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La atenuación del efecto de la edad sobre el eje somatotrópico por encima de los 70 años,
junto con la similitud existente entre los cambios en la estructura y función corporal propios
del envejecimiento y los observados en el adulto con déficit de GH, ha propiciado la
introducción del término "somatopausia" para definir los cambios del anciano que pueden
ser atribuidos a una disminución de la función del eje somatotropo. No obstante, la amplia
variación interindividual en las concentraciones de IGF-1 hallada en los ancianos indica que
éstos pueden alcanzar el estado biológico de la somatopausia a diferentes edades
cronológicas y con distintos valores de IGF-1 y de GH, dependiendo de factores genéticos y
de otros factores no relacionados con la edad, como la actividad física, el tipo de alimentación
y el estado nutricional39. Sin embargo, la ausencia de estudios longitudinales impide
establecer una relación de causalidad entre la somatopausia y la disminución de las
concentraciones de GH e IGF-1.
La actividad sexual del varón se reduce con el enveje cimiento, aunque más del 15% de los
varones de más de 60 años no refieren disminución de la libido ni de su actividad sexual 52.
Pese a la inequívoca importancia de la tes tosterona en el comportamiento sexual masculino,
la interrelación entre concentraciones circulantes de testosterona, libido y actividad sexual
continúa sin esclarecerse. En la actualidad está completamente establecido que es la edad por
sí misma, más que la disminución de los andrógenos, la variable que más influye en el
comportamiento sexual del varón anciano, siendo los predictores más importantes el
comportamiento sexual durante la juventud, el estado general de salud y la presencia de una
pareja estable53.
Con la edad, se produce una disminución tanto en la secreción de cortisol como en su tasa de
aclaramiento metabólico, de tal forma que las concentraciones basales, el ritmo circadiano y
su secreción urinaria permanecen inalterados en el anciano56,57. Tampoco se han descrito
cambios en las concentraciones séricas de la proteína transportadora de cortisol.
Las concentraciones basales de ACTH en ancianos son normales o ligeramente más elevadas
que las del adulto sano. Se han descrito, así mismo, respuestas adecuadas del eje hipotálamo-
hipófio-suprarrenal frente a estímulos conocidos. En realidad, parece existir más bien una
hiperrespuesta del mencionado eje frente a las situaciones de estrés. Así, en el anciano se ha
referido una respuesta de cortisol y ACTH a distintas pruebas de estímulo, como la
hipoglucemia insulínica o la administración de CRHo o de metirapona, más intensa y
prolongada que en individuos jóvenes58-60. Parece, por tanto, que la normalización de las
concentraciones de cortisol tras el estrés agudo se encuentra retrasada, lo que supone una
exposición tisular más prolongada a los efectos de los glucocorticoides. Esta hiperrespuesta
se ha atribuido a la existencia de un defecto en el receptor o en el posreceptor en la respuesta
hipotalámica a la retroalimentación del cortisol circulante61-63 y comporta una exposición
tisular más prolongada a los efectos de los glucocorticoides en el anciano durante los
episodios de estrés. Algunos cambios degenerativos propios del envejecimiento se han
achacado a esta hipersecreción, ya que se ha observado que valores de estrés de
glucocorticoides producen neurodegeneración en el hipocampo y alteran la cognición64,65.
Además, el hipercortisolismo también puede contribuir al aumento de riesgo de
enfermedades comúnmente asociadas al envejecimiento, como la hipertensión arterial, la
aterosclerosis o la diabetes mellitus66,67.
La secreción de DHEA disminuye de forma lineal entre los 30 y 90 años, aunque con amplia
variabilidad interindividual. Las concentraciones de DHEA se ha correlacionado de forma
inversa con las cifras de la presión arterial y el colesterol, y su descenso se ha asociado con
un mayor riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular, obesidad y cáncer, así como a una
disminución en la esperanza de vida68,69.
Con la edad, se produce una disminución en la tolerancia a la glucosa que se manifiesta como
hiperglucemia posprandial93. En la tabla 6, se recoge la evolución de la respuesta de la
glucemia a la sobrecarga oral de glucosa con la edad. Las causas que se han descrito para
explicar esta respuesta son un aumento en la resistencia a la insulina por alteraciones del
receptor de insulina o bien en el posreceptor94,95 y una disminución de la sensibilidad de la
célula ß del islote pancreático a la glucosa. Muchos estudios recientes indican que la
resistencia a la insulina contribuye o incluso causa muchos de los trastornos crónicos
relacionados con el envejecimiento Se sospecha que la elevación de la glucemia y de otros
azúcares reductores con la edad facilita su reacción no enzimática con proteínas y ácidos
nucleicos formando productos que alteran la función y disminuyen la elasticidad tisular.
Además, perturbaciones en el metabolismo insulina/glucosa se han asociado con una mayor
formación de radicales libres y un aumento de la peroxidación lipídica. Los radicales libres
de oxígeno producen daño tisular y se han asociado con muchos aspectos del envejecimiento,
incluidas enfermedades inflamatorias, cataratas, diabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares.
La similitud clínica entre algunos procesos ocasionados por determinados déficit hormonales
y las características propias de la senectud ha llevado a investigar si la sustitución hormonal
puede revertir o retrasar el proceso normal del envejecimiento o, al menos, mejorar la
capacidad funcional del anciano y su calidad de vida.
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