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Linux vs Windows 7
Posted at 4:16pm on Thursday August 20th 2009
It's something of a tradition that we pit the latest version of Windows against our trusty
old operating system. This isn't because we want to raise the profile of Windows, or
ignite further flamewars on which is better or worse. It's about understanding the market
and understanding the competition. Microsoft Windows is by far the most dominant
operating system on the planet, and as Linux users, we need to keep on top of new
developments, new technologies and new ideas. This gives Linux the best possible
chance to grow and remain relevant.
So, if you read our benchmarks comparing Windows 7, Vista and Ubuntu and are
looking to find out more on what separates Windows 7 and Linux on the features front,
read on...
Both operating systems now occupy a distinctly different part of the market. Microsoft
has taken Windows down a purely proprietary route, forging relationships with content
providers and hardware vendors that keep full control from the user. Linux is completely
open. Out of the box, Linux even boasts better media format support than Windows,
and it can be the only way to run older hardware at its fullest potential, especially if there
isn't a new driver for Windows 7.
Forewarned is forarmed
Over the life span of Windows 7, public concern for privacy, digital rights management
and locked-in upgrades should help Linux to grow as an alternative when users want to
keep complete control over their own hardware and software. Microsoft is now operating
in a considerably different, and more technologically aware, environment than nine
years ago when Windows XP was released.
The European Commission has spent a lot of time, effort and money hounding Microsoft
for its alleged anti-competitive behaviour and this is going to have an impact on
Windows 7 in Europe, as well as the user's awareness of the issues surrounding choice
and bundling. Many average Windows users, for instance, were unaware that Internet
Explorer was only one option for browsing the world wide web. Thanks to the European
Commission, When Windows 7 is released in Europe it won't feature any browser at all,
and for the first time, Windows users will have to make a choice about what they want to
install. And making choices can get addictive.
Round 1: Performance
Much has been said about the various performance improvements in Microsoft's next
operating system. After the apparent gluttony of Vista hardware requirements, Microsoft
has tried to make sure that as many people as possible could attend the upgrade party.
Many benchmarks have put Windows 7 performance ahead of both XP and Vista, and
we saw some improvements over Vista when we initially benchmarked the open beta
earlier in the year.
But when we compared the 64-bit version of Windows 7 against its equivalent Ubuntu
release, Linux was faster on most of the tests we ran, including boot time, shutdown
time and most of the filesystem tests. The only test where Windows 7 was significantly
faster than everything else was the Richards benchmark of overall system performance.
Amount of time taken to execute the Python Richards benchmark. Measured in milliseconds; less is
better.
Four months later we performed some of the same tests again, this time pitting the most
recent 64-bit Linux distribution (Fedora 11) against the Windows 7 release candidate
(build 7100). The most dramatic results for Linux were seen on boot speed, which for
the final release of Ubuntu Jaunty measured around 35 seconds, with Fedora 11 close
on its heels taking 39 seconds from power-on to desktop. Windows 7, by comparison,
took almost twice as long, leaving us waiting 69 seconds from power to desktop.
We also found that a default installation of Fedora 11 running the Gnome desktop uses
significantly less memory than Windows 7, at only 233MB. Windows uses 458MB,
which is nearly twice as much memory.
Compatibility
But benchmarks and system monitoring is only a small part of the story. Every fresh
Windows install feels fast and responsive, and it's only after several months' constant
use that any weaknesses will begin to show. In the several weeks we've been using
Windows 7 alongside our Linux boxes, we found it to be much more stable than XP, and
snappier than Vista. We did have one problem with a corrupted filesystem while crash
testing the machine with a reset, but as this is pre-release software it wouldn't be fair to
criticise Windows 7 until the final version is available.
There's little doubt that Windows 7 is a solid improvement over its predecessor, and we
would guess that most Windows users who were previously reluctant to upgrade XP will
be happy with Windows 7 running on a new machine. Windows' greatest asset is the
variety of software available, and Microsoft is going to offer an XP compatibility mode as
an add-on to Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate.
This solution bundles Microsoft's Virtual PC virtualisation software along with a copy
and a licence to run XP. It's not native, so it's unlikely to run your favourite games, but it
will enable you to run essential XP-only software in a window on your desktop. This
stands in stark contrast to the cavalier attitude to backward compatibility that Microsoft
took with Vista, and it's a step that's likely to make Windows 7 an essential upgrade for
many XP users.
The same isn't quite so true of hardware, which still suffers from Vista's over-zealous
attitude towards hardware signing and backwards compatibility. Even if your hardware
is capable of running Windows 7 it's unlikely you'll be able to exploit its capabilities
unless the officially signed drivers are available for your device. With no DirectX 10
drivers for your graphics card, for example, you won't be able to enable the Aero Glass
effects on the desktop, which is one of Windows 7's best features.
Worst of all, you're locked into the resolution data provided by your screen. Our test
system uses two 191D cheap screens from Hanns-G. They're perfectly capable devices
that work well with Linux, but we wasted days trying every trick we could think of to get
them working with Windows 7, and in the end we gave up. If you found Vista's hardware
installation frustrating, you're likely to have the same problems with Windows 7.
Performance
Windows 7
• Better at synthetic benchmarks.
• Faster transfer of large files.
• Final version likely to improve.
• Suspend/resume works!
Linux
• Faster booting.
• Less memory usage.
• Smaller install size.
• Broader hardware compatibility.
Jump Lists
Let's see if Windows 7 can catch up in its next new feature - Jump Lists. These are a
way to expose certain parts of an application to a menu revealed when you right-click
on its launch icon. The most common example is right-clicking on an application to bring
up a list of recent files, any of which can be loaded by simply selecting them. There's
even an extension for Firefox.
This trick requires some communication between the applications themselves and the
window manager, and the non-standard nature of the Linux desktop makes it a difficult
feature to emulate. We can't honestly say Jump Lists are a paradigm shift in desktop
use, but they're a nice addition, and it can't be long until either the Gnome or KDE
developers come up with something similar.
Sticking with desktop usability, Microsoft is keen to show off the new window
comparison feature, something it calls 'Snaps'. This is a semi-intelligent window
snapping routine that can divide the screen into two and maximises two application
windows into each half. Drag a window into one of these snap points, either the top
border to maximise the window, or the left and right borders for a 50% view, and the
window resizes.
While the average Linux desktop doesn't have this exact feature, both Gnome and KDE
offer more comprehensive snapping options. From KDE's Window Behaviour panel, for
instance, you can set separate snap borders for the edge of the screen, the edge of a
window or even the centre of the display. And there are many more options for fine-
tuning your window management and geometry, even down to selecting the types of
window the options apply to.
Search tools
Another feature that Linux desktops have been threatening for a couple of years, but
have as-yet failed to deliver, is pervasive searching. Despite being a killer feature on the
OS X desktop and the iPhone, and despite several highly efficient implementations, a
simple search that can read documents, your email, and online communication with a
degree of intelligence is still some way off.
Windows embeds its search icon search in the bottom-left corner, just above the launch
menu icon. It feels very similar to KDE's launch menu, and will quickly find the content
you're interested in. Microsoft's version expects the user to define libraries of content,
and these are locations on your computer where you're happy to have the search
engine provide pervasive results, or not.
Windows 7 also promises to move file search away from local storage and on to the
internet. Searching for a photo, for instance, might take you from your local photo
collection and on to those you're interested in online, such as an associated Flickr
account or Picasa. The capabilities of this online search are dependent on an
appropriate extension for the media and the online resource that you're interested in,
but it clearly has a lot of potential.
The average Linux desktop needs to get its act together if it's going to to compete with
Windows 7 for search functionality. And whether you use it or not, it's a great feature for
newcomers. New releases of distributions like Fedora still package search tools like
Beagle, but that's a long way from being a single solution for the Linux desktop, and this
is what we're going to need. Developers are aware of these problems, but the KDE 4
team, for example, have put off discussions on integrating search until the 4.4 release,
which is likely to come long after Windows 7.
Instant messaging
Despite Windows ports of Pidgin, Windows Messenger is still the instant messaging
client of choice for most people on the Windows desktop. This is probably because it
offers Windows users a seamless way of communicating with other Windows users, and
as long as your contacts are using the same client, video and voice chat is usually just a
click or two away.
Over the years, there has been steady progress, but nothing revolutionary, and the
same is true of the version currently shipping with the Windows 7 release candidate. It's
the same version that was shipped as Windows Live Messenger 2009 at the beginning
of the year, and the first thing the average Linux user will notice is the embedded
advertising. You can't open the main window or a chat window without a small banner or
text fighting for your attention.
If you're chatting to other Windows Live users you do get the advantage of seamless
voice and video chat, but that's the only advantage that Microsoft's Messenger has over
multi-protocol clients like Pidgin and Kopete. Kopete in particular is a brilliant application
that can send messages to almost anyone and anything willing to accept them. AIM,
Jabber, Google Talk, Windows Live and even Facebook are all catered for through a
series of plugins.
The best thing about instant messaging with Kopete is that (unlike with Windows) there's no
advertising.
Photo management
Whether you choose Digikam or F-Spot, there's no doubt that Linux desktop users are
well catered for when it comes to photo management. Both apps can both talk to the
vast majority of digital cameras, enable you to organise your collection using tags,
comments and geographical data, and then upload sections of your library to a variety
of online photo repositories.
Microsoft's offering, by comparison, is far more modest, and a little creepy, as you have
to sign into your Windows Live account when you first launch the application. This is
because your library is closely tied to your online presence. They can be published on
to Windows Live with a single click, and Flickr, Facebook and SmugMug are supported
through third-party plugins. Google's Picasa photo hosting is a conspicuous absentee,
but that's perhaps because it's associated photo management tool is a better
application.
But Windows Live Photo Gallery is very fast, and it's an efficient way of getting photos
from your camera on to an online repository with the least number of mouse clicks and
CPU cycles. Like iPhoto, Digikam and F-Spot, it offers only bread and butter editing
tools such as colour, contrast, crop and redeye reduction, but there are some weird
usability errors. You can't drag tags on to photos, for instance, and photos that are part
of your Pictures library aren't imported into the application unless they happen to be
located under the My Pictures directory, which is confusing.
Online
Another aspect of Microsoft's new operating system that isn't quite so obvious is the
default installation of Silverlight. Silverlight is web browser plugin, and it's Microsoft's
attempt to unseat the dominance of Adobe's Flash, and it performs much the same
function. It helps web developers create accelerated and interactive online applications
for their users that plain old HTML just isn't capable of, such as YouTube or BBC
iPlayer, and represents the pinnacle of Microsoft's .NET framework, using it to both
develop Silverlight and as a method for creators to add program logic within its online
applications. Windows 7 is going to be the first Windows operating system to install it by
default, with version 3 currently going through a period of beta testing before its planned
release in July.
The interesting thing about Silverlight is that there's a Linux version being developed by
the same team porting .NET to Linux, and it's called Moonlight. Moonlight offers only a
subset of the functionality currently in Silverlight, but it represents an incredible effort by
the programmers. Since January 2009, it's been fully compatible with Silverlight version
1.0, and a beta version released at the beginning of May implements some features
from 2.0, as well as a few from the planned 3.0 release.
There's no doubt that Moonlight is a considerable way behind the Microsoft
implementation, but there's a bigger problem. For some users, Moonlight represents a
big chunk of Microsoft's intellectual property sitting at the heart of the Linux desktop.
This is why the inclusion of Mono on distributions like Fedora and now Debian has
proved such a contentious issue, and if Silverlight becomes as dominant on the
Windows platform as Microsoft hopes, it's going to become increasingly difficult to
ignore either its potential on the internet, or its potential as a patent time-bomb.
Touch me
One of the most touted features in Microsoft's new operating system is its new-found
ability to be controlled using a touchscreen interface. Microsoft has been experimenting
with touch technology for years and its implementation has been overhauled for
Windows 7, adding better hardware support and the ability to detect more than one
finger press. Touch also seems to be the primary motivation behind the overhaul of the
toolbar.
In its old incarnation, icons could be too small and their placement too unpredictable for
fingers. In Windows 7, buttons have been resized, and custom spacing options should
make it easier to hit the right target. This is also the first time multi-touch has been
included, which must have been quite a task for an operating system than usually has
difficulty if you connect more than one mouse, let alone 10 fingers. But Microsoft has
also put hardware behind the rhetoric, demoing a hefty piece of multi-touch hardware
called 'Surface'.
Until recently, multi-touch ability hasn't been a priority on the Linux desktop, despite
various announcements on the subject in 2007. The ability to keep track of more than
one controller on a standard desktop has been implemented by a project called Multi-
Pointer X (MPX), and this is due to be rolled into the main X.org server code for the 7.5
release, due in August 2009.
But there is one important difference between MPX and Microsoft's Surface, and that's
that multi-touch provides only a co-ordinate reference for each point. It can't interpret
the shape and the size of the touch, which could be a problem if Microsoft pushes its
advantage in this area. The most promising signs of progress comes from the netbook
sector, where touch capabilities look like becoming the next big thing.
Windows 7 makes it easy to resize all the GUI elements to accomodate touch devices.
Version comparison
Windows 7
• Starter: No Aero and no 64-bit.
• Home Basic: Developed for emerging markets.
• Home Premium: Standard edition including Aero and touch.
• Professional: Adds remote desktop and encrypted filesystem.
• Enterprise: Unix application support and volume licensing.
• Ultimate: As with enterprise, but for individual users.
Linux
• Starter: No Linux is this restrictive.
• Home Basic: Crunchbang or Ubuntu.
• Home Premium: For eye candy, try Mint or Kubuntu.
• Professional: Fedora offers encryption as an installation option.
• Enterprise: OpenSUSE should work well with Windows.
• Ultimate: No matter which Linux you choose, there's no
restrictions.
PolicyKit
But the truth is that there's plenty of potential on the average desktop for any malevolent
coder with enough motivation. How many of us install third-party binary packages on
our desktops? And how many of us could check the source code if we had to? Even
riskier is the number of times we resort to typing sudo or launching a shell with
administrator privileges, effectively bypassing the security inherent in the normal/root
user system.
Many distributions and developers think there needs to be an extra level of security, and
the closest we can get to the technology behind Microsoft's UAC is PolicyKit, originally
developed by Red Hat but now shipped as standard in Fedora, OpenSUSE and Ubuntu.
PolicyKit gives application developers (and distribution builders) a finer degree of
control over what an application can and can't do while it's running. It could enable a
user to mount portable storage, for instance, but not allow the same user to mount a
local filesystem, avoiding the potential hazard of sudo completely.
The impending KDE 4.3 includes PolicyKit integration, which means that many system
administration applications for the KDE desktop will be able to take advantage of
PolicyKit's finer-grained privilege control in much the same way that certain applications
request authentication on the OS X desktop. Gnome has had this functionality since the
beginning of last year, and its inclusion in KDE brings us a step closer to a unified
desktop on the Linux platform and a unified system for accessing administrative tasks.
Online security
Despite all these improvements to User Access Control, Windows is still going to be the
main target for hackers, and as such, a virus checker is always going to be necessary.
For the first time, Microsoft is going to bundle a virus checker and spyware detector with
the operating system. This is likely to raise considerable protest from manufacturers
who sell competing products, such as Symantec and McAfee, as they're making a tidy
living from plugging this lucrative hole in current Windows security.
But bundling a free virus checker with the operating system is a great step forward for
the rest of us who have to endure a constant stream of attacks from compromised
Windows systems. Microsoft's checker is going to be part of the 'Security Essentials'
download package, and it replaces Windows Live OneCare, a similar package that
Microsoft previously charged for on XP and Vista.
Microsoft's Security Essentials covers only the basics of online security: real-time virus
checking, system monitoring and download scanning. This should leave plenty of room
for the commercial solutions to fight over more advanced features and neurotic
Windows users. As Linux users, we don't need to run a virus-checker unless you're
receiving files from, and sending them to, Windows users. It avoids the extra CPU and
memory load of constantly running a checker and keeping it up to date. But there are
several checkers that are up to the task if you need them, including tools from
BitDefender and AVG, as well as the excellent ClamAV.
The Windows System Monitor app has been redesigned to show more information and show it more
clearly - it's actually very nice to use.
PowerShell vs Bash
Windows 7
• Integrated scripting.
• You can type ls to get a directory listing!
• Syntax highlighting.
• Remote execution.
Linux
• 30 years of refinement.
• Used by almost every Linux distribution ever.
• Plenty of online help and documentation.
• Can be used to administer the entire system.
Who wins?
As you should be able to tell from the scope of the features we've discussed, Windows
7 marks a significant point of maturity in the development of Windows, and is what the
much-maligned Vista should have been three years ago. There's still a distinct lack of
innovation, but the improvements to system stability and performance are what's going
to matter to most users. And most users of Windows are businesses. They're not
interested in eye candy, Twitter integration and hardware acceleration. They just need
Windows to be a sober working environment that doesn't get in the way of helping
people work.
And this is where Linux can make a big difference. There's nothing in Windows 7 that
Linux can't do, and in most cases, do it better. Our machines are quicker and more
efficient. Our desktops are more innovative and less static. Our apps are more powerful,
cheaper and less partisan, and Linux security has never been better. But best of all, we
have complete control over the future of Linux, and it's success or failure at the hands of
Windows 7 is in our hands.
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