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1. RESUMEN
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TABLA 1
Numerosos estudios recientes demuestran que muchos de los factores
de transcripción hepáticos están implicados en el control
de la expresión de los genes CYP en el hígado
CYP2A4 HNF4 Yokomori-N, et al. (1997) J-Steroid-Biochem-Mol-Biol 62:307-14
CYP2B1 C/EBP Park-Y & Kemper-B (1996) DNA-Cell-Biol 15:693-701
CYP2B1 C/EBP-b & -d Berg-T, et al. (2002) BBRC 293, 907-912
CYP2B1 C/EBP-b & -d Cassel-TN, et al. (2000) Mol-Cell-Biol-Res-Commun 3, 42-47
CYP2B1/2 C/EBP Luc-PV, et al. (1996) Biochem-Pharmacol 51:345-56
CYP2C HNF4 Chen-D, et al. (1994) J-Biol-Chem 269:5420-7
CYP2C HNF4 Chen-D, et al. (1994) DNA-Cell-Biol 13:771-9
CYP2C12 C/EBPa Tollet-P, et al. (1995) Mol-Endocrinol 9:1771-81
CYP2Cs HNF3g Bort-R et al. (2002) Biochem-J (submitted)
CYP2D6 HNF4 & COUP-TFI Cairns-W, et al. (1996) J-Biol-Chem 271:25269-76
CYP2D5 C/EBPb & Sp1 Lee-YH, et al. (1994) Mol-Cell-Biol 14:1383-94
CYP2D6 HNF4 Hara-H & Adachi-T (2002) Mol-Pharmacol 61, 194-200
CYP2E1 HNF1 Liu-SY & Gonzalez-FJ (1995) DNA-Cell-Biol 14:285-93
CYP3A4/7 C/EBPa & DBP Ourlin-JC, et al. (1997) J-Hepatol 26:54-62
CYP3A1 HNF4 & COUP-TF Ogino-M, et al (1999) Arch-Biochem-Biophys 362, 32-7
CYP3A4 C/EBP-b & -a Jover-R et al. (2002) FASEB-J 10.1096/fj.02-0195fje
CYP2H1 HNF1, HNF3 & C/EBP Dogra-SC & May-BK (1997) DNA-Cell-Biol 16:1407-18
CYP7A1 HNF1 Chen-J, et al. (1999) BBRC 260, 829-834
muestran que tanto la expresión de los LETF como la de los genes CYP
está estrechamente asociada al estado diferenciado del hepatocito.
Los mecanismos que gobiernan la regulación de los genes CYP son
diversos y todavía no bien conocidos. A pesar de ello, el estudio indivi-
dual del papel de diversos LETF en la expresión de los CYPs ha permi-
tido dar un primer paso hacia el conocimiento global de la compleja re-
gulación de los CYPs por estos factores de transcripción.
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2.3. a
El receptor nuclear HNF4a
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dos grasos y acetil CoA [32]. En cualquier caso, está bien demostrado
que este factor es también capaz de promover la transcripción en ausen-
cia de ligando añadido.
HNF4a tiene una importancia capital en la regulación de genes es-
pecíficos del hígado (metabolismo de glucosa, colesterol, ácidos grasos,
síntesis de factores de coagulación) y en el proceso de diferenciación que
conduce al fenotipo hepático adulto.
La obtención de ratones deficientes en HNF4a ha permitido evaluar
mejor el impacto global de este factor en el control de genes hepáticos
in vivo. En ratones adultos se ha demostrado que el HNF4a es absoluta-
mente imprescindible para la expresión constitutiva de algunos genes con
promotores complejos como el de la Apo-CIII, Apo-AII, L-FABP u OTC
[33, 34]. Aunque existen otros factores que contribuyen a la regulación
de estos genes, el HNF4a tiene una influencia dominante. Este hecho está
en consonancia con su actividad remodeladora de la cromatina que debe
ser un prerrequisito para la posterior unión de otros factores. Otros estu-
dios con embriones de ratón deficientes en HNF4a han demostrado tam-
bién la dependencia de ciertos genes hepáticos respecto al HNF4a. Cabe
destacar ALDO-B, Apo-CIII, Apo-AII y L-FABP [35, 36].
Junto con otros LETF, el HNF4a también tiene un papel importante en
la regulación de los CYPs. El HNF4a se une en forma de homodímero a
secuencias que contienen repeticiones directas del hexámero AGGTCA, se-
paradas por una base (DR-1) [31]. Sin embargo el HNF4a también puede
unirse a una secuencia parecida, denominada motivo HPF-1, que se loca-
liza en la región promotora proximal de los genes CYP2A, CYP2C y
CYP2D. Los estudios in vitro de transfección celular y los ensayos de unión
al DNA han demostrado que este factor juega un papel positivo en la re-
gulación del CYP2C12 y CYP3A de rata, CYP2A4 de ratón, CYP2C1/2
de conejo, y CYP2C9, CYP2D6 y CYP3A4 humanos [37-45].
Para comprender mejor el papel del HNF4a en la regulación general
de los CYPs humanos en el hígado realizamos un estudio en nuestro la-
boratorio utilizando hepatocitos humanos en cultivo transfectados con
RNA antisentido contra el HNF4a. Los análisis de los diversos CYPs en
estos hepatocitos humanos deficientes en HNF4a revelaron que la ex-
presión de la mayoría de genes CYP depende en mayor o menor medida
de este factor de transcripción [46]. Los hepatocitos humano transfecta-
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dos con el RNA antisentido contra el HNF4a, mostraron una pérdida sig-
nificativa de la expresión del CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2A6, CYP2B6,
CYP2C9 y CYP2D6, pero no se afectó la expresión del CYP2E1. Nues-
tro estudio demostró que el HNF4a es un regulador general que confie-
re expresión hepática a los CYPs humanos más relevantes en el metabo-
lismo de fármacos.
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Los genes CYP son únicos en el sentido de que son capaces de res-
ponder a señales tanto endógenas como exógenas cambiando su activi-
dad transcripcional y, como consecuencia, su actividad metabolizadora.
Además de la los factores de transcripción hepáticos que juegan un pa-
pel clave en la expresión “constitutiva” de los CYPs en el hígado, es bien
sabido que existen otros factores de transcripción que tiene un papel cru-
cial en la inducción de los genes CYP por xenobióticos [67-69].
Uno de los primeros factores de transcripción asociado con la res-
puesta inductiva de los genes CYP que se descubrió fue el receptor de
hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor).
El receptor AhR, una vez activado, promueve el aumento de la trans-
cripción de un conjunto de genes con elementos de respuesta en sus re-
giones promotoras. Muchos de los genes inducidos son genes de enzimas
que participan en el metabolismo de fármacos, tales como los CYP 1A1,
1A2 y 1B, la glutation-S-transferasa y la UDP-glucuronosiltransferasa
[70-72]. Más recientemente se han identificado varios receptores nuclea-
res específicos que pueden unir xenobióticos o medicamentos inductures
y que también juegan un papel crucial en el mecanismo de inducción de
genes CYP.
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así la indución del CYP2B [119] (Figura 3). La entrada de CAR al nú-
cleo no sigue el esquema de los receptores esteroides que implica unión
del ligando, disociación de proteínas de choque térmico o inmunofilinas
y transporte al núcleo. Más bien, los datos actuales sugieren que existe
un mecanismo específico para mantener al CAR en el citoplasma y que
este estado es dependiente de fosforilación. La translocación nuclear del
CAR es además un fenómeno con características exclusivas para cada es-
pecie. Por ejemplo, TCPOBOP provoca la translocación nuclear del CAR
murino pero no la del ortólogo humano [96].
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