SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTION

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Identify suitable circuit breaker for a particular application

CO2: Describe the operating principles of various types of relays.

CO3: Select an appropriate protection scheme for generator and transformer

CO4: Choose an appropriate protection scheme for transmission line and bus-bar.

CO5: Explain various methods of over voltage protection in power systems

CO6: Analyze various methods of neutral grounding.

SYLLABUS

UNIT - I: Circuit Breakers

Elementary principles of arc interruption, Restriking Voltage and Recovery voltages, Average
and Max. RRRV, Current Chopping and Resistance Switching - CB ratings and Specifications.
Description and Operation of Minimum Oil Circuit breakers, Air Blast Circuit Breakers, Vacuum
and SF6 circuit breakers.

UNIT - II: Protective Relays

Fundamentals of Relays, Principle of Operation and Construction of electromagnetic attraction

and induction type relays. PSM, TMS. Characteristics of over current relays, Differential Relays
and Percentage Differential Relays. Universal torque equation, Distance relays: Impedance,
Reactance and Mho relays, Characteristics of Distance Relays and Comparison. Direction relays,
Introduction to Static relays and Comparison with Electromagnetic Relays.

UNIT - III: Generator & Transformer Protection

Protection of generators against Stator faults, Rotor faults, and Abnormal Conditions. Restricted
Earth fault and Inter-turn fault Protection. Percentage of Unprotected Winding. Protection of
transformers: Percentage Differential Protection, Numerical Problem on Design of CTs Ratio,
Buchholtz relay Protection.

UNIT - IV: Protection of Feeders and Bus bars

Protection of Radial Feeders, protection of Ring main Feeders using over current Relays,
protection of of Parallel Lines, protection of Transmission line, 3 Zone protection using Distance
Relays, characteristics of distance relays, Transley Relay, Carrier current protection, protection of
Bus bars.
UNIT - V: Protection against Over Voltages

Generation of Over Voltages in Power Systems, Voltage Surge, Lightning Phenomenon, Types of
Lighting Strokes, Harmful Effects of Lightning, Protection against Lightning, Lightning Arrester
and its types: Rod gap Arrester, Horn Gap Arrester, Expulsion Type arrester, Valve type Lighting
Arrester, Zinc-Oxide Lighting Arrester. Surge Absorber, Insulation Coordination, Impulse Ratio,
BIL. Volt-Time Characteristics.

UNIT - VI: Neutral Grounding

Grounded and Ungrounded Neutral Systems.- Effects of Ungrounded Neutral on system

performance. Methods of Neutral Grounding: Solid, Resistance, Reactance - Arc Suppression Coil
grounding, Grounding Transformer.

Text Books:

1. Sunil S Rao “Switchgear and Protection”, Khanna Publishers. 1992

2. Badari Ram, D.N Viswakarma “Power System Protection and Switchgear”, TMH
Publications. 2011

Reference Books:

1. Y. G. Paithankar and S. R. Bhide” Fundamentals of Power System Protection”, 2nd Edition,

PHI.

2. Bhuvanesh Oza “Power system protection and switch gear”, TMH, 2010.

3. C.L.Wadhwa “Electrical Power Systems” by, New Age international (P) Limited, Publishers,
3rd edition

4. C.Christopoulos and A. Wright “Electrical power System Protection”, 2nd Edition, Springer
international Edition.

5. V.K.Mehta & Rohit Mehta “Principles of power systems”, S.Chand & company ltd, 4th
edition.