around the leg area.

Ankle Braces

A sprained ankle is the most common injury with volleyball players. To avoid
the problem, it is wise to use ankle braces while they are playing or training.

Proper Footwear

Shoes are essential thing in volleyball. They contain a gum rubber sole in
order to provide Volleyball shoes are important thing for the game. These
shoes contain a gum rubber sole to provide maximum traction. These shoes
are designed to protect the foot perfectly while the player is doing any
movement. The front padding of the shoes is thick, so the legs will never any
suffer pain from continuous moving and jumping. A smart shoe choice will be
made of leather and contain a low heel. This provides top support and helps
to prevent sprains as well.

Volleyball Duffle Bag

After choosing the best volleyball gear and clothing, you have to think about
essential thing which is contain all the equipment you have to be organized
and easy to access. This bag should be easy to carry too. So, you will not be
ready for the game if you don’t have duffle bag.

Volleyball Serving Machines

Now, it’s easier than anytime to really step up your Volleyball game. As this
game became so competitive, and the jump serve became a basic move, it
was clear that the need for better Volleyball training equipment was needed.
This is when some companies like Sports Attack started to make better
Volleyball machines. So, they needed to be affordable and portable, and
needed to be able to really test the modern Volleyball player.

Volleyball Basic Skills:

-serving:

In volleyball, the serve is the putting the ball in play by a player looks so easy,
but actually it tells us about one of the most essential plays in volleyball, while
doing the underhand service, the server must be back of the end line and
within the extensions of the side lines. In this situation, the player who is doing
a serve have to keep his knees flexed, his left foot should be slightly in front of
the right. Every match in volleyball starts with a serve, and some people say
that, players can have full control only in serving, there is strategy for the
serve. In short, the underhand service, the server must be back of the limit
line and inside the extensions of the side lines. This is the service area as the
rules say. When the player is right-handed, his left foot should be slightly in
front of the right.

Players can choose where to serve the, they can serve over or under their
hands, underhand serve is usually seen as a beginner or recreational, anyway
there is beautiful aggressive underhand serves.

-Receiving:

 A serve plays a main role volleyball. People know that the match always
starts by a serve. And this is the reason that make any team has many
players who are responsible for this skill during the match. Obviously, servers
should be perfect in the art of serving. In other words, it’s so important for
servers to do volleyball exercises that develop their serving skills fast.

Anyway, volleyball is not only about serving. Because when it`s done, the
opposite team has to receive a serve, receiving a serve can also become a
hard challenge for players. First , you should take the best situation for
yourself one the court. You have to always remember that completing a serve
also need a lot of footwork of volleyball player’s footwork.

It’s a nice idea to add serve receive drills to a volleyball training program. The
good thing about serve drills is that they give servers a good chance to
practice their serving skills., doing this kind of drills makes players learn how
to receive serves in volleyball correctly. After receiving the ball, players have
to create perfect pass do transition from defense to offence within a short
period of time.

Digging:

Volleyball will make see many essential skills. Digging ball is on that list. And
it`s one of the main skills that every player in the team should learn. A
complete dig gives you the opportunity to get point.

As your opponents are creating more chances, you have to think quickly to be
in position to cover the zone of your defense according to coach instructions.

And there is important thing you have to give it more attention, which is the
opposite player movement, the direction of the ball should be predictable most
of the time if you watch the hitter’s body motion, their hips and shoulders and
their hitting shoulder. You have to guard your place of the volleyball, to be
able to intercept that ball as it comes into your area.

Of course, hitters can make some last-second changes and decide to tip or
float a hit instead of a typical topspin spike, but the majority of the time, you
can gauge where the ball is going to go ahead of time and be in the right
zone.

Even if you think the ball is headed somewhere else, you need to expect the
ball. Sometimes you will be wrong when you are trying to know the ball
direction, but if you are ready, you will be in a good situation if your
teammates want you to help him.

The situation of your shoulders, knees, head is important thing in matches.

Being in wrong position will make your movement harder and will prevent you
to do the right movement

You will often see volleyball players reach down and brush the floor with a
fingertip to make sure they are low enough. This is a habit they pick up in
practice, you shouldn’t really be doing this in a game.

The point is, you should have your feet far enough apart and your knees bent
enough that you can reach down and just barely touch the floor. Remember,
it’s always easier to raise up for a higher ball than to get down low at the last
second.

This makes you compact and ready to react. Your arms should be bent and
out to the sides, outside of your knees. As that player is making contact you
need to be able to spring into action, moving in whichever direction you have
to adjust.

Setting:

One of the many responsibilities of a coach is to give every player on the

team a chance to develop their volleyball skills. 

Everyone on the team should work on setting skills because at one time or
another, everyone has been in the position where they had to set a ball on a
broken play. 

With the goal of putting your team in the best possible position to attack, it's to
your advantage to have all players practicing setting a volleyball, developing
clean and consistent sets. 

Volleyball Setting Drills are not only good for setters, but also the rest of the
players on the team. 

-Blocking:
Volleyball blocking is defined as deflecting the ball coming from your
opponent's attack hit.

Blocking is a skill in volleyball used to prevent the opponent from a successful

attack hit. A block technique is used to deflect the ball coming from an
attacker.

The blocker is trying to block the ball back into the opponent's
court. Advanced volleyball teams may have different blocking strategies.

For example, one team may use a blocker to just take up space so that the
defensive players can cover the rest of the court that the blocker isn't
defending.

Also, an advanced blocker may just try to deflect the ball to a teammate just to
keep the ball in play.

-Spiking:

A volleyball spike or attack is the strategy used to send the ball over the net to
the opponent in such a manner that ball is not returnable.

The spike is performed by moving the arm in a way such that you angle the
ball to land on the ground of your opponent's side of the court.

Usually a spike is hit with great force at a downward angle.

However, more skilled spikers use other volleyball strategies for attacking to

trick the opponent while positioned to receive the ball. One way to catch the
opponents off guard is to tip or dink the ball.

-Official Volleyball Rules:

Facilities and Equipment`s:

-Dimensions:

There are different dimensions for the game court and that depends on who is
playing there. For men court 18 meters long and 9 meters wide, divided into
two 9 m × 9 m halves by a one-meter wide (40 inch) net placed so that the top
of the net is 2.43 meters above the center of the court

-Zones and Areas:

Volleyball front zone 

On any Volleyball court you will see an axis of the center line limit it with rear
edge of the attack line.

This zone is extending behind the side lines to the end of the free zone.
Volleyball service zone 

This zone is a 9 m wide behind end lines.

The volleyball service zone is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15 cm
long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the side lines. Both
the short lines are included in the width of the service zone.
In depth, the service zone extends to the end of the free zone.

Volleyball Substitution zone 

The substitution zone volleyball court is limited by the extension of both attack
lines up to the scorer's table.

Libero Replacement zone. 

The Libero Replacement zone of the volleyball court is part of the free zone
on the side of the team benches and its limited by the extension of the attack
line up to the end line.

Warm-up area 

The warm-up areas of the volleyball court has a size of approximately 3 x 3 m

and are located in both of the benchside corners and the outside the free
zone volleyball court.

Volleyball Penalty area 

A penalty area has size of approximately 1 x 1 m and equipped with two

chairs. The penalty area is located in the control area of the volleyball court
which is outside of the prolongation of each end line. They may be limited by
a 5 cm wide red line

Regardless of the level you play at, all of our indoor, outdoor and beach
volleyball posts and nets are developed, prototyped and built to professional
standards of quality and safety in Lowestoft.

Strong and innovative

From refining designs and materials to improving safety, portability and easy
storage, Harrod has prided itself on innovation for over 60 years.

All Harrod volleyball posts are independently certified and adhere to European
safety standards.

Types of volleyball posts

Indoor posts

Floor Fixed Competition Volleyball Posts are designed to competition

standard and feature a 60mm x 40mm steel telescopic top upright and safe
net tensioning system, which allows simple transitions between heights.

The floor fixed version has a 8mm thick steel base with floor fixings and
plastic wheels. Floor plugs are not included.

Outdoor posts

Sportset Beach Volleyball posts are a lightweight, tournament standard post

that is easily set up and dismantled thanks to the use of Harrod's unique turf
screw.

Designed for both practice and play, these versatile posts can be set up on
grass or beach courts.

Portable posts

Used at most UK tournaments and Beach Grand Prix, this portable volleyball
net model is designed by Sportset and made under licence by Harrod UK.

Able to be assembled by two people in less than ten minutes, the portable
volleyball net is both strong and lightweight thanks to aluminium tube
construction and can be set at either Ladies' or Men's competition height.

Designed for club and tournament use, it can be assembled for play on grass
or sand and is supplied with a carry bag, steel handled rubber mallet & steel
ground pegs.

Net Heights

Men's: 2.43m

Women's: 2.24m

Junior: 2.13m

Balls:

The ball also differs: Beach volley balls must have a circumference of 67 cm
and have a lower internal pressure. They have a water-repellent and robust
surface, so that you can play even in poor weather conditions. A volleyball for
the hall is a little smaller with a circumference of 65-67 cm and must weigh
between 260-280 grams. The air pressure must be between 294 and 319
mbar. Both balls consist of a rubber bubble, which is surrounded by an outer
skin made of leather or plastic. Children and adolescents play with these balls
at tournaments and in league operations, but weight-reduced methodology
balls are often used in training and with beginners
Participants

Teams:

Each team has 6 players on a court at any one time. Substitutes can be used
throughout the game. There are no professional mixed sex teams. Each
player takes up a position in either the attacking zone (next to the net) or the
defensive zone (at the back of the court). Three players are in each zone and
rotate in a clockwise position after every point.

Team leaders:

Every team needs a leader. Without one, it can be difficult to get on the same
page and win. There are several types of team leaders and in many cases,
the responsibility can fall on more than one person.

Depending on your personality type, your skill level, and your abilities, you
may be one of three types of leaders — tactical, physical or emotional.

Of course, you may be none of these and that is also okay. A team with too
many chiefs can encounter a lot of problems. If you're a follower or a role
player, embrace that, as they are a necessary element of any good team. But
if you think you have what it takes to be a leader, check out these three types
of leaders, determine if one of them fits your personal gifts and find out how to
lead well.
Tactical Leaders

The first of the three ways to lead a team is tactical. Tactical leaders are
usually, but not always the head coaches of teams. Leaders of this type know
how to devise game plans that work. When it comes to strategy, this is the
person that the team wants to hear from. They know how to beat any team on
the schedule and they can communicate what to do to their team.

A good tactical leader has three important qualities:

1. Vision Not only can a tactical leader see and analyze what is
happening on the court, but they can devise a plan that will turn the tide
in their favor. A good tactical leader knows why the team is succeeding
or failing at any particular moment and can determine the right course
of action to win the set or match. They can also figure out the best
plays to run and the most effective formations to use. A good tactical
leader will know which players should be out on the court and when
they need to come out of the game.
2. Communication
In order to be a great tactician, you need to be a good communicator.
What good are great ideas if you can't convey them to your squad in a
way that makes sense? Making sure that the entire team knows the
game plan and how you want to implement it puts everyone on the
same page and creates a cohesive team unit.
 3. Ability to Adapt even the best game plans can look good on paper, but
may not work when game time arrives. Scouting reports are great but
they don't always tell the whole story. A great tactical leader can
recognize problems in the strategy and think on their feet in order to
change the outcome.

Physical Leaders
Physical leadership is usually left to the best player on the floor. There is
usually at least one go-to player that the team can count on to make great
plays throughout the match. This person is usually the one the team uses
most often to score points and the one the ball goes to when the game is on
the line.

A great physical leader has the following three traits:

 Talent the physical leader is the best player and the one with the best
skills. In order to carry the load for your team, you have to be able to
compete against any player or team that comes your way. As your
performance goes, so does your team's.
 Consistency
Since the physical leader is counted on the match after match to carry
the team, it is especially important that this player be consistent.
Mistakes are kept to a minimum and much production comes out of
this position.
 Grace Under Pressure
When the game is tight and your team needs to score, the ball will
more than likely go to the physical leader. This player needs to have
nerves of steel. Not only do you know you're going to get the ball when
the chips are down, so does your opponent. A physical leader needs to
be calm and relaxed and do what needs to be done to win the game
despite the pressure.

Emotional Leaders

Just as important as tactical and physical leadership is the unsung hero, the
emotional leader. Emotional leaders are there to pump up their teams when
the energy level is down. But their leadership doesn't end when the game
does. Emotional leaders are the ones that players come to after the game to
talk about any issues they're having with the coach and other players. Often
this person is counted on to solve problems within the team and an integral
part of keeping the inner workings of the squad smooth.

Some qualities of a great emotional leader are:

1. Personality to lead on the court and off you have to have the right
personality. Usually, an emotional leader is a bright, fiery and
inspirational figure. When things are going badly, they know just the
right thing to say to get the team fired up and back on track. When it
comes to off-the-court issues, this person is easy to talk to and trusted
by each of the team members to do the right thing. They may have to
 be a go-between with players and coaches or asked to represent a
point of view or open a discussion of a sensitive issue.
2. Intuitiveness an emotional leader has to have his or her hand on the
pulse of the team as a whole. This person has to know when to speak
up and when to be silent. They have to know what will inspire the team
at a given moment. They have to anticipate problems and be able to
recognize when others are having issues before they become
enormous sticking points. Emotional leaders know what needs to
happen to make things better both on the court and off.
3. Problem-Solving Skills the team has to trust that an emotional leader
will make the right choices when it comes to a big problem. They need
to know who to go to in order to get results and they know how to deal
with problems as they arise. An emotional leader has an enormous
burden to bear, but they do it with ease because it is just a part of who
they are.

Playing Format:

The word "love" means zero points. The first point is "15"; the second, "30";
the third point is "40"; and the fourth, "game." The server always calls his
score first. If the game ties at 40/40, the score is "deuce." The next point
played will be advantage in, shortened to "ad in," meaning the server is ahead
one point, or advantage out, shortened to "ad out," meaning the receiver is
ahead one point. The next point will be either game for the player leading or
deuce again. Players must win six games to gain a set, and a set needs to be
won by two games. A set tied at 5-5 is won by a player who takes the next two
games. If the set goes to 6-6, a tiebreak is required. Tiebreaks are scored in
points as "zero," "1," "2," "3," and so on until a player scores "7." The tiebreak
also needs to be won by two points. Matches typically comprise the best of
three sets, or the best of five.

In volleyball, the team who scores the game-winning point must always be
winning by two. When a team scores 25, if they are not leading by 2 points,
the game continues until one team is winning by a two-point lead. So it`s
common to see at the ending of the match the score of 26-24 or 27-25.

Rally scoring is the scoring system that is used throughout the volleyball world
today. Many people can remember back to when volleyball was played under
an old system called side-out scoring. You can read about that in the section
below.

The rally scoring system in volleyball is where every single rally results in a
point being awarded to one team or the other. For example, if your team is
serving and you fail to serve properly, the other team wins a point. Or another
example, if your team is out of the rotation as the service is being made, the
play will be whistled dead and your opponent will be awarded the point.

Also, in this system, whoever wins the rally not only wins the point but serves
the next play.

Some people find this very frustrating, because the other team has done
nothing to deserve or earn a point, yet they get that point because you have
failed.

One reason this is hard to watch sometimes is that you’ll see teams cheering
that the other team messed up. They’ll be congratulating themselves and
they’ve done nothing to deserve it. This is especially hard to watch with the
younger age groups.

The other situation where this is very tough to watch is when a team wins on
the opponent’s mistake. Especially during a fierce, close match, it seems so
unjust to watch a team lose based on a failed serve or an out-of-rotation
violation. The rules are fair, but it just seems like an unfair way to end the
game.

Side out scoring was the old scoring system in volleyball before the rally
scoring system was put in place. Basically, the difference is that you had to
have possession of the serve and win the rally to gain a point.

So in this system, a game could go on and on without any points being scored
if the teams just traded turns serving and losing the rallies. Under this system,
you still had to win by 2, so games could go on quite long.

Eventually, many leagues and tournaments would implement a maximum

point total at 17 points. So the rule became that you had to win by 2, or first
team to 17.

In rally scoring the total score needed to win was raised from the old total of
15 to now being 25. But because of the frequency of the points, the games
are actually shorter. The other benefit is that the length of the games is much
more consistent and predictable. This helps with scheduling and planning
games, especially for tournaments and television.

In indoor volleyball, the games are played to a total of 25 points for each set
except the tie-breaker set. This final set will be played to 15 points. But again,
regardless of what the total is supposed to be, if you’re not winning by at least
2 points, the game will continue.

In younger ages, the matches are played to the best of 3, so the third set (if it
is needed to be played) would be the tie-breaker set.
In older age groups all the way up to international play, the matches are
played to the best of 5 sets. So if the teams are tied 2-2, the tie-breaker set
would be the 5th set.

The scoring sheet is a way to help streamline volleyball scorekeeping. The job
of scorekeeping is more than just tallying the points.
The scorekeeper also tracks player rotation (the line-up), substitutions,
timeouts, delay sanctions, penalties, side switches and the time the games
are started and ended.

The scoring sheet is one place where all this information is all condensed
down to keep it easy to manage, tally throughout the game and report
afterward.

The sheet also records the information of the teams, the captains and the
referees.

In beach volleyball, the scoring is a little different. The rally scoring is still in
effect and works just the same. The game point rules are exactly the same as
well.

References:
1- http://www.fivb.org/

2- http://www.ncaa.org/

3- https://myosource.com/

4- https://volleyballreftraining.com/

5- https://www.ussportscamps.com/

6- https://betteratvolleyball.com/