Media and

Information Sources
What is Information?
❑ Information can be things that we derived from study,
experience, or instruction.

❑ Information sources refer to people, groups, and

records from which data is gathered.

❑ Informant is someone who provides details about

his/her language, values, beliefs, or culture to a
researcher.
Typology of Information
Factual vs. Analytical

Factual information is based on evidences and

findings provided by reliable sources.

Analytical information, is an analysis or

interpretation of facts by an individual, usually an expert on
the subject.
Typology of Information
Subjective vs. Objective
Subjective information is information from only one
point of view.
It is about discussion and elaboration of a statement which is
still anchored on facts.

Objective information is unbiased and does not lead

you to judge the information in a certain way.
Typology of Information
Current vs. Historical
The currency of information refers to how up-to-date
or how recent the information is.
It is mostly found in newspapers and periodicals – published
daily or weekly.
Historical Information are from an historic time
period to provide a backdrop or global perspective for a
topic.
Typology of Information
Scholarly (Academic/Professional/Technical) vs. Popular
Scholarly information comes from academic sources.
A product of an author’s expertise and study on a subject
matter. It is usually peer-reviewed.

Popular information appeals to general interests and

is usually found in general circulation materials such as
magazines, coffee table books, online feature articles.
Typology of Information
Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary
❑Primary - are first-hand accounts or individual representations
and creative works.
Original documents that don't usually describe or analyze
work by others. Example: speech, diary interview, letter,
photograph, historical document etc.

❑Secondary - build off primary sources with more extensive

and in-depth analysis. Ex. News commentaries, research
papers, critical review of a literary scholar

❑Tertiary - are distillations and collections of primary and

secondary sources.
Typology of Information
Stable vs. Unstable
Stability becomes a consideration especially when
the information you have obtained is published digitally
over the internet. But an online source may still be
predicted to be stable or otherwise by evaluating it based
on the following questions (Ballenger 2009):

• Has it been around for a long time?

• Is it routinely updated?
• Are print versions of an online document available?
• Is the site associated with a reputable institution?
Four Major Types of Libraries
❑Academic Library
❑Public Library
❑School Library
❑Special Library
Academic Library
◦ It supports the curriculum for universities and other
educational institutions. It is also a research arm for
scholarly papers ​and related works.
Rizal Library of Ateneo de Manila University
School Libraries
◦ It ​caters to both students and educators. Teachers
can find audio-visual materials suited for a specific grade
level and subject area.

◦ Schools such as Manila Science High School, Arellano

High School, and Araullo High School have school libraries
for their students and teachers to use.
Special Libraries
oIt ​serves a specific group of people, usually based on a
discipline. Collections are focused on a specific area of interest.
They are maintained by a certain business organization,
professional association, or government agency.

◦ Types of special libraries include corporate libraries, law

libraries, medical libraries, music libraries, and theological
libraries.

◦ The ​Cultural Center of the Philippines Library and ​Archives ​is a

special library which houses a collection of manuscripts, art
books, musical compositions, and memorabilia.
Special Library
Public Libraries
◦ A ​public library ​is generally supported by taxes and
the government.

The National Library of the Philippines is a public

library. It no longer requires a library card to serve more
Filipinos in pursuit of learning.
 Five Criteria for Evaluating Sources
1. Authority – Defines who created the content, the
individual or group’s credentials, expertise and provides
contact information.
2. Accuracy – This is when the information has been checked
by other known researchers or organizations. Verify
the names, dates, figures, and places mentioned.
3. Objectivity - Assess if the author is biased or not through
how he/she organized and justified his/her information.
4. Currency​. Look at the date when the material is published.
For news gathering, check if the news is a developing story.
Avoid using “zombie sites” or a website that failed to
update its contents as sources.
5. Coverage – Know the scope of the information presented.
Compare one source to the other.
 Gathering Indigenous Media
and Information

Indigenous knowledge refers to distinctive facts,

information, and skills that originate in a community
of people sharing the same beliefs, ideas, and
cultures.
Indigenous Media
Also known as ​community media​.

Forms of indigenous media include;

❑folk or traditional media;
❑gatherings and social organizations;
❑direct observation;
❑records (written, carved, or oral), and
❑oral instruction.
Indigenous Communication

It ​refers the information exchange via local channels. It is a

way of culture preservation and adaptation.
Umalohokan
Known as the town criers of an
ancient ​barangay or a well-organized
independent village.

They announce laws ordered by

the Datu ​or chieftain to reach the
community.
Kapihan
It ​refers to a place or a session where community
members come together to share stories over a cup of
coffee.
Balitaktakan
It ​refers to a discussion or debate where members
are free to voice out their opinion about a certain topic.
Kuwentong Barbero
It ​is a Filipino idiom that is often associated to
hearsay. Its origin may be stemmed from local men who
goes to barbershops not only to get a good haircut but to
listen to the barber’s stories.
Why should we check
information before
sharing it online?
What is Fake News?
It is an information that cannot be verified, without sources,
and possibly untrue.

Several broad types:

❑ Deliberate Misinformation
❑ False Headline
❑ Social Media Sharing
❑ Satire
Deliberate Misinformation
There is fake news written for profit and then shared
on social media among targeted groups of people who want
to believe that it is true.
False Headlines
A news headline may read one way or state
something as fact, but then the body of the article
says something different.

The Internet term for this type of misleading fake

news is “clickbait”—headlines that catch a reader’s
attention to make them click on the fake news.
Social Media Sharing
Social media’s ability to show a large number of news
items in a short time means that users might not take the
time to research and verify each one.

Just because something is popular and widely

shared does not mean it’s true.
Satire
It is a news or comedy news often begins with an aspect of
truth then purposefully twists it to comment on society.

Satire news has the potential to be spread as though it is

real news by those who do not understand its humorous
nature.
The Adobo Chronicles
adobochronicles.com
Fact Checking
It is confirming the accuracy of information made in
a speech, research, news article, or editorial.
Not everything you see online is worth sharing.
Fact Checking
1. Ante hoc fact-checking aims to remove errors and allow
text to proceed to dissemination (or to rejection if it fails
confirmations or other criteria).

2. Post hoc fact-checking is most often followed by a

written report of inaccuracies, sometimes with a visual
metric from the checking organization.
Domain Name Equivalent
.edu Educational institution – It may
contain carefully processed and
reviewed information though it
may not represent the
individual views of the
academic personnel.
.com Mostly commercial entities,
some of which are profit-
oriented
.org Non-profit organizations
.gov Government organizations
.net Internet service providers