Characteristics:

For each major product (LPG, automotive gasoline, jet fuel, automotive diesel fuel,
domestic fuel oil and heavy fuel oils), the following aspects are developed:
Market trends - Volatility characteristics - Combustion properties - Behavior under cold
conditions and flowing - Corrosiveness, effect on air pollution - Stability, storage behavior -
Manufacturing schemes. Main additives.
In addition, in view of current trends, emphasis is placed on the following issues:
Automotive gasoline: octane numbers, catalytic converters, benzene and aromatics
content, addition of oxygenated compounds, the formulation impact on the engine emissions.
Regulations to reduce the pollution and its consequences.
Strength and weakness of automotive fuels versus biofuels.
Jet A1: market trend, protection of the quality during transfers.
Automotive diesel fuel: problems araised by the huge increase of the diesel car population;
interest of an efficient protection for the injection systems, consequences of the specification
changes (sulfur mostly) and gas escape future regulations development of new posttreatment
systems, diester use.
Home heating oil: problems related to the increase of cracked Diesel fuels.
Heavy fuel oils: stability of visbroken fuels, environmental constraints: sulfur and metals
content, solid unburnt effluents.
Case studies, based on typical examples of formulation, illustrate the blending rules for the
main properties: octane number, specific gravity, sulfur content, vapor pressure, viscosity, …
Bitumen
The different types of bitumen: pure, cutbacks, polymer-modified, emulsions, …
The major standard tests: penetration, softening, ageing, …
Manufacturing schemes - Formulation - Blending rules.
Lube base oils
Lube base oils manufacturing and composition of lubricants: base oils and additives
Properties and characteristics of base oils: viscosity index, cold properties, oxidation
stability, …
Quantity measurement procedures: tank gauging, tank calibration and weighing; dynamic
measurement. Positive displacement - meters and turbine - meters.
Determination of volumes at 15°C, temperature correction.
Uncertainties on measured quantities.
Importance of sampling: representativeness.

Types of customers.

The following are the classifications of a petroleum business:

 Upstream - this requires a large amount of capital, making it almost impossible for a
single proprietor to put up.
 Midstream - this type of petroleum business mainly deals with the storage of petroleum
products in large quantities. It also requires a large amount of capital. Owners of this type
of petroleum business can rent Tank Farms to store the petroleum products. The demand
of this type of petroleum business is high that is why if you invest in this type of
petroleum business, the possibility of gaining large amount of profit is also high.
 Downstream - this category deals with the distribution of petroleum products. An
example of this category is a gasoline station. The marginal profit of this type of
 petroleum business is lower than the two types of petroleum business above but the
frequency of the customers could bring a substantial amount of revenues.

In starting any type of business, insurance is a must to protect not only your business but also the
people who work for you. Seek advice from people who actually have an experience in doing
this type of business. Preferably, consult people who actually own a petroleum business.
Shopping around for insurance companies will help you to decide which insurance policy will
best suit your business.

After considering the things above, the next step is to obtain certain legalities, such as business
permit or permit to operate. You can consult a lawyer regarding this matter to ensure that you do
not violate any laws. Or you can go directly to your city hall and inquire about the requirements
in obtaining such legalities.

Currently, petroleum is among our most important natural resources. We use gasoline, jet fuel,
and diesel fuel to run cars, trucks, aircraft, ships, and other vehicles. Home heat sources include
oil, natural gas, and electricity, which in many areas is generated by burning natural gas.
Petroleum and petroleum-based chemicals are important in manufacturing plastic, wax,
fertilizers, lubricants, and many other goods. Thus, petroleum is an important part of many
human activities.