Common Tangents and Tangent Segments 0 PDF

STUDY GUIDE
GRADE 10 – 1ST SEM | UNIT 11

Parts of a Circle II: Secants, Tangents, Segments, and Sectors
Table of Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Test Your Prerequisite Skills ............................................................................................................. 4
Objectives............................................................................................................................................ 5
Lesson 1: Common Tangents and Tangent Segments
- Warm Up! ................................................................................................................................. 6
- Learn about It! ........................................................................................................................ 7
- Let’s Practice! ........................................................................................................................ 10
- Check Your Understanding! ................................................................................................ 18
Lesson 2: Intersecting Secants and Tangents
- Warm Up! ............................................................................................................................... 21
- Learn about It! ...................................................................................................................... 25
- Let’s Practice! ........................................................................................................................ 31
Lesson 3: Cyclic Quadrilaterals
- Warm Up! ............................................................................................................................... 40
- Learn about It! ...................................................................................................................... 41
- Let’s Practice! ........................................................................................................................ 42
Lesson 4: Arc Lengths, Sectors, and Segments
- Warm Up! ............................................................................................................................... 48
- Learn about It! ...................................................................................................................... 52
- Let’s Practice! ........................................................................................................................ 54
Challenge Yourself! .......................................................................................................................... 61
Performance Task ............................................................................................................................ 63
Wrap-up............................................................................................................................................. 65
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STUDY GUIDE
Key to Let’s Practice! ......................................................................................................................... 67

References ........................................................................................................................................ 68

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Table of Contents
GRADE 10 – 1ST SEM | MATHEMATICS
UNIT 11
Parts of a Circle II: Secants, Tangents,

Segments, and Sectors
In the previous unit, you have learned more about circles. You
became acquainted with the special properties exhibited by the
segments and the angles formed by chords within the circle.
In this unit, you will learn more about tangents and secants of a
circle when they intersect outside the circle. You will find that
similar to what you learned in the previous unit, the segments
these tangents and secants form have special properties. The angles they form also have
a relationship to the arcs intercepted by the tangents and secants.
As an addition, you will learn about cyclic quadrilaterals. In this lesson, you will make use
of a lesson you learned previously on inscribed angles. Can you still recall the Inscribed
Angle Theorem? You will repeatedly use this theorem in this unit to prove the new
theorems you will be learning.
You shall also learn about sectors and segments as well as the length
of the arc they intercept. Though they may be given these geometric
terms, you frequently encounter these concepts in everyday life. If
you are fond of eating pizza, then the shapes of these should not be
foreign to you anymore. However, more than visually recognizing
them, you shall learn how to mathematically obtain their areas.

STUDY GUIDE
Test Your Prerequisite Skills
 Finding an unknown side in a right triangle using the Pythagorean

Theorem
 Find the complement and supplement of an angle
 Converting angles from degrees to radians
 Solving linear equations
 Solving quadratic equation
Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper. This will
help you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in
studying the lessons in this unit. Show your complete solution.
1. Let , , and be the sides of a right triangle with as the hypotenuse. Find the
length of the missing side.
a. c.
b. d.
2. Find the complement or the supplement of the given angle, whichever is asked.
a. complement of 23° c. complement of 11°
b. supplement of 148° d. supplement of 62°
3. Convert the following angles in degree measure to radians.

a. 30° c. 150°
b. 96° d. 126°
4. Solve the following linear equations.

a. c.
b. d.

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5. Solve the following quadratic equations. Give only the positive roots.
a. c.
b. d.
Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to

 determine the number of possible common tangents between two circles;
 relate the angles and segments formed by intersecting tangents and secants from
an external point;
 construct cyclic quadrilaterals given the properties of their interior angles; and
 solve for the area and arc lengths of a circular sector.

STUDY GUIDE
Lesson 1: Common Tangents and Tangent Segments
Warm Up!
Draw as Many As You Can
Materials Needed: pen, paper, ruler, compass
Instructions:
1. This activity may be done individually or with partner.
2. Shown are figures consisting of two circles.
3. Redraw the figures on your paper.
4. For each figure, you are to draw as many lines that are tangent to both circles as
you can.
5. Compare your work with your partner.
6. Wait for your teacher to show the correct answers and how the tangents are
drawn. How many did you get correctly?

STUDY GUIDE
Learn about It!
Recall that a line is tangent to a circle if that line touches the circle at exactly one point.
The point of intersection between the circle and a tangent line is called the point of
tangency. Recall also that a radius drawn from the center of the circle up to the point of
tangency is perpendicular to the tangent line at the point of tangency.
In the given figure, is a tangent line to the circle at the point called the point of
tangency. The radius is perpendicular to the tangent line .
Consider extending the radius and make a diameter from the same figure. Denote the
other endpoint of the diameter as . From this point, we can draw another tangent to the
circle and this tangent line is parallel to the tangent line . Any pair of tangents whose
points of tangency are the endpoints of a diameter of a circle are parallel to each other.
Note that for every point on a circle, there corresponds only one unique tangent line
passing through that point.
A single line can be a tangent to two or more circles. If a line is tangent to two or more
circles, it is said to be a common tangent of the circles. This common tangent of the
circles can be an internal or external tangent.
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A tangent line is an internal common tangent if it intersects the line segment joining the
centers of the circles. On the other hand, a tangent line is an external common tangent
if it does not intersect the line segment joining the centers of the circles.
In the given figures, is an internal common tangent because it intersects the segment
joining the centers of the circles and while is an external common tangent
because it does not intersect the line segment joining the centers of the circles and .
A different way of looking at common tangents is that when the points of contact are
distinct and the two circles lie on the same half-plane, then the common tangent is
external. If the two circles are on opposite sides, then the common tangent is internal.
Two circles can have one, two, three, four, or no common tangents at all.
You tried to find out how many tangents can be drawn given two circles in Warm Up!.
Shown below are the possibilities. Can you compare which ones are similar to which ones
in Warm Up!? Did you get the correct number of tangents?

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If the distinct circles have a common point on a given plane, then they must be tangent to
each other and they share a common tangent.
Consider circles and . They are tangent externally to each other since they are on
opposite sides of the common tangent.
On the other hand, circles and are tangent internally to each other since both lie on
the same side of the common tangent.

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Another way of visualizing tangent circles is that when one circle is inside the other, then
the circles are tangent internally, whereas when one circle is outside, then two circles are
tangent externally.
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: In the figure shown, and are common external tangents to circles
and . If and , how long are and ?
Solution:
Step 1: Note that radii , , , and are perpendicular to the tangents at , ,
and , respectively. and at the same time, . Also,
by reflexivity. By symmetry, the two external common tangents must be
congruent. Thus, . Substituting the lengths with their expressions,
we have 10

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Step 2: Substitute the obtained value of into .
Note that and are congruent. Therefore, and are both 31 units
long.
Try It Yourself!
In the figure shown, and are

common external tangents to circles and
. If and , how
long are and ?
Example 2: The length of the external common tangent is 4 units. If the radii of the
two circles and are 5 units and 2 units, respectively, find the distance
between the centers of the two circles.
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Solution:
Step 1: Draw a line segment that joins the centers of the two circles. Also, draw a line
segment passing through the center that is parallel to the external
common tangent.
This line segment measures 4 units also since the quadrilateral formed is a
rectangle. The opposite sides of the rectangle are equal in measure.
Also, by doing that, we cut the radius into two parts measuring 2 units
and 3 units.
Step 2: Study the right triangle formed and solve for the distance between the
centers of the circles.
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The upper portion becomes a right triangle with measures 3 units and 4 units
on each leg of the right triangle. The segment , which is also the
hypotenuse of the right triangle, can be obtained using the Pythagorean
Formula.
That is, . Therefore, the distance between the centers of the

circle is 5 units.
Try It Yourself!
The length of the external common tangent is

12 units. If the radii of the two circles and are
8 units and 3 units, respectively, find the distance
between the centers of the two circles.
Example 3: Find the length of if , , and .
Solution:
Step 1: Establish a relationship between the triangles formed in the figure.
From the figure, it can be said that angles and are right angles
because the radii and are perpendicular to the tangent line at the
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points of tangency. It can also be observed that and are

congruent because they are vertical angles. By the AA Similarity Postulate,
. It follows that .
Step 2: Find .
Use and substitute the values.
Therefore, the length of is 18 units.
Try It Yourself!
Find the length of if , , and .
Real-World Problems
Example 4: The front and rear wheels of a tractor have radii 15

inches and 21 inches, respectively. The road acts as
an external common tangent to both the front and
the rear tire. If the distance between the points of
tangency is 106 inches, what is the distance between
the centers of the tires?
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Solution:
Step 1: Draw a diagram for the problem.
Step 2: Draw a line parallel to the road that passes through the center of the smaller
wheel, forming a right triangle.
Step 3: Focus on the right triangle formed and determine the height of the right
triangle.
To find this height, we subtract the radii of the wheels:

21 inches 15 inches 6 inches.
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Step 4: Find the distance between the centers of the wheels.
To find this distance, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem.
Therefore, the distance between the centers of the wheels is approximately

106.17 inches.
Example 5: Two towers represented by circles and below have a bizarre architecture.
From the top view, they have circular walls with different radii and are
connected by a walkway as shown in the figure. The walkway is an
internal common tangent of the circular buildings. If meters,
meters, and meters, find the length of the walkway.
Step 1: Establish the relationship of the triangles formed in the figure.
Notice that the radii and intersect the common tangent at the points
of tangency and , respectively. Thus, and are right angles.
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Also, and are vertical angles and are therefore congruent. By AA

similarity, and are similar.
Step 2: Find .
Notice that is a right triangle.
Thus, its sides satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.
Step 3: Find .
Since , we have . Substituting, we have
Step 4: Find the length of the walkway .
Using Segment Addition Postulate,
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Therefore, the walkway is 36 meters long.
Try It Yourself!
In a court, a volleyball and a basketball was left

resting on the ground by some students. The
radius of the volleyball is 4.075 inches while that
of the basketball is 4.775 inches. If the distance
between their centers is 10 inches,find the
distance between the points of tangency of the balls with the ground.
Check Your Understanding!
1. In each of the following figures, find the number of common tangents that may be
drawn.
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2. Identify what is asked.
For items a to d, refer to the figure on the right.
a. If , what is
b. If what is ?
c. If , and , what is ?
d. If and , what is ?
For e to h, refer to the following figure. is an external common tangent of circles

and .
e. If the radii of circles and are 11 and 4, respectively, and , what is ?

f. If the radii of circles and are 10 and 2, respectively, and , what is ?
g. If , , and the radius of circle is 10, what is the radius of circle ?
h. If , , and the radius of circle is 33, what is the radius of circle ?
For i to k, refer to the following figure. is an internal common tangent of circles

and .
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i. If , , and what is
j. If , and , what is ?
k. If , , and , find the area of .
3. Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.
a. In an animation frame, the eyes of a shocked cartoon squirrel look like two
circles with unequal radii, one 8 mm, and the other 20 mm. An imaginary
external common tangent connecting the circles is 35 mm long. How far apart
are the centers of the eyes of the character?
b. The front piece design of a bronze arm cuff consists of two circles of unequal
radii connected by an internal common tangent as shown below. If mm,
mm, and mm, find the length of the internal common tangent
.
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Lesson 2: Intersecting Secants and Tangents
Warm Up!
What Difference Do We Have?
Materials Needed: compass, pencil, paper, protractor
Instructions:
1. This activity shall be done by pair.
2. This activity shall consist of construction, measurement, and recording. One of
you shall do the construction and measuring, and the other shall do the
recording.
3. The activity shall be done in three parts. You and your partner shall switch roles
for every succeeding part after the first.
4. Do your construction and recording of measurements on separate sheets of
paper.
5. It should be noted that when constructing circles, make sure that you take note
of the center as this shall be used to measure the arcs.
6. Each set should be done in three trials so you could see the pattern common to
each trial.
Part A
a. On your paper, draw a circle. Make sure you note the center.
b. Draw two secants such that they intersect outside the circle as shown in the
figure below. Also, label the points in a similar manner.
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c. Measure .
d. Measure arcs and . Remember to center the protractor right where the
center of the circle is. (Recall that the measure of an arc is equal to the
measure of the central angle that intercepts it.)
e. Compute for the difference of the measures of arcs and , that is,
.
f. Do this for three trials, and be sure to tabulate the values for each trial as
shown in the table below.
g. Answer the question that follows.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Compare the values you got for with their corresponding values
for . What have you observed?
Part B
b. Draw a secant and a tangent such that they intersect outside the circle as
shown in the figure below. Also, label the points in a similar manner.
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c. Measure .
d. Measure arcs and . Remember to center the protractor right where the
center of the circle is. (Recall that the measure of an arc is equal to the
measure of the central angle that intercepts it.)
.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Compare the values you got for with their corresponding values
for . What have you observed?
Part C
b. Draw two tangents such that they intersect outside the circle as shown in the
figure below. Also, label the points in a similar manner.
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c. Measure .
d. Measure arcs and . Remember to center the protractor right where
the center of the circle is. (Recall that the measure of an arc is equal to the
measure of the central angle that intercepts it.) Also, note that you can get
by simply subtracting from 360° since the two arcs comprise a
full circle.
.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Compare the values you got for with their corresponding

values for . What have you observed?
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Learn about It!
When a pair of tangent lines, a pair of secant lines, or a tangent line and a secant line is
drawn to a circle, there is a possibility that the pair of lines will intersect. If these scenario
happens, then they form interesting properties.
Intersecting Secants
Consider circle with two secants and intersecting at the exterior of the circle at .
Draw the segments and . We now have two triangles and .
In the figure, it can be observed that since these two angles are inscribed
and intercept the same arc . Also, note that by reflexivity. By these two
information, we can say that by the AA Triangle Similarity Postulate. It
follows that the corresponding sides are proportional. That is, .
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Consider from the proportion. By the laws of equality, .
This is the rule for intersecting secants. From this, we can say that the product of the length
of a secant segment and the length of its external segment is equal to the product of the length
of the other segment and the length of its external segment.
Consider again the figure.
Draw .
From the figure, and by the Inscribed Angle Theorem.
Consider . By the Exterior Angle Theorem, . By substitution,
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This tells us that the angle formed by two intersecting secants is one-half the difference
between the two intercepted arcs of the angle.
This is the rule that you were supposed to arrive at in Warm Up!Part A. Were you able to
come up with the same conclusion?
Intersecting Secant and Tangent
Consider a circle with a tangent line and a secant line intersecting at the exterior
of the circle at .
Draw the segments and .
In the given figure, by the Tangent-Chord Theorem. (The Tangent-Chord

Theorem states that the angle formed by a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle
formed by that chord at another point on the circle.). By reflexivity, . The
triangles and is said to be similar because of this pair of congruent angles and
by AA Triangle Similarity Postulate. This means that the corresponding sides of these
similar triangles are proportional. That is, . 27

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Consider . By the laws of equality, or . This tells us

that when a tangent and a secant intersect at the exterior of the circle, the square of the length
of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the length of the secant segment and the
length of its external segment.
If a secant and a tangent line intersect at the exterior of the circle, they also form an angle.
This angle is solved using the formula for an angle formed by two intersecting secant
lines. The angle formed is equal to one-half the difference between the two intercepted arcs of
the angle.
In the figure above, .
This is the rule that you were supposed to arrive at in Warm Up! Part B. Were you able to
Intersecting Tangents
When two tangent segments drawn to a circle at different points of tangency intersect at
the exterior of the circle, then these segments are congruent.
In the figure, the tangent segments and are congruent. This can be shown by
proving that .
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In the given figure, because radii of the same circle are congruent. It can also be
said that by reflexivity. Since and are tangent segments to circle , then
and are right angles. It follows that and are right triangles.
By the H-L (Hypotenuse-Leg) Right Triangle Congruence Theorem, wherein are

congruent hypotenuses and are the congruent legs, we can prove that
. By CPCTC (Congruent Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent), we can
say that and are congruent.Furthermore, also by CPCTC. Thus,
acts like an angle bisector of .
Not only do the segments formed by intersecting tangents to a circle have interesting
properties. The angle formed by these intersecting tangents also follows a certain rule.
Consider the circle again.
We add additional points and to distinguish the arcs of circle .
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Using the theorem concerning the angle formed by intersecting tangent and secant, we
can say that
By Angle Addition Postulate, we have . Substituting, we have
Factoring on the right side of the equation, we have
By Arc Addition Postulate, we have
This means that the angle formed by the intersecting tangents is half the difference of the
measures of the intercepted major arc and the intercepted minor arc.
This is the rule that you were supposed to arrive at in Warm Up!Part C. Were you able to
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Let’s Practice!
Example 1: Consider circle below.

a. Suppose and . Find and .
b. Suppose .Find .
Solution:
a. Consider right triangle . We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to obtain
the length of the missing side of the right triangle. That is,
.
Since and are congruent, we can say that .
Therefore, .
b. Since , .
Using the formula for the angle formed by intersecting tangents, we have 31

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Therefore, .
Try It Yourself!
Consider circle on the right.

a. Suppose and . Find and .
b. Suppose .Find .

a. Suppose and .Find .
b. Find the length of the tangent segment if and .
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Solution:
a. Using the formula for the angle formed by intersecting secant and tangent,
we have
b. If and , then . Using the formula

for intersecting secant and tangent, we have
Therefore, .
Try It Yourself!
Consider circle below.

b. Find the length of the tangent segment if
and .
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b. Suppose , , and . Find the length of .
Solution:
a. Use the formula for the angle formed by intersecting secants.
Therefore, .
b. Let be the length of . From the figure, and

. To solve for the value of , we apply the rule for
intersecting secants.
Since we are looking for the length of a segment, we take the positive
root.Therefore, the length of is 3 units.
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Try It Yourself!
Consider circle below.

b. Suppose , , and . Find the
length of .
Real-World Problems
Example 4: When a farmer woke up one morning, he saw crop circles in his corn field as
shown in the figure below. If and , find and .
Solution:
Step 1: Find .
Notice that and are both tangent to the smaller circle. Using the
formula for the angle formed by intersecting tangents, we have
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Notice that arcs and comprise a full circle. Thus,

or . This gives us
Substituting with 24°, we have
Thus, .
Step 2: Find .
Notice that and are secants that intersect outside the bigger circle.
Using the formula for the angle formed by intersecting secants, we have
Substituting with and with , we have
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Thus, .
Example 5: A man standing at point a watches a Ferris wheel

that has 16 equally spaced cars. If his lines of sight
over a given angle are and , find the
measure of .
Solution:
Step 1: Find the measure of the arc between two consecutive cars.
Since the cars are equally spaced around the Ferris wheel, then the measure
of the arc between consecutive cars is .
Step 2: Find .
Notice that is a diameter.Therefore, it intercepts an arc with a measure of

180°. Thus, . This may also be obtained by multiplying by 8
since there are 8 intervals of arcs between consecutive cars between points
and .
Step 3: Find .
Notice that from to , there are 4 intervals of arcs between consecutive

cars. Thus, the measure of the arc from to is .
Step 4: Find .
Notice that is tangent to the Ferris wheel and is a secant of the Ferris
wheel. and intersect at . Therefore, using the formula for the angle
formed by intersecting secant and tangent, we can find :
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Thus, .
Try It Yourself!
The section of an ice cream scoop on a cone through its axis of

symmetry looks like the figure shown. Find if .
For a to f, refer to circle on the right. Tangents and

intersect at .
a. If , what is (1 point)
b. If , what is ? (1 point)
c. If , what is ? (2 points)
d. If and , what is ? (2 points)
e. If , what is ? (3 points)
f. If , what is ? (3 points)
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For g to j, refer to circle on the right. Secants

and intersect at .
g. If and , what is ?
h. If , and , what is ?
i. If , and , what is ?
j. If ,, , and , what is ?
For k to n, refer to circle on the right. Tangent and secant intersect at .

k. If and , what is ? (2 points)
l. If and , what is (2 points)
m. If and , what is ? (3 points)
n. If and , what is ? (3 points)
2. Solve the following problems.
A bird perched on a bench of a city park and a few meters away from the bird, a
huge stone tablet exhibiting the story of the city’s history is mounted.
a. If and , what is
b. If meters and meters, how long is ?
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Lesson 3: Cyclic Quadrilaterals
Warm Up!
Four Corners of a Circle
Materials Needed: compass, pencil, protractor, ruler
Instructions:
1. This activity may be done by pair.
2. The task includes construction, measurement, and recording. One of you will be
assigned to do the construction and the measurement, and the other shall do
the recording.
3. You shall do this for three trials for you to see the pattern. You and your partner
should alternate roles with every trial.
4. For each trial, start by drawing a circle using a compass.
5. Choose four random points on the circle. It is advised that they must not be too
close to each other. Label these points consecutively as , , , and
6. Construct quadrilateral by connecting the vertices by line segments.
7. Using a protractor, measure each angle. Tabulate the values.
8. Find the sum of the measures of angles and , as well as the sum of the
measures of angles and , and reflect the values in the table.
9. Do these steps for three trials, each time varying locations of the chosen points.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
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What have you noticed with the sum of the measures of angles and ? How
about the the sum of the measures of angles and ? How are these pairs of
angles positioned in the quadrilateral? What conclusions can you make
regarding opposite angles of quadrilaterals inscribed in a circle?
Learn about It!
A quadrilateral is said to be cyclic if all its vertices lie on a circle and the sum of each pair
of opposite angles is 180°.
In the figure, the quadrilateral is inscribed in circle . The vertices of the

quadrilateral are all on the circle. If the vertices of the quadrilateral are all on the circle, it
means that all of the angles of the quadrilateral are inscribed angles.
What you constructed in Warm Up! is a cyclic quadrilateral. Let us study the properties of
such quadrilateral.
Draw the radii and forming two central angles measuring and .
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From the figure, . By the Central Angle Theorem and Inscribed Angle Theorem,
and . By substitution, . Dividing both sides by two, we
get . This equation tells us that opposite angles are supplementary.
When you measured the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral you constructed in Warm Up!,
were you able to find the same property that opposite angles are supplementary?
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: Find , , and , given that , , , and

.
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Solution: In the figure, and and and are pairs of opposite angles. By the
property of a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary. That is,
and . Since , it follows that
Thus, .
In the figure, and . Substituting this into the equation

, we have
Since , and .
Try It Yourself!
Find , , and , given that , ,

, and .
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Example 2: Given that , , and , find the measure of all

the angles in the cyclic quadrilateral .
Solution: In the figure, the inscribed angle intercepts arc . Since ,

it follows that from the Inscribed Angle Theorem, . From the
figure, and are opposite angles. By the property of a cyclic
quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary. That is,
. Since , .
By the Arc Addition Postulate, . Since and

, . Given that and , then by
the Arc Addition Postulate, .
The arc is the intercepted arc of . By the Inscribed Angle Theorem,

. Since from the figure, and are opposite angles,
.
Try It Yourself!
Find the measures of angles , , , and given that

, , and .
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Example 3: is a cyclic quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect

at . If and , find .
Solution:
Step 1: Find .
Notice that intercepts the same arc as does. Thus, these

inscribed angles must have the same measures. Therefore, .
Step 2: Find .
Using the Angle Addition Postulate, we have
Step 3: Find .
Notice that and are opposite angles of the cyclic quadrilateral.

Therefore, they must be supplementary.
Therefore, .
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Try It Yourself!
is a cyclic quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at .

If and , find .
Real-World Problems
Example 4: Four players Mia, Pia, Ria, and Zia are positioned around
a circle and form the vertices of a cyclic
quadrilateral , respectively. If ,
,and find the measures of all
the angles.
Solution:
Step 1: Find .
Notice that is opposite in the cyclic quadrilateral. Therefore, they are

supplementary. Thus,
Step 2: Find .
Notice that and are opposite angles in the cyclic quadrilateral.

Therefore, they are supplementary. Thus, we have
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Step 3: Find and .
Substituting the expressions for and , we have
Therefore, .
Try It Yourself!
Using an order of the players around the circle similar to Example 4, find the
measures of all the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral if ,
and .
1. Identify what is asked in each item. Refer to the circle below where is a cyclic
quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at .
For a to h, suppose , and

. Find the value of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
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STUDY GUIDE
For i to m, suppose . Find the values of the

following:
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n. If and , what is ?
o. If and , what is ?
2. The running track in a sports arena is in the shape of a circle. Four benches are
placed around the circular track and form the vertices of a
cyclic isosceles trapezoid. If , find the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lesson 4: Arc Lengths, Sectors, and Segments
Warm Up!
Angles as Fractions
Materials Needed: pen, paper
Instructions:
1. This activity may be done individually.
2. Questions are given below. Write your answers in an answer sheet.
3. There shall be two parts in this activity.
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STUDY GUIDE
Part A
a. Below, a circle is shown.
b. What is the formula for the area of the circle shown in terms of its radius?
c. Compared to the circle given in (a), what fraction of the circle is shaded
below?
d. Since it is only a fraction of the whole circle, its corresponding area will also
be of the same fraction of the whole circle in (a). How then will you write its
area given its radius?
e. What is the measure of the angle that is subtended by this portion of the
whole circle?
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STUDY GUIDE
f. Notice that the area covered by the shaded region is of the same fraction as
the angle measure over the total number of degrees of a whole circle, which
is 360°. Replacing the fraction you used in the formula you answered in (d),
this time using angles for the numerator and denominator, what expression
results?
g. Based on your previous answers, how do you think can you find the area of a
region as shown in the previous figure when the angle it subtends is
arbitrarily assigned as ?
Part B
a. Below, a circle is shown.
b. How do you get the length of the arc of a full circle in terms of its radius, that
is, its circumference?
c. Compared to the circle given in (a), what fraction of the circumference is
thickened below?
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STUDY GUIDE
d. Since it is only a fraction of the whole circumference, its corresponding

length will also be of the same fraction of the circumference in (a). How then
will you write its length given its radius?
e. What is the measure of the angle that intercepts this arc?
f. Notice that the length covered by the shaded arc is of the same fraction as
the angle subtended over the total number of degrees of an arc for a full
circle, which is 360°. Replacing the fraction you used in the formula you
answered in (d), this time using angles for the numerator and denominator,
what expression results?
g. Based on your previous answers, how do you think can you find the length of
an arc when the angle it subtends is arbitrarily assigned as theta?
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STUDY GUIDE
Learn about It!
Have you eaten a pizza? That pizza may come in circles and it was sliced already when
served. A slice of pizza coming from a circular pizza can be thought of as a sector.
A sector is any region in the circle bounded by two radii of a central angle and the arc
between their endpoints. In Warm Up! Part A, the shaded region is a sector. The sector
area is directly proportional to the radius of the circle and the angle between two radii.
Given a common radius, the sector with a bigger central angle has a bigger area.
The area of a sector is given by the formula
where is the central angle and is the radius of the circle.
Did you arrive at the same formula for the area of a sector at the end of Warm Up! Part A?
An arc is a portion of the circle’s circumference. In Warm Up! Part B, the thickened portion
is an arc. Like sector area, an arc length depends on the radius of the circle and the angle
between the two radii.
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STUDY GUIDE
Since an arc length is a fractional part of the circumference, the formula for the length of
an arc is given by the formula
where is the central angle and is the radius of the circle.
Did you arrive at the same formula for the arc length in Warm Up! Part B.
The central angle in some cases is not given in degrees. They are sometimes given in
radians. A radian, approximately equal to 57.3°, is the angle corresponding to an arc
length having the same measure as the radius. So, an angle of two radians is the measure
of the central angle corresponding to an arc length that measures twice the radius, and so
on.
Basically, to know how many radians there are in a whole circle, we just divide the
circumference by . Now, we know that for every 360°, there are radians.
So in order to convert an angle in radians to degrees, divide it by or multiply it by .
Now, if the given angle is in radians, the formula for the arc length will be and the
area of the sector will be .
A circular segment is a portion of a circle bounded by a chord of a circle and the arc
bounded by the two endpoints of the chord.
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STUDY GUIDE
To find the area of a circular segment, we use the following formula:
If a calculator is at hand, you can find the value of the sine of the angle. But in this
discussion, the value of is given.
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: If and ft, find the area of the sector as well as the length of the
arc bounded by the sector.
Solution:
a. Find the area of the sector.
Substitute the given values into the formula.
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STUDY GUIDE
b. Find the length of the arc bounded by the sector.
Substitute the values into the formula.
Try It Yourself!
If and ft, find the area of the sector as well as the

length of the arc bounded by the sector.
Example 2: Find the area of the sector given that the radius is 10
units and the arc length bounded by the sector is 25
units.
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STUDY GUIDE
Solution:
Step 1: Use the formula for the arc length.
Step 2: Find the area of the sector.
Try It Yourself!
Find the area of the sector given that the radius is 19 units and the
arc length bounded by the sector is 57 units.
Example 3: Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram.
Solution:
Step 1: Solve for the in radians using the arc length formula.
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STUDY GUIDE
Step 2: Use the formula for the area of a circular segment.
Try It Yourself!
Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram.
Real-World Problems
Example 4: A pizza with a diameter of 14” is divided equally into 8 slices.

Determine the area of a slice as well as the length of the arc
bounded by the slice.
Solution: Note that a pizza slice is like a sector. Thus, we will use the
formula for the area of a sector to find the area of a pizza slice.
Step 1: Find the radius .
The radius is half the diameter. Since the diameter is 14”, the radius is 7”.
Step 2: Find the angle covered by a slice.
Since an entire circle has a measure of 360°, and all slices are equal, then the
angle covered by a slice is .
Step 3: Find the area covered by a slice.

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STUDY GUIDE
Since a slice is in the shape of a sector, we shall use the formula for the area
of a sector.
Step 4: Find the length of the arc bounded by the sector determined by the slice.
Using the formula for the length of an arc, we have
Example 5: A porcelain dish is nearly flat circle. A portion of it

cracked and was broken off from the whole as shown
in the illustration. Find the area of the portion that
broke off. Note: .
Solution: Notice that the portion that broke off is a segment.

Thus, we use the formula for the area of a segment.
Step 1: Convert the angle to radian measure.
The formula for the area of a segment is given by ,

however, must be in radian measure. 58

STUDY GUIDE
The angle formed by the segment is 90° as indicated by the figure. We shall
convert this to radians first.
Thus, we shall use .
Step 2: Find the area of the segment.
Using the formula for the area of a segment, we have
Therefore, the area of the portion that broke off is approximately 4.56square
inches.
Try It Yourself!
An egg pie with a diameter of 10” is equally divided into 10

slices. Find the area covered by a slice as well as the length of
the arc bounded by a slice of the pie.
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STUDY GUIDE
For a to l, refer to the figure on the right.

a. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
b. If and , find .
c. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
d. If and , find .
e. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
f. If and , find .
g. If and , find in radians.
h. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
i. If and , find in radians.
j. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
k. If and , find in degrees.
l. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
For m to p, refer to the figure on the right.

m. If and , find in radians.
n. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
Note: sin .
o. If and , find in radians.
p. If and , find the area of the shaded region.
Note: sin .
2. Solve the following problems.

a. The minute and hour hands of a clock with a diameter of 12 inches form an
angle. If the time is 4:00, find the area of the sector bounded by the angle
60

STUDY GUIDE
formed by the minute and hour hands of a clock as well as the length of the arc
this angle intercepts.
b. Xarles nibbled a portion of a chocolate chip cookie as
represented by the white area in the figure. Find the area of
the cookie nibbled by Xarles.
Challenge Yourself!
1. In the figure below, a radius of the bigger circle, while is a radius of the
smaller circle. is an isosceles right triangle. If , find
the area of .
2. In the figure below, is tangent to both circles and . If and

, find .
3. In the figure below, is a diameter of the circle and is perpendicular to . is a

secant of the circle and intersects tangent at . If and
,find the length of tangent . 61

STUDY GUIDE
4. In the figure below, and . Find .
5. Find the area of the shaded region below.
62

STUDY GUIDE
Performance Task
You are a product designer of a manufacturing company that will launch its new product.
You wish to incorporate the lessons you learned on circles in this unit in designing the
product.
For this Performance Task, you are to do the following in a written portfolio:
1. You are to create a fictional company. Give it a name and describe in a short
paragraph what product it manufactures. Suggestions for the fictional company are
companies that manufacture furniture, accessories, gadgets, etc.
2. In another paragraph, discuss why you chose to use such a company for this task.
3. Conceptualize the product and its use. Give it a model name and expound on its
usefulness and features.
4. Create a design of a product. The product design should make use of the concepts
learned in this unit. It may not necessarily be constricted to the concepts in this unit
but may incorporate other mathematical or geometrical concepts previously
learned.
5. Lastly, discuss the mathematical side of the design. Mention the concepts discussed
in this unit and the calculations that took place in the design creation process.
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STUDY GUIDE
Performance Task Rubric
Below Needs Successful Exemplary

Criteria Expectation Improvement Performance Performance
(0–49%) (50–74%) (75–99%) (99+%)
The purpose of
the company
The purpose of The purpose of The purpose of
and the
the company the company the company
usefulness and
and the and the and the
Explanation of features of the
usefulness and usefulness and usefulness and
Company and product were
features of the features of the features of the
Product thoroughly
product are product are product are
explained.
insufficiently sufficiently thoroughly
Company and
explained. explained. explained.
product names
are creative.
Only one Four or more
Two concepts Three concepts
Use of the concept learned concepts
learned in the learned in the
Concepts in the unit was learned in the
unit was applied unit was applied
Learned in the applied in the unit was applied
in the creation in the creation
Unit creation of the in the creation
of the design. of the design.
design. of the design.
There are more
There are 3 to 5 There are 1 to 2 There are no
Accuracy of than 5 errors in
errors in the errors in the errors in the
Computations the
computations. computations. computations.
computations.
64

STUDY GUIDE
Wrap-up
Key Terms& Formulas
Key Term or Concept Description
Common Tangent If a line is tangent to two or more circles, it is said to be a

common tangent of the circles.
Theorems on The angle formed by two intersecting secants is one-half the

Intersecting Secants difference between the two intercepted arcs of the angle.
The product of the length of a secant segment and the length

of its external segment is equal to the product of the length of
the other segment and the length of its external segment.
65

STUDY GUIDE
Theorems on When a tangent and a secant intersect at the exterior of the

Intersecting Secant circle, the square of the length of the tangent segment is
and Tangent equal to the product of the length of the secant segment and
the length of its external segment.
The angle formed by a secant and a tangent that intersect

outside the circle is equal to one-half the difference between
the two intercepted arcs of the angle.
Theorems on The lengths of tangents to a circle drawn from the same point
Intersecting Tangents are equal.
The angle formed by the intersecting tangents is half the

difference of the measures of the intercepted major arc and
the intercepted minor arc.
Cyclic Quadrilateral A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on

a circle.
Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Sector A sector is any region in the circle bounded by two radii of a

central angle and the arc between their endpoints.
Area of a Sector
Arc An arc is a portion of the circle’s circumference.
Length of an Arc
Circular Segment A circular segment is a portion of a circle bounded by a

chord of a circle and the arc bounded by the two endpoints of
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STUDY GUIDE
the chord.
Area of a Segment
Key to Let’s Practice!
Lesson 1
1. 61
2. 13
3. 4
4. 9.98 inches
Lesson 2
1. a. 8 b. 70°
2. a. 41° b. 12
3. a. 35° b. 3
4. 210°
Lesson 3
1.
2.
3. 75°
4.
Lesson 4
1. area of sector: ft2; length of arc: ft
2. 541.5 sq. units
3. 38.528 sq. units
4. area of a slice: ; length of arc: 19.74 inches
67

STUDY GUIDE
References
Math Planet. “Advanced information about circles.” Accessed July 3, 2018.

https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/circles/advanced-information-
about-circles
Roberts, Donna. “Formulas for Angles in Circles.” Math Bits Notebook. Accessed July 3,
2018. https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Circles/CRAngles.html
Wheater, Carolyn. Basic Math and Pre-Algebra. USA: Penguin Group, 2014.
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STUDY GUIDE

GRADE 10 – 1ST SEM | UNIT 11

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Key to Let’s Practice! ......................................................................................................................... 67

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Click Home icon to go back to

Parts of a Circle II: Secants, Tangents,

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Test Your Prerequisite Skills

 Finding an unknown side in a right triangle using the Pythagorean

3. Convert the following angles in degree measure to radians.

4. Solve the following linear equations.

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At the end of this unit, you should be able to

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Lesson 1: Common Tangents and Tangent Segments

Draw as Many As You Can

Materials Needed: pen, paper, ruler, compass

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Learn about It!

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Step 2: Substitute the obtained value of into .

In the figure shown, and are

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That is, . Therefore, the distance between the centers of the

The length of the external common tangent is

Example 3: Find the length of if , , and .

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points of tangency. It can also be observed that and are

Use and substitute the values.

Therefore, the length of is 18 units.

Find the length of if , , and .

Example 4: The front and rear wheels of a tractor have radii 15

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To find this height, we subtract the radii of the wheels:

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Step 4: Find the distance between the centers of the wheels.

To find this distance, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem.

Therefore, the distance between the centers of the wheels is approximately

Step 1: Establish the relationship of the triangles formed in the figure.

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Also, and are vertical angles and are therefore congruent. By AA

Notice that is a right triangle.

Thus, its sides satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.

Since , we have . Substituting, we have

Step 4: Find the length of the walkway .

Using Segment Addition Postulate,

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Therefore, the walkway is 36 meters long.

In a court, a volleyball and a basketball was left

Check Your Understanding!

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2. Identify what is asked.

For items a to d, refer to the figure on the right.

For e to h, refer to the following figure. is an external common tangent of circles

e. If the radii of circles and are 11 and 4, respectively, and , what is ?

For i to k, refer to the following figure. is an internal common tangent of circles

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3. Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.