BHARATI VIDYAPEETH

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
A
Report On

Rural Issues and Development in

India
Under Guidance of:- Dr Bhawna Ruchi Singh
SUBMITTED BY:-
SHRADDHA MANE
SONALI MALI
ANIKET KADAM
SONALI JADHAV
ROHINI KAMBLE
AJAY KULAL
HRISHIKESH MAHALE

2016-2017
 BHARATI VIDYAPEETH

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
A
Report On

Rural Issues and Development in

India
Under Guidance of:- Dr Bhawna Ruchi Singh
SUBMITTED BY:-
SHRADDHA MANE
SONALI MALI
ANIKET KADAM
SONALI JADHAV
ROHINI KAMBLE
AJAY KULAL
HRISHIKESH MAHALE

2016-2017
 BHARATI VIDYAPEETH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sector No. 7, C.B.D, NAVI MUMBAI -400614

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of third year
Information Technology department have successfully
completed the report on "Rural Issues and Development in
India” in partial fulfillment of the course Business
Communication and Ethics as prescribed by the University
Of Mumbai.

Name Roll no
Shraddha Mane 50
Sonali Mali 49
Aniket Kadam 31
Sonali Jadhav 28
Rohini Kambale 36
Ajay Kulal 43
Hrishikesh Mahale 48

Dr. Bhawna Singh Prof. S.M. Patil Dr.M.Z. Shaikh

(Report Guide) (Head Of Department) (Principal)
 Preface

We take an opportunity to present a report on “Rural Issues and Development in

India” before readers.

In this report we have included various issues faced by rural areas. We have made a
sincere attempt to keep the language of this report as simple as possible. We have presented
the information in precise and compact form.

Through this report we came to know the Importance of teamwork. The task of
completion of report through being difficult was made quite simple interesting and successful
due to deep involvement and complete dedication for our team members.

We hope who goes through this report will find it interesting and worth reading.
 Acknowledgement
We are very much thankful to our principal Dr. M.Z Shaikh , Head of Department
Prof. S.M. Patil and project guide Dr. Bhawna Ruchi Singh who has been an inspiring
guide. The support by her is the reason we are able to complete this project.

Secondly we are thankful to each other for co-operating and working hard to complete
this report.

At last but not the least we are thankful to all our colleagues, friends and other persons
who have directly or indirectly helped us during preparation of this report.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Summary……………………………………………………………………………….1
2. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………2

3. Problems in Rural Development……………………………………………………..3

3.1 People related………………………………………………………………....3
3.2 Agricultural related problems……………………………………………......3
3.3 Infrastructure related problems…………………………………………….…4
3.4 Economic problems……………………………………………………….....4
3.5 Leadership related problems………………………………...…………….…4
3.6 Administrative problems………………………………………………..……4
4. Some Rural Issues in India…………………………………………………………..5
4.1 Poverty…………………………………………………………………………5
4.2 Electricity………………………………………………………………….……7
4.3 Water…………………………………………………………………………...8
4.4 Caste System……………………………………………………………………10
4.5 Education………………………………………………………………………11
4.6 Female Foeticide………………………………………………………….…....12
4.7 Transport……………………………………………………………………….13
4.8 Agriculture……………………………………………………………………..15
4.9 Child Labour …………………………………………………………….….....17

5. Rural Development…………………………………………………………………....18
5.1 Ways and Means of Rural Development………………………………..18
5.2 Components of Rural Development……………………………………..20
5.3 The Essential Aspects of Rural Development……………………….….20
5.4 Integrated Rural Development……………………………………….….21
6. List of Government Schemes for Rural Development………………………..……..23
7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….………..24
8. Reference……………………………………………………………………………….25
 SUMMARY
The Rural Society of India is very much backward. It backwardness is very much due
to the several problems that haunt the Rural Society. The process of change is very slow and
so the problems are more or less age old in recent years, the process of change has been
accelerated and so new problems are also cropping up.

Lack of cleanliness and dirt breeds germs of diseases. Hence, people fall an easy prey
to diseases.
 INTRODUCTION
The Rural Society of India is very much backward. It backwardness is very much due
to the several problems that haunt the Rural Society. The process of change is very slow and
so the problems are more or less age old in recent years, the process of change has been
accelerated and so new problems are also cropping up.
The major problems consist of the agriculture, the ownership of the land, the lack of
cottage industries, lack of education social evils, death of animal, wealth, bad wealth and so
on. These problems are the result of traditionalism and conservatism of the Rural Society.
The problems of the villages may be studied under the following heads: The problems
concerning agriculture, The problems of cottage industries, The problems of population, The
problems of rural health and education, The problem of the status of women, The problem of
child marriage, The problem of traditionalism and conservatism, The problem of
unemployment, Problem of nutrition in villages.
India lives in its villages, and while the cities have grown immensely over the last 20
years, rural areas have not seen that kind of development. For India’s economy to be strong,
the rural economy needs to grow. Rural areas are still plagued by problems of
malnourishment, illiteracy, unemployment and lack of basic infrastructure like schools,
colleges, hospitals, sanitation, etc. This has led to youth moving out of villages to work in
cities. This could be compared to the brain drain from India to US. Our villages need to grow
in tandem with cities and standard of life has to improve there for inclusive growth to happen.
If rural India is poor, India is poor.
 PROBLEMS IN RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
1. People related
2. Agricultural related problems
3. Infrastructure related problems
4. Economic problems
5. Leadership related problems
6. Administrative problems

1.PEOPLE RELATED PROBLEMS

● Traditional way of thinking.
● Poor understanding.
● Low level of education to understand developmental efforts and new technology.
● Deprived psychology and scientific orientation.
● Lack of confidence.
● Poor awareness.
● Low level of education.

2. AGRICULTURE RELATED PROBLEM

● Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude.
● Unavailability of inputs.
● Poor marketing facility.
● Insufficient extension staff and services.
● Multidimensional tasks to extension personnel.
● Small size of landholding.
3. INFRASTRUCTURAL RELATED PROBLEM
Poor infrastructure facilities like-:
● Water
● Electricity
● Transport
● Educational institutions
● Communication
● Health
● Employment
● Storage facility etc

4. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
● Unfavorable economic condition to adopt high cost technology.
● High cost of inputs.
● Under privileged rural industries

5. LEADERSHIP RELATED PROBLEM

● Leadership among the hands of inactive and incompetent people.
● Self interest of leaders.

6. ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
● Political interference.
● Lack of motivation and interest.
● Unwillingness to work in villages.
● Improper utilization of budget.
● No proper monitoring of programs and lack in their implementation.
 Some Rural Issues in India
Poverty:
Poverty in India is still a major issue even in this day and age. The population of
people living below the poverty line in India is the highest in the world and the problem is not
going away. If you've ever been to India then you'll understand - from the moment the place
hits the ground the poverty is evident, indeed it is the idea of such extreme poverty which
puts people of the idea of travelling to India in the first place.
A number of factors are responsible for poverty in the rural areas of India. Rural
populations primarily depend on agriculture as their livelihoods, which in turn, is highly
dependant on rain patterns and monsoons. Inadequate rain and improper irrigation facilities
can obviously cause low, or in some cases, zero production of crops followed by the obvious
but sometimes catastrophic repercussions that often follows.

An Indian family unit can be often very large, which can exacerbate the effects of
poverty. Also, the caste system which is still found a lot in India (although it is getting less) is
a major reason for rural poverty for it keeps people locked in the endless cycle with less
facilities and opportunities for the lower castes. The government has planned and
implemented poverty eradication programs, but the benefits of all these programs have yet to
reach the core of the country.
Poverty in India - the statistics

● 50% of Indians don’t have proper shelter;

● 70% don’t have access to decent toilets (which inspires a multitude of bacteria to host
their own disease party);
● 35% of households don’t have a nearby water source;
● 85% of villages don’t have a secondary school (how can this be the same government
claiming 9% annual growth?);
● Over 40% of these same villages don’t have proper roads connecting them.
Electricity:
It is a matter of shame for all of us that even 56 years after Independence, 63 per cent
of all rural households in India do not have electricity and use kerosene for lighting. Even for
those rural areas, which are electrified, there is a tremendous shortage of power supply. Thus
it is not uncommon for these areas to have 10-15 hours of blackouts and brownouts every
day. There is a shortfall of about 15,000-20,000 mw of electricity in the country and we
require about 140,000 mw of additional capacity by 2010 with an estimated outlay of Rs
5,50,000 crore. Because of tremendous shortage of electricity, industrial growth and general
life in the country is seriously affected.

Does a village being declared “electrified” mean that households get electricity?
“The key issue that remains ambiguous is what defines “power for all” — Is it just
electrification of villages or to provide quality and adequate electricity to all households?
The definition of electrified village has changed over the years. Before October 1997,
a village was classified as “electrified” if electricity was used within its revenue area for any
purpose. After October 1997, a village was declared “electrified” if the electricity was used in
the inhabited locality, within the revenue boundary of the village for any purpose.
Water:
Earlier this year,Safe Water Network released a detailed and comprehensive report
that takes stock of the progress of community safe water solutions in the country. This report
on the drinking water situation in India addresses some of the key questions we are seeking to
answer as investors – finding profitable companies that can deliver affordable water for the
masses. here are some facts on the drinking water situation in India that will make you sit up
and take note of the problem.
1) It is estimated that only 18% of a total rural population of 833 million Indians have access
to treated water. In comparison, 41% of the rural population, or 346 million people, own
mobile phones.
2) Only about one-third of rural households in India are reached by piped water supplies.
The balance two-third of rural households is still living ‘beyond the pipe’. The 2011 census
estimates that 138 million rural households, or about 685–690 million people, lack access to
safe drinking water.
3) More than half of the pipes in rural areas in India deliver untreated water.
4) Access to safe water varies greatly from state to state. 36% of the rural population in
Andhra Pradesh has access to treated water while, in Bihar, less than 2% of the rural
population receives treated water.
5) The 13% of rural households (approximately 22 million people) served by
untreatedpiped connections along with the 69% of households (approximately 116 million
people) that live beyond the pipe, constitute a large potential market for safe water solutions.

6) Among the venture capital firms that were analyzed in the report, only 5 out of 15 had
provided funding to firms operating in the drinking water sector.
We, at Unitus Seed Fund, understand that the sector has potential for mass scale demand and
social impact, yet is fraught with challenges. We are looking to fund startups that aim to
provide safe drinking water for the masses through sustainable and scalable business models
Caste System
In India, the caste system has been a large part of society and still remains, though to a
lesser extent, to be a part of society. This may be in an official or unofficial sense because
most South Asian countries have either outlawed the caste system or are trying to move away
from it. The caste system is basically a way of dividing people into different social classes,
beginning with Brahmins as the highest (Priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors and
rulers), Vaisyas (farmers, merchants, and artisans), and Sudras (laborers); see Figure 1.
Untouchables, also known as Harijans or Dalits, fall outside of the caste system all together.
These were the original caste groupings as made clear by one Hindu Holy Scripture called the
Bhagvad Gita. Initially, the system was created to promote the harmonious workings of
society‖, but eventually, it has mostly through corruption reached the prejudice and
discriminationfilled system it is today (Kar, 2007). This corruption began with Colonialism
and has had a profound impact on the modern day caste system. It is thought that ―Indian
society was highly fragmented into communal groupings that served as centers for social
identity. In trying to make sense of these groupings, the Portuguese first suggested caste
identities. The British expanded on that idea to promote order in Indian society. The caste
system seems to have played a large part in creating poverty in India

Caste stands as a pivot of rural social structure. It acts as the most powerful
determinant of individual behavior and social order in rural unity. Caste is the determinant of
individual status and role. It determines the status of the individual as soon as he takes birth.
Education:
When we talk about education in India, we can’t just talk about how education is in
urban cities of India, without going deep into rural education that constitutes almost 90% of
the schools being located in rural areas. Recent studies have shown how the face of education
in rural parts of the country have developed to a great extent, but some remote areas still do
need a serious checkup with children failing to receive basic quality education.
We cannot but agree that, it is education that leads to the road to betterment of a community
and the nation at large. And when we think about bring in a reformation in education, we
have to point out what all prevents the education system in India to develop.
The most common problems that hinders the growth of education in rural India can be
pointed out as
● Lack of proper transportation. Most villages have poor connectivity from one place to
another and that is often one of the main reason why, despite efforts by local
governing bodies to build schools, often go in vain. Children, most of the time have to
walk miles to reach these government funded schools and this often demotivate them
to attend school on a regular basis.
● People belonging to remote rural areas have meager incomes, which at times is too
less to sustain a family of maybe four or five. Most likely, children from these
families won’t be sent to schools, instead would be asked to assist the earning member
of the family to add up some extra income. On the other hand, teachers in rural
educational centers in villages are paid poorly, often leading to lack of attention by
teachers, ultimately forcing the students to suffer.
● Lack of proper infrastructure at these rural schools is also a big concern. Most of the
schools don’t have proper classrooms, teaching equipment, playgrounds and even
basic facilities like clean toilets. Thus, the poor condition of schools are big reasons to
drive away students.
Female foeticide:
This is a major social problem in India and has cultural connections with the
dowry system that is ingrained in Indian culture, despite the fact that it has been
prohibited by law since 1961.In India a strong preference for sons over daughters exists,
unlike in Western cultures. Increasing human trafficking and continuous presence of
female foeticide,infanticide had placed India as the world's fourthmost dangerous
place for women, as per a survey conducted by Thomson Reuters' Trustlaw Women, a
hub of legal information and legal support for women's rights .
Female foeticide is in practice in India from the time of advent of technological
advancements in medical field like prenatal sex determination in the 1990s. However, earlier
to this, female childs were killing after their birth in many regions of the country. In the
Indian society, female childs are considered as the social and economic burden to their
parents so they understand that it is better to kill them before birth. No one understands its
negative aspect in the future. The female sex ratio in comparison to the males has been
reduced to a great extent (8 males per one female). It is not easy to compensate the sex ratio
even if we stop female foeticide completely in the next few years.

Transport:
A major constraint with developing and maintaining rural roads is the fact that they are,
unfortunately, rural. The areas where they are needed are often difficult to access, logistics
become complicated, local contracting capability is limited, engineers are few and far
between, and younger engineers especially, are not keen to leave the urban environment.

We need somehow to keep our design and construction techniques to take into account
capability and the limited knowledge on quality procedures. How do we do it?

● Design simple, high error margin techniques with low maintenance regimes
● Use local materials as much as possible
● Remember the cheapest option is probably the worst option no matter what the
economic analysis or traffic volume figures indicate.
There are many issues surrounding the low initial-cost provision of gravel roads. These
include:

● Short road-life expectation due to erosion and wear

● Lack of drainage and watercourse crossings
● Damage to health and detriment to farming productivity from dust
● Damage to road users and equipment from rough roads
There is increased expectation amongst the rural poor that governments will provide and
maintain roads in a condition that facilitate all-weather access and regular transport services.
Agriculture:
Agriculture, the backbone of Indian economy, contributes to the overall economic
growth of the country and determines the standard of life for more than 50% of the Indian
population.
Agriculture contributes only about 14% to the overall GDP but its impact is felt in the
manufacturing sector as well as the services sector as the rural population has become a
significant consumer of goods and services in the last couple of decades.

Problems faced by the Agriculture Sector :-

1) Fragmented land holding :-

Nearly 80% of the 140 million farming families hold less than 2 acres of land. Large land
holdings enable the farmer to implement modern agricultural techniques and boost
productivity. Small land holdings restrict the farmer to use traditional methods of
farming and limit productivity.

2)Irrigation problems :-

Most of the farming in India is monsoon dependent – if monsoons are good, the entire
economy (and not just the agricultural sector) is upbeat and when the monsoon fails,
everyone everywhere takes a hit to some extent. The problem here is of proper
management of water or the lack of it.

3) Seed problems :-

Most of the farmers – especially the poor and marginal ones – are dependent on seeds
sold in the market.
4) Sustainability problems :-

Indian agricultural productivity is very less compared to world standards due to use of
obsolete farming technology. Coupled with this, lack of understanding of the need for
sustainability in the poor farming community has made things worse.

5) Over dependence on traditional crops like rice and wheat :-

Every crop requires certain climatic conditions to give the best yields. Though rice and
wheat are produced in a large area in India, certain areas can readily switch to other
crops to get better productivity. India is importing cooking oil from abroad though we
have the necessary conditions to grow more oilseeds here.

6) Supply channel bottlenecks and lack of market understanding :-

Supply channel bottlenecks and lack of a proper marketing channel are serious problems for a
farmer who is already burdened with a host of troubles. These are issues which need to be
tackled at the regional, state and national levels.
Child Labour:
This is the worst social evil in India. Children are exploited and are made to work
in dangerous places like cracker factories. They are not treated properly. Like other
social evils there are rules and laws made to stop the child exploitation but nothing has
been ever properly implemented in India and hence you can still see teenagers and
children working in the shops and factories.
Child labour in India is to be found in almost every sector of the informal
economy.Children are to be found working in workshops and small factories, in dhabas
and restaurants, on the streets as well as domestic servants.
agriculture or in assisting petty family business from those who work outside the
home for a wage. Moreover, since it is primarily girl children who work at home
assisting their mothers in the household tasks of looking after younger siblings, cooking,
cleaning, washing, etc., such a distinction would openly discriminate against female
children. It is here that engendering of the development strategy links up with the rights
of all children who are out of school.
 Rural development
The people of India live mostly in rural areas (villages). Therefore, it is in the heart of
the villages that the nation lives. Indeed, “the soul of India is in the toil of the rural areas”.
The welfare of India depends upon the prosperity of the villages.

Ways and Means of Rural Development:

After our independence, the conditions of the villages have been improved. The
problems of our villages are many and various. For their solution, intelligent guidance of both
the government and the people is needed.
The ways and means of rural development:

1. education of the masses

2. establishment of night schools for adults
3. improvement of sanitation
4. provisions for cheap medical aid
5. construction of good roads
6. establishment of co-operative credit societies
 Educated people should go to the villages and settle there. Mass education should be
introduced to remove the ignorance of the villagers. It should be made both compulsory and
free. Night schools should be set up for the adults to teach them elementary Hygiene and
scientific methods of cultivation.
For the improvement of sanitation, jungles should be cut down. Arrangements should
be made for supply of pure drinking water on a large scale. Tube-wells should be sunk, new
wells and ponds should be dug. Every village should be equipped with a hospital and a
charitable dispensary for providing proper medical aid to the villagers.
Roads and other means of communication in the rural areas should be improved. The
government should teach the farmers scientific methods of cultivation and supply them with
implements of agriculture.
Co-operative Credit Societies should be set up to advance loans to the peasants.
Arbitration boards should settle disputes and differences. Cottage industries should receive
encouragement. Educational films should be exhibited.
Good libraries should be provided in every village. In this way, each village should be
developed into a self-sufficient unit. It is a happy sign that our government is doing its best to
improve the condition of the villages through various schemes of rural uplift. It’s the progress
hitherto made has not been up to the mark.
School and college students can do a lot of work for rural development.
Components of Rural Development
Rural development entails some components. They are as follows:
1. Rural development seeks to transform all the sectors of rural economy – the
primary sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector.
2. It is concerned with the improvement of the standard of living of the ruralites
through the provision of health and medical facilities, employment opportunities including
vocational training, educational facilities etc.
3. It brings about significant improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, the landless agricultural labourers and the marginal and
small fanners.

Essential Aspects of Rural Development

The essential aspects of rural development are as follows:

1. Agricultural development constitutes the crucial aspect of rural development.

Agricultural development is possible through the use of better seeds, adequate fertilisers,
manures, and pesticides, adequate supply of water and effective implementation of land
reform measures.

2. The success of the rural development programmes depends on the co-operative

orientation and attitude among the ruralites. The functioning of the co-operative societies
goes a long way in improving the conditions of the vulnerable sections of the rural set-up.
3. Rural development programmes demand the active participation of the ruralites.
While formulating these programmes the opinions, attitudes, drives and interests of the rural
people should be taken into account. Further, dedicated and committed village leaders should
come forward to guide the masses for bringing about rural development.
Integrated Rural Development:

It is claimed that the concept of Integrated Rural Development was originally

propounded by the World Bank. In India the concept was put forward in the year 1976 at the
All-India Science Congress by C. Subramanyam, the then Finance Minister of India.

He viewed integrated rural development as “systematic, scientific and integrated use

of all our natural resources and as a part of this process enabling every person to engage
himself in a productive and socially useful occupation and earn an income that would meet at
least the basic needs.”

He holds the view that the use of natural resources is possible only through the
application of science and technology. Further, proper application of science and technology
results in the fulfilment of basic social needs.

G. Parthasarathy refers to four ‘routes’ in the context of integrated rural development:

(i) the institutional route of Gunnar Myrdal, (ii) the ‘New Economics’ route, (iii) the Neo-
Marxian route and (iv) the Gandhian route. V.K.R.V. Rao defines integrated rural
development as “the optimum utilization of the natural and human resources of a given rural
area for the enrichment of the quality of life of the population.”
 The concept of integrated rural development addresses itself to various rural problems
like widespread poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, exploitation, inequitable distribution of
land, poor health conditions etc. It signifies that various facets of rural development are
integrally connected.

It is a holistic concept rather than a sequential one. K. Om Prakash and G.

Satyanarayan rightly observe that integrated rural development embraces all the activities of
enrichment and betterment of the overall quality of rural life through appropriate
development of man power, resources, infrastructural facilities and provisions of minimum
needs and livelihood. It has far-reaching socio-economic and political implications for the life
of the ruralites.
 List of Government Schemes for Rural
India
The ministries of theGovernment of India have come up with various schemes from
time to time. These schemes could be either Central, state specific or joint collaboration
between the Centre and the states. They are detailed below:

Schemes Date of Launch Sector Provisions

Bachat Lamp 2009 Electrification reduce the cost

Yojana ofcompact fluorescent
lamps

Central 1954 Health comprehensive

Government Health medical care facilities
Scheme to Central
Government
employees and their
family members

Deen Dayal 2015 Rural Power It is a Government of

Upadhyaya Gram Supply India program aimed
Jyoti Yojana at providing 24x7
uninterrupted power
supply to all homes in
Rural India

Deen Dayal 2015 Rural Development It is a Government of

Upadhyaya India Project to
Grameen engage rural youth
Kaushalya Yojna specially BPL and
SC/ST segment of
population, in gainful
employment through
skill training
programmes.
Gramin Bhandaran March 31,2007 Agriculture Creation of scientific
Yojana storage capacity with
allied facilities in
rural areas to meet the
requirements of
farmers for storing
farm produce,
processed farm
produce and
agricultural inputs.

Integrated Child October 2,1975 Child Development Tackle malnutrition

Development and health problems
Services in children below 6
years of age and their
mothers

Kasturba Gandhi Balika July 2004 Education Educational facilities

Vidyalaya for girls belonging
toSC,ST,OBC,
minority communities
and families below
the poverty line(BPL)
in Educationally
Backward Blocks

Pradhan Mantri December 25,2000 Rural Transport Good all-weather

Gram Sadak road connectivity to
Yojana unconnected villages

Rashtriya Krishi August 1,2007 Agriculture Achieve 4% annual

Vikas Yojana growth in agriculture
through development
of Agriculture and its
allied sectors during
the XI Plan period

Pradhan Mantri May 1,2016 Poverty Launched to provide

Ujjwala Yojana free LPG connections
to women from below
poverty line families.
 CONCLUSION
No doubt, villages are in a state of neglect and under-development, with impoverished
people, as result of past legacies and defects in our planning process and investment pattern.
But the potential in rural India is immense. What if every village in the country is provided
with basic amenities, like drinking water, electricity, health care, educational transport,
communication and other facilities, with only a smaller population of the village engaged in
agriculture and the remaining in other gainful occupations? When this happens India will turn
into mighty country. The purchasing power of the rural population throwing enormous
demand for goods and services will boost the national economy tremendously. The day will
see the reverse migration of people from the urban slums back to the villages. Rural
Development is the subject to come to the forefront after the economic reforms and rural
banking will serve the backbone of this development.
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 https://www.academia.edu/5103898/INTRODUCTION_of_indian_rural_society

 http://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/the-problem-with-rural-transport- is-that-it- is-

rural-the-solution- is- in-branding

 http://www.importantindia.com/7112/condition-of-villages- in-india/

 http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/3064?e=barkansoc_1.0-

ch14_s04

 http://www.poverties.org/blog/poverty- in- india

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_poverty

 http://www.all-about- india.com/Poverty- in-India.html#sthash.jc4BmXqf.dpuf

 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/poverty/4- main-causes-of-poverty-in- india-

explained/4819/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_government_schemes_in_India