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1.

Problem Statement

Large-scale power systems are normally composed of interconnected


subsystems or simply control areas. The connection between the control areas is
done using tie lines. Each area has its own generator or group of generators and
it is responsible for its own load and scheduled interchanges with neighboring
areas. Any power system works under the condition that Generation plus
Transmission losses must equal to the connected load at rated frequency.
Because loading of a given power system is never constant and varies time by
time and, therefore, to ensure the quality of power supply, to increase system
performance and stability for the satisfactory and stable operation of power
system with sudden area load changes, a load frequency controller is needed to
maintain the system frequency at the desired nominal value. It is known that
changes in real power affect mainly the system frequency and the input
mechanical power to generators is used to control the frequency of output
electrical power. Therefore, Load Frequency Control (LFC) is one of the most
important issues in electrical power system design/operation and is becoming
much more significant recently with increasing size, changing structure and
complexity in interconnected power system.

1.1. Existing LFC in Tarbela Power House

Currently in Tarbela Power House unit’s#7to10 are on LFC that is load variation
on these units is according to system frequency. The load frequency control is
carried out by using PID controller. The response time of PID controller is slow,
so the replacement of PID controller with GA controller will be carried out in this
thesis to increase the performance and stability of system. Simulation results will
suggest the performance of these controllers. In this thesis we will model the
system that is based on practical values of turbine and governor.

2. Aims & Objectives


The aims and objectives of this thesis is to design a system that
• Improves the system stability
• Reduces transient response of the system
• Is free from oscillations

• Has fast response


• To maintain power balance in the system.
• Make sure that operating limits are not exceeded
1. Generator limits
2. Tie-lines limits
• To maintain system frequency constant (not change by load).
• It creates the university-industry linkage.

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3. Literature Review

[1] S.Ganapathy ,S.Velusami , “ Decentralized Load-Frequency Control for


Interconnected Power Systems with AC-DC Tie Lines” The IUP Journal of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 54-65, January 2010.

This paper emphasizes the need for a multi-objective approach for the load-
frequency controller which satisfies two main objectives, namely, minimum
Integral Squared Error (ISE) of the system output and maximum closed loop
stability of the system. A new Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA)-
based design of decentralized load-frequency controllers for interconnected
power systems with Governor Dead Band (GDB), ac-dc parallel tie lines, and
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units, is proposed in this
paper. AC-DC parallel tie lines provide asynchronous interconnection of
neighboring power systems while the SMES units provide bulk energy storage to
share the sudden changes in power requirement in the load. Analysis of a two-
area interconnected thermal power system reveals that the proposed controller
improves the stability and transient response of the system even in the presence
of GDB nonlinearity.

[2] B. Venkata Prasanth, Dr. S. V. Jayaram Kumar, “Load frequency control for a
two area interconnected power system using robust Genetic Algorithm
Controller” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, INDIA,
pp. 1204-1212, 2008.

In this paper a new robust load frequency controller for two area interconnected
system is presented to quench the deviations in frequency and tie line power due
to different load disturbances. The dynamic model is developed without integral
control. The frequency and derivatives are zero under normal operation and after
the disturbance effects are died. The Genetic Algorithm Controller designed here
consists of two inputs namely deviation of frequency and the other is derivative of
frequency deviation.

The output of Genetic algorithm controller is the control input to each area. The
results prove that Genetic algorithm controller provide fast response with very
less undershoots and negligible overshoot with having small state transfer time to
reach the final steady state with zero frequency.

[3] Seyed Abbas Taher, Reza Hematti, Ali Abdolalipour and Seyed Hadi Tabei,
“Optimal decentralized load frequency control using HPSO algorithm in
deregulated power systems” American Journal of Applied Sciences Vol.5,
No.9, pp. 1167-1174, 2008.

In practice LFC systems use simple Proportional-Integral (PI) or Integral (I)


controllers. However, since the PI or I control parameters are usually tuned
based on classical or trial-and-error approaches, they are incapable of obtaining

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good dynamic performance for various load changes scenarios in multi area
power system. For this reason, in this study the PI and I control parameters are
tuned based on Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) algorithm method
for LFC control in two-area system. Because HPSO is an optimization method,
therefore, in the uncertainty area of controllers parameters, finds the best
parameters for controller and obtained controller is an optimal controller.

[4] Murat Luy, Iihan Kocaarslan, Ertugrul Cam and M. Cengiz, “Load Frequency
Control in a Single Area Power System by Artificial Neural Network
(ANN)”Electronic and Computer Science, Scientific Bulletin, No. 8, Vol. 2,
pp.26-29, 2008.

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) application of load frequency


control (LFC) of a single power system is presented by using a neural network
controller. The comparison b/w a conventional Proportional and Integral (PI)
controller and the proposed artificial neural network controller is showed that the
proposed controller can generate the best dynamic response for a step load
changes.

[5] K.S.S.Ramakrishna and T.S.Bhatti, “Load frequency control of


interconnected hydro-thermal power systems” International Conference on
Energy and Environment, MALAYSIA, pp.63-70, 28-30 AUGUST 2006.

In this paper the load frequency control of high, medium and low head hydro
power plants with thermal system has been studied. The gains of conventional
PID controller have been optimized by using genetic algorithm with integral
squared error (ISE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE) performance index as
fitness functions. By minimizing the errors using GA, the overall system
performance is increased.

4. Methodology of Research

4.1Theoretical Studies

Theoretical studies required the study of research papers related to LFC system
and books on Electrical Power System.

4.2 Experimental Set Up

Experimental setup required for proposal work is the use of MATLAB software.

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4.3 Method of Analysis

In this thesis replacement of Proportional and Integral (PI) controller with the
Genetic Algorithm controller will be carried out. To show the effectiveness of
proposed method and also to compare the performance of these two controllers,
several changes in demand of load will be applied. Simulation results will suggest
the performance of either controller under various load conditions.

Genetic algorithms are computational models of biological evaluation. GA solves


optimization problems by exploitation of random search. When searching a large
space GA may offer significant benefits over the traditional optimization
techniques such as,
1. They work on encoding of control variables, rather than variables
themselves.
2. They search from one population of solution to another, rather than from
individual to individual.
3. They use only objective functions, not derivatives, hence they are
derivative free optimization techniques and they don’t rely on the detailed
model of the system to be optimized.

4.3.1 Block Diagram of a simple LFC Controller

Surplus generation due to decrease in load is dissipated in a dump load.


But surplus water can be used for irrigation, which is the primary requirement of
the local community for their survival at large number of locations. The input
power of the hydro plant is controlled by an on/off and a servo controlled valves.
The on/off control linearly raises or lowers the generation by 50%, while the
servo motor controls the generation to the required extent. It is shown that the
rate of opening or closing of the on/off control valve has considerable effect on
the transient response of the system. Basically, single area power system
consists of a governor, a turbine, and a generator with feedback of regulation
constant. System also includes step load change input to the generator. This
work mainly, related with the controller unit of a single area power system.
Simple block diagram of a single area power system with the controller is shown
in Figure 1.

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The output of conventional PID controller is

Where

And

The control signal depends upon error signal e(t). In this case e(t) is area control
error (ACE).Where Kp is proportional gain, Ti and Td are integral and derivative
times. The integral action depends upon integral time Ti or α value. For low
values of α, there will be a strong integral action. Here optimization of PID gains
using genetic algorithm will be carried out.

GA is used to optimize the gains of conventional PID controller with ISE and
ITAE as fitness functions.

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4.4 Results Expected

Conclusions will be extracted concerning the efficiency of different LFC


controllers.

5. Utilization of Research Results

The usefulness of this research is to replace currently installed LFC controller at


Tarbela with GA controller that is responsible for
• The quality of power supply.
• Optimum system running conditions and load distribution.
• The units are scheduled in the most economical way.

6. Work Schedule Plan

Sample of work schedule is given below.

Collection of literature Two Weeks


Study of Literature Two Weeks
Analysis of Proposed Scheme One Month
Preparation of Scheme/Model One Month
Implementation of Scheme/Model One Month
Analysis and Simulation One Month
Result Formulation Two Weeks
Final Write-up & Thesis Submission Two Weeks

6.1 Proposed Time Schedule

6
Jul Aug Sep Oct
Jun Nov
Activity 201 201 201 201
2010 2010
0 0 0 0
Collection of Literature

Study of Literature
Analysis of Proposed
Scheme
Preparation of Schemes
/ Model
Implementation of
Schemes/Model
Analysis & Simulation

Result Formulation
Final Write-up & Thesis
Submission

7. Budget Description

NIL
8. References

[1] K.S.S.Ramakrishna and T.S.Bhatti, “Load frequency control of


interconnected hydro-thermal power systems” International Conference on
Energy and Environment, MALAYSIA, pp.63-70, 28-30 AUGUST 2006.

[2] B. Venkata Prasanth, Dr. S. V. Jayaram Kumar, “Load frequency control for a
two area interconnected power system using robust Genetic Algorithm
Controller” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, INDIA,
pp. 1204-1212, 2008.
[3] Seyed Abbas Taher, Reza Hematti, Ali Abdolalipour and Seyed Hadi Tabei,
“Optimal decentralized load frequency control using HPSO algorithm in
deregulated power systems” American Journal of Applied Sciences Vol.5,
No.9, pp. 1167-1174, 2008.
[4] S. Ganapathy , S. Velusami,” Decentralized Load-Frequency Control for
Interconnected Power Systems with AC-DC Tie Lines”The IUP Journal of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 54-65, January 2010.

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[5] Murat Luy, Iihan Kocaarslan, Ertugrul Cam and M. Cengiz, “Load Frequency
Control in a Single Area Power System by Artificial Neural Network
(ANN)”Electronic and Computer Science, Scientific Bulletin, No. 8, Vol. 2,
pp.26-29, 2008.
[6] Hadi Saadat., “Power System Analysis”, WCB/McGraw-Hill Company,
1999.

9. Curriculum Vitae

Name: Nabeel Shahzad


Father’s Name: Zahoor Ahmad
Regn. No.: 08-MS-EE-46
Contact:
Address: Room#33 Wapda Officer’s Bachelor Hostel RVC Tarbela
NWFP.
Phone: 0334-6140846
E-mail (s): nabeelshehzad@yahoo.com

Courses Passed:
Sr.No Subject Exam Held in Grade GPA
1 Power System 2009 C 2
Operation
2 Power 2009 B 3
Distribution
Design &
Practices
3 Optical 2009 A 4
Communication
4 Multirate Digital 2009 A 4
Signal Processing
5 AdvanceTopics in 2009 A 4
Power
6 Power System 2010
Planning
7 Computational 2010
Methods for
Power System
Analysis
8 Optimization 2010
Techniques in
Power System

Name: Nabeel Shahzad Employer Organization: Pakistan Water And Power


Development Authority
Wapda

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10. Undertaking

I certify that research work titled “Load Frequency Control (LFC) using Genetic
Algorithm for Tarbela Power House” is my own work. The work has not, in whole
or in part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been
used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged /referred.

Signature of Student
Nabeel Shahzad
08-MS-EE-46

11. Supervisor’s Comments

Signature of Supervisor
Prof. Aftab Ahmad

12. Board of Post Graduate Studies Remarks

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