METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

MODULE

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

FIRST QUARTER

PREPARED BY: JOIEMMY B. GAYUDAN

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Tabuk City Division
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TABUK CITY
City Hall Compound, Dagupan, Tabuk City, Kalinga

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2020

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 PREFACE

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 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
MODULE

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

FIRST QUARTER

JOIEMMY B. GAYUDAN

DEVELOPER
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information from various sources such

as the media and our interactions with friends, family, and members of the community.
Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even be
utterly false. These kinds of information often have a negative impact on our lives. For
instance,
news in the internet and social media sites often relies on sensational headlines which
often twist and distort the truth. These often result in heated online debates and feuds.
In some cases, innocent individuals become targets of harassment because of false
claims and accusations issued online. Everyday we are confronted with news, claims,
and announcements from our peers, family members, figures of authority, the
government, and media. How do we know if they are telling the truth?

After studying this module, you should be able to:

 Distinguish opinion from truth;
 Analyze situations that shows the difference between truth and opinion;
 Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth;
 Evaluate opinions.
 What’s in

In the previous chapter you learned about the meaning and the process of doing
philosophy. You also learned how to distinguish between personal and philosophical
questions (simple, deep and serious questions). Most importantly, you were encouraged
to ask philosophical questions. When we start to raise such questions, we, ultimately,
want to arrive at the truth. Nowadays, it is more and more difficult to discern what is true
from what is false; it seems that everybody can claim to hold the truth. Philosophy as a
discipline will not claim to be the sole bearer of truth. It is not so much “the truth” that
concerns philosophy, but rather the way or process by which we can distinguish claims
that are true from those that are false. There is much more disagreement rather than
agreement among philosophers with regard to the question of truth. Nevertheless, there
is one thing that most of them agree on; that truth is not a simple matter as much as
human knowing is just as complex as process.

What’s new?

Let’s find out how much you know about this quarter. Draw a smiley face if the
statement indicates truth and draw a frown face if the statements indicates opinion.
Write your answer on the space provided after the number. Remember to answer all
items.

_____1. Lawyers are rich.

_____2. French fries taste better with ketchup.
_____3. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
_____4. Corazon Aquino was the first female president of the Republic of the
Philippines.
_____5. Sunday is the best day of the week.
_____6. In mathematics 5*5/5=5.
_____7. Sun is the center of the solar system.
_____8. Tabuk City National High School is the biggest school in Tabuk city.
_____9. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
_____10. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an oppressive
government.

1. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Why?
2. Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required more thoughts to
determine their truthfulness?
3. Which of these statements may be true for others but not true in your judgement?
4. Which of these statements do you personally believed to be true but may be disputed by
other people?

WHAT’S IN IT?

What is truth and why is it important?

Philosophers often grapple with the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any
inquiry. Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance; however, the
concept of truth remains a highly debated and much-discussed topic among
philosophers.
What is truth? What do we mean when we say something is true? Many of us
assume that truth is a simple term with a singular meaning. Life in this world would be a
lot simpler if truth only meant one thing. Life would have been a matter of simply
answering the question whether the things we say, read about, and discuss are true or
false.
before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, since it is through
knowing that we are able to determine what is true. Knowledge is the clear awareness
and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear
answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs that we
know to be true.

Let’s explore your knowledge by completing the following statements:

I know that……….
I know why ……...
I know how ……..
These statements correspond to one important aspect of knowledge – that it is
based on reality. This simply means that what we know is what is observable or evident
in the real world. For example, we say that “I know that fish live in water” because fish
do live in water. Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are
considered facts.
There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to
be true. For example, we can say that “ I know that our barangay is the best barangay in
the city. “ this statement, however, cannot be taken as true since it is simply not
immediately evident. This statement is a claim, and further examination is required to
establish whether it is true or false.
Truthful statements, therefore, can be considered as based on facts. Science
considers truth as something observable and empirical. This means that any claim can
be proven by verification and experimentation. Philosophy has various views which can
help us tackle the concepts of knowing the truth, and arrive at a reasonable assessment
if a statement idea, or event is believable.
If we examine the perspective on truth that has been dominant in society, we
would find that people mostly equate truth with scientific truth. We often say that
something is true because it is based on facts. Furthermore, we say that something is
true when it is scientifically proven, that is, when it is backed up by data-gathering,
analysis and repeated verification.

How do we know if something is true?

There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance
of belief as a basis for determining truth. But what kind of belief is truthful? How do we
know that what we believe is true?
Ancient Greek philosophers approached the problem of truth by looking at the
nature of knowledge and how we know what we know. We assume that everything we
know about this world is true. But philosophers who pondered upon the origins of
knowledge doubted everything that there is to know about themselves and the world. In
doing so