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Name Chapter 23--Nuclear Chemistry

Description
Instructions Modify

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Question Which of the following is the most penetrating form of radiation?

Answer a
b

g
All of the above are equally penetrating.

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Question Which symbol represents a beta particle?

Answer

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Question Which of the following types of radiation will pass through a piece of paper, but will be stopped by 0.5 cm of lead?
Answer a
b

g
All of the above will pass through 0.5 cm of lead.

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Question What is the charge on a beta particle?

Answer +2
+1
0
-1
-2

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Question Which of the following reactions is an example of positron emission?

Answer

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Question Which of the following reactions is an example of electron capture?

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Answer

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Question If a nucleus undergoes beta particle emission

Answer its atomic number decreases by four and its mass number decreases by two.
its atomic number decreases by two and its mass number decreases by four.
its atomic number increases by one and its mass number is unchanged.
its atomic number decreases by one and its mass number increases by one.
its atomic number is unchanged and its mass number decreases by one.

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Question If a nucleus emits an alpha particle

Answer its atomic number decreases by four and its mass number decreases by two.
its atomic number decreases by two and its mass number decreases by four.
its atomic number increases by two and its mass number decreases by two.
its atomic number is unchanged and its mass number is unchanged.
its atomic number is unchanged and its mass number decreases by four.

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Question If a nucleus gains a neutron and then undergoes beta emission,

Answer its atomic number decreases by one and its mass number increases by one.
its atomic number is unchanged and its mass number increases by one.
both its atomic number and its mass number are unchanged.
its atomic number increases by one and its mass number is unchanged.
its atomic number increases by one and its mass number increases by one.

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Question If a nucleus decays by successive a, b, b particle emissions, its atomic number will
Answer decrease by four.
decrease by two.
increase by four.
increase by two.
be unchanged.

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Question What nucleus decays by successive b, b, a emissions to produce uranium-236?

Answer

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Question If astatine-207 decays by a emission, followed by a emission, followed by electron capture, what nucleus is produced?
Answer

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Question What nucleus is produced if thorium-225 decays by electron capture?

Answer

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Question What nucleus decays by beta emission to produce antimony-121?

Answer

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Question Write a balanced reaction for the decay of barium-127 by positron emission.
Answer

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Question By what (single step) process does americium-241 decay to neptunium-237?

Answer a particle emission
b particle emission
positron emission
electron capture
neutron capture

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Question By what (single step) process does osmium-185 change to rhenium-185?

Answer a particle emission
b particle emission
gamma ray emission
electron capture
neutron capture

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Question All of the following statements concerning nuclei are true EXCEPT
Answer only hydrogen-1 and helium-3 have more protons than neutrons.
from He to Ca, stable nuclei have roughly equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
elements with odd atomic numbers have more stable isotopes than do those with even atomic numbers.
the neutron to proton ratio in stable nuclei increases as mass increases.
more stable isotopes have an even number of neutrons than an odd number.

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Question A plot of the number of neutrons versus the number of protons in nuclei shows a narrow band of stable isotopes. Isotopes with a low
proton-neutron ratio (i.e., ones that fall below the band of stability) decay by
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Answer positron emission or electron capture.

positron emission or alpha emission.
beta emission or electron capture.
gamma ray emission or beta emission.
neutron capture or alpha emission.

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Question The point of maximum stability in the binding energy curve occurs in the vicinity of which one of the following isotopes?
Answer

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Question The molar nuclear mass of fluorine-19 is 18.99840 g/mol. The molar mass of a proton is 1.007825 g/mol. The molar mass of a neutron is
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1.008665 g/mol. Calculate the binding energy (in J/mol) of F-19. (c = 2.998 ´ 10 m/s)
Answer
6.753 ´ 1012 J/mol
12
7.131 ´ 10 J/mol
13
1.426 ´ 10 J/mol
14
8.609 ´ 10 J/mol
14
8.538 ´ 10 J/mol

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Question Calculate the energy released (per mole of deuterium consumed) for the following fusion reaction,

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given the following molar masses of nucleons and nuclei. (c = 2.998 ´ 10 m/s)

particle mass (g/mol)

proton 1.007825
neutron 1.008665
deuterium 2.0140
tritium 3.01605
helium-4 4.00260
Answer 6
5.63 ´ 10 J/mol
15
1.69 ´ 10 J/mol
13
4.62 ´ 10 J/mol
11
8.44 ´ 10 J/mol
12
1.69 ´ 10 J/mol

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Question Lead-200 has a half-life of 21.5 hours. Starting with 3.77 mg of this isotope, how much would remain after 72 hours?
Answer 0.0 mg
0.098 mg
0.37 mg
0.47 mg
1.1 mg

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Question The half-life for the spontaneous decay of technetium-99m is 6.0 hours. How much of a 0.20 g sample of this isotope remains after 4.5
hours?
Answer 0.05 g
0.08 g
0.12 g
0.15 g
0.20 g

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Question The half-life of mercury-203 is 46.6 days. What percentage of mercury-203 remains in a sample after 365 days?
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Answer -4
3.72 ´ 10 %
0.439%
1.49%
5.43%
12.8%

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Question The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. If a sample initially contains 2.67 mg carbon-14, what mass remains in the sample after 2.40 ´ 10
years?
Answer 0.0 mg
0.17 mg
0.92 mg
0.15 mg
0.64 mg

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Question Uranium-235 has a half-life of 7.04 ´ 10 years. How many years will it take for 99.9% of a U-235 sample to decay?
Answer
7.0 ´ 105 yr
6
1.0 ´ 10 yr
9
4.7 ´ 10 yr
9
4.9 ´ 10 yr
9
7.0 ´ 10 yr

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Question The rate constant for the decay of copper-62 is 9.8 minutes . What is the half-life of this isotope?
Answer 0.071 m.
1.6 m.
14 m.
0.10 m.
9.8 m.

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Question is used in many home smoke alarms. If 85% of the americium in a smoke detector decays in 1250 years, what is the half-life of

this isotope?
Answer
1.52 ´ 10–3 yr
7.35 ´ 102 yr
3
5.33 ´ 10 yr
3
5.78 ´ 10 yr
2
4.57 ´ 10 yr

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Question The number of disintegrations per minute (dsm) of a sample of iodine-133 is measured at 5.5 ´ 10 dsm. When the sample is measured
2
295 minutes later, the number of disintegrations has decreased to 4.7 ´ 10 dsm. What is the half-life of iodine-133?
Answer
5.7 ´ 10–4 m.
2.6 m.
3
1.3 ´ 10 m.
2
3.9 ´ 10 m.
4
9.7 ´ 10 m.

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Question A sample of phosphorus-32 is found to have an activity of 885 disintegrations per hour (dph). After 25 hours the activity has decreased to
841 dph. What is the rate constant for the decay of phosphorus-32?
Answer –1
0.0038 hr
–1
0.0020 hr
–1
0.15 hr
–1
490 hr
–1
0.12 hr

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Question Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

1. The transuranium elements are created in a nuclear reaction sequence that begins with bombardment of a lighter nucleus with low
energy helium nuclei.
2. A low energy neutron may be captured by a nucleus, giving a product in which the mass number is increased by one unit.
3. Nuclear reactions involving neutron capture followed by gamma ray emission are referred to as (n, g) reactions.
Answer 1 only
2 only
3 only
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

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Question Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

1. Naturally occurring isotopes account for only a small fraction of known radioactive isotopes.
2. A few radioactive isotopes with long half-lives, such as U-235 and U-238, are found in nature.
3. Trace quantities of some short-lived radioactive isotopes, such as C-14, are found in nature because they are formed continuously by
nuclear reactions.
Answer 1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
1, 2, and 3

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Question Complete the following fission reaction.

Answer

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Question One means of enriching the percentage of uranium-235 for use as nuclear fuel is ____.
Answer liquid distillation
gaseous centrifugation
mass spectroscopy
gamma ray bombardment
ion chromatography

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Question Which two nuclei are the two fissionable isotopes most commonly used in nuclear reactors?
Answer
and

and

and

and

and

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Question What role do the cadmium control rods play in a fission reactor?
Answer The rods control the rate of fission by absorbing neutrons.
The cadmium combines with spent uranium fuel to produce a non-radioactive product.
The rods focus the neutrons toward the center of the reactor.
The cadmium acts as a catalyst, enabling fission to occur at lower temperatures.
The rods move forward and backward, driving the pistons that turn the turbines.

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Question Which three steps, placed in the proper order, are required for a nuclear chain reaction?
Answer propagation, equilibration, and termination
propagation, oxidation, equilibration
equilibration, propagation, termination
initiation, oxidation, propagation
initiation, propagation, and termination

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Question Which of the following elements undergoes nuclear fusion to provide the primary source of energy from the sun?
Answer helium
uranium
hydrogen
carbon
boron

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Question Complete the following fusion reaction.

Answer

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Question What particle(s) are produced in the following reaction?

Answer

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Question What percentage of the world's electricity is supplied by nuclear fusion reactors?
Answer 0%
3%
8%
17%
39%

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Question At the high temperatures necessary for fusion, matter exists as a plasma, which is
Answer a liquid form of a radioactive element.
a gaseous cloud of electrons and positrons.
a mixture of unbound nuclei and electrons.
an equal mixture of matter and anti-matter.
a dense solid composed of neutrons.

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Question Which of the following statements concerning radiation absorption by living tissue is/are CORRECT?
1. The “quality factor” takes into account the differences in damaging power of the various forms of
radiation.
2. One gray denotes the absorption of 1 joule per kilogram of tissue.
3. The SI unit for biological damage is a sievert (Sv), which is determined by multiplying grays by the
quality factor.
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Answer 1 only
2 only
3 only
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

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Question The becquerel is an SI unit for the measurement of radiation. One Bq represents
Answer 1 J energy absorbed per kg of tissue.
10
3.7 ´ 10 disintegrations per second.
1 disintegration per second.
0.01 J energy absorbed per kg of tissue.
1 calorie energy absorbed per kg of tissue.

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Question Which of the following types of radiation has the greatest quality factor?
Answer beta particles
alpha particles emitted within the body
gamma rays
low energy protons
low energy neutrons

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Question Which of the following isotopes is used in the treatment of thyroid disorders?
Answer

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Question In positron emission tomography (PET), a positron emitted from an unstable isotope travels a short distance before it is annihilated by
Answer an electron, creating a proton that is detected by the instrument.
a neutron, creating two gamma rays that travel in opposite directions.
an electron, creating two gamma rays that travel in opposite directions.
an alpha particle, creating two protons that travel in opposite directions.
gamma ray, creating an electron that is detected by the instrument.

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Question In boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), boron-10 is injected into a tumor. When the tumor is irradiated with neutrons, boron nuclei
capture the neutrons and disintegrate into two particles. These particles are lithium-7 and a(n) ____.
Answer alpha particle
beta particle
positron
deuterium nuclei
helium nuclei

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Question Which of the following statements concerning neutron activation analysis is/are CORRECT?
1. In neutron activation analysis, a neutron is ejected from an atom creating a new isotope that is one mass
unit lower.
2. Neutron activation analysis is destructive, but requires less than 1 g of sample.
3. Neutron activation analysis creates isotopes in the excited state that emit gamma rays to return to the
ground state.
Answer 1 only
2 only
3 only
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3

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Question All isotopes of atomic number greater than ________ are unstable and radioactive.
Answer 83
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Question Technetium-99m is routinely used in medical imaging. The italics m means the nucleus is ________.
Answer metastable
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Question A unit used to quantify biological damage is called the ________ or rem.
Answer roentgen equivalent man
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Question Neutron ________ analysis is a non-destructive process in which a sample is irradiated with neutrons. The neutrons react with nuclei to
form isotopes with masses one unit higher than the original nuclei. The nuclei are formed in excited states and they emit gamma radiation that can
be used to both identify the presence of an element and quantify how much is present.
Answer activation
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Question Explain the difference between 1 rad and 1 rem of radiation.

Answer One radiation absorbed dose (rad) equals 0.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue. A dose of radiation in roentgen equivalent man
(rem) equals the energy absorbed in rads multiplied by the quality factor for the type of radiation involved. The quality factor accounts for
variations in tissue damaging power of different types of radiation.
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Question Explain the treatment named boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
Answer Boron-10 is injected into tumors and then bombarded with neutrons. Boron-10 is effective at capturing neutrons. The resulting boron-11
nuclei disintegrate to produce alpha particles and lithium-7 atoms. The alpha particles destroy tissue in the localized area where the boron
was injected.
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